Bulldozer 2

Chapter 19
Dozers
Topics
1.0.0 Dozers
2.0.0 Major Components
3.0.0 Controls
4.0.0 Attachments
5.0.0 Operations
6.0.0 Safety
To hear audio, click on the box.
Overview
The dozer, technically known as a crawler tractor, is used as a prime mover for pushing
or pulling loads, a power unit for winch operations, or a dozer for earthwork operations
and demolition work.
This chapter provides you the information needed to successfully execute such
operations. It describes the types of dozers used by Naval Construction Force (NCF),
including description of major components, controls, and attachments. In addition, this
chapter explains how to perform operational techniques such as side-by-side and slot
dozing. It also lists safety practices.
Objectives
When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
1. Understand the use of dozers.
2. Identify types of dozers used by NCF.
3. Identify the major components of dozers.
4. Identify the controls on the dozer.
5. Identify dozer attachments and their use.
6. Understand how to perform dozer operations.
7. Understand dozer safety.
Prerequisites
None
NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-1

This course map shows all of the chapters in Equipment Operator Basic. The suggested
training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up. Skill levels increase as you advance
on the course map.
Miscellaneous Equipment E
Paving Operations and Equipment Q
U
Rigging Operations
I
Cranes
P
Rollers M
Dozers E
Scrapers N
Graders T
Ditchers
Excavators
Backhoe Loaders O
Front-End Loaders P
Forklifts E
Truck Driving Safety R

A
Truck-Tractors and Trailers
T
Tank Trucks
O
Dump Trucks R
Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacements
Earthwork Operations
Electrical and Hydraulic Systems
B
Chassis Systems
A
Power Train S
Engine Systems I
Transportation Operations C

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1.0.0 DOZERS
Dozers, also called bulldozers, are powerful diesel-powered crawler tractors equipped
with a front mounted blade. Not only are dozers use to drift and side cast material, they
are also used to clear land by moving debris, boulders, and trees. In addition, dozers
are used to push and pull other heavy equipment.
Dozers are usually rated by size and power. The pull developed at the drawbar is
expressed in pounds or as drawbar horsepower. The drawbar pull is greatest in the
lowest transmission gear range. Although the specifications for dozers may vary among
different manufacturers, the maximum speeds are seldom in excess of 8 mph.
1.1.0 Types of Dozers Used By Naval Construction Forces

The NCF uses two types of dozers: the low and high track dozer.
1.1.1 Low Track Dozer

The low track dozer, like the one shown in Figure 19-1, is commonly used for grading.
Figure 19-1 – Low track dozer.

1.1.2 High Track Dozer
Designed with a high drive system, the high track dozer, shown in Figure 19-2, has an
elevated drive sprocket. This specific type of dozer is commonly used for pushing in
muddy conditions.
Figure 19-2 – High track dozer.
Test your Knowledge (Select the Correct Response)

1. (True or False) The high track dozer has an elevated drawbar.
A. True
B. False

2.0.0 MAJOR COMPONENTS
Major components vary among makes, models, and configurations. You are responsible
for reading the operator’s manual for specific information. For general understanding,
Figure 19-3 shows the major components of a Caterpillar D7G low track dozer.
Figure 19-3 – Major components.
2.1.0 Operator’s Cab
Mounted behind the engine, the operator’s cab is the central location of most
instruments and controls. Fully enclosed by a rollover protective structure (ROPS), the
operator’s cab provides the operator, instruments, and controls protection against harsh
weather. The dozer’s wide, side mounted tracks provide the operator a step for getting
into and out of the operator’s cab.
2.2.0 Track Assembly

The track assembly consists of a continuous chain surrounding the track frame and
drive sprocket. The links of the chain provide a flat surface for the track rollers to pass
over, as the rollers support the equipment. Track shoes are bolted to the outside of the
chain links and distribute the weight of the equipment over a large surface.

The track assembly provides all-type-terrain versatility due to the low ground pressure
at the track. This lower ground bearing pressure has a distinct flotation advantage over
the ground bearing pressure of rubber-tired equipment. Dozers are capable of operating
efficiently in muck or water as deep as the height of the track for short periods of time.
When the dozer is properly waterproofed, it can operate in fairly deep water.
CAUTION
When working in water that is deep enough to reach the radiator, be sure to disconnect
the fan belt. If the fan blades hit the water while under power, they could bend or break
off, possibly causing damage to the radiator. Additionally, exercise extreme caution to
ensure the engine does not overheat when the fan or water pump belts are
disconnected.
If needed, dozers can move from jobsite to jobsite under their own power at slow
speeds; however, this is a poor practice because it tends to shorten the operational life
of the dozer. For this reason, dozers should be transported by tractor-trailer from jobsite
to jobsite.
2.2.1 Track Chain

Figure 19-4 is a cutaway view of
a section of track. It shows the
internal arrangement of pins
and bushings. As the dozer
operates, the drive sprocket
teeth contact the track pin
bushings and propel the dozer
along the track assembly. The
pins and bushings wear much
faster than other parts of the
track because of their constant
pivoting as the track rotates
around the track frame. As the
pins and bushings wear, the
track lengthens. When this
occurs, adjust the track to
remove any slack.
Figure 19-4 – Track chain.
Extensive wear on the outside of bushings is a good indication of inner wear.
Manufacturers have set specifications for the maximum wear allowed before a track has
to be rebuilt. To determine if a track should be removed for rebuilding or replacement,
measure the outside of the bushings and track pitch (length of the track). Using a caliper
and ruler, as shown in Figure 19-5, measure the outside of the bushing at the location at
which it shows the most wear. Compare this measurement with the manufacturers’
specifications. Measure the track pitch with a ruler or tape measure after tightening the
track to remove any slack, as shown in Figure 19-6.

