Assignment

November 30, 2019

1) Consider an electron of a linear triatomic molecule formed by three

equidistant atoms (A − B − C). |φA i , |φB i , |φC i denotes three orthonor-
mal energy states of electron corresponding to Hamiltonian H0 with same
eigen value E0 . The coupling between nuclei are described by W , an ad-
ditional contribution to the Hamiltonian defined by W |φA i = −a |φB i,
W |φB i = −a |φA i − a |φC i, W |φC i = −a |φB i. First order energy correction
for the Hamiltonian H0 with inclusion of W is [Georgetown university-2018]

2) A charged particle in a harmonic oscillator potential is placed into a

uniform electric field. The energy of the 1st excited state is (choose answer
from list) [New-Mexico-State Uty-2017]
a) proportional to the electric field
b) quadratic in the electric field
c) some of the energy eigenvalues depend linearly on the electric field, and
some quadratically
d) independent of the electric field

3) The crystal structure of solid lithium is BCC with conventional cubic

cell lattice constant a0 = 3.5Å. The Debye temperature θD = 340 K. make a
rough estimate for speed of sound in solid lithium. [Georgetown-2012]

4) Consider a hypothetical(Fermi system )with N particles in volume V

and density of states D(E) = αV ; E ≥ 0 and zero otherwise, where α

1
is a constant. Fermi energy at 0K of this system is?

5) Consider a 2-D crystal lattice contianing two species of atoms A and

B. Species A has one valence electron while B has two valence electrons (See
figure 1).Is this an electrical conductor or insulator? [Georgetown-2006]

Figure 1: Figure for problem 5

6) Consider a 2-D semi-conductor with a direct band-gap ∆ at the Brillouin

zone center and a PARABOLIC valence and conduction band of effective
masses mv and mc respectively. Density of states(per unit area) Vs. energy
is given correctly in figure (a), (b) or (c)? (See figure 2. Dispersion diagram
also provided) [Georgetown-2005]

7) The figure below (refer figure 3) shows a sketch of electrical resistivity

of a solid as a function of temperature. Is this a metal, insulator or semicon-
ductor? Calculate the mean free path at T = 0K. Some useful information
n = 1028 m−3 , vF = 108 cm/s, me = 1.7 × 10−27 Kg , [Georgetown-2005]

8) From first order perturbation theory, show that if the proton in hy-
drogen atom is regarded as a thin spherical shell of charge with radius b, the
E1 4b2
fractional change in energy of the ground state i.e n=1
0
= − . Where a0
En=1 3a20

2
 Figure 2: Figure for problem 6

Figure 3: Figure for problem 7. Y -axis in units of 10−7 Ω cm.

2r
Rb r2 − a b2
is the Bohr radius and make use of the integral 0 (r − 2 )e 0 dr =
b 6

9) There is a deck of 12 cards numbered 1 through 12. You draw a card

3
from the deck, look at it and then put it back in the deck. You draw a total
of two cards in this way. Find the probability (a) that sum of two cards is
18. (b) Repeat the previous problem with a change that you don’t put the
first card back to the deck.

10) A bag contains 7 red and 3 blue marbles. You draw three marbles
from this bag without replacement. Let X be the number of blue marbles
you get. Compute the mean, variance and standard deviation of X.[Utah-
Uty]
p2 p2y 1
11) 2-D SHO Hamiltonian H0 = x + + mω 2 (x2 + y 2 ) is perturbed
2m 2m 2
by Hp = γ(x + y)4 . First order perturbation correction to the ground state
R∞ 2 3√
energy is? Use −∞ x4 e−x dx = π. Hint: A smart choice of co-ordinates
4
will simplify the problem. [UC-Irvine]

1
12) Consider a one-electron atom, with L = 1 and S = with a spin-
2
orbit Hamiltonian H = AL. ~ S.
~ What is the degree degeneracy still left after
application of spin-orbit coupling? [RPI-Aug-2015]

