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Using The Apple Dylan Development Environment

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Using The Apple Dylan Development Environment

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ð

Using the Apple Dylan

Development Environment

Preliminary

ð
Developer Press
Apple Computer, Inc.

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applications only for Apple which vary from state to state.
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Contents

Preface Preface vii

What to Read vii
Conventions Used in This Book viii
Special Fonts viii
Types of Notes viii
For More Information ix

Chapter 1 Learning Apple Dylan 1

Introducing the Apple Dylan development environment 1
Running Apple Dylan 8
Running the development environment 9
Opening a sample project 11
Running a sample application 15
Using browsers 15
Browsing a project 16
Using the built-in browsers 24
Linking panes and browsers 34
Showing different aspects of objects 42
Changing aspects 46
Using the browser References To 49
Using the browser Info for Selected Class 53
Customizing browsers 58
Saving a browser configuration 61
Editing in Apple Dylan 66
Copy, Cut and Paste in Apple Dylan 67
Copy Special and Insert Special commands 68
Undo and Clear commands 69
Replace and Find commands 69
Formatting commands 70
Importing and exporting Dylan text files 70
Macintosh and Emacs-style editing commands 71

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Macintosh-style key commands 71
Emacs-style key commands 72
Editing code 76
Customizing the development environment 83
Setting development environment preferences 84
Setting editing defaults 85
Setting Listener interaction defaults 87
Using icons in Apple Dylan 88

Chapter 2 Using Apple Dylan 95

Apple Dylan User Model 95
The Project 95
What goes into a project? 97
What’s really in a project? 101
What happens when you open a project? 101
The active project 102
Targeting 68K and PowerPC Platforms 103
Application or library? 104
Library version numbers 106
The Application Nub 107
Keeping your project synchronized 109
Orphan definitions in the runtime 111
Status indicators and synchronization 111
Restoring synchronization 112
Apple Dylan Listener 113
Inspector windows 116
Bailing out of Apple Dylan 117
Building standalone applications 118
Starting a project 119
Creating a new project 120
Setting the project type for an application 126
Setting the project type for a library 128
Saving a project 130
Saving the objects in a pane 130
Adding a subproject or resource file 130

iv
Adding the framework 131
Including C code 132
Compiling your project 133
Launching the runtime 135
Untethering from the runtime 136
Checking code status 136
Compiling a selection 139
Compiling all uncompiled code 140
Compiling code from the Listener 141
Excluding code from compilation 143
Including code in compilation 143
Running an application in Apple Dylan 144
Tethering to a running application 145
Debugging a project 146
Inspecting the stack 148
Inspecting Listener results 151
Inspecting heaps 153
Inspecting modules 154
Metering expressions 156
Monitoring an individual function 159
Creating a user interface 161
Adding the Apple Dylan interface builder 162
Adding the new user interface 163
Sharing your user interface 164
Building your application or library 164
Building your standalone application 164
Building a library 166
Sharing code 167
Sharing projects 168
Sharing code by exporting 168
Retrieving code by importing 171

Chapter 3 Apple Dylan Reference 173

Key Command Shortcuts 173
Command Reference 175

v
Stack window commands 222
Inspector window commands 223

Glossary 273

Index 279

vi
P R E F A C E

Preface

This book, Using the Apple Dylan Development Environment, gives you a good
look at the user interface and program development environment in Apple
Dylan. You’ll find that the Apple Dylan tools allow flexible programming and
full access to information about your program.
The term Apple Dylan refers to the development environment and associated
tools, extensions and capabilities developed by Apple Computer for
programming in the Dylan language, an object-oriented dynamic language.
For more information on programming in the Apple Dylan language, see the
books Programming in Apple Dylan and Apple Dylan Extensions and Framework
Reference. For more details on creating a user interface for your application, see
the book Creating a User Interface in Apple Dylan. For information on how to
install and configure Apple Dylan on your system, see the booklet Apple Dylan
Quickstart.

What to Read 0
This book has three chapters, a glossary, and an index. You can either read it
sequentially or move around in it from one topic to another.
■ Learning Apple Dylan—introductions to and explorations of the
development environment. This chapter should give you a chance to learn
how to interact with the development environment without a lot of
explanation. This chapter primarily familiarizes you with the browsing and
editing features of the Apple Dylan environment.
■ Using Apple Dylan—deeper understanding and in-depth tasks described.
This chapter opens with a description of the Apple Dylan User Model,
which is the chain of actions and events that takes you from starting to write
code, through compiling, and finally to creating a running standalone
application.

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P R E F A C E

■ Apple Dylan Reference—alphabetical listing of all commands used in Apple

Dylan, along with examples. This chapter opens with a list of the keyboard
equivalent shortcuts for each command.
■ Apple Dylan Glossary—all words introduced in bold are defined in the
glossary, along with many other terms used in Apple Dylan.
All chapters include many examples, and Learning Apple Dylan and Using
Apple Dylan include many step-by-step descriptions of common tasks.
Apple Dylan is probably different from any development environment you
have used in the past. By following the information presented in this book you
will soon find yourself interacting with the programs you develop in an
entirely different way, not as an editor buffer full of code or as a flow chart, but
as a living program. All of the program’s features are directly under your
control and organized, not by the requirements of a language or compiler, but
according to the way the program actually works.

Conventions Used in This Book 0

This book uses various conventions to present certain types of information.

Special Fonts 0
All code listings, reserved words, and the names of data structures, constants,
fields, parameters, and functions are shown in a monospaced font (this is
monospaced).

When new terms are introduced, they are in boldface. These terms are defined
in the glossary.

Types of Notes 0
There are several types of notes used in this book.

viii
P R E F A C E

Note
A note like this contains information that is interesting but
possibly not essential to an understanding of the main text.
Often, these Notes include additional information. See for
instance,“The active project” on page 102.

▲ WARNING
A note like this contains information that is especially
important. As this is an early release of Apple Dylan, not
all interactions are as smooth as we want them to be. For
instance, the warning in “The active project” on
page 102. ▲

For More Information 0

APDA is Apple’s worldwide source for hundreds of development tools,
technical resources, training products, and information for anyone interested in
developing applications on Apple platforms. Customers receive the APDA
Tools Catalog featuring all current versions of Apple development tools and the
most popular third-party development tools. APDA offers convenient payment
and shipping options, including site licensing.
To order products or to request a complimentary copy of the APDA Tools
Catalog, contact
APDA
Apple Computer, Inc.
P.O. Box 319
Buffalo, NY 14207-0319
Telephone 1-800-282-2732 (United States)
1-800-637-0029 (Canada)
716-871-6555 (International)
Fax 716-871-6511
AppleLink APDA

ix
P R E F A C E

America Online APDAorder

CompuServe 76666,2405
Internet [email protected]

x
C H A P T E R 1

Learning Apple Dylan 1

Dylan is a new programming language and Apple Dylan is a development

environment designed to be used with Dylan. The language provides
automatic memory management, type checking at both compile-time and
run-time, and a high-level exception handling mechanism. The Apple Dylan
framework further simplifies programming.
The Apple Dylan development environment supports incremental compilation
and the Apple Dylan Listener for executing individual expressions without
having to create the code scaffolding around them. User-interface design can be
performed in the graphically-oriented user-interface builder, which allows you
to see what your user interface will look like before you have written any code
for it, thus cutting down on recoding.
This chapter provides a general introduction to Dylan and the Apple Dylan
development environment, including installation, examples of interacting with
the browsers, and editing. See the chapter “Using Apple Dylan” on page 95 for
more specific information on using the environment to develop applications.

Introducing the Apple Dylan development environment 1

In Apple Dylan, you write code, compile, debug and build an application, but
the way you go about it is probably different from what you are used to. For
instance, the source code for an application is not written in files, but is broken
into individual source records, each method and class in its own source record.
Each construct of the Dylan language is an object that is stored individually in
a database and can be manipulated independently making the concept of
header files and object files obsolete. Everything that you have compiled is
stored in a database that can be viewed and manipulated through Apple Dylan
browsers.

Introducing the Apple Dylan development environment 1

Name of project
Status indicator visible in pane

Icon representing Outgoing link

project

Status indicator
Resource file

Name of module
Close pane box
Icon representing
module

Expanded
source folder

Disclosure triangle
Status indicator

Vertical splitter

Information line
Module

The information line prompts you with ephemeral information depending on

Project sources

Database Libraries

When your project is complete and you build your standalone application, the
services provided by the application nub and the code in your project are
bundled together. The connection to the development environment is severed.
The following figure shows that when you build your standalone application,
the Application Nub and your application have become one and it has been
severed from the development environment.

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Learning Apple Dylan

AppleDylan

Your application

Library
Caches
debug info

Project sources

Database Libraries

This means that from your point of view as a programmer, the application
under development and the standalone application are equal. Just as you can
interact with an unfinished project connected to the application nub, so too can
you interact with a standalone application that was already been built in Apple
Dylan. You might need to do this for further debugging of the application.
The browsers and the Listener help you write your source code and compile it,
but you need to debug it too. For that the development environment provides
inspector windows. When you have a problem, inspector windows let you
examine runtime objects to help you determine the cause of the problem.

Running Apple Dylan 1

When you have your system configured, you can install Apple Dylan by
following the instructions in the pamphlet Apple Dylan Quickstart.
To use Apple Dylan you must run it and open a project, either a sample project
or a new one. You might also want to run some of the sample projects’
standalone applications in the Finder to see what they do. You can run the
interface builder’s standalone version from the Finder if you want to see how it
works. To use it as you write your application, run it from inside the

8 Running Apple Dylan

C H A P T E R 1

Learning Apple Dylan

development environment. See the chapter “Using Apple Dylan” on page 95

for more information.
You can run Apple Dylan on two machines by installing the Application Nub
and any pre-built libraries on a separate machine from the rest of the
development environment. The pre-built libraries, such as the Dylan library or
any libraries you have included with your application, must be in the same
folder as the Application Nub or in the Extensions folder on the separate
machine. If you wish to do two-machine development, see the book Apple
Dylan Quickstart for more information on memory and special setup
requirements.

Running the development environment 1

Apple Dylan is an application in the Apple Dylan folder you copied from the
Apple Dylan CD to your computer. You can run Apple Dylan SI instead, if
don’t have enough RAM to run the standard Apple Dylan. Depending on the
amount of RAM available on your system, you might want to quit any other
applications before running Apple Dylan.
Ordinarily, to run Apple Dylan you simply double-click its executable file. In
the following task you also adjust the memory. That is something you only
need to do the first time you run Apple Dylan.
You can run Apple Dylan on two machines by installing the Application Nub
and any pre-built libraries on a separate machine from the rest of the
development environment. The pre-built libraries, such as the Dylan library or
any libraries you have included with your application, must be in the same
folder as the Application Nub or in the Extensions folder on the separate
machine. If you wish to do two-machine development, be sure to select that on
the Application Nub sheet of the Preferences command. See the book Apple
Dylan Quickstart for more information on memory and special setup
requirements for two-machine development.
1. Follow the instructions in Apple Dylan Quickstart to set up your machine
properly.
2. Open the Apple Dylan folder.
The Apple Dylan folder contains two main folders, Apple Dylan and Apple
Dylan documentation. The Apple Dylan applications are in the folder Apple
Dylan.

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Learning Apple Dylan

3. Double-click on the Apple Dylan application.

You can also run Apple Dylan by double-clicking on Apple Dylan SI.
When you run Apple Dylan, the development environment displays the
unconnected Listener and the Apple Dylan menu bar. To use Apple Dylan
you should open a project. For more information on that, see the next task.

4. Double-click on the file Application Nub from the Finder.

The Application Nub file is in the folder Apple Dylan: Apple Dylan Files:
Application Nub.
You must set the preferred memory for both the Application Nub and Apple
Dylan files to leave at least 50K unused when both are running. This is
because the system heap in Apple Dylan cannot expand properly when all
available memory has been allocated to applications. When you run Apple
Dylan in the future, after resetting the preferred size for these two files, you
don’t need to run the Application Nub file as well.
You will notice that the Application Nub has no user interface within Apple
Dylan, so even when it’s running, there is no menubar for it. That is because
it is the nub, or core of, the application you create. You create the menubar
and other user interface elements in the course of creating your application.
Ordinarily you launch and quit the Application Nub from within Apple
Dylan.
5. Quit Apple Dylan and choose About This Macintosh from the Apple
menu.
Note how much unused memory is left when both applications are running.
6. Set the preferred size for both Apple Dylan and the Application Nub
using the Get Info command.

10 Running Apple Dylan

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7. Double-click on the Apple Dylan icon from the Finder and then
double-click on the Application Nub.
8. Choose About This Macintosh from the Apple menu.
Verify that at least 50K of unused memory is available.
9. Double-click on Quit Application Nub from the Finder.
When you have the memory adjusted properly, quit the Application Nub
before proceeding with any other tasks in this chapter. The Quit Application
Nub file is in the folder Apple Dylan: Apple Dylan Files: Application Nub.
Ordinarily you launch and quit the Application Nub from within Apple
Dylan. However, in this case and other rare cases, you might need to quit the
Application Nub using this executable file in the Finder.

Opening a sample project 1

Several sample projects have been included with Apple Dylan. You can find the
samples in the Sample Code subfolder or via an alias to more samples that is in
Sample Code. To open a project, you use the Open command on the File menu
and select its project file, which has the suffix ”.π”. You can also open a project
by double-clicking on its project file in the Finder. This will also launch Apple
Dylan if it’s not already running.
Open one, such as the puzzle project, to see how it looks in the development
environment. The sample project puzzle is interesting because it includes the
Apple Dylan framework, which is a subproject called dylan-framework in the
root (upper-left) pane of the project browser. It also includes mac-toolbox,
which allows access to existing Macintosh toolbox code.
The first project you open in each session of Apple Dylan is automatically
made the active project. If you open other projects in the same session, they are
inactive. Only one project can be active at one time and only the active project
has full Apple Dylan functionality in it, such as being able to compile it or see
its various aspects. You can change the active project using the Activate Project
command.
1. Choose Open from the File menu.
A dialog box allows you to choose the sample project you want to open.

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2. Choose the alias “More Samples” to go to more sample code.

In the folder Sample Code in Apple Dylan, you will find several sample
projects, as well as an alias to other samples. The alias takes you to samples
that use the framework.
3. Find the puzzle project, which is in the puzzle folder, and select the file
that ends with “.π“.
Click OK when you have selected the file puzzle.π.
The puzzle project opens displaying its default project browser. It consists of
three panes. The pane in the upper-left is the root pane for the project
browser. You can see the name of the project in the browser’s name, “Project:
puzzle,” as well as in the header of the root pane. The icon for a project is
also in the root pane’s header.

4. Resize the project browser for easier viewing, if you want.

You can expand the browser, if you want, by zooming the window with its
zoom box. You can also drag the browser and each pane with their resizing
boxes in their bottom right-hand corners.
Notice the six objects in the root pane. Three are libraries, which are
represented with the subproject icon in Apple Dylan, two are modules and
one is a resource file.

12 Running Apple Dylan

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Dylan is a library that contains the basic definitions of the Dylan language
and the Apple Dylan extensions. This subproject is automatically included in
all projects and cannot be removed or modified.
Mac-toolbox is a library containing the Macintosh toolbox calls that have
been included with this project. It is up to you to add this library and
include any of the Macintosh toolbox calls you want to use in your project.
Dylan-framework is a library containing the Apple Dylan application
framework. You must add the framework to your project if you want to use
it; it is not automatically added to a new project. Since the source code for
the framework is included in Apple Dylan, you could modify it if you want,
however, this is not a common practice, nor is it recommended.
Dylan-user is a module. Every project has its own individual Dylan-user
module. In very simple projects all the code for the project can be in the
Dylan-user module. More commonly, it is standard practice for the
Dylan-user module to contain the module definition and library definition
used to structure the rest of the project. You will have to write your own
module definition and library definition for your project.
The puzzle module is a container for most of the source code for this project.
You will create your own module for your project that will contain your
source code.
The file puzzle.rsrc is the resource file used by the puzzle project. If you
want to use resource files in your project, you must add them to your project
using the Add to Project command.
5. Choose the Preferences command from the Edit menu.
6. Increase the icon size from the Environment sheet.
By changing the Browser Icon Size setting to 16 (or even 32), the differences
between icons are easier to see. If you do that, you might want to increase
the font size to 10 or more as well. For a complete listing of the icons in
Apple Dylan, see the section “Using icons in Apple Dylan” on page 88. You
can set other preferences from the other Preferences sheets. They can be
reached from the Category pull-down list at the top of the Preferences dialog
box.

Running Apple Dylan 13

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Learning Apple Dylan

The following figure shows part of a pane with the icon size at 12, which is the
default.

The following figure shows part of a pane with the icon size increased to 16.

14 Running Apple Dylan

Learning Apple Dylan

For now, click the disclosure triangle again to collapse the list of the contents
of mac-toolbox.
4. Click the disclosure triangle left of the subproject dylan-framework to
expand its contents inline.
This is the Apple Dylan framework, which you might want to study later. Its
contents are Dylan, mac-toolbox, Dylan-user, dylan-framework, and
dylan-framework.rsrc. Don’t be concerned about efficiency or memory and
disk space when you see redundant references to such objects as Dylan or
mac-toolbox. These are only references to these objects, which are not being
duplicated with each reference.
As shown in the following figure, since you did not select the name or icon
of dylan-framework, only its disclosure triangle, you have not selected
dylan-framework. The subproject mac-toolbox was your last selection so its
contents are displayed in the other two panes in the project browser.

Using browsers 19
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Learning Apple Dylan

5. Click the icon or name of the Dylan-user module in the root pane, then
click the disclosure triangles for its library and module source records in
the pane on the right.
As shown in the following figure, the module Dylan-user has been selected
so its contents, the source folder library & module, appear in the lower-left
pane. Then library & module has been selected so its contents appear in the
pane on the right. This is because the three panes are linked in this way.

20 Using browsers
C H A P T E R 1

Learning Apple Dylan

When you click the name or icon of an object in a pane, such as the root
pane, you see its contents displayed in the pane it’s linked to, the lower-left
pane in this case. The name and icon for the selected object, in this case the
Dylan-user module, also appear in the header of the other pane. As seen in
the preceding figure, the header for the lower-left pane shows the
Dylan-user module’s name and icon, as well as its default aspect, Contents
of.
The lower-left pane is linked to the right-hand pane, so the contents of the
object selected in the lower-left pane appear on the right. In this case, the
contents of the library & module source folder in the lower-left pane appear
in the right-hand pane. The contents of the source folder are the source
records. The header for the pane on the right now has the name and icon for
the library & module source folder in its header. Its default aspect is also
Contents of.
Within library & module are the two source records, the puzzle library
definition and puzzle module definition. As shown in the preceding figure,
they have been expanded in the pane on the right to reveal their source
code. Notice that a dark line surrounds the content area of the right-hand
pane in the following figure, indicating that it is the active pane. When you
click in a pane, you make it the active pane.

Using browsers 21
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Learning Apple Dylan

6. Select the module puzzle in the root pane.

The puzzle module contains the source folder puzzle, which in turn contains
numerous source records. The source records appear in the pane on the right.