Figure 19-5 – Bushing wear measurement.
Figure 19-6 – Track pitch measurement.

2.2.2 Track Shoes
Track shoes are available in two
configurations: the grouser shoe
and extreme service track shoe.
The grouser shoe is the most
common type of track shoe. It is
standard on crawler-mounted
dozers.
The extreme service track shoe,
shown in Figure 19-7, is found
on crawler-mounted dozers that
operate primarily in rocky
locations such as rock quarries
and coral beaches.
The grouse, the projecting lug,
on the extreme service track is
thicker than the one on the
standard grouser shoe;
therefore it provides greater
traction. Figure 19-7 – Types of track shoes.
NOTE
The grouser absorbs most of the wear. Its condition can indicate when a track needs
replacement or overhaul.
2.3.0 Track Frame

The track frame serves as a framework and support for the track assembly, rollers, front
idler, recoil spring, and adjusting mechanism.
2.3.1 Track Frame Rollers

Two types of track frame rollers are used on tracked equipment: carriers and track
rollers.
The carrier rollers are mounted on brackets that extend above the track frame. They
support the track as it passes over the track frame assembly. Two carrier rollers are on
each side of the dozer. The single flange on the rollers extends upward between the
links of the track chain and keeps the chain in alignment between the drive sprocket and
the front idler.
The track rollers are mounted on the lower portion of the track frame. They support the
weight of the dozer and ensure the track chain is in alignment with the truck frame as
the track passes under the rollers. Track rollers, both single and double flanged, are
installed alternately. In the normal arrangement, a double-flanged roller is positioned
directly in front of the rear drive sprocket, followed by a single-flanged roller. The rollers
alternate forward to the front idler.

2.3.2 Front Idler
The front idler serves as a guiding support for the track chain. The idler is spring-loaded
and mounted on slides, or guides, that allow it to move back and forth inside the track
frame, as the dozer passes over uneven ground. The spring-loading effect causes the
idler to maintain the desired tension regardless of operating conditions.
2.3.3 Recoil Spring

The recoil spring is a large coil spring placed in the track frame in a way that enables
the spring to absorb shock from the front idler. The spring is compressed before
installation and held in place by stops or spacers. The track adjusting mechanism, by
pressing against the spring stop, maintains the desired tension on the track assembly
by holding the idler and yoke in the forward position. The operation of the coil spring
depends on the amount of tension on the truck.
2.3.4 Track Adjusting Mechanism

The adjusting mechanism must be extended enough to remove slack between the front
idler and spring. The adjustment is made either manually, as shown in Figure 19-8, or
hydraulically, as shown in Figure 19-9. Older model dozers have manual adjustments;
whereas, newer dozers are adjusted hydraulically with a grease gun. Grease is pumped
into the yoke cylinder and extends it until enough tension is placed on the recoil spring
to remove the slack from the track. Tension is relieved by loosening the vent screw
located next to the adjustment fitting.
Figure 19-8 – Manual track adjustment.

Figure 19-9 – Hydraulic track adjustment.
NOTE
Do not lubricate this fitting when performing daily operator’s maintenance. Grease the
track adjuster fitting only when the tracks require adjustment.
Track Adjustment – To determine proper
track tension, position the dozer on a hard
surface. Then place a straightedge over
the front carrier roller and idler with all
slack removed from the rest of the track.
The tension is correct when the measured
distance is as shown in Figure 19-10.
Track tension should be suitable for the
type of area in which you are working,
such as tighter for rock and looser for sand
and snow. However, if the tracks are
adjusted too tightly, there will be too much
friction between the pins and bushings
when the track links swivel, as they travel
around the sprocket and front idler. This
friction causes the pins, bushings, links,
sprocket, and idler to wear rapidly. Friction
in a tight track also robs the tractor of Figure 19-10 – Checking track
needed horsepower. adjustment.

Tracks that are too loose fail to stay aligned and tend to come off when the tractor is
turned. As a result, the idler flanges, roller flanges, and the sides of the sprocket teeth
wear down. A loose track will whip at high speeds, damaging the carrier rollers and their
supports. If the track is loose enough, the drive sprockets will jump teeth (slide over the
track bushings) when the tractor moves in reverse. Should this happen, the sprocket
and bushings will wear rapidly.
NOTE
Checking and performing track adjustments are the operator’s responsibility, always
refer to the technical manual to perform the proper adjustment.
Lubrication – The track pins and bushings are hardened and require no lubrication.
Many roller idlers are equipped with lifetime seals that are filled during assembly and
require no lubrication. However, track rollers, carrier rollers, and idlers equipped with
grease fittings must be lubricated on a schedule based on the manufacturer’s
specifications.
NOTE
Clean fittings before lubricating to prevent forcing dirt and grime into the bearings.
2.4.0 Blade
The blade is the dozer’s primary working tool. Equipped with a bottom cutting edge and
corner bits, it is used to drift and side cast material. The blade can be moved in many
positions. Depending on the specific type of blade and dozer, the blade is manually or
hydraulically positioned. It can be raised, lowered, tilted, pitched forward or back and
angled so that one side is more forward than the other.
NOTE
Remember, checking the cutting edge and corner bits for wear is the operator’s
responsibility.
2.5.0 Push Arms

Most push arms are attached to the bottom of the blade. They may be located outside
track frame at the trunnion or between the tractor and track.

