KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BULANAO, TABUK CITY, KALINGA

GREEN BUILDINGS AND SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
IN THE
REQUIREMENTS IN CMPM

(Construction Method & Project Management)

BONGNAL B.,BAL-IYANG A, GREEN BUILDINGS AND SUSTAINABLE construction

SONGDAY V

SET A GROUP 10

NOVEMBER 21,2019 AR. JENIE L. ABAD, UAP

WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING
a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts,
and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment.

WHEN TO TELL WHEN THE BUILDING IS GREEN?

Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
Good indoor environmental air quality
Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment

The Goals of Green Building

to make the earth more sustainable.
help to sustain the environment without disrupting the natural habitats around it.
help to promote a better planet earth, and a better place for us all to live- not just us humans,
but also the plants and wildlife that take up their residence here on earth as well.

BENEFITS FROM GREEN BUILDING

Environmental Benefits:
Reduce wastage of water
Conserve natural resources
Improve air and water quality
Protect biodiversity and ecosystems

Economic Benefits:
Reduce operating costs
Improve occupant productivity
Create market for green product and services
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Social Benefits:
Improve quality of life
Minimize strain on local infrastructure
Improve occupant health and comfort

Top examples of Green Buildings across the Globe

1. Council House 2, Australia

The Council House 2 in Melbourne, Australia was the first to be awarded the Six Green Star
Rating. The features include gas-fired cogeneration plants that reduce carbon emissions, 85%
reduction in energy consumption by 48m2 of solar panel installation and lighting technology like
T5.

2. DPR Construction’s Phoenix Regional Office, Arizona

The project was awarded the Net Zero Energy Building certification and the LEED-NC Platinum
Certification. This was achieved by incorporating 87 windows that open and close depending on
the necessary indoor insulation and humidity, an 87 ft zinc clad solar chimney to draw in cool
air and push out warm air from the building, ISIS fans, 82 solatubes and ‘vampire’ shut off
switch to turn off the energy when no one is in the building!

3. Shanghai Tower, China

The second tallest building in the world, the Shanghai Tower is also Shell Platinum and LEED
Core certified. The construction of the tower was done from locally sourced materials, some of
which included recycled materials. The design of the building is 1200 curved to optimize wind
load. The double skin façade further allows additional insulation. All of this is topped with sky
gardens, vertical wind turbines, rainwater harvesting, black water treatment and more.

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4. The Edge, Netherlands
The Netherlands headquarters of Deloitte, The Edge achieved 98.36% in the Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) – the best ever in its time.
The building integrates 65,000 sq ft of solar panel installations, Ethernet powered LEDs,
rainwater harvesting, aquifer and occupancy monitoring.

5. Bullitt Center, Washington

This Seattle building was the first of its kind to receive Living Building Certification from
International Living Future Institute’s Living Building Challenge. It features 575 solar panels,
generating 60% of the energy requirement of the building, a 56,000 gallon cistern for rainwater
collection which is thereby treated and supplies for the building’s water needs. Also, the
building construction uses wood from sustainably harvested forests.

6. One Angle Square, UK

The highest rank in the BREEAM score, this office building uses rainwater harvesting and water
recycling along with solar building design.
7. Bahrain World Trade Center, Bahrain
The 240 m high structure incorporates 3 sky bridges, each fitted with 225kW wind turbines and
taking care of 15% of the power requirements.

8. Bank of America Tower, USA

This 366m and 55 storied building in Manhattan is the most environment-friendly office space
in the USA. The features include rainwater harvesting and use, recycled construction materials,
and floor to ceiling windows for greater insulation.

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9. The Change Initiative Building, UAE
This 4,000 sq m shopping complex integrates a lot of green technologies including heat
reflective wall paint, solar panels, and recycled materials for indoor construction.

10. The Crystal, UK

Home to the world’s most sustainable event venue, the 18,000 sq m complex is 90%
water self-sufficient, solar and thermal roof panels and a high performance ‘insulation
glazing’.

Green Buildings and Sustainable Construction

United States Green Building Council (USGB)

- is a nonprofit organization, founded by David Gottfried and Rick Fedrizzzi in 1993, whose
mission is to create a sustainable future through cost-efficient and energy-saving buildings.

In United States, building accounts for:

 36% of total energy use

 65% of electricity use
 30% of greenhouse-gas emissions
 30 percent of raw-materials use
 30 percent of waste output
 12 percent of portable-water use

In Europe, the environmental concern is fivefold:

 energy suppy
 security
 climate-change mitigation
 health and well-being of citizens
 economic growth and availability of financial resources

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

- is a 50-year old organization originally created to tackle economic and social challenges
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in Europe, for assistance in these goals.