7. Expand the contents of the puzzle source folder by clicking its disclosure
triangle in the lower-left pane.
When you expand the puzzle source folder in the lower-left pane, you see its
contents listed inline in the lower-left pane. If you select the puzzle source
folder, its contents are also listed in the right-hand pane because these two
panes have been linked. You could edit this code in either pane and the
other pane would immediately update. For now, just click disclosure
triangles in the right-hand pane to see the code in individual source records.
You can click the pane’s zoom box for more space or drag its resizing box to
make it bigger.

22 Using browsers
C H A P T E R 1

Learning Apple Dylan

8. Double-click on any object, such as the source record initialize.

You can double-click on any object, which means its icon or name, to open a
new, separate browser for it. In the following figure, the source record
initialize has been expanded and it has also been double-clicked.
Double-clicking on an object opens a new browser which, in the following
figure, has been dragged below the project browser so you can see both
browsers. You could change the source code in either browser and the other
would be updated immediately.
The default aspect of the double-clicked object determines which aspect of
the object is displayed in the new browser. In this case, the default aspect for
initialize is Source Code of +Warnings of. That is the default aspect for all
source records.

Using browsers 23
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Learning Apple Dylan

9. Double-click the object puzzle.rsrc in the root pane of the project browser.
You might need to scroll the root pane so you can see the resource file. You
cannot edit a resource file from within Apple Dylan, but must use the
resource editor of your choice from the Finder. You add a resource to a
project using the Add to Project command.

Close the empty browser or move it off the project browser before
continuing. Notice that the source code in the project browser has been
updated, as has all the status indicators.

If this browser were already open, you could have dragged the
<puzzle-view> class from the project browser to the inbox of the root pane
in this browser. This would have made <puzzle-view> the basis of this
browser. Dragging an object from one browser to the inbox of the root pane
on a separate browser is similar to linking them, but it does not create a link.
This is drag and drop behavior that is common to all browsers. The dragged
object is simply the basis for the separate browser; the two browsers are not
linked. The project browser’s outbox and the separate browser’s inbox are
still gray and no link exists.
7. Examine all the links on the inboxes and outboxes for the Info for
Selected Class browser, just as you did for the project browser.
Notice the inboxes and outboxes. The two outgoing links in the lower panes
are not red; they are not linked to anything yet.
8. Drag the outbox for the lower-left pane to the inbox of the lower-right
pane.
In the following figure the inbox for the lower-right pane is red as the
outbox from the other pane is being dragged onto it.

38 Using browsers
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Release the mouse on the inbox and the two panes are linked.
9. Click the puzzle-pict-setter source record in the lower-left pane.
Notice that the selected source record is now the basis for the lower-right
pane. In the following figure the source record puzzle-pict-setter is selected
in the lower-left pane and is named as the basis of the lower-right pane in its
header. Examine all the links.

Notice that the outbox of the lower-left pane names the lower-right pane as
its destination, as shown in the following figure.

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Direct methods is not a valid aspect for puzzle-pict- setter, but you can easily
change it to show one that is, such as the variable definitions of it in the
active project. For more information on how to change aspects in Apple
Dylan, see the task “Changing aspects” on page 46.
10. Drag the outbox from the right-hand pane on the project browser to the
inbox of the root pane on the Info for Selected Class browser.
You can link two separate browsers by dragging the outbox from a pane in
one browser onto the inbox of any pane in the other browser. This allows
you to create complex sets of browsers.
Notice that the inbox of the Info for Selected Class browser turns red as you
drag the outbox from the project browser onto it, as shown in the following
figure.

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5. Select the puzzle source folder in the lower-left pane and then click in the
right-hand pane without selecting anything.
The right-hand pane now displays the contents of the puzzle source folder.
6. Display the pop-up list of aspects from the header of the right-hand pane.
You can display an object’s list of aspects from the header of the pane its
contents are displayed in. You do this by clicking in the pane without
selecting anything, holding down command-option, and then holding the
mouse down on the object’s name or icon in the header. You will see all the
aspects available just as you would if you had used the Aspect command
from the Browse menu.
In the following example, the aspects available for source folders are
displayed on the pop-up list because the puzzle source folder is the basis for
the pane. For our purposes, don’t select one or, if you do, reselect the default
before continuing.

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You will see the aspect appear in the pane, replacing the previous aspect. No
new pane or browser opens. Notice that the aspect named in the header of

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the pane has changed in the following figure. The pane’s basis, initialize, has
not changed, but its aspect has.

5. Select an object, such as the source record is-puzzle-solved in the project

browser.
6. Drag the is-puzzle-solved source record to the inbox on the pane’s header
in the new browser.
The inbox, a small arrow on the left of the pane’s header, turns red when the
object is on it.

7. Release the mouse with the cursor still over the inbox.
The is-puzzle-solved source record becomes the new basis for the pane in
the Function Family browser. However, the inbox to the Function Family
browser is not red. This is because you have not created a link by dragging

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in another source record, you have only changed the basis of the pane. The
icon and name of is-puzzle-solved are shown in the pane’s header in that
browser.

Ordinarily when you expand an object within a pane, you see its default
aspect. For example, if you expand a source record its Source Code of
+Warnings of aspect is displayed inline. You can change that aspect to
another aspect by selecting the object’s name or icon and then using the
Aspect command to select a different one. The new aspect is revealed inline
with the object; no new pane is created, nor is a new browser opened.

Using the browser References To 1

You can use browsers to gather information when writing code. The References
To browser displays all the references to a selected class, function or variable in
a project. You can use it to see such things as what makes references to a certain
slot or to use the sample projects and the framework for useful code. For
example, if you wanted to create an Import Picture command in your
application, you might assume that StandardGetFile or some variant was
probably what would help you and that it’s probably in the framework. The
active project in the following example of this usage is puzzle.

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1. Open the puzzle sample project and make sure it’s the active project.
The sample projects can be found in the Sample Code folder or by using the
alias in it.
2. Type the name of the class, method or variable in question,
StandardGetFile in this case, into the Listener.
This simply identifies the class or method you want to investigate. You
could type it into a source record in a pane and select it there.
3. Choose the dylan-framework module from the Listener’s Module popup.
You must set the module you want to search in using the Module popup in
the lower-left corner of the Listener window. For more information on using
the Listener, see the section “Running an application in Apple Dylan” on
page 144.

4. Select StandardGetFile in the Listener and choose the References To

browser from the Browse menu.
The References To browser opens and shows that StandardGetFile is called
by a framework function called choose-document.

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5. Expand the source record for choose-document and search for

StandardGetFile.
StandardGetFile is not highlighted automatically. You have to search for it.
The arguments to StandardGetFile are displayed in the following example.
You might conclude that it is a bit too raw for your purposes and that you
would be better off using the calling function choose-document since the
framework has provided a wrapper.

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6. Select choose-document and use the Browse menu to select the References
To browser again.
We want to see how choose-document is used. We see there is a
behavior-event and a do-event.

7. Click the disclosure triangle for do-event.

Choose-document and its arguments are displayed so you can see how to
make a call to it.

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Using the browser Info for Selected Class 1

You use the Info for Selected Class browser to see several aspects of a class. The
top pane is a graph of the class hierarchy for a class and the two other panes in
this browser show a list of its direct methods and a list of its direct slots.
This browser’s root pane is a grapher pane, which means it visually represents
the relationships between the objects on a graph instead of listing objects. Click
the arrows on the graph to expand and collapse it. Other built-in browsers with
grapher panes are the Call Grapher and Class Grapher browsers. You can have
several of each of these browsers open at once. See also the Grapher Pane
command on page 213 for more information.
Only the basis of the browser is fully represented on the graph in a grapher
pane; you have to change the basis of the browser to get full representation for
another object. For classes, that means you can see multiple inheritance and
subclass relationships only for the basis of the browser.
As with other browsers, when you select an object before opening the browser,
you make that object the basis for the browser. Then, to change the browser’s
basis, you can drag any other appropriate object, such as a class, into its inbox
from any browser. However, in grapher panes you can also change the basis of
the browser by doing a control-click on another object within the browser to
make that object the new basis.
1. Open the Streams sample project and make sure it’s the active project.
The sample projects can be found in the Sample Code folder or by using the
alias in it. If you had another project open before opening Streams, you need
to click in the Streams project once you open it, and then use the Activate
Project command from the Project menu. If Streams were not the active
project, the project browser’s name would read “Project: Streams (inactive)”
and the root pane’s name would read “Streams (inactive)”.
2. Select a class in the Streams project, such as <stream> in the stream basics
source folder.

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3. Choose the browser Info for Selected Class from the Browse menu.
The browser opens, showing the graph for <stream> along with its direct
slots and direct methods.
The graph displays the five subclasses of <stream>. Notice that the class
<object> has no arrow to its left. That means it is the root of this hierarchy.
4. Click the first subclass on the list, <byte-stream>.
Its direct slots and direct methods are listed in the two lower panes, as
shown in the following figure.

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Continue clicking the other subclasses, to see their direct methods and direct
slots, if you want. Resize the browser slightly so you can see the full names
of the five subclasses.
5. Click the arrow to the right of <byte-stream> on the graph.
This further expands the graph. Notice that there are two more subclasses,
but they are not fully visible. Resize the browser more to see the full names
of the two subclasses.
Continue expanding subclasses until there are no more arrows to the right of
any subclass, if you have room on your monitor. You could reveal all the
classes of the hierarchy by continually expanding and resizing the browser,
but you would need a very large monitor.

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6. Select an arrow on a bar separating two classes and click the arrow to
collapse that part of the hierarchy.
The following figure shows the arrow to click to collapse the graph at that
point.

The following figure shows the result of clicking the arrow.

Saving a browser configuration 1

When you save a browser configuration, you give it a name, which is added to
the list of browsers on the Browse menu. The new browser is also listed on the
List of Browsers browser. Any changed links and aspects within the new
browser are saved. Saving a browser does not save the code within it, nor any
of its external links, only its internal configuration of panes.
The saved browser is saved to disk as a file in the Browsers folder. If you want
to share a saved browser with someone, you can send them the file. You can
delete a browser from the lists of browsers available in the development

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environment by moving the browser’s file out of the Browsers folder in Apple
Dylan. You do this by leaving Apple Dylan and dragging the file into another
folder or into the Trash. The browser remains on the development
environment’s lists of browsers until the development environment is restarted.
1. Select the customized browser from the previous task.
If you don’t have the customized browser from the previous task still open,
open any built-in browser from the Browse menu. You don’t need to
customize it to save it with another name.
Neither do you have to have any particular project open to accomplish this
task, although in this example the Streams project is open and active. You
could even create a new project by choosing New Project from the File
menu. The browsers you save are available in any project you work on in
Apple Dylan.
2. Look at the Browse menu to see what browsers are currently listed.
The built-in browsers are in the third and fourth sections of the Browse
menu. Any previously saved browsers are in the fourth section.

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3. Click in the customized browser you created in the previous task and
choose the Save Browser command on the Browse menu.
Because the active browser is saved, be sure to make active the browser you
want to save before choosing the Save Browser command. You don’t have to
customize a browser to save it with a new name, although that is the
common reason for saving a browser.
4. Locate the Browsers folder using the dialog box, enter a name for the new
browser, and click Save.
A browser should be saved into a file in the Browsers folder of Apple Dylan
or one of its two subfolders. You can save any browser, whether an existing,
new, or changed browser, and give it the name you want. If an existing
browser has the same name, it is overwritten. The objects in the browser are
not saved, just the configuration of panes and all links internal to the
browser.

If you save the browser to a file in the main Browsers folder, the browser
appears in the fourth section of the Browse menu. This type of browser
responds to a selection for its basis, such as a class. If you save the browser
to a file in the subfolder _Ignore Selection Browsers, the browser appears in
the third section of the Browse menu. This type of browser does not respond
to a selection, but instead uses the active project as its basis. If you save the
browser to a file in the subfolder _System Browsers, the new browser does
not appear on the Browse menu, but only on the List of Browsers browser.
You might do this if you wanted to create a new configuration for the default
project browser.
You can now copy the file, mail it to others, and handle it in many ways as
any file on the Macintosh. You can open it by double-clicking it in the Finder.

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The new browser is now listed on the Browse menu and probably in List of
Browsers. In addition, the customized browser now shows the new name,
such as Modified Class Info in this example.

5. Check the Browse menu to see the new browser is listed.

In the following figure you can see that the new browser was saved to the
main Browse folder as it appears in the fourth section of the Browse menu.

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6. Close the saved browser.

7. Click on another class in the project browser and choose Modified Class
Info from the Browse menu.
You see its basis is now the other class, but it has the same configuration of
panes and their links.

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8. In the Finder, go to the Browsers folder in Apple Dylan to see the new file.

Editing in Apple Dylan 1

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cursor motion within a buffer forward back

down & up page Command ↓ Command ↑
last & first line of source record Command-Option↓ Command-Option↑
end & beginning of source record Command-Option→ Command-Option←
motion across buffers forward back
next & previous open definition, move line by Option ↓ Option ↑
line through contiguous expanded records
expand & enter source record below & above. Command ↓ Command ↑
expand & enter source record below & above Command-Option↓ Command-Option↑
while closing current.
buffer -> object
select enclosing object Control ↑
select enclosing object & collapse Control-Option↑
motion object -> buffer,
expand and edit selected source record Command ↓
motion at object level forward back
select source record ↓ ↑
select last or first source record Option ↓ Option ↑
expand & collapse source record Command ← Command →
page forward or back page down page up
bottom or top end home
select 1st at new level (expanding if needed) Control ↓ Control ↑
end or Beginning of buffer, if already there, Command ↓ Command ↑
expand next
select 1st at new level and expand or collapse Control-Option↓ Control-Option↑
beginning or end of buffer, if already there, Command-Option↓ Command-Option↑
expand next and collapse previous

Emacs-style Keys
•Control-W Delete current selection and add to kill ring.
•Meta-W Copy current selection and add to kill ring.
•Control-X Delete all spaces and tabs from insertion point to
•Control-Space next character.
•Meta-Space Replace all spaces and tabs surrounding insertion
point with a single space.
•Meta-\ Delete all whitespace characters to left and right of
insertion point.
Undo
•Control-_ Undo previous command.
•Control-Meta-_ Display Undo history.
Numeric arguments
•Control-U Repeat next keystroke 4 times.
•Control-n. Meta-n Repeat next command n times.

5. Expand the source record <two-buffer-stream> so you can see its source
code.
You can edit its source code inline using the Edit and Text menu commands.
6. Select text within the expanded source record to delete and choose Clear
from the Edit menu.
The text is deleted with the Clear command.
7. Choose Undo Clear from the Edit menu.
To reinstate the text, use Undo Clear. Notice that the exact wording of the
Clear and Undo Clear commands change appropriately to match the type of
action you can perform. You can undo up to 20 editing commands.
8. Double-click on the source record initialize.
Although you could edit an expanded source record inline in the project
browser, you will probably want to edit the code in a separate browser. You
can edit this code using the Edit and Text menu commands. The following
figure shows the new browser that opens with initialize as its basis.

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9. Select the name of the initialize method in the new browser to use it as a
template for a new method.
The Copy Special and Insert Special commands use the language databases
within Apple Dylan to retrieve code templates.
In the following example, initialize has been selected and will be used as the
basis of the template.

10. Choose the Copy Special command Method Template from the Edit menu.
The Method Template (Copy Special) command copies the template to the
Clipboard. The following figure shows initialize selected and Method
Template being chosen from the Edit menu.

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11. Go to the source record where you want to use the template, click where
you want the code placed, and choose the Paste command.
In this example, go to the newly created source record in the new project and
click in the new source record. In the following figure the code template for
initialize has been pasted into the new source record in the new project. You
can see both the new project browser with the new code in its right-hand
pane and the separate browser in front of it with initialize still selected in it.
Click in the new source record to edit the template and create your own
version of initialize by specializing at least one of the parameters.

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The Insert Special commands work in a similar way to the Copy Special
commands, but they do not use the Clipboard.
12. Choose Close from the Project menu to close the Streams project.
You can also use the close box on the project browser to close the project.
Don’t save the changes to the Streams project. Close your new project,
saving it if you wish.
There is no need to have any projects open for the next section because you
set the preferences for the development environment as a whole, not for
individual projects.

Customizing the development environment 1

You can customize your projects in several ways, such as through the
subprojects you choose to incorporate. In the development environment, you
can also customize how you view and interact with all your projects. You can
choose various settings through the selections you make in the Preferences
sheets. You don’t need to have any projects open to complete the tasks in this
section as the preferences you set apply to all projects.
Several categories of preferences can be set, including the font size of the
environment itself, text editing conventions within each pane, interaction
between the compiler and your code, and interaction between the runtime
while you are debugging your code. You make these choices using the
Preferences command on the Edit menu.
The Preferences command presents four dialog boxes, or sheets, for
customizing the interface of the Application Nub, Environment, Editing, and
the Listener. Choosing the Default button resets the defaults for all fields on all
four sheets.

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Setting development environment preferences 1

You can customize your development environment so that you can work with
every project in the same way. By setting fields in the Environment sheet, you
can choose the font for browsers, the font size and icon size for browsers,
whether to automatically open the Stack window if you get an error, whether
you automatically launch the application nub whenever the active project is
opened, and whether you want to automatically update the active project
whenever the application nub is launched.
1. Choose the Preferences command from the Edit menu.
The Environment sheet opens. The following figure shows the default values
for the Environment sheet. Choosing the Default button resets the defaults
for all fields on all three sheets.

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2. Choose the type of font you want used for display in the browsers.
3. Choose the size for icons.
The icons in the development environment are clearer if you choose an icon
size of 16 in the Browser Icon Size field.
4. Click Inspect Stack on Error if you want to open the Stack window on any
error that occurs while compiling your code.
See the chapter “Using Apple Dylan” on page 95 for more information on
the implications of this choice.
5. Click Launch Application Nub when Active Project is Opened if you want
to launch the application nub whenever you open a project.
See the chapter “Using Apple Dylan” on page 95 for more information on
the implications of this choice.
6. Click Update when Application Nub is Launched if you want to update
the active project whenever you launch the application nub.
See the chapter “Using Apple Dylan” on page 95 for more information on
the implications of this choice.

Setting editing defaults 1

You can customize your development environment so that your editing
environment is the same whenever you edit code. By setting fields in the

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Editing sheet, you can choose the font to use when editing code, the meta key
you want to use, if any, how to automatically indent code, and whether you
want to display warnings with the source code.
The following figure shows the default values for the Editing sheet. Choosing
the Default button resets the defaults for all fields on all three sheets.
1. Choose the Editing sheet from the Category popup.
The following default sheet appears.

2. Choose the font family and size you want to use while editing code.
Changes you make in these fields apply only to edits you make after
changing this.
3. Change the meta key for editing with the Emacs-style key commands, if
you want.
4. Click in the boxes for the type of indentation you want applied to your
code.
5. Click Auto Display Argument List if you want to automatically display
the argument list.
6. Click Display Warnings with Source if you want to automatically display
any warnings within source records.