2.6.0 Pitch Arms
Pitch arms are diagonal members between the push arm and the top of the blade. They
brace the blade against loads above the push arms and provide a means of regulating
the blade tilt and pitch. The pitch arms may be threaded or have a hydraulic cylinder, as
shown earlier in Figure 19-3.
On the Caterpillar D7G the hydraulic pitch arm raises and lowers the right side of the
blade. If additional tilt is required, the brace on the threaded pitch arm must be manually
adjusted. Shorten the brace to make the left side of the blade lower; lengthen it to make
the left side higher.
To pitch the blade forward, manually lengthen the brace and extend the hydraulic pitch
arm. Use this pitch position when dozing extremely hard materials. To pitch the blade
back, shorten the brace and retract the hydraulic pitch arm. Use this pitch position when
leveling, spreading, or cleaning loose material without digging the blade in.
2.7.0 Ripper
The ripper is an attachment mounted on the rear of the dozer. It can be hydraulically
raised and lower. On some dozers, it can be hydraulically adjusted for a greater ripping
angle. It is used to break up compacted materials, uproot boulders and stumps; loosen
shale, sandstone, and asphalt pavement; and rip up concrete slabs. After these
materials are uprooted or ripped, supporting equipment can remove them more easily.
NOTE
Take care when turning with the ripper teeth in the ground; damage to the ripper teeth
and assembly can occur.

2. (True or False) The carrier rollers are mounted on the lower portion of the track
frame.
A. True
B. False
3.0.0 CONTROLS
Control configuration depending upon the dozer’s make and model. Some dozers have
a set of levers, while others have joysticks to control vehicle movement and blade and
attachment operation.
Figure 19-11 shows the set of levers on a Caterpillar D7G. The engine’s speed is
controlled by the governor, decelerator, and brake pedals. Because the Caterpillar D7G
is a tracked dozer, its movement is controlled by a transmission control, a right and left
steering clutch, and a brake control. Other controls include a blade lift and tilt control
and a ripper height control.
Figure 19-11 – Controls.

3.1.0 Blade Lift and Tilt Control
The blade lift and tilt control raises and lowers the blade as well as tilt the blade left or
right. It can be moved forward, back or, and side to side. Its vertical positions are as
follows: slightly and completely forward, center, and back. Its horizontal positions are
left, center, and right.
 To lower the blade, slightly push the blade lift and tilt control forward.
 To float the blade, completely push the control forward.
 To raise the blade, pull the control back.
 To lower the left side of the blade, move the control left.
 To lower the right side of the blade, move the control right.
 To suspend the movement of the blade, move the control into the center position.
3.2.0 Ripper Height Control

The ripper height control raises and lowers the ripper. It can be moved forward, back,
and side to side. Its vertical positions are forward, center, and back. Its horizontal
positions are left, center, and right. The center position suspends the ripper’s
movement.
 To raise the ripper, move ripper height control left.
 To lower the ripper, move the control right.
 To suspend the movement of the ripper, move the control into the center
position.
Figure 19-12 allows you to operate these two controls.
Figure 19-12 – Operating dozer controls.

3. On the Caterpillar D7G, how would an operator raise the blade?
A. Push the blade lift and tilt control slightly forward.

B. Push blade lift and tilt control completely forward.
C. Pull blade lift and tilt control back.
D. Move blade lift and tilt control left.
4.0.0 ATTACHMENTS
Compared to other equipment, very few attachments are used with or on dozers. The
attachments that are used include a variety of blade configurations and a rear mounted
winch.
4.1.0 Blades
Blades vary in size and design
based on specific work
applications. Before using a
blade, ensure that it is suitable
for the specific type of dozer
and work application for which
you use it.
4.1.1 Straight Blade

The straight blade is ideal for
general dozing when materials
are to be drifted a short to
medium distance (Figure 19-
13). Blade curvature lifts the dirt
high with a rolling action to
lower resistance and speed
drifting. These blades have the
side advanced ahead of the
center section, and they tilt up
to 15 degrees, left or right. Figure 19-13 – Straight blade.

4.1.2 Angle Blade
The angle blade is a
multipurpose tool that can be
used for general dozing and for
the side casting materials
(Figure 19-14). The angle blade
can be positioned straight
ahead or angled 25 degrees to
either side. The moldboard has
a greater curve than a straight
blade to produce more rolling
action.
On dozers equipped with an
angle blade, the-push arms are
in a “C” frame configuration.
The “C” frame is attached to the
trunnions and wraps around the
front of the dozer. The blade is
attached to the “C” frame with a
steel pin.
Figure 19-14 – Angle blade.
4.1.3 “U” Blade

The “U” blade shown in Figure
19-15 drifts large volume loads
efficiently over long distances.
The center section lifts material
high with a forward roll. The
side sections are angled so they
lift and roll materials inward,
keeping the load centered with
a minimum loss of material to
the side. This type of blade has
the sides well advanced ahead
of the center section, causing a
“U” shape. It may also be tilted
15 degrees, right or left.
Figure 19-15 – “U” blade.

