Comparative Summary of Architectural Styles

West Asian (Near East) Architecture

Prehistoric Egyptian Architecture Greek Architecture Roman Architecture Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture
Babylonia(Chaldea) Assyria Persia(Achaemenid)
Paleolithic-Mesolithic-Neolithic 2575 B.C.-1075 B.C. 1290B.C.-538B.C. 4000?B.C.-1290B.C. 538B.C.-338B.C. 800B.C.-30B.C. 750B.C.- 395 395-476 395-1453
-Rests on the Nile River - Italian Peninsula
-Sandy Dessert - Surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea
Located between Tigris and Euphrates - Gradual absorption of small states - Western Roman Empire - Byzantium (Renamed as Constantinople by Constantine)
-Had access to the Mediterranean Sea & Arabian Sea - The possession of natural harbors gives the potential for trade
Geographical Mostly populates at Nineveh and Babylon
- Mountainous character of the country isolated the
- The position of Italy enabled her to act as the intermediary in - "All roads lead to Rome" (Present Day Istanbul)
Buildings were mostly located near the rivers spreading over the continent of Europe the arts of civilization - Christianity's growth at the capital - “NEW ROME”
inhabitants into small groups.
- Mountainous

- Alluvial - Marble, Terra-cotta, stone and brick

- Thick mud or clay - Marble - Principle mineral product for building Largely used for the more important buildings
- Limestone - Northern Egypt - Stone was rare - Favors purity of line and refinement of detail Travertine- a hard limestone from Tivoli - Constantinople possessed no good building stone
Stone is more available
- Sandstone - Central Egypt, also called syenite - Bearing no trees Tufa- volcanic substance from the hills of Rome - No good material for making good bricks
Used internally and externally - Materials and architectural elements came frome the ruins of
Geological - Granite - Southern Egypt - Bricks was the main material
Alabaster
Peperino- Stone of volcanic origin from Mount Albano
Roman buildings
- Bricks - Sun dried or kiln burned Sun-dried bricks – for general - Crude bricks coated with marble cement Pozzolana and Lava
Limestone slabs
- Wood - Present but not suitable as a building material body of the wall - Materials were IMPORTED
Kiln-burnt – for facing Other minerals: silver, copper and iron CONCRETE
- Bitumen – cementing material Pozzolana + Lime
Paleolithic
Used stone and bone as instruments - High tableland
Livelihood from hunting and gathering Swampland - Hot sun and heavy rains
INFLUENCES in ARCHITECTURE