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Setting Listener interaction defaults 1

You can customize the way the Apple Dylan Listener acts. By setting fields in
the Listener sheet, you can choose the font for the Listener, what truncation of
lines, elements or levels you want, and whether you want to detect circularities.
The following figure shows the default settings for the Listener sheet. Choosing
the Default button resets the defaults for all fields on all three sheets.
1. Choose the Listener sheet from the Category popup.
The following default sheet appears.

2. Choose the font family and size you want to use while editing code in the
Listener.
3. Choose a maximum number of lines you want printed in the Listener, if
you want to limit them.
4. Choose a maximum number of elements of a list you want printed in the
Listener, if you want to limit them.
5. Choose a maximum number of break levels you want displayed in the
Listener, if you want to limit them.
6. Click Detect Circularities if you want to stop printing after the first time
around a code circularity.

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Using icons in Apple Dylan 1

Every object depicted in the Apple Dylan development environment has an
icon associated with it. Icons are also used to convey other kinds of information
in Apple Dylan.
For each object, there can be three kinds of icons:
■ First, there is the basic icon of a definition entity, in this case the definition
entity of a class that is the compiled representation of a class:

■ Next there is the icon of a source record for a class, the basic icon
superimposed on a standard document icon. This is the most commonly
encountered form:

■ Finally, there is the icon of an excluded source record, the basic icon
superimposed on a standard comment icon:

■ The ball icon indicates a generic object:

■ Thus, the following is a generic source record:

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■ A ?, signifying a problem of some sort with the object: this may be

superimposed on other icons.

You control the display size of icons through the Environment sheet of the
Preferences command. See “Setting development environment preferences” on
page 84.
■ default size, 12 points
:

■ 16 points

■ 32 points

Following is a summary of the most commonly encountered Apple Dylan icons, displayed in their most
commonly encountered forms:
■ Project

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■ Subproject, the same as project

■ Project File, document with .π suffix, seen in Finder

■ Generic source record

■ Application seen in Finder. The Application Nub and Apple Dylan have this
icon.

■ Comment

■ Variable source record

■ Constant source record

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■ Macro source record

■ Database source file

■ Note icon, usually no match. Usually accompanied by an explanation of

what has not been matched, such as “Inapplicable aspect”.

■ Unrecoverable Error

■ Saved Browser

■ Top level form

■ Warning, recovery may be possible.

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■ Source folder

■ Source module

■ Class source record

■ Library file, .dl suffix.

■ Bare method source record

■ Generic function method source record

■ Generic Function source record

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■ Source database in Finder

■ Compiler results database in Finder

■ Resource file

Close any open projects when you are done with this chapter. Don’t save the
changes to the sample projects.

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94 Using icons in Apple Dylan

C H A P T E R 2

Using Apple Dylan 2

The Apple Dylan development environment is powerful and easy to use. You
can create applications quickly because the environment is organized around
objects, just as the Dylan language is. You will see that the various types of
code elements appear in the environment with different icons so you can tell
them apart. These objects can be manipulated by dragging and dropping, just
as you would suppose.

Apple Dylan User Model 2

The Apple Dylan development environment is built around a number of
assumptions, procedures, and expectations about how programming is done in
Apple Dylan. These ideas and requirements are known collectively as the
Apple Dylan user model. The user model is a description of the process you
use to create applications and libraries in Apple Dylan, not a description of the
internal implementation of Apple Dylan.
This section introduces the user model by means of a walkthrough of the
programming process, starting with organizing and writing source code and
continuing all the way through to building a stand-alone application or library.
Detailed descriptions of how to complete various tasks follow this overview.

The Project 2
The project is the central concept in Apple Dylan. A project is a set of
documents that encompass all the elements of your programming effort:
n libraries
n subprojects

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C H A P T E R 2

n paint-app—an additional module containing the code specific to this

application. There can be any number of additional modules, or none at
all.
n paint-app.rsrc—a resource file used by the application. This file is
optional. You may have several resource files and they need not be kept in
the same folder as the project.
n For some projects, you will also see other subprojects listed in the root
pane. A subproject is a project or library that has been included in another
project. Any project whose project type is “library” (see the Set Project
Type command) can be included in another project.
n For some projects, you may also see text files. It may be convenient to
store these files—perhaps a README, notes or lists—with the rest of the
project, but the development environment does little or nothing with
these files.
Good practice requires that every project have a library definition. The library
definition makes modules available for use. This is done with a define-library
statement in the Dylan-user module.
That a module or library/subproject name is displayed in a browser means that
it is included in the compiler results database, but it does not mean that it is
available to the application. Only clauses in a project’s define library statement
makes modules from other libraries accessible to the project’s modules. The use
clause must be typed in. It does not appear automatically.
Each variable within a module is visible to all the code contained in that
module, but variables must be explicitly exported (and then imported) to be
visible to code in other modules.
When you make a new module using New Module from the File menu, you are
informing the development environment of the module. When you add a use
or export statement to your source code, you are informing the compiler of the
module. You must do both because the integration of environment and
language are not seamless in this release. This is one of the seams.
There must be a single library definition including a use statement for each
library and an explicit statement exporting the module that contains the startup
function for an application.
There must also be one or more module definitions, showing which modules
are accessible from that module and thus allowing access to all exported
variables.

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To see these definitions, move to the righthand pane of the project browser and
expand the two paint-app objects by clicking on their disclosure triangles:

It is here that the scope of the project is defined, that is, which libraries and
modules form part of the project.

Note
In this example, the module definition includes a use
statement for Apple-Dylan. If you were writing portable
code for use in non-Apple environments, the use statement
would name Dylan, not Apple-Dylan so the compiler
would catch any use of Apple extensions.

Note
The Dylan-user module is in each project, but you must
define for each project a unique version of the Dylan-user
module. It is possible to write a program without defining
a library or any other modules by simply using Dylan-user
for everything. With the exception of the tiniest
experiments, this practice is not recommended as it
circumvents the design of the language and the
development environment. When you create a new project,
you should create a new module or modules to hold all
your code.

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What’s really in a project? 2

Use the Finder to examine the directory for the paint-app sample project. You’ll
find the following on your hard disk:
n paint-app.π—the project file, which actually consists of pointers into other
files. This is the file to open when you want to use a project in the
development environment.
n _Source Database—all source records for the project, in database rather
than text form.
n paint-app.rsrc—an optional resource file. Use ResEdit or another resource
editor to change its contents. There may be no resource file, or many; they
need not be in the project folder.
n paint-app.dl—the project library file.
n _Compiler Results Database—all compiled objects for the project.
n _Library Model—equivalent to the compiler results database, but for
libraries. Created by Create Library.
n paint-app (the executable file)—the standalone application itself, which
can be double-clicked in the Finder to run paint-app.
Under normal circumstances you never do anything directly with any of these
documents. The main reason to mention them is to point out that you have the
option, in the case of a severe need for disk space, of deleting _Compiler
Results Database and _Library Model. These documents are created when you
compile your project and thus can be replaced. The document _Source
Database cannot be replaced.
Note that these two files, _Compiler Results Database and _Library Model,
grow along with your project but do not shrink along with it. As you
repeatedly compile, old compiler results are not eliminated, but simply cut off
from access. You may find it valuable from time to time to issue the command
Compact Project to perform a garbage collection on these files.

What happens when you open a project? 2

You open a project using the Open command on the File menu. When you do,
you see an Open Project dialog box like this, giving you status as the project is
being opened:

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Here is what happens:

n All files in the project are locked against other access and opened.
n A project browser is created.
n The development environment checks for an active project and if there is
none, makes this the active project. Otherwise, this project is opened but
is not the active project.
n The source database index is loaded.
n The compiler results database is loaded (as the dialog box mentions
loading of caches and definitions).
n If you have selected “Launch Application Nub when Active Project is
Opened” on the Preferences Environment sheet, the Application Nub is
launched.
n If you have selected “Update when Application Nub is Launched” on the
Preferences Environment sheet, the Update Project command is issued.

The active project 2

Only the active project can be browsed completely. Only one project, the root
project, can be active at one time, although all subprojects contained within
that project are also active. No other project, open or closed, is active. The first
project you open is the active project, but you can change active projects with
the Activate Project command from the Project menu. If you close an active
project, the project opened next becomes the active project.
Other open projects are inactive. You can browse the text portions of these
projects, but you cannot browse any relationships that depend on compiler
results. The source records of an inactive project can be edited and saved. You
can also cut and paste between active and inactive projects. Changed text in an
inactive project is marked as uncompiled when it is changed, but you cannot
compile it until you make it the active project.

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Only the active project and its subprojects can be fully browsed. You could
think of the development environment as an interface to the compiler results
database. In other words, all information displayed by a browser depicts what
has actually been compiled. For instance, the call graphers and class graphers
depict calling or class structures that have been successfully compiled, not
what has been incorrectly written in the code and won’t compile. The same
goes for all cross-references, debug information, or other relationships in the
project. Keep in mind, you are working directly on your application or library,
not a representation of it.
Because each source record is a definition, individual definitions can be edited,
and compiled without disturbing the rest of the program. Thus, in compilation,
only modified definitions are compiled. This incremental compilation means
that you can interactively change the active project with a very short compile
time.

Note
The changes you make in the active project are not
reflected in the compiler results database until you compile
them. Therefore, many browsers do not reflect the changes
until you compile.

▲ WARNING
Since the compiler does not lock files, you are not
prevented from editing while compiling. However, you
absolutely should not do this. You should also not browse
while compiling.

Targeting 68K and PowerPC Platforms 2

You can target your final application or library to run on the Macintosh 68K or
PowerPC platforms. You set an individual target architecture while you are
developing a project. To do this, you make your project active and choose the
preferred platform using the Target Architecture command. Then, when you
build your final application or library, you can choose which architecture you
want it to run on. If you want a single application to run on both architectures,
you would choose to create a fat application. A fat application should run
equally well on both platforms as it contains native code for both. You can also

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choose to create a skinny application. A skinny application is one that runs

native on the 68K architecture but is emulated on the PowerPC.
Although you can switch back and forth between the two targets for any active
project as often as you wish, you must issue an Update Project command every
time you do so, which can slow development time. Therefore, if you want to
develop for both platforms, you can decrease the number of times you have to
switch between the two platforms by getting your project fairly solid for one
before compiling it for the other. The common methodology is to target one of
the platforms, develop your application or library through the debugging
stage, then choose the other platform and recompile. You don't have to
recompile your project with the other architecture targeted. You can instead
create a fat application and test that.
The reason you must use the Update Project command every time you switch
between platforms is that there is a separate compiler results database file and
library model file for both platforms. These files are updated only for the
current target; the other set of files are left as they were when you switched
away from them. Therefore, an update is needed to refresh the contents of these
files when you switch back to them.

Application or library? 2
Every project must have certain characteristics established, depending on
whether it is an application or a library. This is done through the Set Project
Type command from the Project menu. You can also use this command to
examine the characteristics of any project.
Internally, applications and libraries are identical, with the single exception that
an application includes a startup function. This means that an application can
be started and achieve some end result. A library does nothing by itself and
must be used as a building block of an application
For the sample project paint-app, you see the following dialog box when you
choose Set Project Type from the Project menu:

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This information is needed by the development environment to manipulate,

load and run the application. You can see the paint-app project is an
application. The startup function (similar to Main in a C program) is identified
by name and location (i.e., which module it’s in). The file creator type is given,
as are the suggested and minimum memory needs of the application. The box
“Use separately loaded libraries” is checked.
If you check “Library” in the “Project Type” field, the dialog box changes,
reflecting the differences between applications and libraries:

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There is no startup function in a library, nor does a library have memory

requirements. Also, libraries do not vary according to whether they are
separately loaded or not. However, libraries do require versioning.

Library version numbers 2

Set Project Type allows you to specify a version and a minimum compatible
version for each library.
Setting the version of a library controls which version is recorded in the
compiler results database. When a library file is created from a project, the
library versions of all of its subprojects are recorded in the library file header.
Then at runtime, when the library is loaded, it will only accept those versions
of the sublibraries that are compatible with the version of the sublibrary used
at library creation time.
The minimum compatible version is the lowest version that a library is
backward compatible with. The Min Version field is checked during runtime
library search.

Neither Launch Application Nub nor Tether to Application downloads any

code to the Application Nub. Compiling code with a compilation command,
such as Compile Selection or Update Project, does that.
Launch Application Nub has these effects:
n Starts the Application Nub running.
n Establishes communication between the development environment and
the Application Nub.
n Initializes the runtime.
n Loads the Dylan library.

Note
Launch Application Nub does not run the project!
Tether to Application has only a single effect:
n Establishes communication between the development environment and a
running standalone application or the Application Nub.

Note
The standalone application must already be running when
you issue this command! You also must have the compiler
results database for the standalone application.
You have the option on the Environment page of the Preferences dialog box
from the Edit menu, to automatically launch the Application Nub when you
make a project active. You also have the option of performing an Update
Project whenever a project is launched. These options are off by default and
independent of each other.
You are not limited to using the Application Nub supplied with Apple Dylan.
You may also add to it to create a custom Application Nub of your own. This
enables you to include object libraries from other languages or other resources
from outside the domain of the Dylan language, such as Creole files.

Keeping your project synchronized 2

There are three sets of information for your project that must be kept in
synchronization through your own actions. They are:

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n source database—source records in text form as presented by the

development environment, which can be changed by means of editing a
source record and saving it.
n compiler results database—all code that has been compiled and related
debugging information.
n runtime—all code that has been downloaded to the Application Nub.
Ordinarily, Apple Dylan allows you to switch smoothly from the runtime to the
databases. A typical scenario would be to observe a problem in the running
application that is attached to the Application Nub, use a browser to find the
problem, and then use the editor to change the source and correct the problem.
If you follow this activity with an Update Project command, your databases
will be synchronized.
However, there are many opportunities for your information to get out of
synchronization. Moving or deleting Apple Dylan files while not in Apple
Dylan can have bad consequences, as does renaming any folders. The
development environment will not be able to find the object and report it as
missing. Missing files need to be found and identified when the development
environment is running or they will just be ignored during compilations. When
they have been identified, the project must be recompiled and saved. While the
development environment is not running you can move the entire Apple Dylan
folder or a project’s entire folder and it will be OK.
Sometimes you may face an even more confusing situation, such as when you
have coded an object and compiled it, then deleted the source. Then, when you
use a browser, you might find the object is still there. This is because the
browser is working off the compiler results database, not the database of source
records. The running application attached to the Application Nub can show yet
a third behavior because you may have downloaded a compiled definition that
is no longer active. Further, if there are warnings or if there has been a
downloading error, your code may have been compiled without being
downloaded. While the Update Project command usually corrects
desynchronization, it is up to you to keep in mind that you are working across
three databases and that they do not necessarily reflect the same objects.

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Note
Keep in mind that compiler results are saved to the
compiler results database each time you compile anything,
but the source database only changes when a source record
or the active project is explicitly saved with the Save or
Save All command, respectively.

Orphan definitions in the runtime 2

▲ WARNING
Nothing created in the Listener is saved. You should not
create methods and classes in the Listener even though it is
possible to do so. Use the browsers instead; they are
designed for that purpose.
The Listener is a place to test and compile code without permanently
modifying the project. It is useful for ephemeral code testing, for running of
individual functions to see what they do, and for inspecting and changing the
state of the runtime.
Before you type an expression into the Listener, choose the module the
expression is in from the popup list in the lower-left corner of the Listener
window.

▲ WARNING
Failing to choose the proper module in the Listener is
perhaps the single most common and confusing mistake
Apple Dylan users make. Remember, each module is a
namespace and all code is executed in the context of a
module. If you are not in the proper module, you are not
in the proper namespace and the Listener will literally not
know what your are talking about.

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You can execute code from the Listener while you are in a break loop, allowing
you to investigate various results. When in a break loop, the Listener’s prompt
changes to the number of the break level on the stack, starting with the first
break loop as number one.
When the Application Nub is not executing code, it is in the Listener loop,
waiting for code to be sent from the development environment. This can be
from compiling something in the development environment by means of one
of the compilation commands or by means of typing code into the Listener. The
effect is the same; the code is executed and the result values are sent back to the
Listener. A break loop is the same as the Listener loop, except that there is code
waiting to be executed that was stopped by an error or Break and is waiting to
be aborted, inspected or resumed. The Listener loop can be thought of as break
level 0 or the null break level. For more information on break loops, see the
section “Debugging a project” on page 146.
The Listener supports three forms of interacting with your project or
application.
n If you observe behavior in your application that you wish to change, you
can enter a Break command to suspend the application while you make
your changes. All state is preserved, including the stack.
n If your application returns an error, it will be suspended and a backtrace
supplied that allows you to determine the exact source of the error.
n If you press command-option-. (command-option-period), the application
is suspended exactly as it is at that moment, without losing any state or
stack information. You are still in the middle of the application and can
see exactly what it is doing.

Inspector windows 2
While browsers allow you to look at the source database and the compiler
results database, and the Listener allows you to interact with the runtime,
inspector windows allow you to look directly at objects in the runtime. To use
inspector windows, you must be tethered to the application and the application
must be suspended.
The inspector windows offer your only opportunity to look directly at objects
in the runtime. In fact, objects only exist in the runtime, and furthermore many
objects in the runtime are created by the running application.

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Several commands that open inspector windows are included in Apple Dylan:
n The most common use of inspector windows is through the Listener,
where you can compile, download and execute code, look at the results as
printed in the Listener, and then use the Inspect Listener Result command
to determine exactly what happened.
n After an error, the stack is presented in the form of a backtrace. Use the
Inspect Stack command to inspect the state of the program at the point of
the error.
n You can list all the modules in the Application Nub and select one from
the list to open an inspector window on it using the Inspect Module
Variables command.
n You can also look at your memory allocations and contents using the
Inspect Heaps command.
n Finally, you can select any object and inspect it using the Inspect Selection
command.
You can use inspector windows on any object in the runtime. To do so, you
must know where the object is located, such as a list or vector or other data
structure.

Note
You can open another inspector window from any
inspector window by double-clicking on an object in it.
This can lead to having numerous inspector windows
open at once. If you hold down the Option key while
closing one inspector window, all of them close.

Bailing out of Apple Dylan 2

Sometimes you might have an error or other problem that locks up Apple
Dylan to the point where you cannot proceed. You might need to quit the
application or the development environment, but you cannot. In that case, you
need a way to forcefully exit, or bail out.
The common method of stopping an application is by making it the frontmost
and typing command-option-period. If this stops the application, you can often
continue to issue other commands, such as Quit Application to officially quit
the application and the Application Nub, or the Quit Application Nub
command, as needed.

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source record. In the following example, the Dylan-user module has been
selected in the root pane so you can see its default contents.

Name the new project using the Save All command on the File menu.
2. Select the Dylan-user module in the root pane and choose New Module
from the File menu.
Name the module by typing its name into the dialog box. The new module
appears in the root pane below Dylan-user because you selected Dylan-user.
You can create as many modules as you want, but often a single module is
sufficient.
3. Select the new module and then choose New Source Folder from the File
menu.
An empty source folder appears, for which you can type in a name. You can
create as many source folders as you want.
The new source folder has an empty source record in it. When it is newly
created, you can type the name of the new source record next to its icon at
the prompt. When you enter code, the name of the source record is derived
from the text of the code. If you want to rename the source record later, you
must expand it using its disclosure triangle and edit the code.

