CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Problem Background
English is the language used by almost every person in the world. at the present time,
learning English is very important. English language is not only used to talk to the west, but has
become a requirement to enter the world of work. children in schools in Asian countries, must
learn English. There is so much discussion in English. but that will be discussed in this paper is
about the adjective clause. Adjective clause is a very important discussion because it is very
often used both in conversation especially in the writing of English. in this paper, I will attempt
to explain a little about the adjective clause.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is the definition of adjective clause?
2. What are types of adjective clause?
3. How is the usual patterns of adjective clauses?
4. How to use adjective clause?
5. How is the position of adjective clause?

C. Writing Purpose
To fulfill Grammar task.

D. Writing methods
1. Fetching data from literature sources.
2. Looking for material from the internet
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. DEFENITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its own, and does
the work of an adjective.[1]Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain
grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective
clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots
indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reduction in
these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all
cases.

Grammatical Condition Clause Phrase

Verb in adjective clause is an People who live in large
people living in large cities...
active verb cities...
Verb in adjective clause is Students who are studying at Students studying at urban
progressive urban campuses... campuses...
Children born with congenital
Verb in adjective clause is Children who are born with
heart disease... (the preferred
passive congenital heart disease...
style)
Adj. clause has the verb be
Children who are most likely to Children most likely to
+ adjective + infinitive
recover from serious illness... recover from serious illness...
complement
Dr. Francisco Ramirez, chief
Adj. clause has another name Dr. Francisco Ramirez, who is pediatric surgeon at Children's
for the modified noun (an chief pediatric surgeon at Hospital,... the appositive phrase
appositive) Children's Hospital,... is preferred style and is non-
restrictive.
 Relative pronoun use who subject or object pronoun for people which subject or object
pronoun for animals and things which referring to a whole sentence whose possession for people
animals and things whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses
(in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for
people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible).

relative
Use
pronoun

Who subject or object pronoun for people

Which subject or object pronoun for animals and things

Which referring to a whole sentence

Whose possession for people animals and things

object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in

Whom
defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)

subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative
That
clauses (who or which are also possible)
B. TYPE OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause may be classified according to the antecedent[2] that the introductory word
refers to.
Noun Antecedent Introductory Word Illustrative Sentence
Meaning
A person (1) Relative Pronoun: · Subject-He paid the money
Who (whom or whose) or to the man who(or that) had
that done the work.
· Object of verb-He paid the
man whom (or that) he had
hired.
· Object of Preposition-He
paid the man from whomhe
had borrowed the money.
· Possesive adjective-This is
the girl whose picture you
saw.

§ Subject-Here is a
bookwhich (or that)
A thing Which or that describes animals.
§ Object of verb-The
chairwhich (or that) he
broke is being repaired.
§ Object of preposition-She
was wearing the coat
forwhich she had paid
$2,000.
 (2) Relative Adverb:
A time When This is the year when the
Olympic Games are held.
A place Where Here is the house where I
live.
A reason Why Give me one good
reasonwhy you did that.[3]

C. USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

S + Be/V + N/Pronoun Adjective Clause

Relative Pronoun + S + V

Example:
a. A pilot is a person who flies an air plane.
b. This is the picture that I like very much.
c. An expert is a person who has special knowledge in one area.
d. I have just met the girl whose car is Mitsubishi. Lucia wears suit which cost US $ 250.
e. That is the place where the victim was found.
f. The man whose hause is blue works for PT. EXXON MOBILE.
g. This is the girl whom the car belong to will be sold.
h. This was the month when I was born.
i. Students who are intelligent understand adjectives.
j. I love sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
k. Students whom I admire want to become English teachers.
l. My English teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the students.
 My English book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a door st

(aUSUAL: I like the people who live next to me. In everyday informal usage, often
LESS USUAL: I like the people that live next to me. one adjective clause pattern is used
more commonly than another. In (a):
As subject pronoun, who is more
common than that.
(b) USUAL: I like books that have good plots. In (b): As a subject pronoun, that is
LESS USUAL: I like books which have good plots. more common than which.
(c) USUAL: I like the people I met last night. In (c) and (d): Object pronouns are
(d) USUAL: I like the book I read last night. commonly omitted, especially in
speaking.

D. USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

 1. Using Whose

Whose is used to show possession. It carries

I know the man the same meaning as other possessive
His bicycle was stolen. pronouns used as adjectives: his, her, its, and
↓ their. Like his, her, its, and their, whose is
(a) I know the man whose bicycle was stoles connected to a noun:
His bicycle → whose bicycle
Her composition → whose composition
The student writes well
I read her composition Both whose and the noun it is connected to are
↓ placed at the beginning of the adjective clause.
(b) The student whose composition I read Whose cannot be omitted.
 writes well.
Mr. Catt has a painting. Whose usually modifies people, but it may
Its value is inestimable. also be used to modify things, as in (c).

(c) Mr, Chatt has a painting whose valueis

inestimable.

2. Using Where
The building is very old. Where is used in an adjective clause to
He lives there (in that building) modify a place (city, country, room, house,
etc.).
(a) The building where he lives is very old. If where is used, a preposition in NOT
(b) The building in which he lives is very old. included in the adjective clause, as in (a).
(c) The building which he lives in is very Ifwhere is not used, the preposition must be
old. included, as in (b).
(d) The building that he lives in is very old.
(e) The building he lives in is very old.