4.2.0 Winch
A winch can be mounted on the
rear of the dozer and is directly
geared to the rear power takeoff
(Figure 19-16). This
arrangement permits
development of a line pull 50 to
100 percent greater than
straight dozer pull. The winch is
used for uprooting trees and
stumps, hoisting and skidding
felled trees, freeing mired
equipment, and supporting
amphibious construction
operations.
Some limitations to consider
when performing winch
operations are the pulling
capacity of the winch and the
size and weight of the dozer.
Also, the terrain may affect Figure 19-16 – Winch.
maneuverability of the dozer.
WARNING
Breakage of the wire rope is a serious hazard to both the operator and the helpers. Wire
rope stretches under strain, and if it breaks, it whips with great force. The danger to the
operator is greatest if the operator and dozer are in direct line with the wire rope when it
is under strain. When the wire rope is under strain, everybody in the area should stand
clear of the full length of the paid-out wire rope. When rewinding the wire rope back onto
the winch drum, ensure riggers’ hands are clear of the winch drum by at least 3 feet. Be
safety conscious and ensure the wire rope used is of the best quality, meets the
manufacturers’ specifications, and is properly inspected before use. Always wear
leather-palmed gloves when handling the wire rope.
A good practice is to work a winch at less than its maximum capacity and to avoid
anchoring the dozer unless absolutely necessary. Moderate loads give long life to the
wire rope and winch parts and avoid severe catching on the drum. If the work is heavy,
strain can be reduced with pulleys and multiple lines. When pulling from the winch,
always be sure to pull straight off the winch. When wire rope is pulled from an angle, it
slips sideways, possibly causing damage to both the wire and winch.
4. An angle blade can be angled to what amount of degrees to either side?
A. 10°
B. 15°
C. 20°
D. 25°

5.0.0 OPERATIONS
The dozer blade is hydraulically controlled by a lever or a joystick inside the operator’s
cab. Before starting, raise and lower the blade several times to get a feel for the
hydraulic control. Start all jobs, if possible, from relatively level ground. If necessary,
level an area large enough to provide sufficient working space for the dozer. This
prevents back-and-forth pitching of the dozer and results in better blade control.
Avoid track spinning whenever possible; this wastes effort and only converts a relatively
smooth working area into ruts and piles of material that pitch and tilt the dozer. In cold
weather, ruts and piles freeze and cause additional difficulty the following workday. If it
rains, the ruts hold the water, resulting in wet, muddy material.
Ditches, ridges, rocks, or logs should be crossed slowly and, if possible, at an angle.
This procedure slows the fall, lessens the danger of upsetting the dozer, and reduces
the jolt of the fall, which can harm both operator and dozer.
When dozing, shift the dozer into low gear and lower the blade into the ground gradually
until obtaining the desired depth of the cut. When you feel an increase in resistance as
the load culminates, start raising the blade in small increments, about one-quarter inch
at a time. If you raise and lower the blade as much as 2 or 3 inches at a time while
operating, the blade will cut an uneven surface, which the dozer must travel over. The
uneven surface will cause the dozer to nose up and down, resulting in a greater uneven
cut and up-and-down movement of the dozer.
To push the load with the blade, you must anticipate and compensate for the up-and-
down movement of the front of the dozer. When the front of the dozer starts to nose up,
move the control lever in the direction that will lower the blade. When the dozer starts to
nose down, raise the blade high enough to compensate for the lowering of the front of
the dozer. Do not over control. Raise and lower the blade only enough to compensate
for the raising and lowering of the front of the tractor. Through experience, you will be
able to raise and lower the blade automatically without giving it much thought or special
attention.

5.1.0 Clearing
Clearing consists of removing
brush, trees, and rubbish from a
designated area. Also remove
surface boulders and other
material that may be embedded
into the ground, as well as any
material that may interfere with
the construction project.
5.1.1 Brush and Trees

To clear brush and small trees
with a dozer, travel forward at a
slow speed with the blade
lowered several inches below
grade, as shown in Figure 19-
17. To clear in this manner,
make one pass to knock over
small trees and brush, and then
make another pass to clear
them away. Figure 19-17 – Clearing brush and small trees.
5.1.2 Medium Trees

Medium trees are 4 to 10 inches
in diameter. To push trees of
this size, raise the blade as high
as possible to gain added
leverage and push the tree over
slowly, as shown in Figure 19-
18. As the tree falls, back up
quickly to clear the rising root
mass. Lower the blade, travel
forward, and dig the roots free
with a lifting and pushing action.
The felled trees are then ready
to be pushed to a dismissal
area.
Figure 19-18 – Pushing over a medium-size tree.

5.1.3 Large Trees
Large trees are over 10 inches in diameter. The removal of large trees is more difficult
and takes more time. Approach the tree on foot and inspect it for dead limbs that can
break off and fall onto the dozer, possibly hitting the operator. Then make sure the
dozer blade contacts the tree high and centered for the most leverage. Before pushing
over a large tree, determine the direction of the fall, usually the direction of its lean. If
the tree can be pushed over in the manner described for medium trees, do so.
If the tree has a large root system, use the following method:
 Make a cut on the opposite side of the proposed direction of fall. The cut should
be deep enough to sever some of the larger roots.
 Make a cut on both adjacent sides in the same manner.
 Build an earth ramp on the same side of the original cut to obtain a greater
pushing leverage.
 As the tree starts to fall, backup quickly to clear the rising root mass.
 After the tree has fallen fill the stump hole so that water cannot collect.
These steps are shown in Figure 19-19.
Figure 19-19 – Removing a large tree.

To remove large-or well rooted trees, it may be necessary to cut the roots on the fourth
side. The cut around the tree should have a “V” ditch shape, made with the blade
angled downward laterally toward the tree to cut the roots.
CAUTION
When removing trees, be careful not to injure personnel or damage equipment. Ensure
that the dozer had side covers around its engine. These covers help prevent limbs,
sticks, and other debris from entering the engine area.