The OECD list the following concerns and challenges:

 40% percent of Europe's total energy consumption comes from its 160 million buildings.
 3.3 million barrels of oil could be saved each day if buildings were more energy efficient.
 460 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be saved each year through more
effective energy measures.
 OECD countries are responsible for 30% to 40% solid waste generation
 OECD countries account dor 30 percent of raw-materials usage.

What is Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)?

The process for developing environmentally friendly design and construction involved in
creating a rating program that awards points of accomplishing certain specific goals. This was
developed by USGBC in 2008 via a consensus-based provess.

Categories of LEED

1. Sustainable sites

2. Water efficiency
3. Energy and atmosphere
4. Materials and resources
5. Indoor environmental quality

LEED certification is available for all building types, including:

 New construction and major renovation

 Existing construction
 Core and shell
 School
 Retail
 Health care
 Homes
 Neighborhood development

LEED Certifications

 Certified: 40-49 points

 Silver: 50-79 points
 Gold: 60-79 points
 Platinum: 80-110 points 5
Examples of LEED Certified Buildings

1. SOLDIER FIELD, CHICAGO IL

2. SALT LAKE CITY LIBRARY, SALT LAKE CITY, UT.

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3. KINGKEY 100 TOWER, SHENZHEN, CHINA

4. ONE BRYANT PARK, NEW YORK CITY, NY

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Section through a green roof

Advantages:

 Water is stored in substrate and returned to the atmosphere via evaporation.

 In summer, green roofs retain 90% of precipitation in winter, 25% to 40%.

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

-is a nongovernmental agency, established in 1993 to deal with the problem of global
deforestation. This also created the Forest Certification Resources Center, whose mission is to
assure consumers that the forest products they buy have come from operations that manage
forests to a determined set of environment, social, and economic standards.

The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) list 17 things

for a green residential building to consider:

1. Size the building appropriately. The average size of new homes in the University States
more than doubled over the second half of the twentieth century, from 1,100 sq. ft. in 1950
to 2,414 sq. ft. in 2004.
2. Orient the building to allow the sun to light the house during the day and warm it in the
winter. Uf the roof's eaves hang over, the sun's rays in the summer will be blocked, wich will
help keep the house cooler.
3. Buy locally, thereby saving on fuel and delivery costs and related emerssions.
4. Recycle construction waste and all recyclable packaging wastes.
5. Use dual-flush toilets. Forty percent of water used in the home goes right down the drain.
Dual flush toilets can save 6,000 gal per year for family of four.
6. Locate residences near public transportation or within walking distance to work or stores.
This can improve the quality of life. The Average U.S. American spends over 100 hours
annually continuing, and a little daily walking exercise cannot hurt.
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7. Save money with effective insulation: R-50 in the attic, R-30 in walls. Inefficient windows
and doors cost U.S. Americans $40 billion annually in higher utility cost.
8. Use energy-efficient lights. Compact florescent bulbs use 65 percent less energy and last
5000 hours. Several manufacturers are developing additional types of high-efficiency bulbs.
9. Choose appliances with the Energy Star symbol they use 10% to 50% less energy than ones
without that designation.
10. Consider the old-fashioned root cellar. It is gaining acceptance again, lowering the cost of
refrigeration.
11. Use solar panels whenever practical.
12. Install geothermal heatit and cooling where practical. It use about 50 percent less energy to
heat and 25% less to cool.
13. Use primer, paint, and caulking materials without volatile organic compounds.
14. Avoid PVC, wich produces toxic dioxins.
15. Buy FSC-certified lumber, wich means the wood was not taken from fragile ecosystem.
16. Buy green power (power generated from renewable sources such as wind, solar, etc.) if it is
offered in your state.
17. Buy used and salvaged materials whenever possible.

What are the Cost and Benefits of Green Building Construction?

USGB-Capital Analysis report included in Kat's report indicas that on average the green cost
premium for LEED certification at various levels for offices and schools are as follows:

 Certified (eight buildings included) - the avery cost premium was 0.66%
 Silver (18 buildings included) - the average cost premium was 2.11%
 Gold (six buildings included) - the average cost premium was 1.82%
 Platinum (one building included) - the average cost was 6.50%

The study also revealed the advantages of a LEED-certified building over a conventional one:

 An average of 25% to 30% better energy efficiency

 Even lower peak electricity consumption
 A greater likelihood of generating renewable energy on-site
 A greater likelihood of purchase grid power generated from renewable energy source

The higher the level of LEED certification, the more energy-efficient the building is when
compared to conventional building:

 Certified - 18% more efficient

 Silver - 30% more efficient
 Gold - 37% more efficient
 Platinum - 28% more efficient

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 LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE IN GREEN BUILDINGS

Green building was developed in the 1970s, during the energy crisis, when
people finally realised that they needed to save energy and alleviate environmental
problems.