Learned to make fire North Italy – Temperate

- Equable and Warm Venomous and infected insects during summer “country of sunshine, gardens, and - Led to the development of porticos - Hotter than Rome
Climate Lived in caves & rock shelters - Two seasons: Spring & Summer Flooding during rainy season deserts” - Rigorous northern surroundings
Central Italy - Genial and Sunny
- Eastern Climate
South Italy - Tropical
Essential elevation of platforms in buildings - Relaxing Eastern climate
- Extremes of heat or cold
Mesolithic Part of the constitution
Principal Greek Dieties:
Fashioned stone tools Zeus Adapted Greek gods
Some Egyptian Deities: - Worship of natural Minerva - Athena
Made body coverings from animal hides - Close connection of Zoroastrianism Hera Emperor receive divine honors - Rise of Christianity
Theban Triad: Amun, Mut, Polytheistic phenomena Apollo Neptune - Poseidon - Constantine made Christianity a state religion.
Made the canoe for fishing Architecture and Religion - Earliest monotheistic religions - Led by the Pope
Khonsu - Heavenly Bodies - Priest only served for a period Hestia Bacchus - Dionysus - Division of Rome and Christianity
Build huts from bones, animal hides, reeds and grass - Priest - All powerful, almost - Good and Evil Heracles Borrowed Roman Deities from - Legal right of Christianity granted by Constantine on 313
Abydos Triad: Osiris, Isis, Horus - Nature of time. Ceres - Demeter West Roman Empire = Latin Church
Religion unlimited authority, equipped
Memphis Triad: Ptah, Sekhmet, - No life after death
Ahura Mazda
- Both men and women
Athena
Poseidon
Grece:
Diana - Artemis
- Nicean Council
East Roman Empire = Greek Orthodox Church
with the learning of the age - Supreme god Dionysus Jupiter - Zeus - Great Schism dividng Christian Catholics and Orthodox
Nefertem Ziggurat officiated. Mercury - Hermes
Neolithic - King(Pharaohs) - Served as Zoroaster Demeter Juno - Hera Christians
Menkaure Triad: King - Observatories for priests - Rites were performed at the Artemis Venus - Aphrodite - Iconoclasm – no painted figures (except sculptures)
Polished stone tools Gods and Priests as well - Prophet Apollo
Menkaure, Hathor, Nome Deity cella Hermes Victoria - Nike
Pottery Aphrodite Vesta - Hestia
Agriculture Nike
Hercules - Heracles
Sew clothing from animal hides using fish bones as needles - Started as a city state between the crossroads of the
Huts of stone and mud Etruscans of the North and the Greek colonies at the South
Burial rituals Chaldean wisdom
- Regal/Kingdom - Ruled by Kings
- Priest Astronomy - Early inhabitants were known as Pelasgi - Capital was moved from Rome to Byzantine - The capital was placed from Rome to Byzantium
- Centralized and despotic government - Republican
Rich Civilization - Sturdy, warlike and cruel - Dorian Sparta - Roman Empire was to vast and had to be divided into East - Eastern emperors lost all powers in Italy.
- Slavery -SENATUS POPULUS QUE ROMANUS
Socio-Political - Literature - Papyrus scrolls
- Legal System - Took prisoners from conquered cities National love of beauty - Ionian Athens
-Elected - 2 Consuls
and West - Election of Charlemagne, western emperor, divided the
- Rights and Charter - Little reference to religion - National games and religious festivals - Roman Latin led to the development of the Romance Roman Empire
- Hieroglyphics -Patricii (Patres)
- System of Police Influence of environment and climate - Love for music, drama, fine arts Languages - Greek Language
-Plebs
Cuneiform writing system
-Empire - Ruled by Emperors

Conquered Babylon Greek Colony-4th Century

Sargon - Started from Constantine Byzantium was founded – 7th C.
- Ancient Empire (1st to 10th Dynasty) 4777 B.C. – 2821 B.C. Helladic Period: Creto-Mycenean Period - ROMAN KINGDOM - 753BC-509BC
King Hammurabi - Palace at Khorsabad King Cyrus of Persia conquers the Assyrian - 395 - Split of the Roman Empire Byzantine Architecture began on the transfer of the capital
Historical - Middle Empire (11th to 16th Dynasty) 2821 BC – 1738
Attacked by the Kassistes - Median empire conquers Niniveh Empire
Hellenic Period: Archaic Period - ROMAN REPUBLIC - 509BC-27BC
- Ended with Gregory the Great as Pope Byzantine style was carried on until the Constantinople fell into
- New Empire (17th to 20th Dynasty) 1738 BC – 950 BC Hellenistic Period: Alexandrian Period - ROMAN EMPIRE - 27BC-395
King Nebuchadnezzar II - 476 - Fall of the Western Roman Empire the hands of the Turks in AD 1453
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon Became the Capital of the Ottoman Empire (Islam)

VASTNESS|MAGNIFICENCE
Character SIMPLE | MASSIVE | MONUMENTAL GRANDEUR | MASSIVE | MONUMENTAL LIGHT | AIRY MAGNIFICENCE REFINEMENT|BEAUTY|SIMPLICITY|PURITY IMPRESSIVE | DIGNIFIED SIMPLE EXTERIOR | RICH INTERIOR
OSTENTATION|ORNATENESS
Structural System Columnar and Trabeated Arch and Vault Columnar Columnar and Trabeated Arch, Vault and Dome Arcuated and Trabeated Fusion of Dome and Column