When clearing trees, dozers should never work closely together because one dozer
could push a tree over on the other.
Do not follow too closely when the tree starts to fall because the stump can get caught
under the front of the dozer, resulting in difficulty backing up and damage to the bottom
of the dozer.
As the operator, you should have a plan for clearing trees so that they do not become
entangled with one another when they fall.
You will probably be clearing green trees. When free, green trees bend and snap back,
potentially damaging equipment and injuring personnel. When making contact or
releasing pressure, do it slowly so that the top of the tree does not sway or shake
causing dead limbs to break off and fall on the dozer and possibility hit you.
Know the ground on which you are working. Do not high center the dozer on stumps or
trees. This problem is tougher when you are working in a wooded area and need help
from another dozer. Existing tress could interfere. When you are clearing brush and
trees, remember that the most common cause of damage to a machine is a stick or limb
puncturing the radiator, breaking a hydraulic line, or damaging the exhaust stack. Pay
attention. Know the capabilities of you dozer and what you need to do from start to
finish.
5.2.0 Stumping
Pushing down a whole tree with a dozer is easier than removing a tree by cutting it
down and then removing its stump. The stump is usually too short to gain any pushing
leverage or provide a good sway action for breaking out the roots.
For a stump that will not yield to dozing, one option is to haul it out with chains and grab
hooks pulled by several dozers. Another option is to haul the stump out by a wire
leading to the winch on a winch-equipped dozer. If the ground around the stump is not
to be disturbed, rather than removing it entirely, you may only need to saw the stump
level with the surface grade.
5.3.0 Removing Rocks and Boulders

A dozer with a tilted blade is the most effective piece of equipment for removing rocks
and boulders. With the left lower corner of the blade hooked well under the boulder, the
best way to exert maximum uprooting pressure is to combine raising the blade with a
right turn of the dozer. With the right lower corner of the blade hooked well under the
boulder, the best way to exert maximum uprooting pressure is to combine raising the
blade with a left turn of the dozer. A boulder that is deeply embedded should be side
cut, like stump. Like some stumps, some boulders must be broken up other way before
removal.
If the dozer is not equipped with a hydraulic tilt control, the blade can be tilted by
adjusting the pitch braces to lower either corner. To increase the digging action of a
straight-blade dozer working in hard ground, pitch the top of the blade forward.

5.4.0 Working in Wet Material
Wet material is quite difficult to move with a dozer. When the material is too soft to hold
up the weight of the dozer, each successive pass should be the full depth of the wet
material. This places the dozer on a firmer footing. Push the mud far enough so it will
not flow back into the cut. Arrange for rescue in case the dozer becomes stuck.
NOTE
When rescuing a dozer, never hook onto the blade to pull the dozer forward. The blade
is made for pushing, not pulling. Instead, hook the towing wire rope to the hook located
under the front of the dozer or to the drawbar on the rear of the dozer.
Some dozers are equipped with wider track shoes for better flotation when working in
mud or soft materials. These tractors with wide track shoes are called low ground
pressure (LGP) tractors.
Extremely low ground bearing pressure is one of many reasons the dozer is highly
recommended for working in wet material.
5.5.0 Bulldozing
Bulldozing (drifting) is the process of pushing materials straight ahead in front of the
dozer blade. Bulldozing is most efficient when the blade pushes as much material as
possible, as shown in Figure 19-20. The maximum working distance depends on the
dozer’s speed and blade’s capacity; however, the maximum distance is usually 200 to
500 feet with 300 feet being normal for a medium-sized dozer.
Figure 19-20 – Bulldozing.

To maximize the amount of material pushed, push downhill whenever possible. With the
assistance of gravity, a dozer can push a far greater load downhill than on a level grade.
When bulldozing down a steep hill, a separate full-length pass with each load is
unnecessary; instead, push and pile several loads at the brink of the hill and push them
all to the bottom in a single pass.
Side-by-side and slot dozing are two techniques that maximize the amount of earth
drifted by reducing and preventing spillage around the outer edges of the blade.
5.5.1 Side-By-Side
Side-by-side dozing, as shown in Figure 19-21, consists of two dozers working next to
each other with blade edges as close together as possible. This technique prevents
spillage around one blade edge on each dozer. Side-by-side dozing is time-consuming;
therefore, it is impractical for hauls that are less than 50 feet and more than 300 feet.
Figure 19-21 –Side-by-side dozing.

5.5.2 Slot Dozing
Slot dozing is done by first
building a pair of windrows with
the spillage of several passes.
As shown in Figure 19-22, the
windrows serve as barriers to
prevent spillage around the
dozer blade ends. Under
favorable conditions, slot dozing
can increase production up to
50 percent.
Figure 19-22 – Slot dozing.
5.6.0 Spreading
As shown in Figure 19-23, dozers are ideal for spreading fill material brought in by haul
units. Position the blade in a straight position, so the material is drifted directly under the
cutting edge.
Figure 19-23 – Spreading.

5.7.0 Backfilling
When backfilling a culvert, do
not cross the culvert with the
dozer unless there is at least 12
inches of compacted material
on top of the culvert, as shown
in Figure 19-24. If you use a
bulldozer to backfill a culvert,
the best method is to make
diagonal passes over the
material, ending each pass with
a swing that brings the blade in
line with the culvert.
The angle blade is preferred for
backfilling a trench, because it
can side cast material into the
trench while maintaining a
steady forward motion, as
shown in Figure 19-25.
Figure 19-24 – Culvert backfilling.
Figure 19-25 – Trench backfilling.