The idea originated on the United States, as they were one of the largest contributors of
pollution in the world.

Due to the fact that Buildings account for a large amount of land, energy and water
consumption, and also contribute hugely to air pollution, green building aims to reduce
the environmental impact buildings have on the environment.

Practices and technologies used in green building are constantly improving. Many are
different from region to region, however there are fundamental principles that must be
followed.

Green Building Essentials

There are four main criteria that need to be considered in green building.

1. Materials.
2. Energy.
3. Water.
4. Health.

1. Materials

The materials used in Green Building projects need to be:

 From a natural, renewable source that has been managed and harvested in a
sustainable way.
 Obtained locally in order to reduce the embedded energy costs of transportation.
 Sourced from reclaimed materials at nearby sites.

Materials are graded using green specifications which look at their life cycle and analyse
them in terms of their embodied energy, durability, recycled content, waste
minimisation, and their ability to be reused or recycled.

Some examples of building materials that are considered ‘green’ include:

 Renewable plant materials such as straw.

 Timber from sustainably managed forests.
 Recycled stone
 Recycled metal.

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  Products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable eg. linoleum,
sheep wool, compressed earth blocks, rammed earth, clay, flax linen, cork, sand
stone, and concrete.

Building materials should be sourced and manufactured locally to the building site
where possible in order to minimise the energy used through transportation.

It is also desireable for building elements to be manufactured off-site, then delivered

when needed. The benefits of this include minimising waste and maximising recycling as
manufacturing is in a set location.

2. Energy

Energy consumption is a major issue, which green building principles aim to address.

Nearly all UK houses are extremely inefficient when it comes to heating and lighting
consumption.

One method of reducing heating and ventilation costs for a building is to incorporate
Passive Solar Design. This is when the suns energy is used for heating and cooling
various living spaces. These passive systems are extremely simple in design, having very
few moving parts and usually require no mechanical systems therefore they have a
minimal maintenance issue.

Common features of passive solar heating include windows that can be opened and
closed. Passive solar design incorporates the use of thermal mass also. This is when
materials such as masonry, concrete and water actually store heat for a period of time
this can prevent rapid fluctuations in temperature.

High levels of insulation and energy-efficient windows can help to conserve a lot of
energy from escaping through the buildings envelope.

In regards to lighting a building, natural daylight design reduces the need for electricity
in a building while improving the occupants health and productivity.

Green buildings also incorporate energy-efficient lighting, low energy appliances, and
renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels.

3. Water

Reducing water consumption in a ‘Green’ House is an important aspect in many of the

green building rating systems. It is therefore essential that water can be recycled around
the house. This can be achieved by installing greywater and rainwater harvesting
systems which will re-use water for tasks like watering plants or toilet flushing.
Incorporating water-efficient appliances in kitchens and bathrooms, such as low flow
showerheads, self-closing or spray taps, low-flush toilets, or waterless composting
toilets, will all aid in reducing the amount of water required for the day to day running
of the house.
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 4. Health

This aspect of Green Building refers to the health of the buildings occupants.

Using non-toxic materials in construction will help to improve indoor air quality, which
can reduce the rate of respiratory illnesses such as asthma. The materials and products
used in a green design need to be emission-free and have very little or no VOC (Volatile
organic compound) content. They also need to be moisture resistant in order to prevent
moulds, spores from growing inside the house.

Indoor air quality can be improved through ventilation systems and using materials in
the construction of the house that control humidity and allow a building to breathe.

A major factor which isnt included in the main four topics I have discussed above is what
happens after the construction of the building has been completed.

It wont matter how sustainable the design and construction stage of the project was if
the building is not maintained responsibly. This needs to be considered at the planning
stage of construction and the occupant must be briefed on the green building concept.
They should also be informed that in order to keep the ‘green’ status the building will
have, careful and considerate maintenance methods will need to be employed, with the
possibility of the need to upgrade aspects of the building to keep up to date with
changing regulations and standards.

It is also important that the occupier continues green practices such as recycling
throughout the life-cycle of the building.

A green building should provide cost savings to both the builder and occupant. It
should also benefit the community through the use of local labour.

STEPS A CM OR PM CAN TAKE TO REDUCE LIABILITY ISSUES

This green building movement,which only began to gather momentum in the first
decade of the twenty-first century,is still relatively unfamiliar to many construction
managers and project managers who have either no or limited experience working on a
green projects.

Owners also reading about the advantages of going green,may be expecting

more than is possible for the dollars they are likely to spend.

So we in the construction business need to tread carefully. There are some steps
that the CM or PM can take to reduce some of these uncertainties.