- Plans convey vastness and - Adopted Basilicas for

- Disregard for symmetry magnificence Churches - Greek Cross
- Raised in platforms or terraces - Simple, well judged, nicely
- Planned for internal effect - Arch, vault and the dome - In addition, halls, baths, - Narthex and side galleries
- Angles of ziggurats are at cardinal points - Vast halls of Persian Palaces had widely balanced, and symmetrical
Plan - Pylons served as façade
- Designed for both external and internal spaced columns - Temples are usually oriented
made possible the use of wide dwelling-houses and temples form a nearly square plan
- Obelisk openings and large spaces were used as place of worship. - Central square space
effect facing the east
- Avenue of Sphinxes - Temples were constructed - Baptistery – attached to the covered with a dome
without regard to orientation chief Basilica/Cathedral
- Immensely thick
- Important buildings were
- Solid blocks of marble Kinds of Wall Facings - Constructed with Roman methods
made of granite - Thin walls have disappeared through - Use of stone or concrete
- Without mortar, used metal clamps - Opus Reticulatum - Rubble or concrete - Often of brick construction
- Less important buildings were - Brick Walls time - Externally faced with stone,
- Coated with marble stucco - Opus Testaceum - Faced with plaster, brick or stone - Plain treatment externally
Walls brick face with granite - Slabs of Alabaster reveal social history of - Massive stone blocks forming the door
- Cornices are used for entablatures
brick or stucco
- Opus Quadratum - Magnificently treated internally
- Walls slope inwards/batter the people and windows, immense columns and - Internally with marble,
- Use of console - Opus Incertum - Mosaics used internally - Absence of mouldings
towards the top broad staircases survived alabaster or porphyry.
- Use of Anta -Opus Mixtum - Sometimes externally especially at the western façade
- Crowned with gorge and
torus

- Square headed
- Square-headed
- Doorways with cornices - Important feature of a
- Massive lintels - Use of the clerestory - Semicircular headed
- Temples structure - Spanned by semi-circular arch or lintels
Opennings - Window openings are - Counted on doors for light and air
- Windowless - Could be square-headed or - Small window openings
- Segmented and Horse-shoe arched sometimes seen
seldom found - Used semi-circular arches - Windows are small and grouped together
- Light passes through doorway and clerestory a semi-circular arch
- Clerestories
- Hyphaetral Opennings

- Domes formed in brick, stone,

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

or concrete, with frequently no

further external covering
- Externally flat - Uses the Dome and/or Vault
- Domes rests on Pendentives
- Flat roofs - Supported by timber beams Wooden Roofs covered the
- Massive blocks of stones supported by enclosing walls and - Supported by vaults - Acroteria and statuaries Kinds of Vaults central nave with trusses.
Roofs closely spaced columns - Waterproofed with bitumen
- Flat, timber roofs
- Coffered Ceilings -Barrel Vault Side Aisles – Vaulted
Types of Domes
- Simple Dome
- Used as a pleasant rendezvous in dwelling-houses - Domes where used for small -Groin Vault Apse – Dome
- Compound Dome
compartments -Cupola
-Separate Dome and
Pendentive
-Dome with drum
- Doric

- Papyrus-Tall, smooth reed The Five Classical Orders - Different size and design - Taken supply from ancient
- Long, slender - Ionic
- Lotus - Large white water-lily -Tuscan obtained from roman buildings structures but supply was
- 15 diameter height
of exquisite beauty - Seldom used, lack of stone -Doric - Richness and grandiose sooner exhausted
Columns - Made to represent stalks - Timber in a few structures
- Richly moulded base - Corinthian
-Ionic effect was often obtained at - Designed from Ionic and
- Fluted shafts
- Capitals were mostly derived -Corinthian the expense of fitness in the Corinthian
- Distinctive capital - Caryatids and Cenaphora
from the lotus -Composite details. - Dosseret-Block
- Atlantes
- Cyma Recta - Cavetto

- Cyma Reversa - Scotia

Copied from the Greeks

- Few mouldings were developed - Not used -Course in Character
- Ovolo - Torus - Coarse variation of Roman types These were unimportant, their place being taken by broad flat
Mouldings - Hollow (gorge) - Sculptures and colored walls took their -Ostentation replaced Refinement
- Technique of the craftsman gradually declined expanses of wall surfaces
- Bead (roll/torus) place -Wealth in surface decoration
-Circle Profile
- Fillet - Bird's Beak