13) The partition function of a 1-D harmonic oscillator having equis-

paced energy levels with energy spacing KB T and zero ground state energy
is? [UGC-CHEM-DEC-2016]
1 e 1
(a) e (b) (c) (d)
e−1 e−1 e+1

14) A particle moves in a 1-D box with a potential hump as shown in

figure 4. Treating the hump as a perturbation, calculate ground state energy
up to first order. [RPI-Jan-2014]
n
15) A particle is scattered by potential V (r) = V0 ; r < R & V (r) =
o
0 ; r > R . Assuming bombarding energy is sufficiently high, calculate the
D.S.C in first Born approximation. [RPI-Aug-2012]

4
 Figure 4: Figure for problem 14

A
16) Evaluate D.S.C for repulsive potential V (r) = [RPI-Aug-08]
r2

17) For the 2p state of hydrogen atom, considering the perturbation

Hp = aL2 , where a is a constant and L is the angular momentum opera-
tor, find the first order perturbation energy correction [NET]
a~2
(a) a~2 (b) 2a~2 (c) zero (d)
2

18) A particle of mass m is moving in a 1-D potential ranging from x = 0

 2πx 
to x = a. V (x) = V0 cos for 0 ≤ x ≤ a. . When V0 = 0 the wavefunc-
a
eikx
tions are simply plane waves ψ(x) = √ and the wave function satisfy the
a
condition ψ(x = 0) = −ψ(x = a). Now consider a non-zero but very small
V0 . Calculate the energy shift to the ground-state to the first order in V0 .
[Brown-Uty-Jan-2016]

~ S
19) What are the possible eigen values of the operator L. ~ for an electron

5
 e2 ~ ~
in a d-orbital. If the spin-orbit interaction Hamiltonian is Hso = L.S,
2m2e c2 r3
the splitting in energy for 3d level is? [Brown-Sep-2016]

20) Consider a three level system given by Hamiltonian

     
H = E1 |1i h1|+|2i h2| +E3 |3i h3|+α |1i h2|+|2i h1| +β |2i h3|+|3i h2|
(1)
Considering the off-diagonal terms as perturbation calculate the first order
energy correction to E1 and E2 [North-Carolina-2005]

21) Use variational principle to estimate the ground-state energy of a

particle in the potential
V = ∞ for x < 0 and V = cx for x > 0 (2)
taking xe−αx as the trial wavefunction [North-Carolina-2005]

22) Consider a particle of mass m moving in a 2-D cylindrical well V (r) =

0; if r < R and V (r) = ∞ if r > R. Use trial wavefunction φ(r) = N (R2 −r2 )
to estimate the ground state energy through variational method [North-
Carolina-2001]

23) A light ray passes (from free space) through an infinite stack of thin
transparent plates. The refractive index of these plates increases slightly by
a constant factor from one plate to the next. The ray enters the first plate
making an angle θ0 with the surface normal. The rays angle to the normal
changes at each new interface. At the ith interface between plates the ray
makes an angle θi to the normal. Find the limiting value θ∞ when the ray
has traversed an infinite number of plates. [Oxford-PAT-2018]
(a) θ∞ = θ0 (b) θ∞ = 0 (c) θ∞ = 180o (d) θ∞ = −θ0

24) What is the probability that a four digit number greater than 5000
may be formed using some digits 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 without repetition?

6
 2 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 4

25) An unbiased coin is tossed 3 times. Each toss results in a head or

tail. What is the probability that if any one of the toss results is known to
be a tail, that all of the tosses resulted in tails ? [Oxford PAT-2015]

26) A radioactive sample contains two different isotopes, A and B. A has

a half-life of 3 days, B has a half-life of 6 days. Initially in the sample there
are twice number atoms of A as that of B. At what time will the ratio of the
number of atoms of A to B be reversed? [PAT-2013]
(a) 3 days (b) 6 days (c) 12 days (d)ratio will never be reversed

27) Consider two dice one contains the numbers 1-6, the other contains
only 1,2,3 each shown twice (i.e. 1,2,3,1,2,3). What is the probability that
when we roll the two dice we will obtain a score of 7? [PAT-2012]

