Unity All Lesson Plans
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0.1 I nstall Unity Software
Example of progress by end of lesson
Steps:
Step 1: Download and install Unity Hub
Step 2: Install a new version of Unity
Step 3: Sign in or create a new Unity ID
Length: 20 minutes
Overview: If you do not already have Unity installed on your computer, the first thing
you need to do before you get started on the course is install it. In order to do
so, if you don’t have one already, you will need to create a Unity ID. When you
install the software, you will install Unity Hub, which allows you to manage
your installations and projects, the Unity engine itself, and Visual studio, the
Integrated Development Environment (or IDE) you will use to code in C#.
Project Unity Hub, the Unity Editor, and Visual Studio will all be installed on your
Outcome: computer.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Use Unity Hub to install and manage versions of Unity on your computer
- Create a new Unity ID to be able to access of all Unity’s services
© Unity 2019 Lesson 0.1 - Install Unity Software
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Step 1: Download and install Unity Hub
In order to most effectively download, install, and manage the versions of Unity on our
computer, we will use something called Unity Hub.
1. In a new tab, either Google “Download Unity Hub” - Warning: If you already have a version
or go to https://unity3d.com/get-unity/download, of Unity that is version 2018+, you do
then click to Download Unity Hub not need to complete this lesson
- Warning: Don’t download Unity directly
2. From your Downloads folder, double-click on the
- download U nity H
ub
Unity Hub Setup file to begin the installation - Warning: Will be different on a Mac vs
3. Agree to Unity Terms of Service and follow the a PC - on a Mac, you just have to drag
instructions to install Unity Hub the icon into the Applications folder,
4. Open Unity Hub for the first time and click on the then open it from there
Projects, Learn, and Installs tabs - Don’t worry: T here might be old
projects or other versions in the list
© Unity 2019 Lesson 0.1 - Install Unity Software
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Step 2: Install a new version of Unity
Now that Unity Hub is installed, we need to actually install a new version of Unity and our code
editor, Visual Studio
1. In the Installs tab click to Add a new Unity - Don’t worry: This may take a very l ong time,
Version depending on the speed of your computer
2. Choose either 2 018.4.1f1 (if you would like and internet connection as it has to first
download, then install both Unity and Visual
your version of Unity to look exactly the
Studio
same as the videos) or anything higher than - Warning: You will likely be asked to provide
that your computer’s admin password
3. Choose to install Visual Studio (for Mac or - New Concept: L TS stands for Long-term
PC) support, which means Unity will officially
4. Accept any necessary terms and conditions support it and keep it up-to-date for 2 years
and begin installation - Tip: You can continue onto next step of
creating a Unity ID while it is installing
© Unity 2019 Lesson 0.1 - Install Unity Software
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Step 3: Sign in or create a new Unity ID
In order to access a lot of important Unity services, including the Unity Asset Store, we need to
be signed in with a Unity ID
1. From the A ccount menu in Unity Hub, click to Sign in - New Concept: What is a Unity ID?
2. If you already have an account, sign in - otherwise, - Warning: If you create a new Unity
you can sign in quickly through G oogle or Facebook ID, you will be asked to complete a
questionnaire
or Create a New Unity ID
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● Unity Hub, Unity Editor 2018+, and Visual Studio installed
● Signed into Unity Hub
New Concepts ● Unity Hub and its features
and Skills ● Editor versions, including LTS releases
● Visual Studio
● Unity IDs
Next Lesson ● We will actually create a new project and open the Unity Editor to start
creating
© Unity 2019 Lesson 0.1 - Install Unity Software
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1.1 S tart your 3D Engines
Steps:
Step 1: Make a course folder and new project Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Import assets and open Prototype 1
Step 3: Add your vehicle to the scene
Step 4: Add an obstacle and reposition it
Step 5: Locate your camera and run the game
Step 6: Move the camera behind the vehicle
Step 7: Customize the interface layout
Length: 70 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you will create your very first game project in Unity Hub. You
will choose and position a vehicle for the player to drive and an obstacle for
them to hit or avoid. You will also set up a camera for the player to see
through, giving them a perfect view of the scene. Throughout this process,
you will learn to navigate the Unity Editor and grow comfortable moving
around in 3D Space. Lastly, you will customize your own window layout for
the Unity Editor.