When a pipe trench is backfilled, fine material is placed around the pipe and coarse
material above it, so the pipe is supported by well-compacted material. However,
covering the pipe to full depth in short lengths may concentrate weight and break pipe
joints; therefore, cover the pipe in successive layers, rather than all at once.
NOTE
Be careful in pipe trench backfilling to avoid dropping large rocks directly on the pipe.
5.8.0 Finishing
Whether clearing or spreading material on a roadbed, no job is completed until it has
been smoothed and drainage is established. This is called finishing and should be done
at the end of each shift.
Lightly blade over the surface with about a half a blade of dirt. This fills in any low spots
or holes. Leave a windrow on the side that you are working toward. At the start of the
next pass, cover half the blade width. Continue in this fashion over the project or section
of the project you have worked that day before you shut down for the day. Finishing the
project in this manner supports drainage and prevents having to walk over piles of dirt
or through mudholes.
5.8.0 Ditching
Rough ditching can be done using a dozer by making a series of overlapping passes at
right angles to the line of the ditch.
Figure 19-26 shows the construction of a V-type ditch. First, build a windrow along the
edge of the ditch. Then, position the machine parallel to the ditch with the outside track
on the windrow. Make a pass along the windrow. With the track elevated by the
windrow, the blade cuts one side of the ditch. Cut the other side the same way.
Figure 19-26 – Constructing a V-type ditch.

An angled blade is preferable
for digging a V-type of ditch for
two reasons. You can side cast
the windrow in a single pass
and the angled blade will side
cast the material to the sides of
the ditch as you travel along the
windrow, as shown in Figure 19-
27.
Figure 19-27 – Angle blade ditch cut.
5.9.0 Sidehill Excavation
A sidehill excavation can be started more easily if a small bench cut is made first, as
shown in Figure 19-28 a windrow will be created with the material removed from the
bench cut. When digging the sidehill, keep the inside (uphill) surface slightly lower to
gain greater tractor stability (Figure 19-29).Tilting the blade produces this type of cut.

Figure 19-28 – Bench cut.

Figure 19-29 – Sidehill excavation.
Always cut the shelf wide enough to provide solid support for equipment that will be
used later. If possible, move the material downhill to gain the advantage of gravity,
reduce effort, and increase the stability of the dozer.
On shallow slopes or in soft soil, the sidehill cut can be made, as shown in Figure 19-
30, cuts 1 and 2.
Figure 19-30 – Shallow slope sidehill excavation.

Running the uphill track inside the ridge left by the first cut increases stability. Pushing
the loosened material to the lower side of the slope normally reduces the time required
to complete the cut. In Figure 19-30, cuts 3, 4, and 5 show the completion of the shelf.
Pushing the loosened material to the lower side of the slope normally reduces the time
required to complete the cut. Do not push the material beyond the point required to
retain firm track support. When you are backing up, do not raise the blade, as this puts
extra weight on the front idlers, causing greater track penetration. Let the blade float as
you back away from the edge of soft fills.
5.10.0 Finishing Side Slopes

There are two methods for finishing side slopes with dozer. One is to start at the top of
the slope and work parallel to the right-of-way, as shown in Figure 19-31. Doing so will
cause the material from each pass to fall to the lower side of the blade and form a
windrow that can be picked up on the succeeding passes, filling irregularities in the
terrain. When performing this method, do not allow the blade corner to dig, since this
steepens the slope beyond job specifications.
Figure 19-31 – Finishing a side slope by working parallel to the right-of-way.

The other method is to start at the bottom of the slope and work diagonally up (Figure
19-32). This method will form a windrow that is continually drifted to one side, filling low
spots or irregularities.

Figure 19-32 – Finishing a side slope by working diagonally.
NOTE
Diagonally finishing a side slope is one of few instances when a dozer may be used
efficiently in cutting upgrade.
5.11.0 Pushing Dozer

The push dozer in Figure 19-33 is equipped with a push blade. However, in most cases,
a straight-blade dozer with a reinforced block in the center of the blade is used. Ensure
the center lines of the pusher and scraper are aligned. If the alignment is not centered, it
is hard to keep the pusher straight without extensive use of the steering clutch. When
you are using the steering clutch, power is taken away from one track, and the other
track is doing all the work. If the scraper starts to jackknife, stop pushing; back up, and
get repositioned straight with the scraper. Be sure the blade of the dozer does not cut
the rear tires of the scraper, resulting in downtime and costly tire replacement.

Figure 19-33 – Push dozer.

5. What term is used to describe the operation of removing brush, trees, and
rubbish from a designated area?
A. Bulldozing
B. Stumping
C. Clearing
D. Ditching
6. What is the most effective piece of equipment for removing rocks and boulders?
A. A dozer with a tilted blade

B. A rock drill
C. A forklift
D. A jackhammer
6.0.0 SAFETY
Standard safety precautions that apply to dozer operations are as follows:
 Only operate the dozer at speeds at which you can maintain control of the dozer
at all times.
 Navy safety regulations require that all dozers be equipped with ROPS,
crankcase guards, and radiator protectors. All dozers purchased by the Navy are
equipped with these devices. Never use dozers without these devices.
 Always wear a seat belt when dozing. A sudden jolt from working on uneven
terrain can possibly throw you off the machine or against the control levers,
causing serious injury or death.
 Obtain a digging permit before performing excavation operations with a dozer.