28) The 238 U isotope has a half-life T238 = 4.5 × 109 years and the 235 U
has T235 = 7.0 × 108 years. N238 (t) is the number of 238 U nuclei at time t
and N235 (t) is the corresponding number for 235 U . The relative abundance
N235 (t)
r(t) = . At present, r = 0.0072. Estimate the relative abundance of
N238 (t)
these two isotopes 109 years ago. You might use the following approxima-
tions: ex ≈ 1 + x for small x, e ≈ 2.7 and ln2≈ 0.7 [PAT-2012]

29) In a game of dice, a player initially throws a single die, and receives
the number of points shown. If the die shows a 6, the player then throws the
die again and adds the number shown to his/her score. The player does not
throw the die more than twice. Calculate the probability that the player will
gain an even number of points. [PAT-2010]

30) A rock sample contains two radioactive elements A and B, with half

7
lives of 8000 and 16000 years respectively. If the relative proportion of A:B is
initially 1:1, what is their relative proportion after 16000 years? [PAT-2010]
(a) 2:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 3:1 (d) 1:3

31) A die is biased so that the numbers 5 and 6 are obtained three times
as often as 2, 3 and 4, and the number 1 is never obtained. Calculate the
probability that two consecutive throws give a total ≥10. [PAT-2008]

32) Aluminium metal has a face centred cubic (fcc) structure. The con-
ventional cubic unit cell has side lengths of 0.4 nm. If each aluminium atom
contributes just one conduction electron, estimate the mobility of conduction
electrons if the resistivity is 20 × 10−9 Ωm [Southampton-2014]

33) A stationary 200 Pb nucleus emits an alpha-particle with kinetic energy

Tα = 5.77 MeV. Find the recoil energy of the daughter nucleus. [Southamp-
ton 2013-14]

34) In the mixture of isotopes normally found on Earth,92 U 238 has an

abundance of 99.3% 92 U 235 has an abundance of 0.7%. The measured life-
times of these isotopes are 6.52×109 Yrs and 1.02×109 Yrs respectively. As-
suming these isotopes were equally abundant when earth was formed, esti-
mate the age of earth

35) The number of calls coming per minute into a hotels reservation cen-
tre is Poisson random variable with mean 5. What is the probability that no
calls come in a given 1 minute period? Assume that the number of calls ar-
riving in two different minutes is independent. What will be the probability
that at least two calls will arrive in a given two minute period? [NPTEL]
(a) e−2 , 0.9995 (b) e−5 , 0.9995 (c) e−5 , 0.9922 (d) e−2 , 0.9922

36) team of football players are given a drug test. Based on this test,
98% of the players taking drugs test positive, and 12% of players not taking

8
drugs also test positive.We know that 5% of the players take drugs. What is
the probability that a soccer player who tests positive takes drugs?

37) While watching a game of Champions League football in a cafe

at Manchester, you observe someone who is clearly supporting Manchester
United in the game. What is the probability that that person was actually
born within 25 miles of Manchester ? Assume that:
• the probability that a randomly selected person in a typical local bar
1
environment is born within 25 miles of Manchester is ,
20
• the chance that a person born within 25 miles of Manchester actually
7
supports United is
10
• the probability that a person not born within 25 miles of Manchester
1
supports United with probability
10
38) I toss a coin repeatedly. The coin is unfair and P (H) = p. The
game ends the first time that two consecutive Heads (HH) or two consecu-
tive tails (TT) are observed. I win if HH is observed and lose if two tails TT
are observed. For example if the outcome is HTHTT I lose. On the other
hand, if the output is THTHTHH I win. Find the probability that I win.
p2 (2 − p)
Ans:
1 − p + p2

We need combinations like HH, THH, HTHH, THTHH, HTHTHH, THTHTHH

etc. Let P (T ) = q = 1 − p. Required probability

P (win) = p2 + qp2 + qp3 + q 2 p3 + q 2 p4 + = .... (3)

