MMW - MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

Unit 1: Nature of Math Unit 2: Language of Math

FIBONACCI NUMBERS EXPRESSION
- a group of numbers or variables with or
- Leonardo of Pisa (also known as Fibonacci)
without mathematical operation.
- sequences of numbers defined by linear
- e.g. “sum of two numbers”
recurrence equation.
Numbers, Sets, Functions, Ordered pair,
𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛−1 + 𝐹𝑛−2 Matrices, Vectors, Groups

- can be seen in many structures of nature. EQUATION

 Proliferation of Rabbits - a group of numbers or variable with or without
 Flower Petals mathematical operation separated by an equal
 Seed heads sign.
 Acorn/ Pinecones - e.g. “sum of two numbers is 8.”
 Pineapple
 DNA molecule
ENGLISH phrase/sentence MATH symbols
Product of 2 numbers 𝑥𝑦
 Hurricanes and Shells 𝑥
Three more than half a number
- can be seen in structures made by man. 2
+3
 Parthenon – temple for Athena He owns at most 4 cars 𝑥≤4
 Mona Lisa This is at least 7 years of age 𝑥≥7
 Starry Nights – Vincent van Gogh The price is increased by 8% 𝑃 = 𝑥 + (0.08𝑥)
 Vitruvian Man – Leonardo da Vinci The sum of three numbers is at 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ≥ 10
least 10
GOLDEN RATIO 7 and a number 7x
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
= = 𝜑
𝑎 𝑏 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATH LANGUAGE
Where a – higher/larger value 1. Precise – able to make fine distinctions.
b – lower/smaller value 2. Concise – able to say things briefly.
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 3. Powerful – able to express thought with ease.
- occurs when the ratio of two quantities is equal DIFFERENT USES OF NUMBERS
to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two 1. Cardinal - quantity
quantities. 2. Ordinal - order
- represented by the Greek letter phi (φ). 3. Nominal - label
1 + √5
𝜑=
2

FIRSTSHIFTINGEXAM│QUA2019-23
 MMW - MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

SETS Complement of a Set

- Collection of objects, called elements. - A’ is the complement of A.

Set Notation U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}

A = {1,3,4,12}
1. Roster method A’ = {2,5,6,7,8}
S = {1,2,3,4,5}
Set of Operation
1 ∈ S; 2 ∈ S; 4 ∈ 5;
6 ∉ S; {1} ∉ S; {4} ∉ S 1. Union 𝐴∪𝐵
S = {1,2,3,4,5,…} 2. Intersection 𝐴∩𝐵
8 ∈ S; {8} ∉ S 3. Difference 𝐴−𝐵
T = {…,-3,-2-1} 4. Mutually Exclusive/ Disjoint 𝐴∩𝐵 =∅
-66 ∈ T 5. Complement 𝑈−𝐴
0∉T
RELATIONS
2. Set-builder notation
- A correspondence between two things or
𝑆 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 0 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑥 ≤ 1}
quantities.
“S contains all x’s such that x is greater than
or equal to 0 AND x is less than or equal to e.g. Statement, Arrow Diagram, Table, Equation, Set
builder notation, Graph
1.”
𝑆 = {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 0 ∩ 𝑥 ≤ 1} - Domain – set of all first coordinates of the
𝑆 = {𝑥|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1}
ordered pairs.
“S contains all x’s such that x is greater than
- Range – set of all second coordinates of the
or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1.”
ordered pairs.
Some Sets
Types of Relations
1. Empty Set ∅ or { }
1. One-to-one relation
2. Set of Natural Number ℕ
2. One-to-many relation
3. Set of Integers ℤ
3. Many-to-one relation
4. Set of Rational Numbers ℚ
- Equivalence Relation – is reflexive (A~A),
5. Set of Real Numbers ℝ
symmetric (A~B; B~A), and transitive (A~B; B~C;
Some Notes A~C).