- Bead - Corona

Pschent –Kingship of 2 lands - Acanthus Leaf & Scroll Kinds of Mosaics

Nemes Crown – represents the sphinx, falcon -Opus Spicatum
Walls lined with costly marble.
Ankh-life, health, strength - Anthemion, palmette or honeysuckle -Opus Tessalatum
Romans did not excel in Glass Marbles
Feather of Ma’at – justice, truth, morality, baance -Opus Sectile
painting and sculpture but - Introduction of much color is a feature
Eye of Horus – protection and royal power - Chiseled alabaster slab - Sculptures
Ornaments Sun Disk – Light, warmth & growth - Repoussé pattern work
Greek artists were employed.
Kinds of Murals
- Domed apse – mosaic of Christ surrounded by angels SYMBOLIC FIGURES
Mosaics and Fresco Paintings - Glass mosaic illustrated Christian history Chi Rho
Scarab – Resurrection and rebirth -Fresco
for Walls Peacock – immortal life
Boat of Ra – vessel for the light hearth -Varnish
Endless Knot
Crook and Flail – kingship -Tempera
Uraeus – royal protection -Caustic
RELIGIOUS DWELLINGS TOMBS CITY OF BABYLON PALACE OF SARGON PERSEPOLIS TEMPLES TEMPLES BASILICAN CHURCHES CHURHES
Most important class of DORIC - Combination of Greek and PARTS of a BASILICAN CHURCH NARTHEX – covered space for
Dolmen Rock Shelters/Caves MASTABAS Mastaba of Thy, Sakkara
buildings erected during this Heraion, Olympia Etruscan Influences PORCH – Entrance Gate penitents
Daul – Table A shallow cave-like opening at - Rude heaps of stone piled up together over mummy holes period, and a general Temple of Athena, Corinth - Placed on a PODIUM ATRIUM – Forecourt, open NAVE – central aisle lighted by PARTS of a Greek Cross Church
Maen - Stone the base of a bluff or cliff. Rock description applicable to all is Temple of Poseidon, Paros
Tombs at Beni-Hasan - Pseudo-peripteral cella with space with a fountain at the clerestories NARTHEX
2 or more upright stones shelters form because a rock ROCK HEWN TOMBS therefore given Temple of Zeus, Olympia
Tombs at Luxor (Thebes) engaged columns center for ablutions AISLES – 2 or 4 NAVE
supporting a stone or stone stratum such as sandstone that Placed in a TEMENOS-Sacred Thesion (Temple of - Prostyle Porch with free- CLOISTER – Arcaded covered TRANCEPT – bema, presbytery AISLES
slab is resistant to erosion and - Rock-cut tombs
Enclosure Hephaestus), Athens standing columns area APSE – Bishop’s chair TRANCEPT
weathering has formed a cliff IONIC Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
PYRAMIDS - Entrance Steps between CHOIR – fronts the high altar APSE
or bluff. Many rock shelters are Archaic Temple of Artemis, Parthenon, Athens Projecting Wing Walls enclose with cancelii (low
found under waterfalls. - These were built by the kings as their future tombs, the Ephesus Temple of Poseidon, Sunium - Made to face the FORUM screen wall), with ambo
governing idea being to secure immortality by the preservation Temple of Ilissus, Athens Propylea, Athens (gospel and epistle reading
Both the platform and the palace built of Built by Darius and Xerxes RECTANGULAR CONSTANTINOPLE
of the mummy, till that time should have passed, when, Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar Temple of Nike-Apteros, Athens Temple of Apollo Epicurius At Athens, Greece
sun-dried brick and faced with kiln-baked Built on a platform, part solid rock, part - SS. Sergius & Bacchus
according to their belief, the soul would once more return to Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Temple of Demeter Temple of Jupiter Olympius
Cromlech Important Structures large blocks of stone, without mortar, held - S. Sophia RAVENNA, ITALY
the body. brick Basse At Rome, Italy
Ishtar Gate by metal cramps. Tholos, Epidauros - S. Irene - S. Vitale
Stone Circles Step Pyramid (Djoser) Parts Temple of Dionysus, Teos Temple of Fortuna Virilis
Cliff Dwellings Palace of the "Hanging Gardens" Buildings constructed with glazed bricks. Temple of Themis and Nemesis, At Nimes, France - Theotokos Church VENICE, ITALY
Imhotep-earliest recorded architect in history Seraglio – palace proper, men’s Temple of Hera, Samos (Church of Sta. Maria
Temple of Marduk Columns of stone and flat roofs of cedar Rhamnus Maison Carree - Church of the Chora - S. Mark
Slope Pyramid (Sneferu) apartment, reception rooms Temple of Artemis, Ephesus Egiziaca)
Hut Ziggurat of Etemenanki Temple of Apollo, Delos Temple of Diana - Church of the Holy Apostles
wood Temple of Mars Ultor
Red Pyramid (Sneferu) Harem – private apartments of the prince Temple of Apollo-Didymeaus, Great Temple, Selinus
branches Parts Temple of Concord RUSSIA