Rearranging above equation

h i h i
P (win) = p2 + qp3 + q 2 p4 + ... + qp2 + q 2 p3 + q 3 p4 (4)

h i h i
P (win) = p2 1 + qp + (qp)2 + ... + qp2 1 + qp + (qp)2 + ... (5)

9
 Using Binomial theorem

1 1 p2 (1 + q)
P (win) = p2 + qp2 = (6)
1 − qp 1 − qp 1 − qp
p2 (2 − p)
Put q = 1 − p, 1 − qp = 1 − p(1 − p) = 1 − p + p2 . Then
1 − p + p2

39) 4 friends (Alex, Blake, Chris and Dusty) each choose a random num-
ber between 1 and 5. What is the chance that any of them chose the
same number (More than two same numbers also possible)?
P(Any of them choose same no.)=1−P(None choose same no.)
5! 24
P (N one choose same N o.) = 4
= (7)
5 125
Here 5! is distinct permutations of 4 numbers among total 5 taken at
5!
a time ( ). Total number of all possible outcome, among 5 numbers
(5 − 4)!
24 101
taken 4 (repetitions possible) is 54 . Thus Req. prob.=1 − =
125 125

40) Due to an Internet configuration error,packets sent from city A to

3
city B are routed through city C with probability . Given that a packet is
4
1
routed through C, suppose that it has a conditional probability of being
3
dropped. Given that a packet is not routed through C, suppose it has condi-
1
tional probability of of being dropped. Find the probability that a packet
4
is routed through C given that it isnt dropped

Px2 Py2 1
41) Consider a 2-D SHO with H = + + m(x2 + y 2 ), with a
2m 2m 2
perturbation H 0 = λxy. First order energy correction to the lowest excited
state is ? [Rutgers-2010]

10
 1
42) A particle A with spin decays at rest into two particles B and C,
2
1
where B has spin and C has spin 1. What are the possible values of orbital
2
angular momentum for the final state? [Rutgers-2009-Aug]

43) Consider a hydrogen-like (or, hydrogenic) ion U91+ of uranium in

which all but one of the electrons have been stripped. Determine the lowest
energy (in eV) of a photon that can be absorbed by this ion. (The electron
in 1s level ) [Wayne-State-Uty-May-2017]

44) A dishonest gambler has a box containing 10 dice which all look the
same. However there are actually three types of dice. There are 6 dice of
6 1 6
type A which are fair dice with P ( ) = (where P ( ) is the probability of
A 6 A
getting a 6 in a throw of a type A die). There are 2 dice of type B which are
6
biassed with P ( ) = 0.8. There are 2 dice of type C which are biassed with
B
6
P ( ) = 0.04. The gambler takes a die from the box at random and rolls it.
C
Find the conditional probability that it is of type B given that it gives a 6?
Ans:0.597

45) Consider a hydrogen atom

h electron in state i
Ψ = N 2φ211 + 2φ210 + φ31−1 ,
What is the expectation of H, L2 and LZ ? [Washington]

46) A symmetric top molecule has moment of inertia Ix = Iy and Iz . The

1  2  1 2
system is described by Hamiltonian H = Lx + L2y + L . The energy
2Ix 2Iz z
eigen values in terms of angular momentum quantum number l and ml are?
[Washington]

47) The activity (decays per second), R, of a radioactive sample decreases

11
 R
to in time T . What is the Half-life of the sample? [Florida-2012]
32

48) Quarks carry spin 1/2. Three quarks bind together to form a baryon.
Assume the quarks are in the ground state (so the orbital angular momentum
is zero). What spins are possible for baryons. [Florida-13]

49) Two identical spinless particles in a 1-D SHO potential 12 mω 2 x2 . The

mutual interaction between them is given by
2 2
Vint = V0 e−β (x1 −x2 )
Find the ground-state energy of two particle system including the first order
correction by treating Vint as a small perturbation. [Florida-13]
Hint: Take β << 1 and think about Taylor expansion.

