CHAPTER 3 & 4

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrix : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The numbers or

functions are called the elements of the matrix.

Order of Matrix : A matrix having ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is called the matrix of order mxn.

Zero Matrix : A matrix having all the elements zero is called zero matrix or null matrix.

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its non diagonal elements
are zero.

Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar
matrix.

Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 1, is called an identity matrix
or a unit matrix. It is denoted by I.

I = [eij]n × n

1 if i j
where, eij
0 if i j

Transpose of a Matrix : If A = [aij]m × n be an m × n matrix then the matrix obtained by

interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of the matrix. Transpose of A
is denoted by A´ or AT.

Properties of the transpose of a matrix.

(i) (A´)´ = A (ii) (A + B)´ = A´ + B´

(iii) (KA)´ = KA´, K is a scalar (iv) (AB)´ = B´A´

Symmetrix Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is symmetrix if aij = aji i, j. Also a square matrix
A is symmetrix if A´ = A.

Skew Symmetrix Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetrix, if aij = – aji i, j. Also
a square matrix A is skew - symmetrix, if A´ = – A.

Determinant : To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n × n, we can associate a number (real
or complex) called determinant of A. It is denoted by det A or |A|.

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 Properties

(i) |AB| = |A| |B|

(ii) |KA|n × n = Kn |A|n × n where K is a scalar.

Area of triangles with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by

x1 y1 1
1
x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

x1 y1 1
The points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are collinear x2 y2 1 0
x3 y3 1
Adjoint of a square matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose elements have been
replaced by their cofactors and is denoted as adj A.

Let A = [aij]n × n

adj A = [Aji]n × n where A ji are co-factor of element aji

Properties

(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I

(ii) If A is a square matrix of order n then |adj A| = |A|n–1

(iii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).

Singular Matrix : A square matrix is called singular if |A| = 0, otherwise it will be called a non-
singular matrix.

Inverse of a Matrix : A square matrix whose inverse exists, is called invertible matrix. Inverse
of only a non-singular matrix exists. Inverse of a matrix A is denoted by A–1 and is given by

1 = 11
A −1 =
A adj
adj..AA
|A
A|
Properties

(i) AA–1 = A–1A = I

(ii) (A–1)–1 = A

(iii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1

(iv) (A1)–1 = (A–1)1

Solution of system of equations using matrix :

1) If AX = B is a matrix equation then its solution is X = A–1B.

(i) If |A| 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.

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 (ii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B 0 then system is inconsistent and has no solution.

(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is consistent and has infinite solution.

2) If AX = 0 is a matrix equation,where is a squqre matrix

. (i) If |A|≠ 0,then system has trivial solution.

(ii) If |A| = 0 then system has infinitely many solutions.

Note- If |A| = 0, then (adj A) B = 0 as B = 0

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3 than | KA | is equal to :

(A) k | A| (B) K2 | A| (C) k3 | A | (D) 3k | A |

2. If a, b, c are in A.P. then determinant

x+2 x+3 x + 2a
x+3 x+4 x + 2b is
x+4 x+5 x + 2c

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) x (D) 2x

Tp Tq Tr
3. Tp ,Tq ,Tr are the p , q and r terms of an A.P. then p
th th th
q r equals
1 1 1

(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 0 (D) p+q+r

1 ω ω2
4. The value of ω ω2 1 , ω being a cube root of unity is
2
ω 1 ω

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) ω2 (D) ω

5. If a+b+c=0, one root of

a−x c b
c b−x a =0
b a c−x

(A) x=1 (B) x=2 (C) x = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (D) x=0

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6. The roots of the equation

a−x b c
0 b−x 0 = 0 are
0 b c−x

(A) a and b (B) b and c (C) a and c (D) a,b and c

1 a a2
7. Value of 1 b b 2 is
1 c c2

(A) (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (B) (a2-b2) (b2-c2) (c2-a2)

(C) (a-b+c) (b-c+a) (c-a+b) (D) None of these

8. If A and B are any 2 x 2 matrices, then det (A+B)=0 implies

(A) det A + det B=0 (B) det A=0 or det B=0

(C) det A=0 and det B=0 (D) None of these

9. If A and B are 3 x 3 matrices then AB=0 implies

(A) A=0 and B=0 (B) |A|=0 and |B|=0

(C) Either |A|=0 or |B|=0 (D) A=0 or B=0

10. The value of λ for which the system of equations :-

x + y + 2 = 6 , x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 , x + 4 y + λ z = 1 has a unique solution is

(A) λ ≠ −7 (B) λ≠7

(C) λ =7 (D) λ = −7
11. If the system of the equation :

x − ky− z = 0, kx− y − z = 0, x + y − z = 0 has a non-zero solution, then the possible values

of k are :

(A) -1, 2 (B) 1,2

(C) 0, 1 (D) -1, 1

12. If A is a 3 x 3 non singular matrix than det [adj. (A)] is equal to

(A) (det A)2 (B) (det A)3

(C) detA (D) (det A)−1
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13. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the determinant of Adj. A =