3. Using When
I’ll never forget the day. When is used in an adjective clause to
I met you then (on that day). modify a noun of time (year, day, time,
century, etc.).
(a) I’ll never forget the day when The use of a preposition in an adjective
I met you. clause that modifies a noun of time is
(b) I’ll never forget the day on which somewhat different from yhat in order
I met you. adjective clauses: a preposition is used
(c) I’ll never forget the day that preceding which, as in (b). Otherwise, the
I met you. preposition is omitted.
(d) I’ll never forget the day I met you.
 4. Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns
(a) There is someone (whom) I want you to Adjective clauses can modify indefinite
meet. pronouns (e.g., someone,
(b) Everything he said was pure nonsense. everything,everybody). Object pronouns
(c) Anybody who wants to come is welcome. (e.g., who(m),that, which) are usually omitted
in the adjective clause.
(d) Paula was the only one I knew at the party. Adjective clauses can modify the
(e) Scholarship are available for those who one(s) andthose.
need financial assitance.
(f) INCORRECT: I who am student at this Adjective clauses are almost never used to
school come from a country in Asia. modify personal pronouns. Native speakers
(g) It is I who am responsible. would not write the sentence in (f). (g) is
(h) He who laughs last laughs best. possible, but very formal and uncommon. (h)
si awell-known saying in which he is used as
an indefinite pronoun (meaning “anyone,”
“any person”.[5]

5. Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / relative clause Using adjective clause / relative clause

I will introduce you to a friend who runs a

I will introduce you to a friend. He runs a successful business.
successful business. I will introduce you to a friend that runs a
successful business.

The book is about religion. It has raised The book which has raised controversy is
controversy. about religion.
The book that has raised controversy is about
religion.

• "Who", "which" or "that" is the subject of the adjective clause.

• "Who" is used to change the form of the subject.
• "Which" is used to change the subject in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the subject and the object, and is more commonly used
than "which". However, "that" can only be used in defining relative clause only. (Read
MenggunakanAdjectiveClause Combining Sentences (Relative Clause).

6. Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"

Without adjective clause / relative clause Using adjective clause / relative clause

I will introduce you to a friend (who(m)) you

I will introduce you to a friend. You have have never met before.
never met him before. I will introduce you to a friend (that) you have
never met before.

The book (which) I bought in Gramedia

The book is about religion. I bought it in bookstore last week is about religion.
Gramedia bookstore last week. The book (that) I bought in Gramedia
bookstore last week is about religion.

The song to which I am listening was very

popular in 1990's.
The song was very popular in 1990's. I am The song (which) I am listening to was very
listening to it. popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was very
popular in 1990's.
 • "Whom" is used to change the form of the object, commonly used in formal English. For an
informal and conversational English, "who" is used more often replace "Whom".
• "Which" is used to replace an object in the form of objects.
• "That" is used to change the form of the object or objects, and is more commonly used than
"which". However, "that" can only be used in defining relative clause only. (Read Combining
Sentences Using Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).
• In conversational English (oral), "who", "which" or "that" is often omitted.
D. POSITION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
The normal position of an adjective clause is immeditelyafter the noun or pronoun to which it
refers. However, sometimes a prepositional a participal phrase may intervene-He greetedall his old
friends from Paris, who were delighted to see him again. Where such a phrase intervenes, the
antecedent of the adjective clause may be ambiguous. For example, in the sentence The Dean wrote
to the parents of the students who had helped with the annual carnival, it is not clear whether the
antecedent of who is the parents or the students.
Occasionally an adjective clause referring to the subject comes after the verb, especially when
the antecedent is a pronoun-Everyone came who could afford the price of the ticket. Such a
construction may have a literary or even an archaic flavor:
All’s well that ends well (Shakespeare)
He prayeth best who loveth best (Coleridge).
E. Relative clauses
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where,
when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some
examples:

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra
information about it. Here are some examples:

 My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
 The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in
my garden.
 Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
  The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the
classroom.
 My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to
London.
 In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences
above, mustbe separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-
defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first
man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to
stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is
omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun
that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

 Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?

 Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
 I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
 I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
 Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if
it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following
sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In
such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

 Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?

  The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
 She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
 Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.
 Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclucion
Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and Predicate of its own, and does
the work of an adjective.Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain
grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective
clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots
indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reduction in
these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all
cases.
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, that, which, whose, where,
when
Conjunction between one another clause in the adjective clause are:
1. Who
Its function is to replace the subject (Person)
Example: - This works very diligently Manager who is my brother
`- This Man who lives next to me is very friendly
 2. Whom
Its function is to describe the object (person)
Example: - This Man Whom I met is very friendly
- The Lady Whom I met the party last night is our secretary
3. Whose
Functions adalahberhubungan ownership
Example: - The Man Whose car stolen called the police
- The secretary Whose bag is red entered the seminar room
4. Which
Its function is used for objects, either in subject or object position.
Example: - The laser printer roomates I saw at the exibilition last night is very expensive. - The
computer executes the roomates the program is very expensive very fast.

B. Suggestion
As English University student, we have to always concern and develop our knowledge about
English, especially in Adjective Clause.
 BILBLIOGRAPHY

Betty Schramptfer Azar, English Grammar Third Edition, International Edition, (United States of
America: Longman, 1999), p.270-278
Wren and Martin, High School English Grammer and Composition, (Malaysia: Crescent Press,
1989).