Project You will have a vehicle and obstacle positioned on the road and the camera
Outcome: set up perfectly behind the vehicle. You will also have a new custom Unity
layout, perfectly optimized for editing.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Create a new project through Unity Hub
- Navigate 3D space and the Unity Editor comfortably
- Add and manipulate objects in the scene to position them where you want
- Position a camera in an ideal spot for your game
- Control the layout of Unity Editor to suit your needs
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.1 - Start your 3D Engines
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Step 1: Make a course folder and new project
The first thing we need to do is create a folder that will hold all of our course projects, then create a new
Unity project inside it for Prototype 1.
1. On your desktop (or somewhere else you will remember), - Don’t worry: Unity might
Right-click > create N ew Folder, then name it “Create with Code” take a while to open, so
2. Open Unity Hub and click New just give it some time
3. Name the project “Prototype 1”, select the correct version of
Unity, set the location to the new “Create with Code” folder, and
select the 3 D template
4. Click C
reate Project, then wait for Unity to open
Step 2: Import assets and open Prototype 1
Now that we have an empty project open, we need to import the assets for Prototype 1 and open the
scene
1. Click on one of the links to access the Prototype 1 starter - Warning: You’re free to look
files, then download a
nd import them into Unity around, but don’t try moving
2. In the Project window, in Assets > Scenes > double-click on yet
- Warning: Be careful playing
the Prototype 1 scene to open it
with this interface, don’t click
3. Delete the S ample Scene without saving on anything else yet
4. Right-click + drag to look around at the start of the road - New Concept: Project Window
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.1 - Start your 3D Engines
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Step 3: Add your vehicle to the scene
Since we’re making a driving simulator, we need to add our own vehicle to the scene.
1. In the Project Window, open Assets > Course Library > - New: Hierarchy
Vehicles, then drag a vehicle into the Hierarchy - New: Undo (Cmd/Ctrl + Z) and
2. Hold right-click + WASD to fly to the vehicle, then try to Redo (Cmd+Shift+Z / Ctrl+Y)
- Warning: Mouse needs to be
rotate around it
in scene view for F/focus to
3. Press F in the Scene view to focus on it, then use the s croll work
wheel to zoom in and out and hold the scroll wheel to pan - New Technique: Scroll Wheel
4. Press F to focus on it, hold alt+left-click to rotate around it for Zoom and Pan
perfectly
5. If anything goes wrong, press Ctrl/Cmd+Z to Undo until it’s
fixed
Step 4: Add an obstacle and reposition it
The next thing our game needs is an obstacle! We need to choose one and position it in front of
the vehicle.
1. Go to Course Library > Obstacles and d rag an obstacle - New Concept: XYZ location,
directly into scene view rotation and scale
2. In the Inspector for your obstacle, in the top-right of the - New Concept: Inspector
Transform component, click the Gear Icon > Reset Position
3. In the Inspector, change the XYZ Location to 0,0,25
4. In the hierarchy, Right-click > R
ename your two objects as
“Vehicle” and “Obstacle”
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.1 - Start your 3D Engines
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Step 5: Locate your camera and run the game
Now that we’ve set up our vehicle and obstacle, let’s try running the game and looking through
the camera.
1. Select the Camera in the hierarchy, then p
ress F to focus - New Concept: Game View vs
on it Scene View
2. Press the P lay button to run your Game, then press Play - New Technique: Stop/Play
(Cmd/Ctrl + P)
again to stop it
Step 6: Move the camera behind the vehicle
In order for the player to properly view our game, we should position and angle the camera in a
good spot behind the vehicle
1. Use the Move a nd Rotate tools to move the camera behind the - New Technique:
vehicle looking down on it Snapping (Cmd/Ctrl +
2. Hold Ctrl/Cmd to move the camera by whole units Drag)
- New Concept: Rotation
on the XYZ Axes
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.1 - Start your 3D Engines
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Step 7: Customize the interface layout
Last but not least, we need to customize the Unity Editor layout so that it’s perfect for editing
our project.