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4. Select the new source folder and then choose New Source Record from the
File menu.
The new source record appears at the end of any existing source records
unless you select a source record prior to creating a new one, then it appears
after the selected source record. You can create as many source records as
you want.
The following figure shows a new source record that has been created in the
“new proj” source folder of the “newproj” module. The new source record is
still unnamed in this example. Because no code has been entered yet, the
new source record is represented by the generic icon.

7. Reorder your source folders and source records to reflect the load order
you want.
You can drag the objects around in a pane, just as you would in the Finder.
You can delete objects that you don’t want using the Delete key or the Clear
command on the Edit menu.
8. Before you save your project for the first time, see one of the following
tasks on setting your project type as an application or a library.

Setting the project type for an application 2

If you want your project to be an application, you must specify it as an
application using the Set Project Type command on the Project menu. This
information is used when you build your final standalone application from
your project. If you have not yet written all the code needed to complete this
dialog box, complete what you can and come back to this task when you have
written the code.
If you want to use a project as a subproject, you should select Library in the
“Project Type” field.
1. Make your new project the active project, if it’s not already.
You can use the Activate Project command on the Project menu.

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2. Choose Set Project Type from the Project menu.

3. Click Application in the “Project Type” field.

4. Enter a file creator in the “Creator Type” field.

The “Creator Type” field holds the creator ID you want your new
application to have.
5. Name your project’s startup function in the “Startup Function” field.
This is a function you write to run your application.
6. Select your startup function’s module in the “Module” field.
7. Enter the memory requirements your application will have.
8. Check the box for separately loaded libraries, if your project requires
them.
If this box is checked, the libraries used by the application are not bundled
with the application file. They are left separate on disk. When the
application is launched, it looks for the libraries it needs, first in its own
folder, then in the extensions folder.

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Separately loaded libraries save space because you only need one copy of
the common libraries, dylan-framework and mac-toolbox.
Note that Dylan libraries are not shared in RAM, so selecting “Use
separately loaded libraries” doesn’t save RAM. Libraries are loaded when
the application runs, if you check this box. They are also loaded whenever
you issue a Launch Application Nub command in the active project.
The library of the application being written is always bundled with the
application. Only the libraries of subprojects are kept separate.
9. Click Create Fat Binary, if you wish.
A Fat binary includes both native 68K and native PowerPC code. It runs
efficiently on both architectures, but is larger than an application created for
only one architecture. The Fat binary is created when you use the Create
Application command to build your standalone application.
10. Edit the Application Names fields, if you wish.
Change these fields to the name you want your final application to have,
according to the architecture you build it for.
11. Click OK.

Setting the project type for a library 2

If your project will be a library, you must specify it as a library using the Set
Project Type command on the Project menu. This information is used when you
build your library from your project. If you have not yet written all the code
needed to complete this dialog box, complete what you can and come back to
this task when you have written the code.
Different fields appear in this dialog box when you select Library in the
“Project Type” field rather than Application. That is because there is no startup
function in a library and a library does not have memory requirements. Also,
libraries do not vary according to whether they are separately loaded or not.
However, the versioning fields appear for Library. You should increment the
version number of a library whenever you release a new version of a library.
You also should increment the minimum version number whenever you make
incompatible changes.
1. Make your new project the active project, if it’s not already.
You can use the Activate Project command on the Project menu.

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3. Choose the framework’s project file in the framework folder of Apple

Dylan.
An alias to the framework is also acceptable.
4. Choose Update Project from the Project menu.
5. Choose Launch Application Nub from the Project menu.
In this example, the framework has been added to this project and has been
selected. The project browser has also had a fourth pane added to it.

Including C code 2
A C library can be included in a project by adding it using the Add to Project
command on the File menu. You must add an entire C library, you cannot add
individual snippets of C code.
If you want to investigate toolbox calls, select a call and choose the Look Up in
Online Reference command on the Browse menu. The Macintosh

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Programmer’s Toolbox Assistant is launched, if you have purchased it and it is

present on your system, and displays the reference entry for the call.
1. Make active the project you want to add a C library to.
You can use the Activate Project command on the Project menu.
2. Choose Add to Project from the File menu.
If you are connected to the Application Nub, Apple Dylan alerts you that the
Quit Application Nub command will be issued before you can proceed any
further.
3. Choose the C library you want to add.
An alias to the C library is also acceptable.
4. Choose Update Project from the Project menu.
5. Choose Launch Application Nub from the Project menu.
6. Select a toolbox call in a pane and choose the command Look Up in
Online Reference from the Browse menu.
The Macintosh Programmer’s Toolbox Assistant application is launched, if
you have purchased it and it is loaded on your system. The entry for the
command is displayed, but you can then navigate to other entries, including
those for Apple Dylan.

Compiling your project 2

Now that you have created a new project, you can work on compiling code.
The steps in creating an application in Apple Dylan are similar to what you are
used to: you write code, compile it, debug it, build your application, and run it.
However, the Apple Dylan development environment has a few features that
might be new to you, such as incremental compilation. In the Apple Dylan
development environment incremental compilation works on projects,
modules, source folders, source records, and individual expressions in the
code. You can even compile and execute code that has been commented out.
As you go through the following tasks you will notice that some menu items
change to reflect the different compilation choices you make. For instance, if
you select a source record in a pane and look at the Project menu, you see the
command Compile Selection. If instead you open the source record, select just a
portion of it, and then look at the Project menu, you see the command has

Compiling your project 133

Checking code status 2

Status indicators show you the state of your unfinished code. For instance, you
can tell which source records have not been saved by observing the Unsaved
indicators in the status indicator bar in a pane.
The status indicators can propagate upward in the source containers so you can
see if a module or a source folder has an unsaved or uncompiled source record
in it even if the source record is not visible. You set the status indicators for
each pane by making the pane active and then opening the Status Indicators
dialog box.
You can also choose not to see any status indicators or to see them in the
header of a pane.

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Using Apple Dylan

4. At the Listener prompt, type in an expression that yields a return value,

such as 3 + 4, leaving the cursor somewhere in the expression or at its end.
You can also copy in code from a browser or another project.
5. Press the Enter key.
The result is printed on the next line in the Listener. You can also choose
Compile Expression from the Project menu to compile from the Listener. If
you select text within an expression, the Compile Selection command
appears on the menu and only the selected text is compiled.

You can now enter other expressions at the next prompt or you can run any
of them again without recopying them to the prompt by simply clicking the
cursor in the expression and hitting the Enter key.
6. Place the cursor into the expression again and hit the Enter key again.
You can recompile an expression by simply placing the cursor in it and
hitting Enter, you don’t have to copy the code to a new prompt.

Note
You cannot use Apple Dylan again until you interrupt
your running application. Use Quit within your
application to do this.

Tethering to a running application 2

You can run an application from the Finder if a standalone version of it has
been built. Then, you can tether it to the development environment if its
compiler results database file was saved and is present.
To debug the standalone application, you run it, encounter a break, and then
tether it to the development environment using the Tether to Application
command on the Project menu. Your standalone application must be halted
before you can tether it. You can cause it to halt by setting the event-check
variable to be your own method for detecting a break request. For more
information on event-check, see the book Apple Dylan Extensions and Framework
Reference.
To change the standalone version, you must tether it, alter the code and then
rebuild it as a new standalone application.
Standalone versions for all the sample applications appear in each sample’s
folder.
1. Run an application from the Finder by double-clicking its executable file.
2. Halt the application.

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3. Return to the development environment and open the standalone’s project

file using the Open command.
4. Make it the active project.
5. Choose Tether to Application from the Project menu.
You are now able to debug the application from within Apple Dylan.
You quit the application by choosing Quit Application in Apple Dylan or using
its own Quit command.

Debugging a project 2
You can use the commands on the Debug menu to help you debug your
application while it is running. Many of these commands work in concert with
the Listener and inspector windows, allowing you to inspect runtime objects
and work on performance problems.
You can run code from the Listener even when you have already made an
error. This allows you to try out different ideas that might help you figure out
how to fix the error. Any result printed to the Listener can be investigated
further using the inspector window.
The commands that start with “Inspect” open inspector windows of some kind.
There are several kinds of inspector windows, most of which are accessible
from the Debug menu. Others you open by double-clicking on an object in
another inspector window. For example, in the Listener when code results are
returned, you can inspect those results in an inspector window using the
Inspect Listener Results command. You could then double-click on an object in
the inspector window and open another inspector window with that object as
its basis. You can also select any expression in the Listener and choose Inspect
Selection to inspect it in an inspector window.
The Reset Stack command discards the stack all the way to the top level
without running any of the clean-up code. Because it does not run any clean-up
code, this command is very risky; try the Abort command first. Severe side
effects can result from not running the clean-up code. For example, a file can be
left open with no way to close it or a data structure, such as the Dylan
subproject itself, can be left in a corrupted state.

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If your code has errors in it or if you issue several Break commands, the stack
consists of as a series of break loops growing downward from the top level of
the stack. The top level loop is the first loop executed and consists of function
calls growing downward with each new command until an error or break is
encountered. At the break point, you can either resolve the error, execute the
cleanup code, or continue executing new commands, but any new commands
executed are in another break loop, not the top level loop. Within the second
loop another error or break might be encountered, in which case a third break
loop is created. The Reset Stack command discards this entire set of loops and
does not run the cleanup code, while the Abort command discards only the
break loop you are in, executes the cleanup code, and returns you to the next
break loop upward. The following figure shows the relative actions of Abort
and Reset, as well as the Listener prompts that correspond to the break levels.

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Apple Dylan stack layout

Listener numbers
at prompt
Top level loop
starts here
fn
(top of stack)
foo
Abort here unwinds
Nothing
bar one break level
Reset here jumps
etc. Error or break directly to top

First
break loop
starts here fee
fi
Abort here unwinds
1
fo one break level
Reset here jumps
fum Error or break directly to top

Second
break loop
starts here do
re
Abort here unwinds
2 one break level
mi
Reset here jumps
fa Error or break directly to top

If the generic function Dylan.Dylan.set-generic-function-dispatch appears on

the list, it indicates that this is the first time one of the generic functions has
been called. Sometimes if you add a method to a generic function, it needs to
be treated as if it is being called for the first time. You should run the
expression again to get more accurate timing results.
Use the Call Recording command to trace or meter an individual function.
1. Make your project active and launch the Application Nub, if you haven’t
already.
2. Choose Meter Expression from the Debug menu.
3. Choose the module the expression is in from the Module field.

4. Choose the type of information you want to see for the expression in the
Data field.
Generic function calls that have been inlined are not displayed in the
Generic Function pane. Some built-in classes, such as <list> and
<byte-string>, are not displayed in the Class pane but are counted in the
Allocated bytes field.

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Adding the Apple Dylan interface builder 2

You run the builder from the development environment project you want to
create a user interface for. Note that you can run the builder as a standalone
application from the Finder by double-clicking its standalone version.
However, some of the capabilities of the builder are not available if you run the
standalone version.
1. Make active the project you want to add a user interface to.
2. Launch the Application Nub, if it isn’t running already.
You should also add the framework to your project, if you haven’t already.
3. Choose Load UI Builder from the Project menu.
4. Choose Show Interface Builder from the Apple menu.
You can return to the development environment, without quitting the
builder, by choosing the Hide Interface Builder command from the Apple
menu. In this way you can quickly move back and forth between the
development environment and the builder without quitting either. It’s a
good idea to save your builder project before hiding it. When you do quit

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the builder, the Application Nub in the development environment and your
running application are also quit.
5. Choose Launch Application Nub from the Project menu.
6. Launch the user-interface builder using the Show Interface Builder
command from the Apple menu.
See the book Creating a User Interface in Apple Dylan for information on using
the interface builder.

Adding the new user interface 2

When you have run the user-interface builder and created the user interface for
your application, your user interface’s data is saved in a project file. You can
then add this project file to the development environment project it belongs
with. The project file with your user interface in it appears in your
development environment project as a resource file.
You must also write code to attach the user interface elements to your project as
described in the book Creating a User Interface in Apple Dylan.
You can then run your application to see its user interface.
1. Create the user interface and write the code needed to attach the user
interface elements to your project.
2. Choose Add to Project from the Project menu in the development
environment.
If you are connected to the Application Nub, Apple Dylan alerts you that the
Quit Application Nub command will be issued before you can proceed any
further.
3. Locate and choose the project file containing the user interface.
The file will have the name you gave it, plus the suffix “rsrc”.
4. Choose Launch Application Nub from the Project menu.
5. Choose Update Project from the Project menu.
6. Run your application using the Run command on the Project menu.

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Sharing your user interface 2

You can share your user interface with others by sending them your builder
project file. Then, they can add it to their projects and can also alter it by
running the user-interface builder.
1. In the user-interface builder, save your user interface.
2. In the Finder, send the project file to someone.
They can open your project file with their version of Apple Dylan, add it to a
project, and alter it in the builder.

Building your application or library 2

When you have written your code, compiled, and debugged it, you can build
your final standalone application or library. To build an application or library
from your project, you choose the Create Application command or Create
Library command on the Project menu.
Be sure to recheck the accuracy of the project settings with the Set Project Type
command before building your final application or library.
You should probably recompile all the code in your project before building
your final standalone application or library by choosing the Recompile
command from the Project menu. This can be a lengthy process.

Building your standalone application 2

You build your final standalone application from your project using the Create
Application command on the Project menu. The Create Application command
appears on the Project menu when you set the project type as an application
using the Set Project Type command.
Before you build a standalone application, you should quit the Application
Nub; you will be prompted to do so in the Set Project Type dialog box. You
must also check that the information about your project is all correct in the Set
Project Type dialog box.

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If you need to debug the standalone application in the future, you can tether to
it and return to the use of all the facilities of the development environment. To
do this, you must have retained the project’s compiler results database file.
1. Make your project the active project, if it’s not.
The Activate Project command from the Project menu allows you to
designate the active project.
2. Choose the Set Project Type command from the Project menu.
You should have set these values already, but you should make sure the
fields are all correct.

3. Click OK.
4. Choose the Create Application command from the Project menu.
5. Click the destination platform for your application.

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You can share source code by exporting it. You export a container object from
the development environment with the Export command on the File menu.
Everything within the container is exported automatically. You cannot export
individual source records. The exported code is written to a file, called a
“Dylan text file”, with the suffix “.dylan”.
The Dylan text file has a header on it to identify its contents. These files can be
mailed electronically or edited outside of the development environment. An
exported object can be brought back into the development environment by
importing the file it is in.

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However, not every object can be exported and imported without changes.
nA single source record with more than one top-level form or comment is
broken into an individual source record for each top level form or
comment when exported.
nIn addition, if any code within a source folder has the incorrect number of
begins or ends, or is any other way seriously malformed, the source
folder can be exported, but the resulting Dylan text file cannot be
imported.
Importing or exporting has no effect on objects marked for exclusion or
inclusion.
1. Select the object you want to export.
2. Choose Export from the File menu.
Dylan text files have the suffix “.dylan”.
3. Choose the location for the Dylan text file.
The following figure shows a portion of a Dylan text file.

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Retrieving code by importing 2

You retrieve the contents of a Dylan text file to the development environment
by importing it. You import Dylan text files with the Import command on the
File menu.
You create Dylan text files by exporting objects from Dylan. Exported files can
be edited in other word processors and mailed electronically.
However, not every object can be exported and imported without changes.
nA single source record with more than one top-level form or comment is
broken into an individual source record for each top level form or
comment when exported.
nIn addition, if any code within a source folder has the incorrect number of
begins or ends, or is any other way seriously malformed, the source
folder can be exported, but the resulting Dylan text file cannot be
imported.
Importing or exporting has no effect on objects marked for exclusion or
inclusion.
1. Choose Import from the File menu.
2. Find the Dylan text file you want to import.
Dylan text files have the suffix “.dylan”.
3. Choose Import from the dialog box.

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172 Sharing code

C H A P T E R 3

Apple Dylan Reference 3

This is the reference chapter for the Apple Dylan development environment.
It includes:
n List of command shortcuts
n Alphabetical list of all commands

Key Command Shortcuts 3

Not all commands have keyboard equivalent shortcuts. Those that do are listed
below and also appear in the full descriptions of the commands under the
subheading “Key shortcut”.

File Menu 3
■ New Source Record—Command-N
■ Open—Command-O
■ Close—Command-W
■ Save— Command-S
■ Print— Command-P
■ Quit—Command-Q

Edit Menu 3
■ Undo (Clear, Typing)—Command-Z
■ Redo—Command-Z

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■ Cut—Command-X
■ Copy—Command-C
■ Paste—Command-V
■ Select all—Command-A
■ Copy Special
n Argument List—Command-’
n Define Method Template—Command-T
n Class Template—Command-T
■ Insert Special
n Method Template—Command-Option-T
n Class Template—Command-Option-T
n Argument List—Command-Option-’

Text Menu 3
■ Style
n Plain—Command-Shift-T
n Bold—Command-Shift-B
n Italic—Command-Shift-I
n Underline— Command-Shift-U
n Outline—Command-Shift-O
n Shadow—Command-Shift-S
n Condense—Command-Shift-Option-C
n Extend—Command-Shift-E
■ Find and Replace—Command-F
■ Find Again—Command-G
■ Find Selection—Command-H
■ Replace and Find—Command-J

Project Menu 3
■ Run—Command-R

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■ Launch Application Nub—Command-K

■ Compile Region, Expression, Selection—Command-E
■ Update Project—Command-U

Browse Menu 3
■ Aspect—Command-Option-click on object
■ Show Home—Command-Y
■ Look Up in Online Reference—Command-=

Debug Menu 3
■ Inspect Stack—Command-B
■ Inspect Listener Result—Command-I
■ Expand Macro—Command-M
■ Expand Macro one level—Command-Option-M
■ Break—Command-,
■ Continue—Command-/
■ Abort—Command-;

Command Reference 3
The following list is alphabetized with the commands on the left margin. The
right margin shows the menu the command is on. Menus are altered
dynamically. Not all commands are available in all contexts. For instance,
Launch Application Nub and Quit Application Nub replace each other on the
Project menu.

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Abort Debug3
Discards the stack in a break level loop to the next break level upward in the
stack after executing the clean-up code. Because it runs clean-up code, Abort is
usually preferable to Reset Stack, which does not.
See “Debugging a project” on page 146 for a comparison of using Abort and
Reset Stack.
Related command: Reset Stack.
Key shortcut: Command-;

About Apple Dylan … Apple

3
Displays information about Apple Dylan, including copyrights, credits,
memory usage, and version information.

Activate Project Project3

Makes the selected open project into the active project.
Activate Project does the following:
n Makes the currently active project inactive, leaving its browsers,
databases, and project files open.
n Untethers the Application Nub containing the currently active project
from the development environment, closing the compiler results database
and removing it from memory.
n Makes the selected project active, connecting to its compiler results
database, making it available for browsing.
n If Update on Open is set (in Preferences) the project is updated.
n If Connect on Open is set (in Preferences) the project is loaded into the
Application Nub.
See “Apple Dylan User Model” on page 95.