(A) | A |n (B) | A|n+1

(C) | A|n−1 (D) | A |n+2

1 a b+c
14. The value of 1 b c + a is
1 c a+b

(A) a+b+c (B) 1

(C) 0 (D) abc

15. If A2-A+I=0 then the inverse of A is

(A) A (B) A+I

(C) I-A (D) A-I

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

  i+ j if i = j
i +i j ij ififi=ji = j
1. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given a [
by aijaij=ij=   2 j if i if
= i |
− i 2− j ]
2 j | j ji < j
  if i <
 22 2
1 2 3 3 0 1
2. Find A and B if 2A + 3B = and A 2B .
2 0 1 1 6 2

1
3. If A 2 and B 2 1 4 , verify that (AB)´ = B´A´.
3

3 3 1
4. Express the matrix 2 2 1 P Q where P is a symmetric and Q is a skew-symmetric
4 5 2
matrix.

cos sin cos n sinn

, verify prove that An = where n is a natural number.
5 If A= sin cos sinn cos n

2 1 5 2 2 5
6. Let A , B , C , find a matrix D such that CD – AB = O.
3 4 7 4 3 8

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 1 3 2 1
7 Find the value of x such that 1 x 1 2 5 1 2 0
15 3 2 x

cos 2 cos sin cos 2 cos sin

8 Prove that the product of the matrices and 2
is
2
cos sin sin cos sin sin

the null matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of .

2

5 3
9. If A show that A2 – 12A – I = 0. Hence find A–1.
12 7

2 3
10 If A find f(A) where f(x) = x2 – 5x – 2.
4 7

4 3
11. If A , find x and y such that A2 – xA + yI = 0.
2 5

1 2 3 7 8 9
12. Find the matrix x so that x .
4 5 6 2 4 6

2 3 1 2
13. If A and B then show that (AB)–1 = B–1A–1.
1 4 1 3
14. Test the consistency of the following system of equations by matrix method :

3x – y = 5; 6x – 2y = 3

6 3
15. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix A , if possible.
2 1

3 1
16. By using elementary column transformation, find the inverse of A .
5 2

cos sin
17. If A and A + A´ = I, then find the general value of .
sin cos
Using properties of determinants, prove the following : Q 18 to Q 24

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 x 2 x 3 x 2a
18. x 3 x 4 x 2b 0 if a, b, c are in A.P .
x 4 x 5 x 2c

sin cos sin

19. sin cos sin 0
sin cos sin

a2 bc c 2 + ac
20. a 2 + ab b2 ac = 4a 2b 2c 2
2 2
aba b 2 + bc
bc c 2 ac +c
2 2 2 2 2
20. a ab b ac 4a b c .
2 2
x + aab b b c bc c

21. xa a x + b b c =cx 2 (a + b + c + d )
2
.21 aa b x+b x + c c x x + a + b +c
a b x c

22. Show that :

1 1 1
2 2 2 =
x y z y z z x x y yz zx xy .
yz zx xy

23. (i) If the points (a, b) (a´, b´) and (a – a´, b – b´) are collinear. Show that ab´ = a´b.

2 5 4 3
(ii) If A and B verify that AB A B
2 1 2 5

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 24 Solve the following equation for x.

a +ax xa −ax xa −ax x

a x a x a x 0.
a −ax xa +ax xa −ax =x 0
a−x a−x a+x

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

0 1 22
 
1. Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary row operations AA = 1 2 33.
3 1 11 

2. Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :

x – y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2.

3. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method, where x 0, y 0, z 0

2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0
=10,, =10 , =13. where
x y z x y z x y z

1 2 3
4. Find A–1, where A 2 3 2 , hence solve the system of linear equations :
3 3 –4

x + 2y – 3z = – 4

2x + 3y + 2z = 2

3x – 3y – 4z = 11

5. The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from twice the first number,
we get 3. By adding double the second number and the third number we get 0. Represent it
algebraically and find the numbers using matrix method.

6. Compute the inverse of the matrix.

 3 3 − 1 1 1 1
A = − 15 5 6 2 − 55 and verify that A −1 A3 = I 3
A 15 6 5 and verify that A–1 A = I .

 5 − 2 5 

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 1 1 2 1 2 0
7. If the maxtric A = 0 2 − 3 and B =  21
  − 10, then compute (AB)
−1 −1
1 1 2 32
-1 –1
7. If the matrix A 03 −22 43 and B = −21 03 2 –1  , then compute (AB) .
3 2 4 -1 0 2

8. Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :

2x – y = 4, 2y + z = 5, z + 2x = 7

9 Find the inverse of the matrix A 1 3 0 by using elementary column transformations..

0 2 1

2 3
10. Let A and f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7. Show that f (A) = 0. Use this result to find A5
1 2

cos sin 0
11. If A sin cos 0 , verify that A . (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I3.
0 0 1

2 1 1
12. For the matrix A 1 2 1 , verify that A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = 0, hence find A–1.
1 1 2

13. By using properties of determinants prove the following :

1 a2 b2 2ab 2b
2 3
2ab 1 a b 2
2a 1 a2 b2 .
2 2
2b 2a 1 a b

2
y z xy zx
2 2.
14. xy x z yz 2xyz x y z
2
xz yz x y

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