CHP 8 PDF
CHP 8 PDF
CHP 8 PDF
CHAPTER: 8
Coagulants
→Iron salts
(e.g. ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride)
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Aluminum (III) and Fe (III) accomplish destabilisation of colloidal particals
by 2 mechanisims :
2. Enmesment in precipitate
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If an Aluminum (III) and Fe (III) salt is added to water in
concentrations less than the solubility limit of the metal hydroxide:
The hydrolysis products will form and adsorb onto the colloidal
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→ Available in dry or liquid form
(liquid form requires special shipping containers because of its corrosiveness)
Then fed to the raw water by chemical feeders (e.g, dosage pumps)
large volumes are easier and quicker to disperse into a large body of
raw water than smaller volumes
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→The optimum pH range = 6-8
(aluminum hydroxide is relatively insoluble within this range)
Al (OH ) 3 + OH − → Al (OH ) 4
soluble
soluble
In practice, most water treatment plants utilizing alum operate;
[Al O (OH) ]
13 4 24
+7
These species may adsorb very strongly onto the surface of most negative
colloids
Coagulation with adsorption and charge neutralization mechanism occurs.
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(charge reversal due to overdosing is possible)
If solubility limit of Al(OH)3 is exceeded (typical in water treatment)
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Al 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 .14 H 2 O + 6 H 2 O → 2 Al (OH ) 3 ( s ) + 6 H + + 3 SO 4 + 14 H 2
Liberated H+ ions
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If the natural alkalinity of water is insufficient, alkalinity in the form of
• Ca(OH)2 → hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide)
• CaO → quick lime (calcium oxide)
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Example: (Benefield, p.221)
A raw water supply is treated with an alum dosage of 25 mg/L. Calculate the
followings:
1. The amount of alum required to treat a flow of 1 MGD (million gallon /day)
2. The amount of natural alkalinity required to react with the alum added in
terms of CaCO3
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Iron Salts
Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 . yH 2 O + 3Ca ( OH ) 2 → 2 Fe ( OH ) 3 ⇓ + 3CaSO 4 + yH 2 O
Hydrated lime
Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 . yH 2 O + 3 Na 2 CO 3 + 3 H 2 O → 2 Fe (OH ) 3 ⇓ + 3 Na 2 SO 4 + 3CO 2 + yH 2 O
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Ferric Chloride
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Simplified reaction with natural alkalinity:
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Ferrous Sulfate (Copperas)
FeSO4.7H2O = 287 g/mol
FeSO4.5H2O = 242 g/mol
FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O + 2 Ca ( OH ) 2 → Fe ( OH ) 2 + CaSO 4 + 7 H 2 O
4 Fe ( OH ) 2 + O 2 + 2 H 2 O → 4 Fe ( OH ) 3
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Chlorinated Copperas
Effective coagulants
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Polyelectrolytes (Polymeric Coagulants)
Polymer Long chain, high molecular weight molecules
Comprises of many subunits (MONOMERS)
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May be used as coagulant not cost effective
Commonly used as coagulant aid in conjuction with coagulants
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Determination of Coagulant Dosage
JAR TEST
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Samples of the Various dosages of the Contents are rapidly
water are poured coagulant and stirred to simulate
into a series of coagulant aid are RAPID MIXING
glass beakers added to beakers (coagulation)
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Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dose
→ Raw sample pH and turbidity measurement
Flash mix (at 80 rpm) 1-3 min
Slow mix (at 10-20 rpm) 30 min
Settle for 20 min
Turbidity of supernatant
10 mg/L alum 20 mg/L alum 50 mg/L alum
No coagulant
(blank)
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Determination of Optimum pH for Optimum Coagulant Dose
Rapid mix 1-3 min (at 80 rpm)
Slow mix 30 min (at 10-20 rpm)
Settle for 20 min
Turbidity of supernatant
Optimum coagulant dosage determined in part A
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Classification of Surface Water with Regard to Coagulation
Low turbidity < 10 JTU Low alkalinity < 50 mg/L as CaCO3
High turbidity > 100 JTU High alkalinity >250 mg/L as CaCO3
→ The small number of colloids make coagulation difficult and low alkalinity prevents
effective Al(OH)3 formation