50) A particle of mass m is confined to a ring of radius R. A perturbation

term 
V1 −α < φ < 0

Hp = V2 0 < φ < α (8)

0 otherwise


is added to the system, where α is a constant angle. Calculate the first order
correction to ground and first excited state energies. [Florida-14]

51) 228 Th has a mass of 228.028750 u and it decays to the excited state
of 224 Ra of which ground state has mass 224.020218 u. Accompanying al-
pha particles have kinetic energy 5.338 MeV. Ra in excited state decays to
ground state with a gamma photon emission. Calculate the kinetic energy
of the photon.[Florida-2002]

52) Consider an infinte cubic well

(
0 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a
H0 = (9)
∞ elsewhere

12
  a  3a   a
If we now include a perturbation HP = V0 a3 δ x − δ y− δ z− .
4 4 4
Find first order correction to the ground state energy [Florida-2004]

53) Consider a spin 1/2 electron at rest in a uniform magnetic field

B~ = Bz k̂. Then the Hamiltonian is given by H0 = e Bz Sz . Now turn
m
e
on a perturbation H1 = Bx Sx . Find the variational upper bound of the
m
ground state energy of the perturbed system using the trial wavefunction
ψ = (cos 
φ)ψ1 + (sin φ)ψ
2 , where
 φ is the adjustable parameter along with
1 0
ψ1 = and ψ2 =
0 1
. [Kent-Spring-2013]

54) A i-D system is comprised of a harmonic potential which is subjected

1
to perturbation thus Vtot = mω 2 x2 + cp̂, where c is a constant. The second
2
order energy correction to the state |ni is?[Kent-Spring-10]

55) The wavefunction of ”positronium” atom is given by superposition of

1
energy eigenfunction (ψnlm ) i.e Ψ = √ (2ψ100 − 3ψ200 + ψ322 ). What is the
14
expectation value of energy? [Kent-Uty-Spring-2004]

56) If a stick of unit length is broken in two at random, what is the

average ratio of smaller length to the larger one?
1 R1
Let x is the larger piece length. ≤ x ≤ 1. 1 f (x)dx = 1, where f (x) is
2 2
the probability
R1 density. This probability density should be equal for all x.
Hence f 1 dx = 1 ⇒ f = 2. Average value of ratio between smaller length
2
R1 1−x
1 − x to larger length x is 2 1 dx = 2 ln 2 − 1
2 x
57) A shooter has 75% chance to score. Find the prob. that he gets his
third success on hisfifth attempt?
4 3 2  1 2 3
Req, Prob.= C2 ×
4 4 4

13
 58) There are 3 red balls, 4 green balls and 3 blue balls.You choose 2
balls.The probability that they are of the same colour is? [IITH-Maths-
GATE]
1 7 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 30 4 15

59) Given Set A = [2,3,4,5] and Set B =[11,12,13,14,15], two numbers are
randomly selected,one from each set. What is probability that the sum of
the two numbers equals 16? [Maths-GATE]
(a) 0.20 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.35

60) The probability of getting a head in a single toss of a biased coin is

0.3. The coin is tossed repeatedly till a head is obtained. If the tosses are
independent, then the probability of getting head for the first time in the
fifth toss is........ [GATE-maths]

61) Calculate the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength in second and third Bohr
orbits of Hydrogen atom [DU]

62) Consider an electronic transition between hydrogen atom levels, where

produced photon has a parity of πγ = +1. Among the following transtions
(I) s → s (II) s → p (III) p → p, for which all can such a transtion occur?
Ans:C
(a) I only (b) II only (c) I and III only (d) For all I,II and III

Answer:- From conservation of parity, let initial state has angular moem-
ntum li and final state lf , then parity fro these are given by (−1)li and (−1)lf
rept. Also let photon has parity πγ . Then by conservation of parity (−1)li =
(−1)lf πγ . Here in question given πγ = +1. Thus transtion can occur between
either even to even parity states or between odd parity states. A transition
cannot occur between even and odd parity states. Hence among given three
transtions, I abd III can occur, but II cannot. For more information visit
http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~dommelen/quantum/style_a/consem.html

