Heat Loss through an Insulating Wall

1. Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for an insulating wall composed of
25.4 mm thick fiber insulating board, where the inside temperature is 352.7 and
the outside temperature is 297 K.
Conduction through a Hollow Cylinder
2. A thick walled cylindrical tubing of hard rubber having an inside radius of 5mm
and outside radius of 20mm is being used as a temporary cooling coil in a bath.
Ice water is flowing rapidly inside and the inside wall temperature is 297.1 K. A
total of 14.65 W must be removed from the bath by the cooling oil. How many m
of tubing are needed?
Plane Walls in Series
3. A cold-storage room is constructed of an inner layer of 12.7mm of pine, a middle
layer of 101.6 mm of cork board, and an outer layer of 76.2 mm of concrete. The
wall temperature is 255.4 K inside the cold room and 297.1 K at the outside
surface of the concrete. For pine, 0.151; for cork board, 0.0433; and for concrete,
0.762 W/m-K. Calculate the heat loss in W for 1 m2 and the temperature at the
interface between the wood and cork board.
Multilayer Cylinder
4. A thick-walled tube of stainless steel (A) having k = 21.63 W/m-K with
dimensions of 0.0254 m ID and 0.0508 m OD is covered with a 0.0254-m layer of
asbestos (B) insulation k = 0.2423 W/m-K. The inside temperature of the pipe at
811K and the outside surface of the insulation is at 310.8K. For a 0.305 m length
of pipe, calculate the heat loss and also the temperature at the interface between
the metal and the insulation.
Combined Convection and Radiation
5. Saturated Steam at 267 deg F is flowing inside a ¾ steel having an ID of 0.824
in. and an OD of 1.050 in. The pipe is insulated with 1.5 in of insulation on the
outside. The convective coefficient for the inside steam surface of the pipe is
estimated as hi = 1000 btu/h-ft2-F and the convective coefficient on the outside
of the lagging is estimated as ho = 2btu/h-ft2-F. The mean thermal conductivity of
the metal is 45W/m-K or 26 btu/h-ft-F and 0.064W/m-K or 0.037 btu/h-ft-F for the
insulation.
a. Calculate the heat loss for 1 ft of pipe using resistances if the surrounding
air is at 80F
Heat Generation in Cylinder
6. An electric current of 200A is passed through a stainless steel wire having a
radius R of 0.001268 m. The wire is 0.91 m long and has a resistance of 0.126
 Ω. The outer surface temperature T w = 422.1 K. The average thermal
conductivity is k=22.5W/m-K. Calculate the center temperature.
Unsteady Heat Conduction
7. To cool a large slab of glass 4” thick from 400 to 100 F, we put it into a constant
temperature bath at 50 F. How long the glass must remain in the bath.
Data: p = 160lb/ft3
Cp = 0.18 Btu/lb –F
k = 0.36 Btu/hr-ft-F
Natural Convection
8. A heated wall 1 ft high of an oven for baking food with the surface at 450 deg F is
in contact with air at 100 deg F. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient in Btu/hr-
ft2-F per foot width of the wall. Calculate the heat transfer in Btu/hr per foot width
of the wall.
Forced Convection
9. Water at 60 deg C enters a tube of 1-in (2.54 cm diameter at a mean flow
velocity of 2cm/s) Calculate the exit water temperature iof the tube is 3.0m long
and the wall temperature is constant at 80 deg C.
Radiation
10. A refractory material with an emissivity of 0.40 at 1500 K and 0.43 at 1420 K is
at temperature of 1420K and is exposed to black furnace walls at a temperature
of 1500 K. What is the rate of gain of heat by radiation per unit area?
Evaporation
11. What is the boiling point rise of a 10% LiNO3 solution at 280 F ?
12. In a single effect evaporator 20 grams/80 grams water is to be concentrated to
45% by evaporating the water present on the 1200 kg/hr feed rate. Vapor is
condensed and 30% is bled off to the humidifier unit while the rest is drawn from
a pipe of 5 cm diameter. What is the flow velocity of the recovered vapor ?
13. One-hundred twenty kilograms per hour of 8 molal aqueous urea solution at 20
deg C is feed to an evaporator operating at 141 kPa. Fifty percent of the water
present is removed. Saturated steam is fed at 200 kPa and condenses slightly at
lower temperature at 350K The solution is further concentrated by cooling the
product in a vacuum crystallizer where the liquor is at 38% saturation at room
temperature.
Crystallization