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Add to Project File3

Adds a subproject, C header file, text file, library, or resource file to a project.
Aliases are supported. Before you can use the added subproject or file, you
must use the Update Project command. This command disconnects you from
the Application Nub if you are connected to it.
You can drag and drop objects between projects to achieve the same end.
Use Add to Project to include the framework, mac-toolbox, or the user-interface
builder in a project.

All Methods of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a selected class, displaying the inherited and direct methods of the
class in a pane.
Related command: Direct Methods of (Aspect).
All Methods of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a class. You can also select a single class in a pane and
display all its methods inline.
See “Aspect” on page 183 and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more
information.

All Slots of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a selected class, displaying the inherited and direct slots for the
class in a pane.
Related command: Direct Slots of (Aspect).
All Slots of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane displaying
that aspect of a class. You can also select a single class in a pane and display all
its slots inline.
See “Aspect” on page 183 and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more
information.

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All Subclasses of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a selected class. Displays inline the inherited and direct subclasses
for the class in a pane.
Related command: Direct Subclass of (Aspect).
All Subclasses of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a class. You can also select a single class in a pane and
display all its subclasses inline. See “Aspect” on page 183 and “Customizing
browsers” on page 58 for more information.

All Superclasses of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a selected class. Displays inline the inherited and direct
superclasses for the class.
Related command: Direct Superclasses of (Aspect).
All Superclasses of (Aspect) is commonly used to add a custom browser pane
displaying that aspect of a class. You can also select a single class in a pane and
display all its superclasses inline.
See “Aspect” on page 183 and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more
information.

Apple Dylan Listener Windows

3
Selects the Apple Dylan Listener. Once the development environment has been
tethered to the Application Nub, the Apple Dylan Listener window opens and
stays open unless you untether from the Application Nub, when the name
changes to “Apple Dylan Listener (Unconnected) :68K”. The type of target
machine chosen using the Target Architecture command is also shown in the
Listener’s title.
The Apple Dylan Listener allows you to execute code in a running application.
The Listener prints all returned values executed in the development
environment, even when the expression was not executed in the Listener.
Use the Listener by typing in Dylan language constructs at the prompt, and
then pressing the Enter or Return key. When the module the code resides in

178 All Subclasses of (Aspect)

Argument List (Insert Special) Edit3

Inserts the prototype argument list for the function named by the selected text
right after that function. Argument List retrieves the prototype argument list
from the compiler results database. Argument List (Insert Special) is only
available in the active project when you select text that names a compiled
function or its source record icon.
Argument List (Insert Special) is accessible by pressing the Option key when
clicking on Copy Special from the Edit menu.
Key shortcut: Command-Option-’
For example, if you select the function draw, Argument List (Insert Special)
inserts the following prototype argument list directly after it:

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(view, r)

Argument List (Insert Special) is handy when you are creating a new source
record and you already know the name of the method you want to call. Simply
type its name, select it, and then initiate Argument List (Insert Special).
This command does not replace the selection as the other Insert Special
commands do.
Related commands: Insert Special, Argument List (Copy Special).
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Class Grapher Browse3

Operates on classes, opening a browser that graphically depicts the
superclasses and subclasses for a class. Click on the arrows on the graph to
expand and collapse it.
In the following figure, the class <hello-message-property> is the basis of the
class grapher browser. Therefore, while you can go up and down the graph
from <hello-message-property>, full information, specifically multiple
inheritance and subclass relations, are shown only for the
<hello-message-property>. Control-click on another object to make it the basis
so you can see its multiple inheritance and subclass relations.
In this example, two classes are displayed, <hello-message-property> and its
superclass <property>. You can view any superclasses of <property> by
clicking on the arrow to its left.

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Continue clicking on the left-most arrow until you reach the base class. If you
click on the arrows on the right end of the bars that separate each class, you can
collapse the graph, hiding the superclasses.

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Related commands: Call Grapher, Grapher Pane, Info for Selected Class.
See the task “Using the browser Info for Selected Class” on page 53 for more
information on using grapher panes.

Class Template (Copy Special) Edit3

Creates a prototype class template named <foo>, which is a subclass of the
selected class, and copies the template into the Clipboard. To paste the class
template into text, use Paste. You can select either text that names a class or the
source record icon for the class from the active project.
For example, if you select the class <number>, Class Template (Copy Special)
copies the following template into the Clipboard:

define class <foo> (<number>)

end class;

You can then paste it into text.

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You can select several classes at once and then use Class Template (Copy
Special) to create a class that is a subclass of all the selected classes. For
example, if you select the classes <cell> and <cell-view> and then choose Class
Template (Copy Special), you copy the following template to the Clipboard:
define class <foo> (<cell>, <cell-view)
end class;

Note that this command appears in the menu only if you select a class. If you
select a generic function or method, Method Template (Copy Special) appears
instead.
Key shortcut: Command-T
Related Commands: Copy Special, Class Template (Insert Special), Method
Template (Copy Special).
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Class Template (Insert Special) Edit3

Replaces the selected class with the prototype template of a subclass for the
selected class. Class Template (Insert Special) appears in the menu only if you
select editable text in the active project that names a class.
For example, if you select the class <bar>, Class Template (Insert Special)
replaces it with the following text:

define class <foo> (<bar>)

end class;

If you want to create a subclass based on a class, simply type its name, select it,
and then initiate Class Template (Insert Special).
This command is made available by pressing Option when clicking on Copy
Special on the Edit menu.
Key shortcut: Command-Option-T

Note
Class Template (Insert Special) creates a subclass based on
a single class. Class Template (Copy Special) creates a
subclass based on one or more classes.

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If you select a generic function or method, Method Template (Insert Special)

appears in the menu instead of Class Template.
Class Template retrieves the prototype template for the selected object from the
compiler results database and inserts it into a source record.
Related Commands: Insert Special, Class Template (Copy Special), Method
Template (Copy Special).
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Classes of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a container in the active project, that is, any object that contains
other Apple Dylan objects, such as projects, subprojects, modules, and source
folders, displaying its classes.
Classes of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane displaying
that aspect of a container. You can also select a single container in a pane and
display all its classes inline.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Clear Edit3
Deletes the selected text or object. The deleted text is not copied to the
Clipboard. You can use Undo Clear to reinstate the cleared text. Undo, Clear,
Redo Clear, and Undo Clear replace one another on the File menu, depending
on which is appropriate.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.
Pressing Delete or inserting text when there is a highlighted region present is
the same as doing a Clear.

▲ WARNING
Clear supports Undo and Redo only for text. If you have
cleared an object, folder, or subproject, it cannot be undone
or redone. If you are about to clear a subproject, you are
warned. You cannot clear required subprojects.

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Close File3
Closes a browser, window or project. Closing the project window closes the
project and all of its subprojects, unless the subprojects are used in another
project that is still open. You are prompted to save changes, if any. Closing the
active project while unrelated projects are still open makes the next project the
active project. You can close all open windows and browsers except the project
browser by holding down the Option key when you choose Close.
If you have a window active and hold down the Option key when you choose
the Close command, all open windows of the same type, such as browsers or
inspector windows, are closed. However, the project browser is not closed with
the Option-Close command.
Key shortcut: Command-W

Collapse Edit3
Collapses the selected object so you cannot see its contents. You can also
collapse an object by clicking on its disclosure triangle, which is the triangle to
the left of the object’s icon. You can collapse several objects at once by selecting
them and choosing Collapse.
Related command: Expand.
The following figure shows the object “behavior-event” selected and Collapse
about to be chosen.

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The following figure shows the object “behavior-event” collapsed.

Color Text
3
Changes the color of the selected source text. This choice changes only the text
in a source record and has no semantic impact but it does flag the record for
recompilation. You can use color to help organize your sources.

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the cursor in the text, the Compile Selection command appears on the menu
instead. In the Listener, if you place the cursor in the text, Compile Expression
appears instead.
Related commands: Compile and Download Region, Compile Expression,
Compile Selection, Recompile, Update Project.

Compile Selection Project3

Compiles the selected source record in a pane or highlighted code in the
Listener. This command replaces Compile and Download Selection on the
menu if the Application Nub has not been launched.
Key shortcut: Command-E
To select a source record, select its icon rather than its name or text. You can
select more than one source record. Source record objects are methods, classes,
variables, constants, macros, generic functions, comments, and top level forms.
To compile code within a source record, you can highlight the code you want to
compile, in which case Compile Region replaces Compile Selection on the
menu.
Compile Selection can also compile commented out code if you select the code
within the range of the comment.
You can use Compile Selection from the Apple Dylan Listener window by
highlighting the code you want to compile.
In general, Command-E compiles whatever is there to be compiled.
Related commands: Compile and Download Selection, Compile Expression,
Compile Region, Recompile, Update Project.

Contents of (Aspect) Browse3

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Continue Debug3
Resumes running an application that has been stopped with a Break.
Key shortcut: Command-/
Related command: Break.

Copy Edit3
Copies the selected text (or text of the selected object) to the Clipboard. You can
then use Paste to insert the contents of the Clipboard into a source record or the
Listener.
Key shortcut: Command-C
Related commands: Cut, Paste, Copy Special.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Copy Special Edit3

Displays a menu containing two of three possible commands: Argument List
and either Class Template or Method Template.
The Copy Special commands are enabled only if a project is active and you
select a valid object. The object can be text that names an object (for example, a
method name) or a source record icon. The commands copy the prototype
argument list or template to the Clipboard. You then use Paste (from the Edit
menu) to paste the contents of the Clipboard into a source record or the
Listener.
The Copy Special commands retrieve the prototype argument list or template
for the selected object from the compiler results database and write it to the
Clipboard.
Key shortcuts: Command-’ for just the argument list or Command-T for the
templates.
The closely related Insert Special commands are available by pressing Option
while clicking on the Copy Special menu. Where the Copy Special commands
write to the Clipboard, the Insert Special commands write into the current
buffer, including the Listener.

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See: Argument List (Copy Special), Class Template (Copy Special), and Method
Template (Copy Special).
Related commands: Insert Special.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Note
The Copy Special and Insert Special commands are useful
for getting information as well as for writing code.

Copy Title Text Edit

3
Copies the title text of selected objects other than source records, such as
modules and subprojects. When you select valid title text, Copy Title Text
appears; otherwise, Copy appears.
Related commands: Copy, Paste.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Create Application Project3

Builds a stand-alone application from your active project. Give your
application the name you want to appear in the Finder and choose its location.
You must have issued Set Project Type and quit the Application Nub (See Quit
Application Nub) before issuing Create Application. It is also suggested that
you issue Recompile before issuing Create Application.
When you choose Save on the Create Application dialog box, the application is
updated first and then built. If “Use separately loaded libraries” was checked
in the Set Project Type dialog, a copy of the link library is placed in the system
folder.
If you save an application to the desktop or an open folder, it appears as a
document rather than an application. To make it appear as an application, you
can either move it to a closed folder or close the folder it’s in and then reopen it.
If you are building a library instead on an application, Create Library appears
on the Project menu instead of Create Application. You designate which you
are building using Set Project Type on the Project menu.

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Expand Edit3
Expands the selected object so you can see its contents. To expand an object you
click on its icon and then choose Expand. The object’s contents then appear
below its name. You can also expand an object by clicking on its disclosure
triangle, which is the triangle to the left of the object’s icon. You can expand
several objects by selecting their icons and then choosing the Expand command.
Related command: Collapse.
The following figure shows the object “behavior-event” about to be expanded.

The following figure shows it expanded.

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Expand Macro Debug3

Prints the full macro expansion, displaying exactly the text sent to the compiler
by the parser. This command is used in debugging macros.
Operates on statement macros and definition macros. Does not work on
function macros. This command does not work on the icon; you must select the
full text of the macro in a browser or in the Listener. Expands the selected
macro to the Listener. You can also select the macro text in the Listener.
Key shortcut: Command-M
You can limit the expansion to one level of macro expansion by pressing the
option key before clicking on Expand Macro.
Key shortcut: Command-option-M
Related command: Pattern Match Macro.

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Export File3
Exports the selected source folder from the development environment, along
with everything in the source folder. You cannot export an individual source
record. Export creates a Dylan text file with the suffix “.dylan”.
Not every object can be exported and imported without changes.
n A single source record with more than one top-level form or comment is
broken into an individual source record for each top level form or
comment when exported.
n In addition, if any code within a source folder has the incorrect number of
begins or ends, or is any other way seriously malformed, the source
folder can be exported, but the resulting Dylan text file cannot be
imported.
The exported object is stored in a Dylan text file, which has the suffix “.dylan”.
The Dylan text file has a header. Dylan text files can be edited outside of Apple
Dylan in other word processors or editors and mailed electronically.
Related command: Import.
Importing or exporting has no effect on objects marked for exclusion or
inclusion. Markings remain as they were.

Find/Replace Text
3
Finds and optionally replaces the text you specify in the Find&Replace dialog
box. This command searches through source code only, not the names of
containers, modules, etc. Find/Replace opens the object containing the
specified text. You can choose whether to search the current pane or the entire
project. If you choose to search the entire project, opens a new browser. You
may choose simply to find the text, find and replace one instance of the text, or
find and replace all instances.
Key shortcut: Command-F
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

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Find Again Text

3
Searches for whatever you last searched for using Find/Replace. Use Replace &
Find to change the target text and search for the next instance.
Key shortcut: Command-G
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Find Selection Text

3
Searches for a selected string. Find Selection finds only and has no effect on the
settings of Find/Replace, Find Again, or Replace & Find, nor does Find
Selection support replacement.
Key shortcut: Command-H
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Font Text
3
Changes the font of the selected source text. This choice changes only the text
in a source record and has no semantic impact, but it does flag the source
record for recompilation. You can use fonts to help organize your sources.
See “Formatting commands” on page 70.
You can change the default font for the Listener and browsers, as well as the
font for editing code, using Preferences.

Function Family Browse3

Operates on a selected method or generic function.
Opens a browser that lists the family of methods and the generic function the
selected method belongs to. You can have more than one Functions browser
open at once. If no object is selected, the functions for the entire project are
listed.
Related command: Function Family (Aspect).

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automatically recompiled and updated when those commands are issued.

Source records are automatically marked as included when they are created.
Related command: Exclude Source Records.

Info for Selected Class Browse3

Operates on a class, opening a three-pane browser that shows the selected
class’s hierarchy in the grapher pane, its directs slots in the lower left pane, and
its direct methods in the lower right pane. Click on the arrows on the graph to
expand and collapse it.
Full information, such as multiple inheritance, is available only for the basis of
the browser. Only a single relationship is shown for other classes in the pane.
Control-click on another class to make it the basis so you can see full
information on it.
The following figure shows the Info for Selected Class browser with
<puzzle-view> as it basis. The class <puzzle-view> has been selected, so its
direct slots and direct methods are listed in the two lower panes.

Related commands: Grapher Pane, Call Grapher, Class Grapher.

See the task “Using the browser Info for Selected Class” on page 53 for more
information.

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Insert Special Edit3

Displays a menu containing two of three possible Insert Special commands:
Insert Argument List and either Class Template or Method Template. The Insert
Special commands work only on selected text, not on selected objects.
The Insert Special commands are available by pressing Option when clicking
on Copy Special on the Edit menu.
Key shortcuts: Command-Option-’ for just the argument list or
Command-Option-T for the templates.
The Insert Special commands are enabled only if a project is active and you
have selected text that names a method, generic function, or class. The type of
selected text controls which Insert Special commands are available.
The Insert Special commands retrieve the prototype argument list or template
for the selected object from the compiler results database and insert it into a
source record or other buffer.
The closely related Copy Special commands write to the Clipboard, where the
Insert Special commands write into the current buffer, including the Listener.
See Argument List (Insert Special), Class Template (Insert Special) and Method
Template (Insert Special).
Related commands: Copy Special.

Note
The Insert Special and Copy Special commands are useful
for getting information as well as for writing code.

Inspect Heaps Debug3

Opens an inspector window for inspecting the heaps when you want to
monitor how your application is using memory. The heaps shown in this
window are a snapshot of all the heaps in the runtime. These heaps are either
downloaded with a project or created by it.
There are several types of heaps in Apple Dylan, each for a different type of
object. The heaps are calculated for you. When you select a heap in the top
pane, the contents are displayed in the bottom pane. The top pane is a snapshot
of the heaps taken when Inspect Heaps was issued. The bottom pane is a

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snapshot of the heap at the time you select the heap from the top pane. You can
issue Inspect Heaps repeatedly to take snapshots at different times.

Note
Macintosh heaps are not shown in this window. Macintosh
heaps, such as for windows and menus, are created by the
toolbox and are not monitored by the development
environment.
The following figure shows the heap inspection window with “method”
selected in the top pane.

The gray bars indicate that memory has been allocated but is unused, while the
black bars indicate the memory used. The Mac free and free heaps are always
completely empty and the Mac used heap is always completely full. Memory
moves from the Mac free heap into the Mac used heap, neither of which
contains any Apple Dylan objects nor is under Apple Dylan control. The free
heap is for use by Apple Dylan objects, but has not been allocated yet.
In the example above, two different libraries in the project show up separately.
Library heaps cannot be grown or garbage collected. Libraries are displayed as

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subprojects in the project window. Every project has at least one library heap
for the Dylan subproject.
The other heaps contain Apple Dylan objects that have been dynamically
allocated by the application and can be garbage collected. Most instances of
user-defined classes go into the vector heap.
Use this window to find an object you couldn’t find programmatically. If you
double-click on a heap, a window opens listing of all the classes in that heap. If
you then double-click on a class, an inspector window on that class opens. You
can also double-click on a class in the bottom part of the Heaps window to
open an inspector window on a class. See the description of Inspect Stack for
more information on inspector windows.
You can sort each part of the Heaps window by clicking on a column’s name.
For instance, in the figure above, the bottom part is sorted by Instances, which
is indicated by the underlining. The number of instances is always one greater
than the actual number because the prototype instance for the class is included
in this count. The Total Size column is in bytes.

Inspect Listener Result Debug3

Opens an inspector window on the first return value from the last form
compiled and downloaded to the Application Nub, whether from the Listener
or from Compile Selection. The command is available only when tethered.
Key shortcut: Command-I
See the description of Inspect Stack for more information on inspector
windows.
See “Inspecting Listener results” on page 151 for an example using this
command.

Inspect Module Variables Debug3

Lists all the modules in the Application Nub. Before looking for a module on
this list, you should use the Update Project command. This ensures that all the
modules have been downloaded to the Application Nub. You choose a module
from the list to open an inspector window for it.

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The following figure shows an example of the modules in a project’s

Application Nub.

The module inspector window displays the names and values of the variables
that are defined in a module, as well as their read/write status. A menu item in
the Commands popup menu toggles between “Show All Variables” and “Show
Exported Variables.”

Note
The module inspector window shows only variables that
are actually created in that module. It does not show
variables imported from other modules even if they are
re-exported from the module being inspected. This is why,
for instance, the inspector doesn’t show any variables in
the “Dylan” module.