14
 63) An electron is in |nlmi = |300i state and it dcays to the ground state
by a sequence of electric dipole transitions. Among the following which are
the allowed decay routes
(a) |300i → |100i
(b) |300i → |200i → |100i
(c) |300i → |210i → |100i
(d) |300i → |211i → |100i
(e) |300i → |21 − 1i → |100i

64) Consider a 1-D infinite well between x = 0 to L with an electron

trapped in the ground state (n = 1). Check wether ni = 1 → nf = 3 electric
dipole transition is allowed or not? See figure 5

Figure 5: Dipole transtion in 1-D box. For question 64

Transtions between states with ntot = ni + nf even are prohibited. For

8eL  ni nf 
ntot an odd number this moment is given by 2
π (n2f − n2i )2

15
 r r
1 2
65) A hydrogen atom sample is in state ψ = φ100 + φ211 . Photons
3 3
of energy 12 eV are incident on this collection. Find the number of atoms
which can be ionized if there are 6 × 1023 atoms in this sample.
(a) 2 × 1023 (b) 4 × 1023 (c) 6 × 1023 (d) 0.5 × 1023 .

12 eV is not enough to ionize electrons from ground state. But from first
excited state (n = 2) havine energy −3.4 eV, they can be ionized. There will
2
be approximately × 6 × 1023 = 4 × 1023 atoms in n = 2 state.
3

66) A hydrogen atom in ground state is subjected to V = Axyz pertur-

bation. Calculate the first order energy correction

67) Consider the Hamiltonian H = AJz + BJy , where B < A. Determine

the eigenvalues of H up to O(B 2 ) [Rochester-Undergrad workshop]

For unperturbed part H0 ψ = AJz |jmi = m~A |jmi. First order cor-
J+ − J−
rection E (1) = hjm| BJy |jmi = B hjm| |jmi = 0. Second order
2i
correction is
 0 0 B
 2  2
 0 0
hj m | (J − J ) |jmi hj m | (J − J ) |jmi
 
+ − 2 −
(2)
X 
2i
 B X  + 
Em = =
m0 6=m
Am~ − Am0 ~ 4A~ m0 6=m m − m0
(10)
The above equation becomes
"  0 0 p 2  2 #
 0 0 p
B 2  hj m | j(j + 1) − m(m + 1)~ |jm + 1i   hj m | j(j + 1) − m(m − 1)~ |jm − 1i 
 
+
4A~ m − m0 m − m0
(11)

" #
B2~     B2~ B2~
j(j + 1) − m(m − 1) − j(j + 1) − m(m + 1) = 2m = m
4A 4A 2A
(12)

16
 1
68) Consider a system with ji = with Hamitonian H = A(J1 .J2 )(J3 .J4 ).
2
The lowest energy eigen value of this system is [Rochester-Undergrad-Workshop-
Pg59]
Energy is given by
" #
A~4   
j12 (j12 +1)−j1 (j1 +1)−j2 (j2 +1) j34 (j34 +1)−j3 (j3 +1)j4 (j4 +1)
4
(13)
3A~4
Put j12 = 0, j34 = 1, the lowest energy is −
16

69) A particle in a potential has the wavefunction of the form Ψ(r, θ, φ) =

f (n, r)Ylm (θ, φ). The operator Az, where A is a constant of appropriate di-
mension, effectively transitions the particle to another state from ground
1
state f (1, r)Y00 = f (1, r) √ . Then the smallest possible measurements of
4π
L2 andLz in final state is? [Rochester-Workshop]
(a) 6~2 , ~ (b) ~2 , 0 (c) 2~2 , 0 (d) 2~2 , ~

