MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Internal Combustion Engines

Problem Sheet No. 1
Note: Assume constant specific heats at room temperature, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K
1. A six cylinder, two-stroke cycle CI ship engine with bore 35 cm and stroke 105 cm produces 3.6 MW
of brake power at 210 rpm. Calculate (a) torque at this speed; (b) total displacement; (c) brake mean
effective pressure; and (d) average piston speed.
[Answer: (a) 163.7 kNm; (b) 606 liter; (c) 1697 kPa; (d) 7.35 m/s]
2. A single-cylinder, two-stroke cycle model airplane engine with a 7.54 cm 3 displacement produces 1.42
kW of brake power at 23,000 rpm. The square engine (bore = stroke) uses 31.7 gm/min of castor oil-
methanol-nitromethane fuel at an air-fuel ratio of 4.5 and combustion efficiency 94%. During intake
scavenging, 65% of the incoming air-fuel mixture gets trapped in the cylinder, while 35% of it is lost
with the exhaust before the exhaust port closes. Calculate (a) torque; (b) unburned fuel exhausted to
atmosphere; (c) brake specific fuel consumption; (d) average piston speed.

[Answer: (a) 0.59 Nm; (b) 12.33 gm/min; (c) 1.34 kg/kWh; (d) 16.3 m/s]
3. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression of a four-stroke cycle SI engine are 27C and 100 kPa.
The engine has a compression ratio of 8, and heat addition from combustion is 2 MJ/kg. Assuming air-
standard Otto cycle determine (a) temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle; and (b) indicated
thermal efficiency.
[Answer: (a) 416C, 1838 kPa; 3202C, 9266 kPa; 1240C, 504 kPa; (b) 56.5 %]
4. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the start of the compression process, air is at 95
kPa and 27C. During the constant-volume heat-addition process 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air.
Determine: (a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat-addition process; (b) the net work
output; (c) the indicated thermal efficiency; and (d) the indicated mean effective pressure for the cycle.