 When using a dozer for demolition, take care to prevent falling objects from
striking the operator or other personnel.
 When felling trees with a dozer, take care to avoid being struck by falling
branches or by the backlash of a branch or trunk.
 Never use a dozer for clearing trees unless it is equipped with an operator’s
protective cage (brush cage).
 Personnel must never ride the dozer drawbar. This dangerous practice has been
the cause of numerous accidents.
 Operators of dozer equipped with rippers should make every effort to learn the
locations of any underground high-voltage electric lines or gas lines.
 Operate the dozer from the sitting position, never from a standing position.
 Operate a dozer with extreme care when near the edge of a cut; the edge may
give way, overturning the machine.
 Climb a steep incline slowly. “Gunning” up a steep slope has often caused
dozers to overturn.
 Do NOT attempt a turn on a steep slope. Sliding sideways may not appear to be
dangerous, but it can easily become so if the low side of the dozer hits a solid
rock or a stump.
 Coupling trailing equipment to a dozer is hazardous; be especially alert while this
is being done. Whenever possible, couple equipment with the dozer stopped and
the clutch, if so equipped, disengaged. Additionally, set the brake, and lower the
blade.
 When towing a heavy load downgrade, keep the dozer in low gear. Coasting is
dangerous. A coasting dozer with a towed load is likely to jackknife.
 Before dismounting a dozer and at the end of a workday, secure the dozer blade
by lowering it to the ground. Lowering the blade prevents the dozer from rolling;
most importantly, it eliminates the possibility of the blade falling on someone.
Whenever it is necessary to work on the dozer with the blade up, especially when
changing cutting edges, always securely block the blade to prevent it from falling
accidentally.
 Wear required personal protective equipment such as steel-toed safety shoes
and hard hats.
7. (True or False) Before operating a dozer equipped with a ripper, it is a safe
practice to learn the locations of any underground high-voltage electric lines or
gas lines.
A. True
B. False

Summary
This chapter introduced you to the low and high track dozers. You were introduced to
their major components, which include a track assembly and frame, as well as their
controls for operating the blade and rear-mounted ripper. You were introduced to
various blades used with dozers for specific applications. In addition, you were
introduced to operations such as clearing brush and small to large trees. You were
introduced to side-by-side and slot dozing, two techniques that increase production by
reducing and preventing spillage around blade. Lastly, you were introduced to safety
practices to adhere to when operating a dozer.

Review Questions (Select the Correct Response)
1. Dozers are usually rated by size and what other item?
A. Engine size
B. Power
C. Track length
D. Blade width
2. (True or False) Dozer drawbar pull is greatest in the highest transmission gear
range.
A. True
B. False
3. What action should an operator perform when operating a dozer in water deep
enough to reach the radiator?
A. Tape off the air cleaner

B. Tape off the exhaust stack
C. Disconnect the fan belt
D. Disconnect the batteries
4. What component of the dozer contacts the track pin bushings and propels the
dozer along the track assembly?
A. Drive sprocket teeth

B. Front idler
C. Carrier rollers
D. Track rollers
5. What components, as they wear, will cause the track assembly to lengthen?
A. Grouser shoes and pins

B. Sprocket teeth and bushings
C. Pins and bushings
D. Recoil spring and front idler
6. What term is used to describe the most common dozer track shoe?
A. Grouser
B. Cleat
C. Spikes
D. Pads

7. What component keeps the track chain in alignment between the drive sprocket
and the front idler?
A. Track rollers
B. Lift sheaves
C. Support bearings
D. Carrier rollers
8. What component serves as a guiding support for the track chain?
A. Recoil spring
B. Front idler
C. Pitch arm
D. Trunnion roller
9. (True or False) The track adjuster fitting should be lubricated every time daily
operator’s maintenance is performed.
A. True
B. False
10. Which of the following personnel are responsible for checking cutting edges and
corner bits for wear?
A. The Operations Officer

B. The Dispatcher
C. The Operator
D. The Field Crew Mechanic
11. Most push arms are attached to what location on a blade?
A. The top
B. The center
C. The front
D. The bottom
12. A forward blade pitch adjustment is for dozing what type of material?
A. Hard
B. Sandy
C. Salty
D. Loose
13. Which of the following dozer attachments is used to break up compacted

materials, uproot boulders and stumps, and rip up concrete slabs?
A. Jackhammer
B. Boulder buster
C. Ripper
D. Blade

14. On the Caterpillar D7G, how would an operator lower the right side of the blade?
A. Push the blade lift and tilt control forward.

B. Pull the blade lift and tilt control back.
C. Move the blade lift and tilt control left.
D. Move the blade lift and tilt control right.
15. On the Caterpillar D7G, how would an operator raise the ripper?
A. Move the ripper height control forward.

B. Move the ripper height control back.
C. Move the ripper height control left.
D. Move the ripper height control right.
16. Which of the following types of blades drift large volume loads efficiently over
long distances?
A. Angle
B. “U"
C. Straight
D. Push
17. The winch line pull is what percentage greater than a straight dozer pull?
A. 10% to 20%
B. 30% to 40%
C. 50% to 100%
D. 60% to 100%
18. When rewinding the wire rope back onto the winch drum, the rigger’s hands
should stay clear of the winch drum by at least how many feet?
A.3
B.6
C.9
D. 12
19. Crossing ditches, ridges, rocks, or logs at an angle with a dozer produces which
of the following results?
A. Slows the fall

B. Lessens the danger of upsetting the dozer
C. Reduces the jolt of the fall
D. All of the above
20. What size diameter tree is considered a large tree?
A. 4 inches
B. 6 inches
C. 8 inches
D. 10 inches