17
 Answer:-69
Selection rule for transition is hΨ(n, l, m)| Az |Ψ(1, 0, 0)i =
6 0
Z Z
hΨ(n, l, m)| Ar cos θ |Ψ(1, 0, 0)i = A f (n, r)f (1, r)r dr Ylm Y00 cos θ sin θdθdφ
2
(14)

Integral with spherical harmonics is given by

Z πs Z 2π
(2l + 1) (l − m)! m
Z
1
m 0
Yl Y0 cos θ sin θdθdφ = Pl (cos θ)× √ ×cos θ sin θdθ e−imφ dφ
0 4π (l + m)! 4π 0
(15)
In the above integral φ dependent part becomes non zero for m = 0 only. Thus transtion will
only occur to levels with m = 0.
Option (b) corresponds to non integer l which is not possible. Now we are left
with only option (c) having m = 0. Thus Ans:C
The θ dependent integral becomes
Z π Z +1
0 1 1
Pl (cos θ) cos θ sin θ × √ dθ = Pl (x)x × √ dx (16)
0 4π −1 4π

Here Pl (cos θ) has a parity (−1)l , also cos θ sin θ is an odd parity function. Thus this integrand
between equal and opposite limits (θ = 0 → π) is non-zero only if Pl is an odd function i.e
(−1)l should be −1 or in other words l should be odd number. from state l = 0, m = 0
transitions to l = odd and m = 0 are possible. Minimum ∆l should be 1. Final
state should be l = 1, m = 0. Corresponding L2 , Lz = 2~2 , 0~. Ans:C

70) Consider a hydrogen like ion with charge Z. Calculate the energy
shift of the ground state caused by increasing the charge of the nucleus by 1
unit (Z −→ Z + 1). The ground state wavefunction for ion with charge Z is
s
Z 3 − Zr
e a0 [Kent-Fall-2004]
πa30
Ze2
Unperturbed potential V0 = − .
4π0 r
(Z + 1)e2
Total petential after perturbation V = −
4π0 r
e2
Perturbation Vp = V − V0 = −
4π0 r

18
 (1) R ∞ Z 3 − 2Zr e2 2 Ze2
First order energy shift is En=1 = − e a0
4πr dr = −
0
πa30 4π0 r 4π0 a0

71) A particle of mass m (is trapped in an infinte potential

0 0 ≤ x ≤ L, 0 ≤ y ≤ L
H0 =
∞ elsewhere
Find the wavelength of the absorbed photon when the particle is excited from
the ground state to the 2nd excited state. [Alabama-2015]

72) COnsider
  a system with only twostates as in Hamiltonian
−1 0 1 2
H = E0 perturbed by Hp =  . Find the first order eigen
0 2 2 3
value correction [Alabam-15]

73) Consider a system comprised of two angular momenta labeled A and

B, respectively. The total angular momentum quantum number of A is 1 and
3
the total angular momentum quantum number of B is . Suppose that the
2
system is in a state where the total angular momentum quantum number of
5 3
the system is and the azimuthal quantum number is . What is the proba-
2 2
bility that a measurement of the z-component of the B’s angular momentum
1
would yield the result ~? Note that the angular momentum raising and
2 p
lowering operators are given by J± |j, mi = ~ j(j + 1) − m(m ± 1) |jm ± 1i
[Alabama-14]
Answer:-
5 3 3 3 1
j = mj = ⇒ jA = 1 mj (A) = 1, 0, −1 &jB = mj (B) = ± , ±
2 2 2 2 2
|j mj i ⇒ |jA mj (Ai |jB mj (B)i
5 3 3 1 3 3  2
| i = c1 |1 1i | i + c2 |1 0i | i. We have to find c1 
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) (B)
J− = J− + J−
55 33
| i = |jA mj (A)i |jB mj (B)i = |1 1i | i
22 22
55 √ 53
j− | i = ~ 5 | i
22 22