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In addition, the inspector window displays the kind of variable it is. Typically,
variables created by “define-class” and some variables with type declarations
are “obj” kind variables, which are slightly smaller than the other kinds.
Kinds of variables:
n blank—a variable that can hold an object or code.
n “obj”—a variable that can hold only objects.
n “jump”—a variable that can hold only code.
n “byte”—a variable that can hold only unboxed bytes.
n “shor”—a variable that can hold only unboxed shorts.
n “long”—a variable that can hold only unboxed longs.
n “doub”—a variable that can hold only unboxed doubles.
n “code”—a variable that can hold only unboxed code.
Double-clicking on a variable in the inspector window opens another inspector
window on the value of the variable.
See the description of Inspect Stack for more information on inspector
windows.

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Inspect Selection Debug3

Opens an inspector window for the selected runtime object.
See the description of Inspect Stack for more information on inspector
windows.

Inspect Stack Project3

Opens the Stack window, which allows you to inspect the current state of the
stack after an error or break is signalled. There is roughly one stack frame per
unreturned function call listed in the Stack window.
Key shortcut: Command-B
The Stack window is divided into three sections. The top pane lists the frames
on the stack. The central section contains information about the error and the
pull-down commands for the Stack window. As you select each frame in turn
in the top pane, the object’s active parameters and local variables appear in the
bottom pane.
The following figure shows a typical Stack window with the first line in the top
pane selected. Its contents appear in the bottom pane.

The following figure shows the commands for the top pane of the Stack
window. The commands for the Stack window are Show Home, Inspect
Method, Copy Stack as Text, Compute More Frames, Compute All Frames, and
Hide/Show Internal Frames. These commands apply only to the top pane. The

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bottom pane displays the active parameters and local variables for the frame
selected in the top pane, as well as other information.

You can double-click on a frame in the top pane to open a window for editing
the object’s source code. You can press the option key and then double-click to
open an inspector window on a frame’s function. You can double-click on a line
in the bottom pane to open an inspector window for the selected parameter.

Stack window commands 3

The Stack window has seven commands: Show Home, Inspect Method, Copy
Stack as Text, Compute More Frames, Compute All Frames, and Hide/Show
Internal Frames.

Show Home 3

Expands and highlights the home of the selected object. This is the same as the
Show Home on the Browse menu. See Show Home for more information.
Key shortcut: Command-Y, or double-click the stack frame.

Inspect Method 3

Inspects a method in the top frame.

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Copy Stack as Text 3

Copies the stack as text into the Clipboard so you can print out a copy of the
top frame. Shows only the names of stack frames, not local variables.

Compute More Frames 3

Recomputes the selected frames.

Compute all Frames 3

Recomputes all the frames.

Hide/Show Internal Frames 3

The internal frames are listed in the top pane. The internal frames are generally
uninteresting to most programmers and should be set to Hide Internal Frames.

Inspector window commands 3

All inspector windows display the selected object and its class. The commands
on inspector windows are Resample, Edit, and a list of commands specific to
the object being inspected. The complete list of these commands include Show/
Hide Slots, Who Uses Object, Show/Hide Disassembly, Edit Definition, Graph
Class, Inspect General Instances, Inspect Direct Instances, and Show/Hide
Elements.

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You can open an inspector window by double-clicking on an object in an

inspector window. If you have several inspector windows open at once, you
can hold down the Option key while closing one inspector window and all of
them will close.

Resample 3

Resamples the object in case it has changed. The development environment

caches data when it opens an inspector. If the object changes, the development
environment still shows the cached data rather than the data on the runtime.
Resample forces the development environment to retrieve the new data from
the runtime.

Edit 3

Opens a window where you can edit the text of the object selected in an
inspector window.

Show/Hide Slots 3

Hides and displays the slots of the object shown in the top line of the inspector.
In the following figure the slots are on display and the command to hide them
is about to be chosen.

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Edit Definition 3

Opens a browser displaying the source code of the function or the class,
whichever is selected.

Graph Class 3

Opens a browser displaying a graphical representation of the selected class.

Inspect General Instances 3

Opens the inspector window Inspect Object of Class, which lists all the objects
whose type is that of the selected class or a subclass of it.

Inspect Direct Instances 3

Opens the inspector window Inspect Object of Class, which lists all the objects
whose type is that of the selected class.

Show/Hide Elements 3

Hides or displays the elements of a collection.

Launch Application Nub Project3

Launches the Application Nub, loads the active project into it, and tethers the
Application Nub to the development environment. When you are tethered to
the development environment, the Apple Dylan Listener is usable and your
project can be run and debugged. The type of target chosen using the Target
Architecture command is the type of Application Nub launched with this
command.
Key shortcut: Command-K
Related commands: Tether to Application, Quit Application Nub, Run.
When you tether to the development environment, you can see that the
Application Nub is running by leaving Apple Dylan and checking the list of
running applications in the Finder. If you switch to the Application Nub from

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that list, you see that no windows or menus appear. You can return to the
development environment by clicking in one of its windows.
The notation “(Unconnected)” disappears from the Listener when the
Application Nub is tethered to the development environment.
See the Environment sheet under Preferences for whether to launch to the
Application Nub automatically when a project is opened. Using Preferences,
you can also choose to automatically issue Update Project before launching the
Application Nub.
You can replace an Application Nub with another by removing the file
Application Nub from your project’s folders and replacing it with another
Application Nub. The development environment searches first in the project
folder and then in the folder Application Nub. You can also use an alias to
another Application Nub as the replacement.

Listener 3
See Apple Dylan Listener.

List of Browsers Browse3

Provides a drag and drop interface to the browsers available in the
development environment. From this list, you can:
■ Drag and drop a browser onto a pane splitter and have that browser
embedded into any other browser.
■ Drag and drop a browser into the inbox of a pane to replace the pane with
that browser.
■ Open a browser by double-clicking on it. This is the same as selecting the
browser on the Browse menu.
■ Drop an object onto a browser name to open that browser with that object as
the basis. This is the same as selecting an object and then selecting a browser.

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Most of the objects on this list are browsers listed on the Browse menu; they are
the same browsers. This list also contains the command New Browser from the
Browse menu. Find in Project and Project are not on the Browse menu. Find in
Project opens a browser with the object you are looking for as its basis. The
Project object is the Project browser for the active project, which is brought to
the front when this object is selected. Browsers appear on this list because their
files are in the subfolder _System Browsers of the Browsers folder in Apple
Dylan.
You cannot delete a browser from this list. To delete a browser, quit the
development environment, find the browser file in the Browser folder _System
Browsers and move it out of the Browsers folder entirely. When you restart the
development environment, the moved browser will no longer be listed.

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Method Template (Copy Special) retrieves the prototype argument list or

template for the selected object from the compiler results database and inserts
it into a source record. You can then specialize the types of the arguments and
fill in the body of the method.
Note that Method Template (Copy Special) appears in the menu only if you
select a generic function or method. If you select a class, Class Template (Copy
Special) appears instead.
Related Commands: Copy Special, Method Template (Insert Special), Class
Template (Copy Special).

Method Template (Insert Special) Edit3

Replaces the selected generic function or method with the prototype template
of the methods for the selected method. Method Template appears in the menu
only if you select from the active project editable text that names a function or
method. This command is made available by pressing Option when clicking on
Copy Special on the Edit menu.
For example, if you select the function draw and hold down the Option key,
Method Template (Insert Special) replaces draw with the following text:

define method draw(view, r)

end method;

Key shortcut: Command-Option-T

If you select a class Class Template (Insert Special) appears in the menu instead
of Method Template (Insert Special).

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Method Template (Insert Special) retrieves the prototype argument list or

template for the selected object from the compiler results database and inserts
it into a source record.
Related Commands: Insert Special, Method Template (Copy Special), Class
Template (Insert Special).

Modules of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on the active project, listing its modules.
Modules of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane displaying
that aspect of a class. See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for
more information.

New Browser Browse3

Opens a new browser with a single pane. The new browser’s pane contains the
default aspect of the object selected prior to choosing New Browser. The
selected object is called the basis of the browser’s pane and, therefore, the basis
of the browser. If no object is selected prior to choosing New Browser, the new
browser is empty.
For more information on using browsers, see the section “Using browsers” on
page 15.
You can also create a new browser by double-clicking on an object.
The following figure is a new browser that was created with the source folder
“puzzle” selected.

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If you want to have more than one pane in a browser, you split the pane in two.
Each of the two new panes can also be split, both horizontally and vertically.
You split a pane with its splitter controls; the horizontal splitter control is a
short, horizontal bar just above the scroll bar on the right of a pane. The vertical
splitter control is a short, vertical bar just to the left of the scroll bar at the
bottom on a pane. To split a pane, hold down the mouse on the bar and then
drag the dashed line that appears to wherever you want the pane split.
Another method is to drag the outbox of a pane onto any splitter on any pane.
This splits the pane you drop it in and creates a link to the new pane.
You can close a pane by clicking its close box in the upper-left corner of its
header. The browser remains open as long as you don’t close the only pane in
it. You can resize a pane by dragging its resizing control in its lower-right
corner.
You can change the relative size of panes by dragging the line that separates
two panes. You move the cursor to the separating line until it changes into a
slider cursor, then you hold down the mouse and slide it to where you want
the new separating line to be. For more information on splitting panes and
resizing them, see the task “Customizing browsers” on page 58.
The panes in a browser work together through links. The contents of an object
you select in one pane shows up in another through a link you can create or
change. To see a link’s origin or destination, hold the cursor over the link’s

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inbox or outbox (the small arrows at the edges of the header of each pane).
When a link has been established, the arrow turns red.
In the following figure the origin of the incoming link of the lower-left pane is
revealed by holding down the mouse on its inbox. The origin of this incoming
link is root pane for the puzzle project, which is the upper-left pane.

When you split a pane, the original and the new panes are automatically
linked. In the following figure the split is complete, so the outbox of the
original pane on the left and the inbox of the new pane on the right are red. You
can now click on objects in the left pane and they are displayed in the right
pane. Because <puzzle-view> was selected in the original pane, it is displayed
in the new pane.

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For more information on using links, see the task “Linking panes and
browsers” on page 34.
Related Command: Save Browser.

New Module File3

Creates a new module named Untitled with a source folder named Untitled in
it. A second new module is named Untitled 2 with a folder named Untitled 2
and so forth. These source folders each contain an empty source record.
You can rename modules either by clicking on their names, or by selecting
them and pressing the Return key.

Note
The New Module command identifies a module to Apple
Dylan, but you must also identify the module to the
compile. To do this, you must create a source record with a
define module statement or add a use statement to the
current library defined with define library. See “What
goes into a project?” on page 97.
New modules are placed at the end of the list of modules. You can reorder the
modules by dragging them. Changing the module order changes the load
order. In the Dylan language, forward declarations do not create load order

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restrictions. However, load order dependencies, such as calculations that are

performed in one module based on a variable previously defined in another
module, must be accounted for in the module order you establish. For more
information on load order, see the Dylan Reference Manual.
The following figure shows the new module at the end of the list of modules.

New Project File3

Creates a new project and opens a project browser for it. If no other project is
already open, the new project becomes the active project. Otherwise, the new
project is simply opened. The following figure shows the default project
browser for a new project.

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New Source Folder File3

Creates a new source folder named Untitled with an empty source record in it.
You can rename source folders either by clicking on their names or by selecting
them and pressing the Return key.
New source folders are placed at the end of the existing list of objects by
default. If a source folder is selected, the new source folder is placed directly
after it. Because the order of the source records within a source folder and the
source folders within a module determines the load order, you might need to
move an object into its proper place after it’s created. You can reorder the
objects by dragging them.

New Source Record File3

Creates a new, empty source record. The empty source record has a generic
icon until its contents are completed. Source record objects include methods,
classes, variables, constants, macros, generic functions, comments, and top
level forms.
Key shortcut: Command-N

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The following figure shows a new source record that has been created for the
puzzle module. The new record appears at the end of the list of other records
by default. If you place the cursor into the name of an existing source record,
the new source record is placed directly after it instead of at the end. Because
the order of the source records within a source folder and the source folders
within a module indicates the load order, you might need to move an object
into its proper place after it’s created. You can reorder the objects by dragging
them.

New Text Window File3

Opens a new text window. Use this window to make READ ME files, release
notes, scratch pads, and so forth. All the usual Apple Dylan editing commands
are supported. You are prompted for a file name and destination when you
close the window. The default output file name is “new.dylan”.
Use Export and Import for moving text files in and out of Apple Dylan.

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Open File3
Opens a project. You can also open a project by double-clicking on the project’s
icon from outside Apple Dylan. This launches Apple Dylan if it is not already
running.
Key shortcut: Command-O
You can have several projects open at once, but the first one you open is the
active project. The active project is the only project that can be browsed,
compiled, and downloaded.
You can also open text files with this command.

Page Setup File3

Displays the standard Macintosh Page Setup dialog box to allow you to
determine the behavior of the Print command.
Related command: Print.

Paste Edit3
Pastes text from the Clipboard into the current text selection or at the current
cursor location. Text is placed into the Clipboard using Cut and Copy, as well
as by all three of the Copy Special commands.
Key shortcut: Command-V
Related commands: Copy, Copy Title Text, Cut, Copy Special.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

▲ WARNING
Emacs-style editing commands create a kill ring that may
interact unpredictably with the Clipboard. See “Editing in
Apple Dylan” on page 66.

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Pattern Match Macro Debug3

Prints the macro expansion first, displaying exactly the text sent to the compiler
by the parser. Then prints the pattern rule, showing which elements of the
macro match which elements of the pattern. From this information you can
determine if there is a match or not. If there is a match, you can determine its
scope. You can also determine whether the order of pattern matching is correct,
catching such errors as matching a general pattern before matching a specific
pattern (which would never be seen). This process is repeated for all further
macro expansion.
Operates on statement macros and definition macros. Does not work on
function macros. This command does not work on the icon; you must select the
full text of the macro in a browser or the Listener. Expands the selected macro
to the Listener. You can also select the macro text in the Listener.
This command is used in debugging macros.
If you select Pattern Match Macro from the menu while pressing the Option
key, the Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin command appears in the menu
instead. The behavior is the same, except that all macros are expanded,
including builtin macros from the Dylan language, such as case or begin.
Related command: Expand Macro, Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin.

Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin Debug3

Prints the macro expansion first, displaying exactly the text sent to the compiler
by the parser. Then prints the pattern rule, showing which elements of the
macro match which elements of the pattern.
You must select Pattern Match Macro while pressing the Option key to make
the Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin command appear on the menu. The
behavior is the same as for the Pattern Match Macro command, except that all
macros are expanded, including builtin macros from the Dylan language, such
as case or begin.
This command is used in debugging macros.
Related commands: Expand Macro, Pattern Match Macro.

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Preferences Edit3
Opens the Preferences dialog box, which consists of four sheets:
Application Nub
n

Environment
n

Editing
n

Listener
n

By setting preferences on these sheets, you can make the development

environment interact with each of your projects in a specified way.
The following figure shows the four sheets on the Category pull-down list.
Clicking any Defaults button resets all the values on all three sheets to their
defaults.

Preferences on the Listener sheet:

n Default Listener font—the font for editing code in the Listener.
n Set truncation of lines—Unlimited by default; controls the number of
lines printed in the Listener.
n Set number of elements—Unlimited by default; controls the number of
elements of a list printed in the Listener.

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n Set number of levels—Unlimited by default; controls the number of break

levels displayed in the Listener.
n Detect circularities—Off by default. If set, stops printing after the first
time around.

Print File3
Displays the standard Macintosh Print dialog box for printing. You can print
the contents of the Apple Dylan Listener or source text from a browser. If
nothing is selected, the entire project is printed.
Key shortcut: Command-P
Related command: Page Setup.

Quit File3
Quits the development environment. You are prompted to save unsaved
changes and prompted to confirm that you wish to quit. Issuing this command
also quits the Application Nub if you are tethered and performs an orderly
shutdown of Apple Dylan.
Key shortcut: Command-Q

Quit Application Project3

Quits a running application and the Application Nub. Quit Application is
identical in effect to Quit Application Nub.
Quit Application quits a running application and also untethers the
Application Nub from the development environment (if connected). Quit
Application is the opposite of Tether to Application.
Related command: Tether to Application.

Quit Application Nub Project3

Quits a running application and the Application Nub. Quit Application Nub is
identical in effect to Quit Application.

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Quit Application Nub quits a running application and also untethers the
Application Nub from the development environment (if tethered). Quit
Application Nub is the opposite of Launch Application Nub.
If you encounter difficulty quitting the nub, run the Quit Application Nub
application from the Finder.
Related command: Launch Application Nub.

Recompile Project3
Initiates a complete compilation of the entire project, including, optionally, its
subprojects. All code within the chosen scope is recompiled whether it needs it
or not, regardless of status marking. Recompile throws away all caches and
cleans up all databases.

▲ WARNING
Recompile is of limited value when tethered because it
adds all results of its recompilation to the existing compiler
results database and removes nothing.
Related commands: Compile Expression, Compile Region, Compile Selection.
See also: Create Application, Create Library.

Redo Clear Edit3

Deletes text that you had previously reinstated with an Undo Clear. The
deleted text does not get copied to the Clipboard. Undo, Clear, Redo Clear, and
Undo Clear replace one another on the File menu, depending on which is
appropriate.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

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References From Browse3

Operates on the selected class, method, or variable, opening a browser that lists
all objects from which it is referenced.
Related commands: References From (Aspect), References To.

References From (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on the selected class in the active project, method, or variable, listing
all references from it.
References From (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a class. You can also select a single class in a pane and
display references from the selected object inline.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.
The References From command opens a single-pane browser displaying
references from the selected object.

References To Browse3
Operates on the selected class in the active project, method, or variable,
opening a browser that lists all objects making reference to it.
See “Using the browser References To” on page 49.
Related commands: References To (Aspect), References From.

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References To (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on the selected method, class, or variable in the active project, listing
all references to it.
References To (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a method, class or variable. You can also select a
single object in a pane and display references to it inline.
See Aspect, “Using the browser References To” on page 49, and “Customizing
browsers” on page 58 for more information.
The References From command opens a single-pane browser displaying direct
methods.

Replace and Find Text

3
Duplicates Replace & Find in the Find/Replace dialog box. Replaces the target
text with the replacement text and searches for the next instance of the target
text.
Key shortcut: Command-J
Related command: Find/Replace.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Reset Stack Debug3

Discards the stack all the way to the top of the stack without running any of the
clean-up code. Because it does not run any clean-up code, Reset Stack is very
risky; try Abort first. Severe side effects can result from not running the
clean-up code. For example, a file can be left open with no way to close it, or a
data structure, such as the Dylan subproject itself, can be left in a corrupted
state.
Reset Stack does not discard the runtime heap. To reset the heap, untether the
Application Nub from the development environment and then retether to it.
See “Debugging a project” on page 146 for a discussion of the choice between
Abort and Reset Stack.

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Related command: Abort.

Resource Files of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on the active project and its subprojects, listing their resource files.
Resource Files of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a project.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Revert File3
Reverts to the saved version. This command works on either the whole project
or on selected objects. If you select more than one object, the next higher
container and all its contents are reverted. All changes you made since issuing
the last Save or Save All are lost. Revert cannot be undone.

