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Types of Formwork

1. Formwork is used as a mold for pouring concrete to harden and comes in various materials like timber, plywood, steel, or fiberglass. 2. Timber is most common but can warp, while steel is strong, durable and reusable but more expensive. 3. Proper formwork is rigid, leak-proof, allows stripping without damage, is economical and durable, and provides desired concrete finish.

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204 views

Types of Formwork

1. Formwork is used as a mold for pouring concrete to harden and comes in various materials like timber, plywood, steel, or fiberglass. 2. Timber is most common but can warp, while steel is strong, durable and reusable but more expensive. 3. Proper formwork is rigid, leak-proof, allows stripping without damage, is economical and durable, and provides desired concrete finish.

Uploaded by

Anonymous LiddTaTaZT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF FORMWORK

(SHUTTERING) FOR CONCRETE


CONSTRUCTION
Home/ Building Technology and Construction Guide / Formwork/Shuttering / TYPES OF
FORMWORK (SHUTTERING) FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

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Formwork in concrete construction is used as a mould for a
structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden
subsequently. Types of formwork for concrete construction depends
on formwork material and type of structural element.

Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member


constructionsuch as slab formwork for use in slab, beam formwork,
column formwork for use in beams and columns respectively etc.
The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure
upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of
these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure. The
operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped
formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms
and non-usable are called stationary forms.

Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The


disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and
shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of
wood mitigates these defects.

A good formwork should satisfy the following


requirements:
1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live
loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced
both horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.

3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement


grout.

4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in


desired sequences without damage to the concrete.

5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and


should be suitable for reuse.

6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels
should have plane surface.

7. It should be as light as possible.

8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when
exposed to the elements.

9. It should rest on firm base.

Economy in Formwork
The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the
cost of formwork:

1. The plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations


in the size of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit reuse of the
formwork repeatedly.

2. Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most


economical way.

3. Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to


enable reuse of the material a number of times. The quantity of
surface finish depends on the quality of the formwork.

Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast


concrete or fiberglass used separately or in combination. Steel
forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use of the
same forms are necessary. For small works, timber formwork
proves useful. Fibre glass made of precast concrete and aluminium
are used in cast-in-situ construction such as slabs or members
involving curved surfaces.
Types of Formwork (Shuttering) for Concrete
Construction:
Timber Formwork:
Timber for formwork should satisfy the following requirement:

It should be

1. well seasoned

2. light in weight

3. easily workable with nails without splitting

4. free from loose knots

Timber used for shuttering for exposed concrete work should have
smooth and even surface on all faces which come in contact with
concrete.

Normal sizes of members for timber formwork:

Sheeting for slabs, beam, column side and beam


25 mm to 40mm thick
bottom

Joints, ledges 50 x 70 mm to 50 x 150 m

75 x 100mm to 100 x 100


Posts
mm

Plywood Formwork
Resin bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to
make up panels of required sizes. The cost of plywood formwork
compares favourably with that of timber shuttering and it may even
prove cheaper in certain cases in view of the following
considerations:

1. It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on cost in surface


finishing is there.

2. By use of large size panels it is possible to effect saving in the labour


cost of fixing and dismantling.
3. Number of reuses are more as compared with timber shuttering. For
estimation purpose, number of reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

Steel Formwork
This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened
along the edges by small steel angles. The panel units can be held
together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and nuts. The
panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular
shape or size. Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in
situation where large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.
This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or
curved structures.

Steel forms compared with timber formwork:


1. Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber
formwork and their reuses are more in number.

2. Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and
speed.

3. The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good


and such surfaces need no further treatment.

4. Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.

5. Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

Construction of Concrete formwork:


This normally involves the following operations:

1. Propping and centring

2. Shuttering

3. Provision of camber

4. Cleaning and surface treatment

Order and method of removing formwork:


The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as
follows:
1. Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and column
sides should be removed first as they bear no load but only retain the
concrete.

2. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

3. Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded


shuttering should be removed in the end.

Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions


allow early removal of formwork. The formwork should under no
circumstances be allowed to be removed until all the concrete
reaches strength of atleast twice the stresses to which the concrete
may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All
formworks should be eased gradually and carefully in order to
prevent the load being suddenly transferred to concrete.

Figure 1 to 6 shows formwork for different types of members in civil


engineering construction.

Figure 1(a): Details of timber formwork for RCC beam and slab floor
Figure 1(b): Details at section (A) shown in above figure

Figure 2(a): Elevation


Figure 2(b): Details of timber formwork for circular RCC column

Figure 3(a): 150 3D View


Figure 3(b): Details of timber formwork for square or rectangular
RCC column

Figure 4: Sectional plan showing details of timber formwork for an


octagonal column
Figure 5: Details of formwork for stair
Figure 6: Timber formwork for RCC wall

Table: Period of removal of formwork


S. No. Description of structural member Period of time
1 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams 1 to 2 days
2 Slabs (props left under) 3 days
3 Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days
4 Removal of props to slabs
(a) For slabs spanning upto 4.5 m 7 days
(b) For slabs spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5 Removal of props to beams and arches
(a) Spanning upto 6 m 14 days
(b) spanning over 6 m 21 days
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