Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment
It is carried out for specific industrial purpose- To relieve internal stress, Improve machinability, Desired hardness,
desired change in microstructure for better mechanical properties.
ANNEALING
● Heating of steel to Austenizing Temperature. It results in formation of ferrite, spheroidal element & Coarse Pearlite.
● To relieve internal stress, Improve machinability, refine grain size(Uniform structure) & increase ductility.
● Full- Hypoeutectoid- 50'C above UCT. Hypereuctectoid- 50'C above LCT. CR- 30'C-200'C per hour.
● Process- To remove defect from cold working. LCS heated to re-crystallization temp. and cool slowly.
● Spheroidize- M & High CS. Sample heated close to LCT.
● Diffusion-At 1000-1200'C. Homogenizing composition.
NORMALIZING-
● Steel heated to 50'C above austenite stabilization temp(greater then annealing). AIR Cooling.
● Increases Impact strength. Less ductile then annealed. Hard surface(Fine) & Tough Core(coarse)
● Mechanical properties better then anneal. (Grain refinement).
● Steel Normalize- YP & UTS increase but ductility decreases.
HARDENING-
● Heating of steel to Austenizing Temperature(stable). Cooled greater then CR rate. Objective- Martensite
● After hardening steel must be tempered to reduce brittleness, relieve internal stress. Boron Increase hardness.
● Oil bath for steel alloy. Quenching- Brine>Water+NaOH>Water>Oil>Forced Air>Still Air.
TEMPERING-
● Final operation of heat treatment. Heating hardened steel to temperature below LCT & Cool slowly.
● Toughness, Ductility improves.
● High Temp. Tempering- Sorbite (500'C-650'C). Medium Temp. Tempering- Troosite(350-500'C).
● After tempering work is cool in water to increase its endurance limit & elastic limit.
Case Hardening- Hard surface are produced. Good wear resistance. Mild steel hardened by this since they cant be
quench.
CARBURIZING-
NITRIDING-
Nitrogen content on surface is Increases. NH3(500'C-650'C).Atomic state of N diffuse on surface of steel. Presence of
Alloying element Al,Cu is necessary in order to obtain maxm. hardness mild C steel 3%.
No heat treatment require after this & Case produce is brittle And costly.
CYANIDING-
Molten salt bath NaCN(820-860'C). Atomic C diffuse.
Bath is toxic.
Hardness- Nitriding > Cynaiding > Carburizing
INDUCTION HARDENING-
Structure of core remain unchanged. MF induce eddy current. Current density not uniform. Used for hardening surface
of small component. Depth of hardness easily controlled. Both external/internal surface hardened. ex- Cast steel
crankshaft.
FLAME HARDENING-
Fuel caused by Flame may be- Oxyacetylene, kerosene etc. Core is not affected. 2-4mm and surface is Martensite.
POINTS TO PONDER-
Rockwell- Measure Depth of Indentation. Two type of indenter- 1) 120'C Diamond Cone (Brale). 2) Steel ball(1.6-3.2)
Brinell- 10mm Dia Steel balls. Diameter of indentation measured.
Vickers- Square base Diamond Pyramid (136') opp. face. & Measure surface Area.
Knoop( Very thin crossection)- Micro hardness. Diamond Pyramidal indenter (7:1, long & Short Diagonal length)