Run Project3
Runs the active project’s startup function after tethering the Application Nub to
the development environment and performing an update. Run performs
different functions depending on the state of your project, but it does compile
all sources marked as uncompiled and downloads the results, just as Update
Project does. It also tethers to the development environment, if needed, and
runs the startup function.
You can designate the active project using Set Project Type. The name and
location of the project’s startup function must have been specified using Set
Project Type or Run will not work.
Key shortcut: Command-R
When you run a project from within Apple Dylan, the user interface for the
application and its menu bar overlay the development environment. The
application’s menu bar can be used to manipulate the application and to quit it.
You can return to Apple Dylan by clicking in one of its windows or choosing
Application Nub from the Finder’s list. If you leave the application running
and return to Apple Dylan, the cursor becomes the watch cursor to remind you
that the application is still running, even though you can no longer see it.

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Note
You cannot use Apple Dylan again until you interrupt
your running application. Use Quit within your
application to do this.

Related commands: Launch Application Nub, Quit Application, Update Project.

Save File3
Saves the sources of the active pane and all the objects it contains. Save cannot
be undone.
Key shortcut: Command-S
Related commands: Save All, Revert.
For saving a new or revised browser configuration, see Save Browser.

Save All File3

Saves the sources for all open projects. Save All cannot be undone.
Related commands: Save, Revert.
For saving new or revised browser configurations, see Save Browser.

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Save Browser Browse3

Saves the configuration of a browser you have created or changed. You cannot
save the contents in the browser with Save Browser unless the basis of the
browser is a module. Any incoming links or outgoing links to the browser are
lost when it is saved.
You can name the saved browser what you want. Its name is added to the
fourth section of the Browse menu and to the List of Browsers browser, if you
save the file to the Browsers folder of Apple Dylan. If you save the file to the
Browsers subfolder _Ignore Selection Browsers, the new browser appears in the
third section of the Browse menu and the entire project is the only valid basis
for the browser. If you save the file to the Browsers subfolder _System
Browsers, the new browser appears only on the List of Browsers browser.
You can move browsers between subfolders, if you want. You can share a saved
browser with others by giving them a copy of the browser file or an alias to it.
You can delete a saved browser from the development environment by
removing its file from the Browsers folder. You must restart the development
environment for the browser to be removed from the List of Browsers browser
and the Browse menu.
Related command: List of Browsers.
See “Saving a browser configuration” on page 61.

Select All Edit3

Selects all the objects in the active pane or all the text in an object. To select all
the objects in a pane, click on one of the objects and then choose Select All. To
select all the text in an object, expand the object, click anywhere in the text and
then choose Select All. You can also select all the text in an object by clicking in
it four times.
Key shortcut: Command-A

Set Project Type Project3

Sets the basic characteristics of a project, most importantly identifying its name
and whether it is to be built as an application or a library.

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You must set certain characteristics of a project before building your final
application or library. After setting a project’s features, you complete the
building process by untethering from the development environment and using
Create Application or Create Library. It is also recommended that you issue a
Recompile command before building your final application or library.
The most important setting is whether the project is an application or library, as
shown in the following figure.

Specify the startup function by entering it in the Startup Function field. Specify
the module your startup function is in with the Module field; this module must
be exported from its library. The Creator Type field holds the creator ID you
want your new application to have. Designate your memory requirements for
suggested and maximum sizes in the spaces provided.
Check “Create Fat Binary” if you want to build a Fat application.
Check “Use separately loaded libraries” if you want the Dylan subproject and
framework subproject not to be bundled with your application. They will not
be included in your project’s link library in the binary, but instead the link

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library is loaded in from the extensions folder when the application is run. This
option saves disk space, but not memory. This setting also allows you to revise
and load new libraries for an application without changing the rest of the
application.

Setting the version of a library controls which version is recorded in the

compiler results database. When a library file is created from a project, the
library versions of all of its subprojects are recorded in the library file header.
Then at runtime, when the library is loaded, it will only accept those versions
of its the sublibraries which are compatible with the version of the sublibrary
used at library creation time. You should increment the version number
whenever you release a new version of a library.
The minimum compatible version is the lowest version that a library is
backward compatible with. The minimum version is checked during runtime
library search. You should increment the minimum version number whenever
you make incompatible changes. See “Library version numbers” on page 106
for a detailed explanation.
The suffix “.dl” is appended to the library’s name when you build it.

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See “Apple Dylan User Model” on page 95, in particular “Application or

library?” on page 104.

Show Home Browse3

Displays and highlights the source code for the selected object. Checks first in
the current module and goes immediately to the definition. If there’s no such
name defined in the current module, searches all modules and goes
immediately to the definition. If there are multiple definitions with the same
name in different modules, presents a choice. If the source code is not found,
displays the name of the object it was looking for.

Note
If there are multiple objects with the same name, and one
is defined in the current module, you are not presented
with a choice, but rather go immediately to the definition.
Key shortcut: Command-Y
For example, if you are in the Listener and have not been working with a
certain function, you might not have its source record on display. In that case, it
is easy to find the source code using Show Home. To use Show Home, place the
cursor in the name of the function you are interested in, or select it, and then
issue Show Home.
In the following figure you can see the result of clicking on “initialize” in the
Listener and then choosing Show Home; “initialize” is expanded and
highlighted.

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The following figure shows the result of clicking on the “text-app” module in
the root pane and then choosing Show Home; a new browser is opened with
text-app as its basis.

Show Interface Builder Apple

3
Runs the Apple Dylan interface builder from within the development
environment. Note that you can run the interface builder from the Finder by
double-clicking the standalone version of the interface builder.
For more information on the interface builder, see the book Creating a User
Interface in Apple Dylan.
Related commands: Hide Interface Builder, Load UI Builder.

Show Interface Mapping Debug3

Prints information about the mapping between C and Dylan names to the
Listener. Choose this command to set this feature, which prints the information
whenever a define interface statement is compiled. This command allows you
to check name mapping, plus import and export options. To disable this
feature, choose the command again to remove the check mark from the menu.
When this command is checked, the following is printed at the Listener
prompt: the C name, which is followed by an arrow, and the Dylan name.
As an example, when the following definition is compiled:
define interface
#include "Dialogs.h",

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name-mapper: identity-name-mapping,
define: {"SystemSevenOrLater"}, // for Gestalt
CFM-library: "InterfaceLib",
import: {"ErrorSound", "Alert", "ParamText"},
// These next two will be null pointers anyway
type: {"SoundUPP" =3D> <machine-pointer>},
type: {"ModalFilterUPP" =3D> <machine-pointer>};
#include "Resources.h",
name-mapper: identity-name-mapping,
define: {"SystemSevenOrLater"}, // for Gestalt
CFM-library: "InterfaceLib",
import: {"OpenResFile"};
end interface;

The following output is printed in the Listener:

function ErrorSound => ErrorSound<<Online-Insultant
function ParamText => ParamText<<Online-Insultant
function Alert => Alert<<Online-Insultant
function OpenResFile => OpenResFile<<Online-Insultant

Size Text
3
Displays a list of font sizes. The size you choose is applied to the selected text.
This choice changes only the text in a source record and has no semantic
impact. but it does flag the record for recompilation. You can use font size to
help organize your sources.
See “Formatting commands” on page 70.
You can change the font sizes for the Listener and Browsers (as well as the
source font size) using Preferences.

Source Code of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on source records and definition entities in the active project,
displaying the definition associated with the selected source record or

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The Location field allows you to select where the status indicators will appear,
in the status indicator column (choose Body) or in a pane’s header (choose
Header). You can choose to have them appear in both places if you wish.

The following figure shows a typical project with the Uncompiled indicator
chosen and pointed to in the status indicator column. Note that the cursor is
pointing at the green (second) indicator, which is the Uncompiled indicator.
This causes the name of the indicator to appear in the prompt area at the
bottom of the browser.

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The following figure shows a typical project with the Unsaved indicator chosen
and pointed to in the status indicator column. Note that the cursor is pointing
at the blue (first) indicator, which is the Unsaved indicator. It is identified as the
Unsaved indicator in the prompt area at the bottom of the browser.

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Style Text
3
Changes the font style of the selected source text. This choice changes only the
text in a source record and has no semantic impact, but it does flag the record
for recompilation. You can use font style to help organize your sources. For
example, it is common to use bold for the name of objects being defined.
The font styles available are Plain, Bold, Italic, Underline, Outline, Shadow,
Condense, and Extend.
Key shortcuts:
■ Plain—Command-Shift-T
■ Bold— Command-Shift-B
■ Italic—Command-Shift-I
■ Underline—Command-Shift-U
■ Outline—Command-Shift-O
■ Shadow—Command-Shift-S
■ Condense—Command-Shift-Option-C
■ Extend—Command-Shift-E
See “Formatting commands” on page 70.
You can change the font styles for the Listener and Browsers (as well as the
source font style) using Preferences.

Subprojects (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on the active project and its subprojects, listing their subprojects.

Note
Remember that a subproject is simply a project that has
been included in another project.
Subprojects (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of project.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

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Target Architecture Project3

Identifies the target platform, either 68K or PowerPC, for any projects built into
applications or libraries. The default target is 68K. The target machine chosen
remains set across all projects, whether they are currently open or not. If, for
instance, a closed project had a 68K target when last opened and then is
reopened after the target has been changed to PowerPC, the project will be
retargeted to PowerPC. If a project is active when the target machine is
changed, the application nub is quit and the name shown in the Listener
changes to reflect the new target.

After you switch architectures, you must use the Update Project command to
refresh the compiler results database and library model files. Otherwise, they
will reflect the state they were in the last time the architecture was switched.
There is no provision in Apple Dylan for automatically using different source
code for the two target machines.
Related commands: Set Project Type, Launch Application Nub, Quit
Application Nub.

Tether to Application Project3

Tethers the development environment to a running, standalone application
(which was originally created using the Create Application command from
within Apple Dylan). The standalone application can then be debugged. The
compiler results database for the original project must be available to tether to
a standalone application. The application can either be on the same machine as

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Apple Dylan or it may be running on some other system to which you have
access.
The standalone application must be halted before you can use this command.
You can cause it to halt by setting the event-check variable to be your own
method for detecting a break request. For more information on event-check, see
the book Apple Dylan Extensions and Framework Reference.
Here is an example of typical usage: if you get an error while running a
standalone Dylan application, launch Apple Dylan and issue the Tether to
Application command. You can then debug the application.
The notation “(Unconnected)” disappears from the Listener when the project’s
compiler results database file is tethered to the Application Nub.
See “Apple Dylan User Model” on page 95.
Related commands: Create Application, Launch Application Nub, Quit
Application Nub.

Text of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on warnings in the active project, listing inline the expanded long text
of the selected warning.
Text of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane displaying that
aspect of a warning. You can also select a single warning in a pane and display
its expanded long text inline. See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on
page 58 for more information.

Uncompiled Source Folders (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on modules, projects and subprojects in the active project, listing the
source folders in the active project that contain uncompiled sources.
Uncompiled Source Folders (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser
pane displaying that aspect of a module or project. See Aspect and
“Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

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Uncompiled Source Records (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on containers in the active project containing source records, listing
the uncompiled source records they contain. Source record objects are methods,
classes, variables, constants, macros, generic functions, comments, and
top-level forms.
Uncompiled Source Records (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a
browser pane displaying that aspect of a container. See Aspect and
“Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Uncompiled Modules of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a project or subproject in the active project, listing the modules
containing uncompiled sources.

Note
Remember a subproject is simply a project that has been
included in another project.
Uncompiled Modules of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser
pane displaying that aspect of a project. See Aspect and “Customizing
browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Undefined Variables Browse3

Opens a browser that lists the undefined variables in the active project.

Undefined Variables (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on a container in the active project, listing the undefined variables in
that container.
Undefined Variables (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a container. See Aspect and “Customizing browsers”
on page 58 for more information.

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Undo Edit3
Undoes your last edit.
Key shortcut: Command-Z
Undo, Clear, Redo Clear, and Undo Clear replace one another on the File menu,
depending on which is appropriate.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Undo Clear Edit3

Undoes a Clear by reinstating the text or object you had deleted. You can use
Redo Clear to delete the text again, after using Undo Clear. Undo, Clear, Redo
Clear, and Undo Clear replace one another on the File menu, depending on
which is appropriate.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

Undo More Edit3

Undoes your last edit up to 20 edits. The undos are in reverse order.
See “Editing in Apple Dylan” on page 66.

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Unsaved Modules of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on an uncompiled active project, listing the unsaved modules in it.
Unsaved Modules of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying that aspect of a project.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Unsaved Source Records Browse3

Opens a browser that lists all source folders that hold unsaved source records
in the active project. The following figure shows the only unsaved source
record in the puzzle project, tile-size-v.

Unsaved Source Records (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on containers, listing source folders that hold unsaved source records
in the active project.
Unsaved Source Records (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser
pane displaying that aspect of a project.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Update Project Project3

Compiles any source records in the active project that have changed since the
last update or recompilation and downloads them to the Application Nub, if it
is tethered to the development environment. Any orphan definitions are

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eliminated with this command. Orphan definitions are caused when source
records are created, compiled, and then deleted.
Key shortcut: Command-U
Only the active project can be updated. Use the command Activate Project to
make any open project the active project.
See the Project Interaction sheet under Preferences to choose whether to update
a project automatically when it is opened.
Related commands: Recompile, Revert.

Variable Definitions of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on source records or definition entities in the active project, listing all
variable definitions they include.
Variable Definitions of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser pane
displaying those aspects of an object.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.

Variable Search Browse3

Finds all variables in the active project that contain the entered string.

▲ WARNING
This is not a text search, but a search of the compiler
results database. Uncompiled variables and text in
comments will not be found.

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Warning Source Record of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on warnings in the active project, listing the sources for the selected
warning.
Warning Source Record of (Aspect) is commonly used to customize a browser
pane displaying those aspects of an object.
See Aspect and “Customizing browsers” on page 58 for more information.
The Warnings command opens a single-pane browser displaying all warnings
for the active project. Warning Source Record of shows source records for
selected warnings in this browser.

Warnings Browse3
Opens the Warnings browser listing any objects in the active project that have
generated warnings. The warnings are included. You can have more than one
Warnings browser open at a time.
The following figure shows a typical Warnings browser.

Warnings for Downloaded Code of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on any object in the active project, listing warnings for any
downloaded code. The types of warnings listed are compiler, linker, runtime
errors, and runtime notices.
The Warnings command opens a single-pane browser displaying all warnings
for the active project. Warnings for Downloaded Code of (Aspect) shows
source records for selected warnings in this browser.

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Warnings (for Selection) Browse3

Displays a browser that lists all warnings for the selected object.
The Warnings command opens a single-pane browser displaying all warnings
for the active project.

Warnings of (Aspect) Browse3

Operates on source records and containers in the active project, listing all
associated warnings. The types of warnings listed are compiler, linker, runtime
errors, and runtime notices.
The Warnings command opens a single-pane browser displaying all warnings
for the active project. Warnings of (Aspect) shows source records for selected
warnings in this browser.

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272 Warnings of (Aspect)

Glossary

.π − the suffix of an Apple Dylan project application − Internally, applications and

document. libraries built by Apple Dylan are identical,
except that an application includes a startup
.dl − the suffix of a Dylan library file.
function. An application can be started and
.dylan − the suffix of a Dylan text file. achieves some end result.
.fasl − compiled Lisp file used by the Apple application nub − a tiny application that
Dylan development environment. serves as the core of your Dylan program.
The nub is essentially an empty Dylan
.lisp − Lisp file used by the Apple Dylan
application. See runtime.
development environment.
aspect − a view of a particular relationship
.rsrc − the suffix of a Macintosh resource
between objects. Aspects provide links
file.
between objects that describe relationships
active project − the open project that can be in a system. Source code is an obvious
compiled and downloaded to the aspect of an object. Another aspect of an
application nub. There can be only one object is all the compiler linker, and runtime
active project at a time. Only the active errors or warnings associated with it. All
project has its compiler results database objects referenced by the source code of an
loaded in the development environment. object are aspects of that object, as are all
All relationships and aspects of the active objects containing a reference to that object.
project are available through the browsers. You can view all defined aspects of an
Inactive projects offer limited browsing. The object using a browser. The Aspects menu
active project is sometimes called the root appears on the Browser menu.
project because all its subprojects are also
auto-indentation − services that
active.
automatically indent source code for
Apple Dylan − the Dylan development readability. Controlled from the Editing
environment created by Apple, including Sheet of the Preferences command.
the framework and Creole.
automatic memory management − a
Apple Dylan Listener − the window that system that reclaims objects from memory
allows you to interact with the your when they can no longer be referenced. This
application as it runs. See connected, also known as garbage collection. When
tethered, application nub, runtime. automatic memory management is running
a “GC” icon replaces the cursor.

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basis − the object that forms the input for a definition entity − the compiled
browser pane. The basis of a pane is representation of an object. In most uses of
displayed in the pane header. Apple Dylan you are looking at the object
as compiled. However, each object has at
browser − a paned window where you
least one definition entity and may have
create and examine Apple Dylan objects.
more, as in the case of a class, which has a
Typically, browsers comprise a set of linked
definition entity for each slot. It is rare that
panes displaying successively finer detail
you will need to work directly with a
about a project or object. For example, the
definition entity, but certain browsers may
default project browser has three panes, the
display them, using the bare icon for that
first showing the libraries and modules in a
kind of object. (See “Orphan definitions in
project, linked to a pane showing the source
the runtime” on page 111, “Apple Dylan
folders in one of those modules, linked to a
Listener” on page 113, and “Using icons in
pane showing the objects in that folder. If
Apple Dylan” on page 88.
you change the selection in any of the first
two panes, the succeeding panes change development environment − the set of
accordingly. See hot link. browsers, commands, and tools that
support programming activities, also called
call tree − the references to an object and
Apple Dylan. The development
references from an object are aspects that
environment can link to any application or
can be combined to create a graphic display
library built with Apple Dylan.
of that object’s calling relationships called a
call tree. download − to move compiled code from
the development environment to the
cold link − See hot link.
application nub. Performed automatically
compiler results database −the database by the development environment as part of
that holds object code, debugging updating, compiling, or recompiling.
information, and other information
Dylan text file − a file that contains a text
generated by the compilation.
version of Dylan source code with the
connected − in the Listener, short for .dylan suffix. Used for representing Dylan
connected to the runtime, which means the source code outside the Apple Dylan
Application Nub is connected to the development environment.
development environment. See tethered.
Dylan-user module − A source module
container − any object that contains other included in all projects. In the simplest
Apple Dylan objects, such as projects, projects, it contains all the code for the
subprojects, modules, and source folders. project. In more complex projects, it
contains the module and library definitions
Creole − feature of Apple Dylan providing
used to structure the rest of the project.
cross-language support, used primarily for
accessing the Macintosh Toolbox and other
existing C libraries.