[Answer: (a) 4394 kPa, 1461C; (b) 423.5 kJ/kg; (c) 56.5 %; (d) 534 kPa]
5. The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the isentropic compression process,
the air is at 100 kPa, 17C, and 600 cm3. The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion
process is 800 K. Determine (a) the highest pressure and temperature in the cycle; (b) the amount of
heat transferred, in kJ; (c) the indicated thermal efficiency; and (d) the indicated mean effective
pressure for the cycle.
[Answer: (a) 6449 kPa, 1696C; (b) 0.65 kJ; (c) 59.4 %; (d) 718 kPa]
6. An ideal diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20 and uses air as the working fluid. The state of air
at the beginning of the compression process is 95 kPa and 20C. If the maximum temperature in the
cycle is not to exceed 2200 K, determine (a) the indicated thermal efficiency; and (b) the indicated
mean effective pressure.
[Answer: (a) 63.5 %; (c) 933 kPa]
7. A four-cylinder, two-stroke, 3 liter diesel engine that operates on an ideal Diesel cycle has a
compression ratio of 17 and a cutoff ratio of 2.2. Air is at 27C and 97 kPa at the beginning of the
compression process. Determine how much power the engine will deliver at 1500 rpm.
[Answer: 58.25 kW]
8. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of
the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C. Determine (a) the temperature after the heat-
addition process; (b) the indicated thermal efficiency; and (c) the indicated mean effective pressure for
the cycle.
[Answer: (a) 1546C; (b) 61.4 %; (c) 660.4 kPa]
9. An SI engine operates on an air-standard four-stroke Otto cycle with turbocharging. Air-fuel enters the
cylinder at 70C and 140 kPa, and heat in by combustion equals 1.8 MJ/kg. Compression ratio is 8 and
exhaust pressure is 100 kPa. Determine (a) temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle; (b)
work produced during compression and expansion strokes; (c) net pumping work; and (d) indicated
thermal efficiency. [Answer: (a) 515C, 2573 kPa; 3022C, 10,759 kPa; 1161C, 585 kPa;
(b) 319.3 kJ/kg, 1335 kJ/kg; (c) 24.6 kJ/kg; (d) 60%]
10. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 19 and at the start of compression process air
is at 130 kPa and 65C. Light diesel fuel is used with an air fuel ratio of 18, combustion efficiency
98%, and a heating value of 42,500 kJ/kg. Determine (a) temperature and pressure at each state of the
cycle; (b) cutoff ratio; (c) heat lost in exhaust; and (d) indicated thermal efficiency.
[Answer: (a) 824.5C, 8020 kPa; 3006C, 8020 kPa; 1290C, 600 kPa; (b) 3; (c) 880 kJ/kg; (d) 60 %]
11. A V6, 3 liter, SI engine operates on a four-stroke air-standard Otto cycle at 2400 rpm. The engine has a
compression ratio of 9.5, a mechanical efficiency of 84%, and uses gasoline with air fuel ratio of 15.5,
combustion efficiency 96%, and a heating value of 44,300 kJ/kg. At the start of compression the
cylinder conditions are 60C and 98 kPa. Determine (a) temperature and pressure at each state of the
cycle; (b) indicated and brake thermal efficiencies; (c) indicated and brake mean effective pressures;
(d) indicated, brake, and friction powers; and (e) torque, brake specific fuel consumption, and
volumetric efficiency.
[Answer: (a) 546.5C, 2291 kPa; 4136C, 12,326 kPa; 1519C, 527 kPa; (b) 59.4%, 49.9%;
(c) 1754 kPa, 1473 kPa; (d) 105 kW, 88 kW,17 kW; (e) 352 Nm, 0.12 kg/kWh, 91.2%]
12. An in-line six, 3.3 liter, four-stroke, CI engine using light diesel fuel (heating value 42,500 kJ/kg) at an
air fuel ratio of 20 operates on an air-standard Dual cycle and produces 57 kW of brake power at 2000
rpm. Half the fuel can be considered burned at constant volume, and half at constant pressure. Engine
has a compression ratio of 14. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression are 60C and 100 kPa.
Determine (a) temperature and pressure at each state of the cycle; (b) cutoff ratio; (c) torque; (d) heat
input and indicated thermal efficiency; (e) mechanical efficiency and brake mean effective pressure;
and (f) indicated specific fuel consumption.
[Answer: (a) 684C, 4023 kPa; 2093C, 9948 kPa; 3100C, 9948 kPa; 1080C, 406 kPa;
(b) 1.43; (c) 272 Nm; (d) 7.5 kJ, 63.8%; (e) 71.25%, 1036 kPa; (f), 0.133 kg/kWh]
13. A small truck has a four cylinder, 4 liter CI engine that operates on the air-standard Dual cycle using
light diesel fuel (heating value 42,500 kJ/kg) at an air fuel ratio of 18. The compression ratio of the
engine is 16 and the cylinder bore is 10 cm. Cylinder conditions at the start of compression are 60C
and 100 kPa with a 2% exhaust residual. It can be assumed that half of the heat input from combustion
is added at constant volume and half at constant pressure. Determine (a) temperature and pressure at
each state of the cycle; (b) cutoff ratio; (c) indicated thermal efficiency; (d) volumetric efficiency;
(e) length of stroke.
[Answer: (a) 736.5C, 4850 kPa; 2263C, 12,185 kPa; 3354C, 12,185 kPa; 1107C, 414 kPa;
(b) 1.43; (c) 65.7%; (d), 87.8%; (e) 12.7 cm]
14. A four-cylinder, 2.5 liter, SI automobile engine operates on a four-stroke air-standard Otto cycle at
3000 rpm. The engine has a compression ratio of 8.6, a mechanical efficiency of 86%, and a stroke-to-
bore ratio 1.025. Fuel is isooctane with air fuel ratio of 15, combustion efficiency 98%, and a heating
value of 44,300 kJ/kg. At the start of the compression stroke, conditions in the cylinder combustion
chamber are 60C and 100 kPa. It can be assumed that there is a 4% exhaust residual left over from the
previous cycle. Determine (a) bore and stroke; (b) mean piston speed; (c) temperature and pressure at
each state of the cycle; (d) heat input and indicated thermal efficiency; (e) indicated and brake powers;
(f) indicated and brake mean effective pressures; and (g) torque, brake specific fuel consumption, and
volumetric efficiency.
[Answer: (a) 92 mm, 94 mm; (b) 9.4 m/s; (c) 514C, 2034 kPa; 4142C, 11,403 kPa; 1594C, 561 kPa;
(d) 7.71 kJ, 57.7%; (e) 111 kW, 95.5 kW; (f) 1780 kPa, 1531 kPa;
(g) 305 Nm, 0.167 kg/kWh, 90.3%]