1. Universal set – set of all possible values FUNCTIONS

2. Complement (‘) – elements NOT in that set
- A relation such that each element of the
3. Subset – has some or all elements in A
domain is paired with exactly one element of
4. Proper Subset – has some elements in A.
the range.
5. Power Set:
𝑷(𝐴) = 𝑃({1,2}) Notation “f: A→B” denotes a function where A as
𝑷({1,2}) = { {1}, {2}, {1,2}} domain and B as the range.
6. An element is included (∈) in a set.
- Can either be injective, surjective or bijective.
7. A subset is contained in (⊂) a set.
↪ (na≠nB) or (nA=nB), (1-1) respectively.

FIRSTSHIFTINGEXAM│QUA2019-23
 MMW - MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

BINARY OPERATIONS 1. Is division a binary operation on the set of real

- Are operations (addition, subtraction, numbers?
multiplication & division) between two
elements (a,b,c,…) of a set function (ℕ,ℝ,ℚ,ℤ,…) Given:
where the result (sum, difference, product, Binary operation – Division
quotient) are still elements of the same set. Kind of Set – Real Numbers
- The symbol for the operation is ⋆ (star).
General Formula:
𝑎 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 → 𝑎 ⋆ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆
𝑎 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 → 𝑎 ⋆ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆
NOTES: Formula:
𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ → (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∈ ℝ
1. A binary operation is found only in functions. “Are there any two real numbers whose quotient
2. The set function (ℕ,ℤ,ℚ,ℝ,…) is usually denoted is not a real number?”
by “S” or “A”. Trial: a=4, b=0
e.g. if a is a natural number; then, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑆 = 𝑎 ∈ ℕ 𝑎 4
= = UNDEF
3. The property that says “the result of binary 𝑏 0
operations from a set, is a part of the same set.” Undefined is not a Real number.
is called closure property.
Since a and b are from the set ℝ, it is not
e.g.
acceptable that their quotient (result) is not an
1. Is addition a binary operation on the set of real element of the set ℝ.
numbers? The quotient of two elements of ℝ is not an
element of ℝ.
Given:
Therefore, Division is not a binary operation on
Binary operation – Addition
Real numbers.
Kind of Set – Real Numbers

NOTES (cont.)
General Formula:
𝑎 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 → 𝑎 ⋆ 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆 4. We normally speak of the set functions of Real
Formula: numbers, Natural numbers, Rational numbers,
𝑎 ∈ ℕ, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ → (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∈ ℕ Integers and the like.
“Are there any two natural numbers whose sum 5. Even if only one pair of the elements (a⋆b) of
is not a natural number?” the set function does not follow the closure
Trial: a=4, b=5 property, the whole operation will no longer be
a+b = 4+5 = 9 a binary operation.
9 is a Natural number e.g. Division of two Natural Numbers (ℕ)
“If you add any natural number, you will get a
10/5 = 2 = ℕ
natural number; therefore, addition is a binary
9/0 = undefined ≠ ℕ
operation.”
Answer: Division is not a binary operation on ℕ.

FIRSTSHIFTINGEXAM│QUA2019-23
 MMW - MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD

Types of Binary Operations

1. Commutative Tautology
2. Associative - If all possible truth values are true for its
propositional variables.
Unit 2: Reasoning Contradiction or Absurdity
PROPOSITIONS - If all possible truth values are false for its
propositional variables.
- A declarative statement that is either true or Contingency
false, but never both. - Neither a tautology nor a contradiction
- Truth values are attributes assigned to
propositions in respect of its truth or falsehood.
- Can be T or 1 if true
- Can be F or 0 if false
- Can be represented by variables (p, q, r, a, b, c)
- Can be negated; p → ~p

Compound Propositions

- Obtained from joining two propositional

variables by using propositional connectives or
operators.
- The Truth table provides all the possible truth
values for each single (p) and multiple variables
(p ∨ q).

Operations

Conjunction ∧ TT = T
Disjunction ∨ FF = F
Implication → T→F = F
Biconditional ↔ Same = T
XOR ⊕ ⊻ Different = T
NOR ↓ ⊽ FF = T
NAND │ ⊼ TT = F

Conditional Statements
- The variables have different names:
p – hypothesis or antecedent
q – conclusion or consequence
Statement p→q
1. Converse q→p
2. Contrapositive ~q → ~p
3. Inverse ~p → ~q

FIRSTSHIFTINGEXAM│QUA2019-23