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G L O S S A RY

Emacs - an editor available on inactive project − a project that is open, but

non-Macintosh platforms. Emacs-style cannot be compiled or downloaded because
editing has been partially implemented in its database is not loaded in the
Apple Dylan using Fred. See also Fred. development environment. You can open
an inactive project to browse its text or copy
export − 1. The Export command on the File
code from it, but you cannot use most other
menu creates a Dylan text file.
browser features. See active project.
2. In Dylan programming, you must write
inbox − the arrow at the left of a pane’s
code to export modules from libraries and
header that represents the input to the pane,
export variables from modules to make
that is, what is displayed there. See outbox.
them importable for use by your project or
by other modules, respectively. incremental compilation − Apple Dylan
supports changing and compiling any
expression - Anything that returns a value
complete expression. You need not compile
is considered an expression in Apple Dylan.
all possible code to make a change. You can
framework − an object-oriented class compile projects, source modules, source
library that implements a common set of folders, source records, and individual
features found in Macintosh applications, expressions. (You can even compile and
such as the Clipboard, text editing, an event execute code that has been commented out.)
loop and event handling, scrolling and
information line − the region at the bottom
tracking, error reporting and event
of a browser window that provides
handling, resource management and
ephemeral information depending on what
streams. Just as the application nub is an
you have selected. Also called the prompt
empty Dylan application, the framework
area. If you have selected a function, its
can be thought of as a generic, content-free
arguments are displayed. If you are
Macintosh application.
dragging an object, you are told whether it
Fred - an editor used to emulate can be dropped or not. In general, the
Emacs-style editing. Fred stands for “Fred information line gives feedback on current
Resembles Emacs Deliberately”. See also activities in the browser.
kill ring.
inline − In the development environment,
garbage collection − see automatic memory certain commands or mouse gestures
management. display their results in the same pane, or
inline, as opposed to a separate pane.
hot link − Panes so linked that when you
select an object in the first, the contents of inspector window − a window that
the object are displayed in the second pane displays information about objects in the
are said to be hot-linked. When you split a runtime.
pane by using a splitter control, the two
panes are automatically hot-linked.

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kill ring - the means of copying text as you OODL − object oriented dynamic language
edit in Fred. This is analogous to the
open project − a project with a project
Clipboard, but sometimes conflicts with it.
browser available. See active project.
See also Fred.
orphan definition − a definition that exists
launch application nub − start the nub
in the runtime but has no apparent source.
running and tether the development
This can be caused when a source record
environment to the application nub. See
that defines an entity is compiled and then
connected, tethered, runtime.
subsequently renamed or deleted. Another
library − a set of linked modules built in cause is when the definition is defined,
Apple Dylan with the Create Library compiled and downloaded in the Apple
command. Dylan Listener.
Listener − See Apple Dylan Listener. outbox − the arrow at the right of a pane’s
header that represents the output from the
load order − the order of the source records
pane. Whatever is selected in the pane
within a source folder and the order of
drives the context of the next links.
source folders within a module and the
order of modules within a project indicates pane − Each browser consists of one or
the load order. more panes. Each pane has a basis (the
object displayed in the header region) and a
Two-pass compilation eliminates load-order
default aspect (the kind of information
restrictions of the type solved by forward
displayed about the object).
declarations in other languages, but true
load-order dependencies must still be project − an application or library under
addressed. development. The project document has a
suffix of π.
meter expression − to track the use of an
expression. project file − the file in the Finder that
contains pointers into all the documents
module − a namespace for variable names.
that make up a project.
Items can be exported and imported
between modules. Only specifically project browser − browser whose root pane
exported variables are visible outside of has a project as its basis. The default project
their module. Modules are contained in browser has three panes.
projects. Modules contain source folders.
prompt area - See information line.
nub − see application nub.
resource file − a standard Macintosh
object-oriented dynamic language − resource file with the suffix .rsrc. Use
Programming language supporting ResEdit or another resource editor to
self-identifying objects, with automatic change the contents of a resource file.
memory management, dynamic linking,
and incremental development.

276
G L O S S A RY

root project − The active project is source record − the container that holds a
sometimes called the root project because it single piece of source code, usually
makes all its subprojects active as well. representing a single object. Source records
are contained in source folders.
runtime − everything that has been
downloaded to the application nub or that splitter control− splits a pane. The
has been built into an application. When the horizontal splitter control is a short,
development environment is tethered to the horizontal bar just above the scroll bar on
application nub, or to a running the right of a pane. The vertical splitter
application, it is said to be tethered to the control is a short, vertical bar just to the left
runtime. of the scroll bar at the bottom on a pane.
select, selection− Using the mouse, you can status indicator − a small colored square
select modules, source folders, source that appears in a browser pane or its header
records, or text within source records. Most to indicate the status of an item or object.
actions in the Apple Dylan development
status indicator column − the gray bar at
environment depend on what you have
the left of a browser pane where the status
selected. You can create a browser by
indicators appear.
selecting an object and double-clicking it.
You can examine the union of aspects of subproject − a project that has been
several objects by selecting them all. You included in another project.
can compile individual source records or
tethered − short for tethered to the runtime,
portions of source text through selection.
or application nub. To be tethered means
Whatever is selected is highlighted.
that the application nub is running, and
source database − all sources for a project Apple Dylan is connected to it.
are included in this database. This database
unconnected − in the Listener, short for
stores all the source code seen through the
unconnected from the runtime. See runtime.
browsers. See compiler results database.
update − to automatically compile all
source folder − a container within a
uncompiled code and download it to the
module that contains individual source
application nub. The action of the Update
records. Source folders are used primarily
Project command.
for organizing your project, but the order in
which they are listed determines load order. user-interface builder − the portion of the
There is no Dylan language construct development environment that helps you
corresponding to the source folder. create a user interface for an application.
source module − See module.

277
G L O S S A RY

278
Index

A Argument List (Copy Special) command 182

Argument List (Insert Special) command 182
Abort command 176 Aspect 273
About Apple Dylan command 176 Aspect command 183
Activate Project command 176 Aspects
Active project 273 changing 46
Adding creating browsers for 5
framework 131 showing 42
new user interface 163 Auto-indentation 273
resource files 131 Automatic memory management 273
subprojects 131
user-interface builder 162
Add to Project command 177
All Methods of (Aspect) command 177 B
All Slots of (Aspect) command 177
All Subclasses of (Aspect) command 178 Bailing out 117
All Superclasses of (Aspect) command 178 Basis 2, 34, 274
Apple Dylan 273 Break command 189
bailing out 117 Browse menu
running 8 All Methods of (Aspect) command 177
running applications in 144 All Slots of (Aspect) command 177
user model 95 All Subclasses of (Aspect) command 178
Apple Dylan Listener 113, 116, 273, 276 All Superclasses of (Aspect) command 178
Apple Dylan Listener command 178 Aspect command 183
Apple menu Call Grapher command 190
About Apple Dylan command 176 Classes of (Aspect) command 197
Hide Interface Builder command 214 Class Grapher command 193
Show Interface Builder command 257 Contents of (Aspect) command 202
Application Nub 107, 273, 276 Direct Methods of (Aspect) command 206
launching 276 Direct Methods of command 206
tethering Apple Dylan to 6 Direct Slots of (Aspect) command 206
Application Nub Info command 181 Direct Slots of command 206
Applications 1, 2, 273 Direct Subclass of (Aspect) command 207
building 164 Direct Superclasses of (Aspect) command 207
building standalone 118, 164 Duplicate Definitions command 207
running 15, 144 Duplicate Definitions of (Aspect)
setting characteristics 104, 126 command 208
tethering to 145 Function Family (Aspect) command 213

279

This document was created with FrameMaker 4.0.4

I N D E X

Function Family command 212 Browsers 2, 274

Functions of (Aspect) command 213 built-in 24
Grapher Pane command 213 creating for a specific aspect of an object 5
Info for Selected Class command 215 customizing 58
List of Browsers command 228 default project 2
Look Up in Online Reference command 230 inbox 275
Modules of (Aspect) command 234 information line 275
New Browser command 234 linking 34
References From (Aspect) command 249 project 2, 276
References From command 249 saving configurations 61
References To (Aspect) command 250 using 15
References To command 249 Info for Selected Class 53
Resource Files of (Aspect) command 251 References To 49
Save Browser command 253 Building
Show Home command 256 applications 164
Source Code of (Aspect) command 258 libraries 164, 166
Source Folders (Aspect) command 259 standalone applications 164
Source Records (Aspect) command 259
Source Records with Warnings (Aspect)
command 259
Status Indicators command 260 C
Subprojects (Aspect) command 263
Text of (Aspect) command 265 Call Grapher command 190
Uncompiled Modules of (Aspect) Call Recording command 191
command 266 Call tree 274
Uncompiled Source Folders (Aspect) C code
command 265 including 132
Uncompiled Source Records (Aspect) Checking
command 266 code status 136
Undefined Variables (Aspect) command 266 Classes of (Aspect) command 197
Undefined Variables command 266 Class Grapher command 193
Unsaved Modules of (Aspect) command 268 Class Template (Copy Special) command 195
Unsaved Source Records (Aspect) Class Template (Insert Special) command 196
command 268 Clear command 69, 197
Unsaved Source Records command 268 Close command 198
Variable Definitions of (Aspect) command 269 Code
Variable Search command 269 C
Warnings (for Selection) command 271 including 132
Warnings command 270 checking status 136
Warnings for Downloaded Code of (Aspect) compiling
command 270 excluding from 143
Warnings of (Aspect) command 271 from Listener 141
Warning Source Record of (Aspect) including in 143
command 270 editing 76

280
I N D E X

importing 171 D
retrieving by importing 171
sharing 168 Debugging
by exporting 168 projects 146
uncompiled Debug menu
compiling 140 Abort command 176
Cold link 274 Break command 189
Collapse command 198 Call Recording command 191
Color command 199 Continue command 203
Compact Project command 200 Expand Macro command 210
Compilation Inspect Heaps command 216
incremental 275 Inspect Listener Result command 218
Compile and Download Region command 200 Inspect Module Variables command 218
Compile and Download Selection command 200 Inspect Selection command 221
Compile Expression command 201 Meter Expression command 231
Compile Region command 201 Pattern Match Macro command 242
Compiler results database 1, 2, 274 Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin
Compile Selection command 202 command 242
Compiling Reset Stack command 250
code Defaults
excluding 143 setting
including 143 editing 86
from Listener 141 Listener interaction 87
projects 133 Definition entity 274
selections 139 Development environment 274
uncompiled code 140 customizing 83
Container 274 introduction 1, 2
Containers 5 running 8
Contents of (Aspect) command 202 setting preferences 84
Continue command 203 Direct Methods of (Aspect) command 206
Copy command 67, 203 Direct Methods of command 206
Copy Special command 68, 203 Direct Slots of (Aspect) command 206
Copy Title Text command 204 Direct Slots of command 206
Create Application command 204 Direct Subclass of (Aspect) command 207
Create Library command 205 Direct Superclasses of (Aspect) command 207
Creole 274 Disclosure triangles 3
Customizing Duplicate Definitions command 207
browsers 58 Duplicate Definitions of (Aspect) command 208
development environment 83 Dylan text files 274
Cut command 67, 205 exporting 70
importing 70
Dylan-user module 274

281
I N D E X

E Expression 275
Expressions
Editing 66 executing in Listener 5
code 76 metering 156
commands
Emacs-style 66, 72, 76
Macintosh-style 71, 72
setting defaults 86 F
tools 66
Edit menu Fat applications 103
Argument List (Copy Special) command 182 File menu
Argument List (Insert Special) command 182 Add to Project command 177
Class Template (Copy Special) command 195 Close command 198
Class Template (Insert Special) command 196 Export command 211
Clear command 69, 197 Import command 214
Collapse command 198 New Module command 120, 237
Copy command 67, 203 New Project command 238
Copy Special command 68, 203 New Source Folder command 239
Copy Title Text command 204 New Source Record command 239
Cut command 67, 205 New Text Window command 240
Expand command 209 Open command 241
Insert Special command 68, 216 Page Setup command 241
Method Template (Copy Special) Print command 247
command 232 Quit command 247
Method Template (Insert Special) Revert command 251
command 233 Save All command 252
Paste command 67, 241 Save command 252
Preferences command 243 Find Again command 212
Redo Clear command 248 Find command 69
Redo command 69 Find/Replace command 211
Select All command 253 Find Selection command 212
Undo Clear command 267 Font command 212
Undo command 69, 267 Formatting commands
Undo More command 69, 267 Color 70
Emacs 66, 275 Font 70
editing commands 72 Size 70
Exclude Source Records command 208 Style 70
Expand command 209 Framework 275
Expand Macro command 210 adding 131
Export command 211 Fred 72, 275
Exporting 275 kill ring 276
code Function Family (Aspect) command 213
sharing by 168 Function Family command 212
Dylan text files 70 Functions

282
I N D E X

monitoring 159 Inspect Listener Result command 218

Functions of (Aspect) command 213 Inspect Module Variables command 218
Inspector windows 116, 117, 275
Inspect Selection command 221
Inspect Stack command 221
G
Garbage collection 275
Grapher Pane command 213 K
Key command shortcuts 173, 175
Kill ring 276
H
Heaps
inspecting 153 L
Hide Interface Builder command 214
Hot link 275 Launch Application Nub command 227
Launching
runtime 135
Libraries 276
I building 164, 166
setting characteristics 128
Icons version numbers 106
using 88, 93 Linking
Import command 214 browsers 34
Importing panes 3, 34
code Links 34
retrieving by 171 cold 274
Dylan text files 70 hot 275
Inactive project 275 inbox 34
Inbox 275 Listener 5, 273, 276
Include Source Records command 214 compiling code from 141
Incremental compilation 275 inspecting results 151
Info for Selected Class browser 53 setting interaction defaults 87
Info for Selected Class command 215 Listener window 113, 116
Information line 4, 275 List of Browsers command 228
Inline 275 Load order 120, 126, 237, 276
Insert Special command 68, 216 Load UI Builder command 230
Inspect Heaps command 216 Look Up in Online Reference command 230
Inspecting
heaps 153
Listener results 151
modules 154
stack 148

283
I N D E X

M P
Meter Expression command 231 Page Setup command 241
Meter expressions 276 Panes 2, 276
Metering basis 2, 34
expressions 156 disclosure triangles 3
Method Template (Copy Special) command 232 information line 4
Method Template (Insert Special) command 233 Linking 34
Module linking 3
source 277 outbox 276
Modules 276 root 2
inspecting 154 saving objects in 130
Modules of (Aspect) command 234 splitter control 277
Monitoring Paste command 67, 241
individual functions 159 Pattern Match Macro command 242
Pattern Match Macro Including Builtin
command 242
Preferences command 84, 243
N Print command 247
Project browser 276
New Browser command 234 Project files 276
New Module command 120, 237 Project menu
New Project command 238 Activate Project command 176
New Source Folder command 239 Application Nub Info command 181
New Source Record command 239 Compact Project command 200
New Text Window command 240 Compile and Download Region command 200
Compile and Download Selection
command 200
Compile Expression command 201
O Compile Region command 201
Object-oriented dynamic language 276 Compile Selection command 202
Objects Create Application command 204
saving in panes 130 Create Library command 205
OODL 276 Exclude Source Records command 208
Open command 241 Include Source Records command 214
Open project 276 Inspect Stack command 221
Orphan definitions 111, 276 Launch Application Nub command 227
Outbox 276 Load UI Builder command 230
outbox 34 Quit Application command 247
Quit Application Nub command 247
Recompile command 248
Run command 251
Set Project Type command 253
Target architecture command 264

284
I N D E X

Tether to Application command 264 References From command 249

Update Project command 268 References To (Aspect) command 250
Projects 95, 276 References To browser 49
active 102, 273 References To command 249
applications Replace and Find command 250
setting characteristics 126 Replace command 69
browsing 16 Reset Stack command 250
compiling 133 Resource files 276
creating new 120 adding 131
debugging 146 Resource Files of (Aspect) command 251
files 101 Revert command 251
inactive 102, 275 Root project 277
libraries Run command 251
setting characteristics 128 Runtime 277
open 276 launching 135
opening 11, 101 untethering from 136
root 102, 277
saving 130
scope 97, 100
setting characteristics 104 S
applications 104
libraries 104 Save All command 252
sharing 168 Save Browser command 253
starting 119 Save command 252
synchronization 109 Saving
orphan definitions 111 objects in panes 130
restoring 113 projects 130
Prompt area 276 Select All command 253
Selection 277
Selections
compiling 139
Q Set Project Type command 253
Sharing
Quit Application command 247 code 168
Quit Application Nub command 247 by exporting 168
Quit command 247 projects 168
user interface 164
Show Home command 256
Show Interface Builder command 257
R Size command 258
Source Code of (Aspect) command 258
Recompile command 248 Source database 277
Redo Clear command 248 Source folder 277
Redo command 69 Source Folders (Aspect) command 259
References From (Aspect) command 249

285
I N D E X

Source module 277 Text of (Aspect) command 265

Source records 1, 2, 277 Two-machine development 9, 120, 244
Source Records (Aspect) command 259
Source Records with Warnings (Aspect)
command 259
Splitter control 277 U
Stack
Inspecting 148 Uncompiled Modules of (Aspect) command 266
Standalone applications Uncompiled Source Folders (Aspect)
building 118 command 265
Status Uncompiled Source Records (Aspect)
code command 266
checking 136 Undefined Variables (Aspect) command 266
Status indicator column 277 Undefined Variables command 266
Status indicators 277 Undo Clear command 267
and synchronization 111 Undo command 69, 267
Status Indicators command 260 Undo More command 69, 267
Style command 263 Unsaved Modules of (Aspect) command 268
Subprojects 277 Unsaved Source Records (Aspect) command 268
adding 131 Unsaved Source Records command 268
Subprojects (Aspect) command 263 Untethering
Synchronization 109 from runtime 136
restoring 113 Update Project command 268
Updating 277
User interface
adding new 163
T creating 161
sharing 164
Target Architecture 103 User-interface builder 277
Target Architecture command 264 adding 162
Tethering 6, 277 User model 95
to running applications 145
Tether to Application command 264
Text menu
Color command 199 V
Find Again command 212
Find command 69 Variable Definitions of (Aspect) command 269
Find/Replace command 211 Variable Search command 269
Find Selection command 212
Font command 212
Replace and Find command 250
Replace command 69
W
Size command 258 Warnings (for Selection) command 271
Style command 263 Warnings command 270

286
I N D E X

Warnings for Downloaded Code of (Aspect)

command 270
Warnings of (Aspect) command 271
Warning Source Record of (Aspect)
command 270
Windows menu
Apple Dylan Listener command 178

287
T H E A P P L E P U B L I S H I N G S Y S T E M

This Apple manual was written, edited,

and composed on a desktop publishing
system using Apple Macintosh
computers and FrameMaker software.
Proof pages were created on an Apple
LaserWriter Pro printer. Final pages were
created on a Docutek. Line art was
created using Adobe Illustrator™ and
Adobe Photoshop™. PostScript™, the
page-description language for the
LaserWriter, was developed by Adobe
Systems Incorporated.
Text type is Palatino® and display type is
Helvetica®. Bullets are ITC Zapf
Dingbats®. Some elements, such as
program listings, are set in Apple Courier.

PRODUCTION MANAGER
Trish Eastman
LEAD WRITER
Linda Kyrnitszke
WRITERS
Sarah Lee Bihlmayer, Tom Parmenter,
Daphne Steck
ILLUSTRATOR
Sandee Karr
PRODUCTION EDITORS
Lorraine Findlay, Alexandra Solinski
SPECIAL THANKS TO
Jeremy Jones, Paige Parsons, Andrew
Shalit

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