Scribd
Upload
4K views25 pages

Hardness

Chirag Kesar, a class 12 student, conducted a project to determine the hardness, iron, fluoride, and chloride content in drinking water samples from their region. Various tests were performed using solutions of calcium chloride, sodium sulfate, iron sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium nitrate to analyze the water's ability to form soapsuds and the precipitation results. The tests found indications of calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, and fluoride in some water sources. The project aimed to study how these ion levels vary regionally and the causes of their presence in drinking water.

Uploaded by

Chirag Kesar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4K views25 pages

Hardness

Chirag Kesar, a class 12 student, conducted a project to determine the hardness, iron, fluoride, and chloride content in drinking water samples from their region. Various tests were performed using solutions of calcium chloride, sodium sulfate, iron sulfate, sodium chloride, and potassium nitrate to analyze the water's ability to form soapsuds and the precipitation results. The tests found indications of calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, and fluoride in some water sources. The project aimed to study how these ion levels vary regionally and the causes of their presence in drinking water.

Uploaded by

Chirag Kesar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

PROJECT PREPARED BY:-

CHIRAG KESAR

XII – B

SESSION 2019 – 2020


CERTIFICATE

TO WHOMSOEVER IT A CONCERN

This is to certify that CHIRAG KESAR

is a student of class XII – B of Saint Giri Se. Sec.

School for the academic year 2019-'2020 had

worked on the project - “HARDNESS OF WATER ,

PRESENCE OF IRON , FLUORIDE , CHLORIDE IN

DRINKING WATER” under the supervision of Mrs.

_____________ mam

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE EXAMINER SIGNATURE


CONTENTS:

 OBJECTIVE
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 APPARATUS
 DETERMINING HARDNESS OF WATER
 PROCEDURE:-

 TEST FOR IRON


 TEST FOR CHLORIDE
 TEST FOR FLOURIDE

 RESULT
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE

To determine the hardness, presence of


iron, fluoride, chloride depending upon
the regional variation in drinking water
and study of causes of presence of these
ions.

INTRODUCTION:
Hardness of water is determined by
concentration of multivalent
cations present in water.Hard water
contains Ca?\ Mg2*ions.Hardness of
water can be removed by adding
sodium carbonate to hard water
.Sometimes salts are dangerous for
human health. Therefore, it is
necessary to detect presence of
these ions and remove them to stay
on safer side.

TYPES OF HARDNESS IN
WATER:

1) Temporary hardness

2) Permanent hardness
TEMPORARY HARDNESS:

Temporary hardness is due to


the presence of biocarbonates
of calcium and magnesium. It
can be easily removed by
boiling.
PERMANENT
HARDNESS:-

Permanent hardness is due to the presence of


chlorides and sulphates of calcium and
magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be
removed by boiling.

SALTS PRESENT IN WATER-

 Sulphate in groundwater is caused


by natural deposits of magnesium
sulphate, calcium sulphate or
sodium sulphate. Concentrations
should be below 250 ppm.

 Higher concentrations are


undesirable because of their
laxative effects.

 Iron as it exists in natural ground


water is in the soluble (ferrous)
state but, when exposed to oxygen,
is converted into the insoluble
(ferric) state with its characteristic
reddish brown or rusty color.

 Chlorides in groundwater can be


naturally occurring in deep aquifers
or caused by pollution from sea
water, brine, or industrial or
domestic wastes.

 Chloride concentration above 250


mg/l can produce a distinct taste in
drinking water. Fluorinated water
contains fluoride at a level that is
effective for preventing cavities.

THEORY:
Hard water: -

Water with very high mineral content is


called hard water. Hard water is when
water percolates through deposits of
chalk and limestone. We know that
limestone and chalk are made up of
calcium and magnesium carbonates.

Indicator of hardness
in water: -
Hardness in water indicates an inability
to form lather with soap solution. The
effect of various dissolved salts,
containing several different cations and
anions, on the formation on lather, is
investigated. Following example of hard
water containing calcium and magnesium
ions, shows formation of insoluble
precipitate.

2 CnHssCOO-Na* + Ca2* -» (C17H3sCOO)2Ca + 2

Na*

3 .Ci7H3SCOO_Na’+ Mg24(C17H3sCOO)2Mg + 2Na*


APPARATUS:-

 Test tubes

 Pipette

 Beakers

 Stop watch

 Corks
 Test tube stand
 CHEMICALS REQUIRED:-

 Soap solution
 Calcium chloride solution
 Sodium sulphate
 Distilled water
 Iron sulphate solution
 Sodium chloride
 Potassium nitrate
 Magnesium sulphate
 DETERMINING HARDNESS OF
WATER:-
♦ Take eight test tubes :-

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

 Put about 10 drops of the


following in different test
tubes:

i. Test tube 1-distilled or deionised water


ii. Test tube 2-calcium chloride solution
iii. Test tube 3-sodium sulphate solution
iv. Test tube 4-lron sulphate solution
v. Test tube 5-Sodium chloride solution
vi. Test tube 6-potassium nitrate solution
vii. Test tube 7-magnesium sulphate

 Take out 50 mL of soap solution in a small


beaker.

 Pipette out about 5 mL soap solution in each


test tube.
 Close the mouth of each test tube with cork
and shake it vigorously.

 Note which tube contains a foamy lather and


which do not.
 With the help of stopwatch measure the time taken for disappearance of
foam in each test tube.

TEST SOLUTIO LATHER TIME TAKEN FOR


TUBE N FORME DISAPPEARENCEO
D OR F FOAM
NOT

1 DISTILLED YES 35s


WATER
2 CALCIUM NO -----
CHLORIDE

3 SODIUM YES 28s


SULPHATE

4 SODIUM YES 31s


CHLORIDE

5 POTTASIU YES 29s


M NITRATE

6 MAGNESIU NO -----
M
SULPHATE

7 IRON YES 32s


SULPHATE

 PROCEDURE:-
 TESTING IRON IN WATER :
•Take 5 mL water in a test tube. Add two
drops of dilute H2SO4.

• Boil the contents and allow it to cool.

•Now, add 2-3 drops of ammonium


sulphocyanide.

OBSERVATION:
Appearance of orange colour indicates the
presence of iron in water.

 TESTING CHLORIDE
WATER:-

• Take S mL water in a test tube. Add 2 drops


of concentrated HNOa in it.
• Boil the contents of the test tube and allow
it to cool.
Now add 2-3 drops of AgNO3solution to it.

 OBSERVATION:
Appearance of curdy precipitate indicates the
presence of chloride in water.

C. TESTING FLUORIDE IN WATER:


3) Take5 mL water in a test tube.
4) Add water, silver nitrate and dilute nitric
acid to it.

OBSERVATION:-
 No precipitate indicates presence of
fluoride ion in water.

 RESULT:-

 Presence of salt contents


in different source of water
is detected experimentally

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 GOOGLE.COM
 SLIDESHARE.CO
M
 WIKIPEDIA.COM
 GOVT. WEBSITE

You might also like