First perfect and his family Miletus Temple Basilica, Paestum At Spalato, Croatia
covered The Great Staircase Temple of Castor and ATHENS, GREECE - Moscow Cathedral
Pyramids of Giza Khan – service chambers Temple of Minerva Polias, Temple of Ceres, Paestum Temple of Aesulapius - S. Clemente, Rome - S. Apollinaire Nuovo
with turf Propylae Pollux (Also known as Temple - Metropole Cathedral - Kieff Cathedral
Mycerinos (Menkaure) Ziggurat Priene Temple of Concord, Argentum - Basilican Church of St. Peter, - S. Apollinaire, Classe
Hall of 100 Columns of Jupiter Stator) - Church of Kaprikanea - Novgorod Cathedral
Stone Rows Chephren (Khafre) CORINTHIAN Temple of Poseidon, Paestum At Baelbec,Lebanon Rome - Torcello Basilica
Apadana Temple of Vespasian - Church of Daphni
Cheops (Khufu) Choragic Monument of Temple of Athena, Syracuse Great Temple - S. John Letran
Palace of Xerxes Temple of Antoninus and - Monastery of S. Luke of Stiris ARMENIA
Tepee Lysicrates, Athens Temple of Egesta, Sicily Temple of Jupiter - S. Paolo fuori le mura
Palace of Darius Faustina (Church of San - S. Sophia Trebizond
Olympieion, Athens Temple of Zeus Olympus, - S. Maria Maggiore
Conical Tent Lorenzo) THESSALONICA, GREECE
THE SPHINX PALACES Tower of the Winds, Athens Arigentum
with poles as At Palmyra, Syria - S. George
Palace of Persepolis Vestibule, Eleusis Temple of Venus and Rome
framework and Naturally cut Great Temple of the Sun OUTSIDE ROME
Palace of Sargon Palace of Feruz-Abad Temple of Saturn,
bark or animal With rough masonry added - Church of the Nativity,
Palace of Sannacherib Palace of Servistan TEMPLES according to number TEMPLES accoding to column CIRCULAR AND POLYGONAL At Tivoli, Italy - Church otBozrah
Menhir skin Egyptian sphinx: Betlehem
Palace of Ctesiphon of columns. arrangement Temple of Vesta - Church at Ezra
Head: King, hawk, ram (rarely a woman) - Church of the Ascension,
Great upright stone TEMPLES - Distyle - In Antis At Rome, Italy -Church of St. George,
Hogan Temple is located between its paws Jerusalem
- Tristyle - Amphi Antis Temple of Hercules Salonica
Temple of Oval: Khafaje - Church of the Holy Sepulchre
primitive structure of joined logs TEMPLES - Tetrastyle - Prostyle Victor (Temple of Vesta) at Spalato, Croatia
Temple Complex; Ishchali - Pentastyle - Amphi Prostyle Pantheon Temple of Jupiter
Barrow (Tumuli) Igloo Only king and priest may enter. ZIGURRAT BAPTISTERIES
- Hexastyle - Peripteral Temple of Vesta
Entrance between the pylons
an Eskimo house constructed 3 types - Heptastyle - Dipteral At Baelbec,Lebanon Used for Baptism
Earthen mound for burials Obelisk are placed in front of the entrance
on snow blocks with an Holy mountain Archaic Ziggurat - Octastyle - Pseudo-Peripteral Circular Temple Form was derived from the
entrance tunnel 4 corners faces the cardinal directions Multi-staged Ziggurat - Enneastyle - Pseudo-Dipteral FORUMS Roman circular temples and
Parts of a Egyptian Temple
Seven-stage square based ziggurat - Decastyle - Tholos tombs
Avenue of sphinxes
Trullo TOMBS THEATRES One baptistery per city
Hyphaetral Hall An open space used as a meeting place and market, or a
a dry walled rough stone Hypostyle Hall rendezvous for political demonstrators Detached building adjoining
Tomb of darius: naksh-i-rustam
shelter, circular with a Sanctuary For performing arts the atrium
corbelled roof - Orchestra – Elevated complete circle for VIP’s BASILICA Baptistery of Constantine, Rome (Lateran)
- Cavea – seats for audience
Temple of Khons Diazoma - gangway - Halls of Justice - 2 or 4 rows of columns ran Baptistery at Nocera
Sheilings
Great Temple of Amun, Karnak - Skene – Scene building - Exchanges and Trading for through the entire length. S. Stefano Rotondo, Rome
Twigs Covered Temple of Seti Parascenia – wings on both sides Baptistey at Ravenna
Episcenium – raised background
Merchants - Entrance at the side or at one
with mud Great Temple of Abu Simel - A link to Classical to Christian end
Proscenium – stage
Temple of Isis, Philae TOMBS
Architecture - Tribunal placed at a
Temple of Hathor, Dendera
- Rectangle plan with the Semicircular Apse
Temple of Edfu ODEION PROPYLÆA
length 2-3 times the width. - Altar in front of the apse
Theater but for musical Entrance gateways to many
OBLEISKS
performances only principle cities
Monumental pillars Pyramidal summit PALAESTRA PRYTANEION
Employed in pairs Many obelisk were removed - S. Constanza, Rome
Monoliths, square in plan from Egypt by the Roman Wrestling school or gymnasia Seat of Government - Tomb of Galla Placida,
Tapering sides emperors. Ravenna
AGORA - Tomb of Theodoric, Ravenna