 Request a prebid LEED meeting where owners,architects,engineers,and builders

can discuss the proposed project and have the designers elaborate on the
unique aspects of green construction in general and those design features
in the project at hand. 12
  Advise the owner that these types of project may require additional time due to
to the innovation design and possibly a higher fee to compensate for the added
time spent with the design consultants or searching for the proper material or
equipment.
 Advise the owner that achieving a certain LEED certification level may not
guarantee the savings anticipated
 Negotiate a fair but carefully prepared contract that addresses
guarantees,timelines, and indemnities.Do not make promises unless you are sure
you can deliver them,such as performance.The law will probably only hold you to
the standard-of-care provision.
 Prepare the schedule with carefull thought about contingencies or float.
 Fully understand what are you building.if certain products are not
familiar,contact the manufacturer and request a meeting with their technical
people to learn as much as you can about the material and equipment.
 When subcontracting the work,make certain that the subcontractor has ample
experience in the component of work in question.Get the list of the
subcontactor’s projects and try to get an appointment to meet with the owner
and maintenance people to discuss performance.
 Take the commissioning process seriously as a critical phase of green building
construction.The owner must be educated on how the building works and what
responsibilities he or she has in process.

SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN GO HAND IN HAND GOING GREEN

 Environmental Benefits.
 Reduction of Emissions.
 Conservation of Water.
 Waste reduction.
 Economic benefits.
 Low utility bills.
 Social Benefits.

I am going to first outline some of the disadvantages of green building, as most

people tend to focus only on the positive aspects. Considerations such as cost, funding,
material availability and location restrictions must be taken into account when planning
a green build project.

The benefits of green building are what most people want to know nowadays, and
below are some of these advantages. They have been categorised into three main areas,
Environmental, Economic and Social Benefits.

 Environmental Benefits:

Is a Eco-friendly building

 Reduction of Emissions:

Using green building techniques such as solar power and daylighting increase the
energy efficiency of the building, and also cut down harmful emissions released by fossil
fuels. This can help reduce air quality issues such as smog and acid rain. 13
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  Conservation of Water:

Significant water savings can be created by introducing methods such as rainwater and
greywater harvesting. These methods use and recycle various water sources, which can
then be used for irrigation in gardening and for flushing toilets. Stormwater
management can also be helpful to the environment by reducing localised flooding,
which can carry pollution into water sources, and erosion. Rainwater harvesting and
using building materials that are permeable for driveways can help reduce this risk.

 Waste Reduction:

Green building promotes increased efficiency both during and after the construction
phase. Recycling and reusing waste materials will lead to a decrease in the amount of
waste that needs to be dumped in landfills.

 Economic Benefits:

As I mentioned above, some people believe green building to be too expensive.

Previous studies have shown that costs are not substantially higher than traditional
developments.

As long as the designer and client have decided to go down the route of green building,
the high construction costs can usually be avoided.

Although the costs may be higher at the beginning of a projects life cycle, they can be
recouped throughout the life of the building.

Due to the increased efficiency from green design and new technology, operation costs
from heating, electricity and water can all be reduced dramatically, resulting in a low
payback time on the money invested at the beginning of the project.

Green buildings can also be sold or rented quicker, and at a premium rate because of
the low maintenance and utility bills. This will prove to be a unique selling point if the
cost of fuel continues to rise.

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  Social Benefits:

Another very impressive advantage of a green building is its ability to improve the
occupier’s health. Conditions such as respiratory problems, skin rashes, nausea and
allergies, which can result from insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, mould, toxic
adhesives and paints, can be significantly reduced in a green built house. This is because
green building emphasises the need for proper ventilation and the reduction in use of
toxic material, which will create a healthier living environment.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

The goal of sustainable design is to eliminate the negative impact that

construction has through skillful and sensitive design.There are common principles that
apply to sustainable design:

 Use low impact materials,which are nontoxic and sustainably produced

(materials that can reproduce themselves example wood,paper)and
require little energy to produce.
 Use manufacturing processes that produce products that require less
energy.
 Provide longer-lasting and better-functioning products that require
replacement less frequently.
 Design to incorporate the potential for reuse or recycling.
 Design to include the total carbon footprints.
 Purchase renewable materials from local resources to reduce emissions
created by long-haul trucking.
 Purchase renewable materials from sustainably managed renewable
resources.
 Emphasize “healthy buildings” that provide accupants with high indoor air
quality.

In Conclusion:

“Green Building is not simply about protecting the biosphere and natural resources from
over-exploitation or over-consumption, nor is it simply about saving energy to reduce
our heating bills. It considers the impact of buildings and materials on occupants and
the impact of our lives on the future environment.

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