19
 (A) 33 √ 33
j− |1 1i | i = ~ 2 |1 0i | i
22 22
(B) 33 √ 31
j− |1 1i | i = ~ 3 |1 1i | i
22 22
√ 53 √ 33 √ 31
~ 5 | i = ~ 2 |1 0i | i + ~ 3 |1 1i | i
2 2r 2r2 22
53 2 33 3 31
| i= |1 0i | i + |1 1i | i
22 5 22 5 22
1 3
Required probability for mj (B) = is
2 5

74) The energy and magnitude of total angular momentum are measured
for an electron in an orbital of hydrogen atom. total angular momentum has
a magnitude of 2.96~. Which all cannot be the possible energy?
(a) -13.6
p eV (b) -1.51 (c) -0.85 (d) None are possible
Ans: l(l + 1)~ = 2.96~ ⇒ l = 2.5 ≈ 3. This l can only come from
n = 4, 5.... Thus (a) and (b) with n = 1, 3 are not possible.

75) A particle of mass M is constrained to move in a circle of radius R.

Let the particle is in the ground state. With application of perturbation ALz
calculate the first order shift to wavefunction.

76) Cosnider two identical spin half particles interacting through the po-
g 
tential V (r) = 2 σ~1 .σ~2 − 3σ1z σ2z . What are the eigen values for this in
r
each spin singlet and triplet state [City-Uty-Newyork-2001]

77) Consider a particle of mass m in spherically symmetric potential

V (r) = kr, where k > 0. Use the trial wavefunction N e−αr to estimate the
ground state. [City-Uty-Aug-2002]

78) Consider
 the 1-D potential
 A B
− + 2 x>0
V (x) = x x .
0 x≤0

20
Use variational principle to estimate the ground state with trial function
ψtrial=Axe−αx with α as the variational parameter [City-Uty-NY-Jan-2009]
~2 α
Answer:- < T >=
2m
< V >= −Aα + 2Bα2
A ~2
α0 = −
4B 8Bm
~2 h A ~2 i hA ~2 i hA ~2 i2
E(α0 ) = − −A − + 2B −
2m 4B 8Bm 4B 8Bm 4B 8Bm

79) Consider the three dimensional problem in which Hamitonian is given

by H = H0 −cLz , where H0 is the hydrogen atom Hamitonian, Lz the z com-
ponent of angular momentum of electron in an orbital and c is a constant.
Find the eigenvalues of H. [City-Uty-NY-June-11]

80) The hydrogen atom 2s level is metastable with lifetime against decay
1
s, while 2p level has lifetime of the order of nano-second. Why there is a
7
large disparity in stability [Hint:Think about the selection rules] [City-Uty-
NY-Jan-12]
2p → 1s transition is allowed in electric dipole which is faster. But for
2s → 1s comparatively slower quadrapole transitions to be employed. Thus
2s becoming more stable. For example slection rules for electric quadrapole
transtion in hydrogen atom are ∆l = 0, ±2, ∆m = 0, ±1 ± 2. [Ref:https:
//farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/Quantum/node89.html]

P2 1
81) An electron moves in 3-D in a harmonic potential + mω 2 r2 ,
2m 2
along with a perturbation Hp = mgz where z is the vertical component of
the diplacement vector. The first order energy correction to the ground state
will be
Answer:- zero

82) Consider a 3-D anisotrpoic harmonic oscillator with potential

1
V (x, y, z) = m(ω12 x2 + ω22 y 2 + ω32 z 2 )
2

21
Calculate < r2 > for ground state.[City-Uty-Jan-14]
" #
~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1
< r2 >= + + = + +
2mω1 2mω2 2mω3 2m ω1 ω2 ω3

83) Suppose we have a harmonic oscillator state such that, when we mea-
~ω 3~ω
sure the total energy only two values and are obtained with relative
2 2
1 4
frequency and rept. Also a measurement of position gives and expecta-
5 5
tion value of zero. What is the wavefucntion? [Hint:take the wavefunction
as A |0i + Bα |1i and impose the stated condition. You can take A and B to
be real, butrα may ber complex. [City-Uty-NY-16-Jan]
1 4
Ans: ψ = |0i + i |1i
5 5

84)

22