14. A 20 weight % solution of Na2SO4 at 200°F is pumped continuously to a vacuum

crystallizer from which the magma is pumped at 60°F. What is the composition of
this magma, and what percentage of Na2SO4 in the feed is recovered as
Na2SO4·10H2O crystals after this magma is centrifuged?
15. A plant produces 30,000 MT of anhydrous sulfate annually by crystallizing sulfate
brine at 0°C, yields of 95% and 90% in the crystallization and calcinations
operations are obtained respectively. How many metric tons of liquor are fed to
the crystallizer daily? Note: 300 working days per year
16. 1,200 lb of barium nitrate are dissolved in sufficient water to form a saturated
solution at 90°C. Assuming that 5% of the weight of the original solution is lost
through evaporation, calculate the crop of the crystals obtained when cooled to
20°C. solubility data of barium nitrate at 90°C = 30.6 lb/100 lb water; at 20°C =
9.2 lb/100 lb water
17. A Swenson-Walker crystallizer is to be used to produce 1 ton/h of copperas
(FeSO4·7H2O) crystals. The saturated solution enters the crystallizer at 120°F.
The slurry leaving the crystallizer will be at 80°F. Cooling water enters the
crystallizer jacket at 60°F and leaves at 70°F. It may be assumed that the U for
the crystallizer is 35 BTU/h·°F·ft2. There are 3.5 ft2 of cooling surface per ft of
crystallizer length.

a) Estimate the cooling water required

b) Determine the number of crystallizer section to be used.

Data: specific heat of solution = 0.7 BTU/lb·°F; heat of solution= 4400 cal/gmol
copperas; solubility at 120°F = 140 parts copperas/100 parts excess water;
solubility at 80°F = 74 parts copperas/100 parts excess water

Mass Transfer

18. Estimate the diffusivity of the following gas mixture: Nitrogen – Carbon dioxide
a. 1 atm & 25 deg C
b. 2 atm & 100 deg C
 19. Alcohol vapour is diffusing through a layer of water vapor under a equimolar
counter diffusion at 35 deg C and 1 atm pressure. The molal concentration of
alcohol on the two sides of the gas film (0.3 mm) thick are 80% and 10%
respectively. Diffusivity = 0.18 cm2/sec

Humidification
20. Air-Water system at 1 bar has a dry bulb temperature of 70 F and a mixing ration
of 0.0120 lb H2O/lb d.a.
a. What is the wet bulb temperature?
b. What is the relative humidity?
c. What is the humid volume in ft3 air/ lb d.a
d. What is the percentage saturation ?
21. 2-Propanol- air system with 0.43 ratio of partial pressure to equilibrium vapor
pressure at 700mmHg and a temperature of 298.5 K is analyzed.
a. Determine the mass ratio in kg propanol/kg D.A.
b. What is the humid heat in KJ/kg-K ?
c. What is the saturated volume in m3 mixture/kg dry air?
Drying
22. When a porous solid was dried under constant drying conditions, 5 hours were
required to reduce the moisture from 30 to 12 lb H2O/lb dry solid. Critical
moisture content is 18 lb H2O/lb dry solid and the equilibrium moisture is 5 lb
H2O/lb dry solid. If the drying rate during the falling rate period is a straight line
through the origin, it is needed to dry the solid from 30 to 8 lb H 2O/lb dry solid.
Calculate the:
a. Time during the constant rate period
b. Time during falling-rate period
c. Total Drying time