1. In the top-right corner, change the layout from “Default” to “Tall”, - New Concept: Layouts
2. Move G ame view beneath Scene view
3. In the Project window, click on the little drop-down menu in the
top-right and choose “One-column layout”
4. In the layout Dropdown, save a new Layout and call it “My
Layout”
Lesson Recap
New ● Project set up with assets imported
Functionality ● Vehicle positioned at the start of the road
● Obstacle positioned in front of the vehicle
● Camera positioned behind vehicle
New Concepts ● Create a new project
and Skills ● Import assets
● Add objects to the scene
● Game vs Scene view
● Project, Hierarchy, Inspector windows
● Navigate 3D space
● Move and Rotate tools
● Customize the layout
Next Lesson ● We’ll really make this interactive by writing our first line of code in C# to
make the vehicle move and have it collide with other objects in the scene
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.1 - Start your 3D Engines
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1.2 Pedal to the Metal
Steps:
Step 1: Create and apply your first script Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Add a comment in the Update() method
Step 3: Give the vehicle a forward motion
Step 4: Use a Vector3 to move forward
Step 5: Customize the vehicle’s speed
Step 6: Add RigidBody components to objects
Step 7: Duplicate and position the obstacles
Length: 70 minutes
Overview: In this lesson you will make your driving simulator come alive. First you will
write your very first lines of code in C#, changing the vehicle’s position and
allowing it to move forward. Next you will add physics components to your
objects, allowing them to collide with one another. Lastly, you will learn how
to duplicate objects in the hierarchy and position them along the road.
Project You will have a moving vehicle with its own C# script and a road full of
Outcome: objects, all of which may collide with each other using physics components.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Create C# scripts and apply them to objects
- Use Visual Studio and a few of its basic features
- Write comments to make your code more readable
- Utilize fundamental C# methods and classes like transform.Translate and
Vector3
- Add Rigidbody and Collider components to allow objects to collide
realistically
- Duplicate objects in the hierarchy to populate your scene
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.2 - Pedal to the Metal
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Step 1: Create and apply your first script
We will start this lesson by creating our very first C# script that will control the vehicle’s
movement.
1. In the Project window, Right-click > Create > Folder - New Concept: C# Scripts
named “Scripts” - Warning: Type the script name as
2. In the “Scripts” folder, Right-click > Create > C# soon as the script is created, since it
adds that name to the code. If you
Script n
amed “PlayerController”
want to edit the name, just delete it
3. Drag the new script onto the V ehicle object and make a new script
4. Click on the Vehicle object to make sure it was - New Concept: Components
added as a Component in the Inspector
Step 2: Add a comment in the Update() method
In order to make the vehicle move forward, we have to first open our new script and get familiar
with the development environment.
1. Double-click on the script to open it in Visual - New: Start vs Update functions
Studio - New: Comments
2. In the Update() method, add a comment that you
will: // Move the vehicle forward
pdate()
void U
{
// Move the vehicle forward
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.2 - Pedal to the Metal
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Step 3: Give the vehicle a forward motion
Now that we have the comment saying what we WILL program - we have to write a line of code
that will actually move the vehicle forward.
1. Under your new comment, type transform.tr, then - New Function: transform.Translate
select Translate from the autocomplete menu - New Concept: Parameters
2. Type (, add 0, 0, 1 between the parentheses, and - Warning: Don’t use decimals yet. Only
whole numbers!
complete the line with a semicolon (;)
3. Press Ctrl/Cmd + S to save your script, then run
your game to test it
void Update()
{
// Move the vehicle forward
transform.Translate(0, 0, 1);
}
Step 4: Use a Vector3 to move forward
We’ve programmed the vehicle to move along the Z axis, but there’s actually a cleaner way to
code this.
1. Delete the 0, 0, 1 you typed and use auto-complete - New Concept: Documentation
to replace it with Vector3.forward - New Concept: Vector3
- Warning: Make sure to save time and
use Autocomplete! Start typing and VS
Code will display a popup menu with
recommended code.
void Update()
{
// Move the vehicle forward
transform.Translate(0, 0, 1 Vector3.forward);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.2 - Pedal to the Metal
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Step 5: Customize the vehicle’s speed
Right now, the speed of the vehicle is out of control! We need to change the code in order to
adjust this.
1. Add * Time.deltaTime and run your game - New Concept: Math symbols in C#
2. Add * 20 and run your game - New Function: Time.deltaTime
void Update()
{
// Move the vehicle forward
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * 20);
}
Step 6: Add RigidBody components to objects
Right now, the vehicle goes right through the box! If we want it to be more realistic, we need to
add physics.
