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Elementary Logic

Elementary logic defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and the scientific method of judging the truth or falsity of statements. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false. Compound propositions combine simple statements using logical connectives such as conjunction (and), disjunction (or), negation (not), implication (if...then...), and biconditional (if and only if). These connectives have specific truth tables defining how the truth values of the components determine the truth value of the compound statement.

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5K views18 pages

Elementary Logic

Elementary logic defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and the scientific method of judging the truth or falsity of statements. A proposition is a statement that is either true or false. Compound propositions combine simple statements using logical connectives such as conjunction (and), disjunction (or), negation (not), implication (if...then...), and biconditional (if and only if). These connectives have specific truth tables defining how the truth values of the components determine the truth value of the compound statement.

Uploaded by

Jazzel Ulep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEMENTARY

LOGIC

1
DEFINITION
¢ greek word “logos” meaning an idea, an argument
or a reason.

¢ study of correct reasoning

¢ Scientific method of judging the truth or falsity of


statements.
DEFINITION
Proposition
¢A statement that is either true or f alse but not
both true and false under the same condition.

¢ Itis generally a declarative statement with a


definite meaning,

¢ May be denoted by a variable like P, Q, R,…,


called a proposition (statement).

3
Examples:

P : College of Teacher Education is in


Laoag City.

Q: 2 – 3 is an element of the set of


natural numbers.

R: An even integer is divisible by 4.


Exercise:
Determine whether a given sentence is a
proposition or not.
1. 14 is an even number.
2. (-1, 0) is a point on the y-axis.
3. 1 + 7 ≠ 7.
4. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are
equal.
5. x2 - 4 has 2 equal roots.
6. The sum of an even number and an odd
number is always even.
7. June 12 is a national holiday.
¢ Note:

Some declarative sentences are also


propositions, and determining it is
true or false depends on the specific
value being used (variable).
¢ Examples:

1. x – 6 = 4
2. She wrote the book
”Mathematics in the Modern World”.
¢ These
sentences are called open
sentences.
COMPOUND PROPOSITION

¢ Definition

A proposition formed by combining


two or more simple statements
through logical connectives
(connectors).
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
Logical Connective is a word or
symbol that joins two sentences to
produce a new one.
1. Conjunction
2. Disjunction

3. Implication
4. Bi-conditional
5. Negation
8
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
Name Connective Symbol
(key word)

Conjunction and ⋀
Disjunction or ⋁
Negation not ~ , – or ¬

Implication if... then… →

Biconditional …if and only if… ↔

9
A. CONJUNCTION
¢ Denoted by p ^ q read as “p and q”
¢ The only way for a conjunction to be true
is when all its components are true.

p q P^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
B. DISJUNCTION
¢ Denoted by p v q read as “p or q”
¢ The only way for a disjunction to be false
is when all its components are false.

p q P^q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
C. NEGATION
¢ Denoted by ~p read as “not p” or “it is
false that” or “it is not true that”
¢ Denial of a statement

p ~p
T F
F T
D. CONDITIONAL (IMPLICATION)
¢ Denoted by p → q read as “if p… then q”
¢ p is the antecedent or hypothesis
¢ q is the consequent or conclusion
¢ The only way for an implication to be false is
when p is true and q is false

p q P^q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
VARIANTS OF A CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

IMPLICATION : P → Q
CONVERSE : Q → P
INVERSE : ¬P → ¬Q
CONTRAPOSITIVE : ¬Q → ¬P

14
EXERCISE 1
Symbolize the statement, using capital letters to abbreviate
the simple statements or propositions ( stated positively)
1. If Neil is not a big eater or Len has a big voice,
then Jerry likes violet.
State the premises first:
¢ N: Neil is a big eater

¢ L: Lena has a big voice

¢ J = Jerry likes violet

2. A man should look for what he is, and not for what
he thinks should be (Albert Einstein).
¢ P: a man should look for what he is
15
¢ Q: a man should look for he thinks should be
EXERCISE 2:
Write the following in If-Then form
1. The product of two odd integers is
an even integer.
2. Every integer that is not odd is
divisible by 2.
3. A function has an inverse if it is
one-to-one.

16
EXERCISE3:
Give the converse, inverse, and
contrapositive of the following conditional
statements.
1. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are
entitled to a Senior Citizen's Card.

2. If x = 5, then x2 = 25.

3. If you study hard, then you pass the course.

17
E. BI-CONDITIONAL (DOUBLE
IMPLICATION)
¢ Denoted by p ↔ q read as “p if and only if q”
¢ The only way for a double implication to be
false is when p and q have different truth
values.

p q P^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

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