DWELLINGS The agora, or open meeting-places for the transaction of

public business giving access to the public buildings.
All these have disappeared, being only built of wood or of sun- THERMAE
dried bricks. Houses are shown on paintings and sculptures
which have come down to us, from which they appear to
"history is the blueprints of our mistakes, the future An open public space used as a market place or a rendezvous
for political demonstrations
Great Public Baths are quite as characteristic of Roman
civilization as the amphitheatres, being probably derived from
have had one, two, or three stories.
is the correction of those mistakes" STOA the Greek gymnasia
-Josh Darosa were formed for the protection of pilgrims to the various shrines,
as connections between public monuments, or as shelters
EXAMPLES

adjoining open spaces, and were an important class of

structure.
BOULEUTERION HIPPODROME

Senate House Horse and Chariot Racing

STADION

Foot racecourse found in cities where games were celebrated,

and it came eventually to be used for other athletic THEATRES
performances.
- Adapted the design of Greek
It was usually straight at one end, the starting-place, and
Theatres
semicircular at the other
- Restricted to a semicircle
shape
TOMBS - Inner semicircular area
reserved for Senators
Nereid Monument, Xanthos - Stage was raised and
Mousoleum, Halicarnassus treated ornately
Lion Tomb, Cnidus - Theatres can now be
Tomb of Weepers constructed on a plain site by
Stele th f lti
AMPITHEATRE
- used for gladiatorial contests and naval expeditions

CIRCUS

Authorship + Disclaimer
- Adaptation of the Greek Stadium (Stadion)
- Used for chariot or horse races
- Long open circular arena
- Spina along its axis
This work is the property of Arch. Paolo Andrew C. Hasegawa - Carceres stalls for horses and chariots
Always check the data given in this document PILLAR OF VICTORY TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
against the original references. For questions or Columns erected to record Gateways erected to
corrections, contact the author at triumphs of victorious generals emperors and generals in
[email protected] honor of their victory

REFERENCES
Dreams: Dan Cruickshanks Adventures in Architecture. BBC, 2008.

Fletcher, Banister, et al. Sir Banister Fletchers a History of Architecture. Architectural Press/Elsevier, 2011. TOMBS
1. Catacombs
Mansbridge, John. Graphic History of Architecture. Hennessey & Ingalls, 1999. - Loculi 4. Smaller Tombs
- Columbaria 5. Eastern Tombs
2. Monumental Tombs -Cenotaph
Salvan, George S. Architectural Character & The History of Architecture. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc., 2005. 3. Pyramidal Tombs
AQUEDUCTS

Engineering Feature
Supplies water to the city
6 inches fall for every 100 feet
A smooth channel –specus- is carried on arches

PONS PALACES

Roman Bridges Royal Courts

DWELLINGS FOUNTAINS

1. Domus - Private House

1. Locus - Large basin of water
2. Insulae - Tenement
2. Salientes - Sprouting jets
3. Villa - Country House