21. (True or False) Making contact or releasing pressure on a tree with a dozer
should be performed quickly and smoothly to avoid any shock to the tree.
A. True
B. False
22. (True or False) Punctured radiators, broken hydraulic lines, and damaged
exhaust stacks are common types of equipment damage that occurs when
clearing brush and trees?
A. True
B. False
23. What action should an operator perform to increase the digging action of a
straight-blade dozer working in hard ground?
A. Tilt the top of the blade rearward

B. Tilt the top of the blade forward
C. Angle the blade to the left
D. Angle the blade to the right
24. What is the maximum working distance for a medium-size dozer?
A. 100 feet
B. 200 feet
C. 300 feet
D. 400 feet
25. Side-by-side dozing is impractical for hauls of less than what distance?
A. 50 feet
B. 40 feet
C. 30 feet
D. 20 feet
26. Slot dozing can increase production up to what percentage?
A. 50%
B. 40%
C. 30%
D. 20%
27. A sidehill excavation can be started more easily if what type of cut is made first?
A. Ditch
B. Bench
C. Slope
D. Slot

28. What position should the dozer blade be in when backing away from the edge of
soft fills?
A. As high as possible
B. As low as possible
C. In the float position
D. Angled
29. A blade on a straight–blade dozer must have what type of accessory before it
can be used as a push dozer?
A. A cutting edge
B. A hard facing
C. A reinforced block
D. A rubber bumper
30. (True or False) An operator of a dozer should always wear a seat belt when
dozing.
A. True
B. False
31. (True or False) When towing a heavy load downgrade, the dozer should be in
the highest gear.
A. True
B. False
32. (True or False) When changing a blade’s cutting edge, the blade must be
securely blocked.
A. True
B. False

Terms Introduced in this Chapter
Drift The process of pushing materials straight ahead in front
of the dozer blade.
Drawbar A fixed or hinged bar, extending to the rear of a tractor
and used as a fastening for lines and towed machines
or loads.
Draw horsepower A tractor’s flywheel horsepower minus friction and
slippage losses in the drive mechanism and the tracks
or tires.
Draw pull The pull that a tractor can exert on a load attached to
the drawbar. Depends on power, weight and traction
Felled A term used in forestry to refer to a chopped or knocked
down tree.
Ground pressure The weight of a machine divided by the area in square
inches of the ground directly supporting it.

Additional Resources and References
This chapter is intended to present thorough resources for task training. The following
reference works are suggested for further study. This is optional material for continued
education rather than for task training.
Apprentice Construction Equipment Operator, Volume 1 CDC 131, General Subjects
and Contingency Responsibilities, Extension Course Institute, Gunter Air Force Base,
Montgomery, AL, 1984.
Construction Equipment Operator, Volume 2, CDC 55151, “Earth Moving and
Compaction,” Extension Course Institute, Gunter Air Force Base, Montgomery, AL,
1985.
Construction Mechanic 3 & 2, NAVEDTRA 10644-G1, Naval Education and Training
Program Management Support Activity, Pensacola, FL, 1988.
Earthmoving Operations, FM 5-434, Headquarters Department of the Army,
Washington, DC, 2000.
Equipment Utilization, U.S. Army Subcourse EN5468, U.S. Army Engineer School, Fort
Belvoir, VA, 1988.
Heavy Equipment Operations: Level Three, 2nd ed., National Center for Construction
Education and Research, Gainesville, FL and Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
River, NJ, 2006.
Operation: D7G, D8K & D9H Track-Type Tractors, Caterpillar.

CSFE Nonresident Training Course – User Update
CSFE makes every effort to keep their manuals up-to-date and free of technical errors.
We appreciate your help in this process. If you have an idea for improving this manual,
or if you find an error, a typographical mistake, or an inaccuracy in CSFE manuals,
please write or email us, using this form or a photocopy. Be sure to include the exact
chapter number, topic, detailed description, and correction, if applicable. Your input will
be brought to the attention of the Technical Review Committee. Thank you for your
assistance.
Write: CSFE N7A
3502 Goodspeed St.
Port Hueneme, CA 93130
FAX: 805/982-5508
E-mail: [email protected]
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Chapter 19

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NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-1

Truck Driving Safety R

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-2

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-3

1.1.0 Types of Dozers Used By Naval Construction Forces

1.1.1 Low Track Dozer

Figure 19-1 – Low track dozer.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-4

Figure 19-2 – High track dozer.

Test your Knowledge (Select the Correct Response)

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-5

Figure 19-3 – Major components.

2.1.0 Operator’s Cab

2.2.0 Track Assembly

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-6

2.2.1 Track Chain

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-7

Figure 19-6 – Track pitch measurement.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-8

2.3.0 Track Frame

2.3.1 Track Frame Rollers

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-9

2.3.3 Recoil Spring

2.3.4 Track Adjusting Mechanism

Figure 19-8 – Manual track adjustment.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-10

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-11

2.5.0 Push Arms

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-12

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-13

Figure 19-11 – Controls.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-14

3.2.0 Ripper Height Control

Figure 19-12 – Operating dozer controls.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-15

A. Push the blade lift and tilt control slightly forward.

4.1.1 Straight Blade

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-16

4.1.3 “U” Blade

Figure 19-15 – “U” blade.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-17

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-18

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-19

5.1.1 Brush and Trees

5.1.2 Medium Trees

Figure 19-18 – Pushing over a medium-size tree.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-20

Figure 19-19 – Removing a large tree.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-21

5.3.0 Removing Rocks and Boulders

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-22

Figure 19-20 – Bulldozing.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-23

Figure 19-21 –Side-by-side dozing.

NAVEDTRA 14081A 19-24

Figure 19-22 – Slot dozing.

Figure 19-23 – Spreading.