1. Select the Vehicle, then in the hierarchy click Add - New Concept: Rigidbody Component
Component and select RigidBody - New Concept: Collider Component
2. Select the Obstacle, then in the hierarchy click Add - Tip: Adjust the mass of the vehicle and
the obstacle, and test the collision
Component and select RigidBody
results
3. In the RigidBody component properties, increase
the mass of vehicle and obstacle to be about what
they would be in kilograms and test again
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.2 - Pedal to the Metal
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Step 7: Duplicate and position the obstacles
Last but not least, we should duplicate the obstacle and make the road more treacherous for
the vehicle.
1. Click and drag your obstacle to the bottom of the - New Technique: Duplicate
list in the hierarchy (Ctrl/Cmd+D)
2. Press Ctrl/Cmd+D to duplicate the obstacle and - Tip: Try using top-down view to make
this easier
move it down the Z axis
- Tip: Try using the inspector to space
3. Repeat this a few more times to create more your obstacles exactly 25 apart
obstacles
4. After making a few duplicates, select one in the
hierarchy and hold ctrl + click to select multiple
obstacles, then duplicate those
Lesson Recap
New ● Vehicle moves down the road at a constant speed
Functionality ● When the vehicle collides with obstacles, they fly into the air
New Concepts ● C# Scripts
and Skills ● Start vs Update
● Comments
● Methods
● Pass parameters
● Time.deltaTime
● Multiply (*) operator
● Components
● Collider and RigidBody
Next Lesson ● We’ll add some code to our camera, so that it follows the player as they
drive along the road.
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.2 - Pedal to the Metal
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1.3 H igh Speed Chase
Steps: Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Add a speed variable for your vehicle
Step 2: Create a new script for the camera
Step 3: Add an offset to the camera position
Step 4: Make the offset into a Vector3 variable
Step 5: Edit the playmode tint color
Length: 50 minutes
Overview: Keep your eyes on the road! In this lesson you will code a new C# script for
your camera, which will allow it to follow the vehicle down the road and give
the player a proper view of the scene. In order to do this, you’ll have to use a
very important concept in programming: variables.
Project The camera will follow the vehicle down the road through the scene, allowing
Outcome: the player to see where it’s going.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Declare variables properly and understand that variables can be different
data types (float, Vector3, GameObject)
- Initialize/assign variables through code or through the inspector to set
them with appropriate values
- Use appropriate access modifiers (public/private) for your variables in
order to make them easier to change in the inspector
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.3 - High Speed Chase
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Step 1: Add a speed variable for your vehicle
We need an easier way to change the vehicle’s speed and allow it to be accessed from the
inspector. In order to do so what we need is something called a variable.
1. In PlayerController.cs, add public float speed = - New Concept: Floats and Integers
5.0f; at the top of the c
lass - New Concept: Assigning Variables
2. Replace the speed value in the Translate method - New Concept: Access Modifiers
with the speed variable, then test
3. Save the script, then edit the speed value in the
inspector to get the speed you want
public float speed = 20;
void Update()
{
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * 20 speed);
}
Step 2: Create a new script for the camera
The camera is currently stuck in one position. If we want it to follow the player, we have to
make a new script for the camera.
1. Create a new C# script called F
ollowPlayer and - Warning: Remember to capitalize your
attach it to the camera script name correctly and rename it as
2. Add public GameObject player; to the top of the soon as the script is created!
- Warning: It’s really easy to forget to
script
assign the player variable in the
3. Select the Main Camera, then, d rag the player inspector
object onto the empty player variable i n the - Don’t worry: The camera will be under
Inspector the car... weird! We will fix that soon
4. In Update(), assign the camera’s position to the
player’s position, then test
public GameObject player;
void Update()
{
transform.position = player.transform.position;
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.3 - High Speed Chase
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Step 3: Add an offset to the camera position
We need to move the camera’s position above the vehicle so that the player can have a decent
view of the game.
1. In the line in the Update method add + new - New Concept: Vector3 in place of
Vector3(0, 5, -7), then test coordinates
- Tip: You need “new Vector3()” because
3 numbers in a row could mean
anything
- New Concept: FixedUpdate
- Warning: Remember to update your
comments and maintain their
accuracy!
public GameObject player;
void Update()
{
transform.position = player.transform.position + new Vector3(0, 5, -7);
}
Step 4: Make the offset into a Vector3 variable
We’ve fixed the camera’s position, but we may want to change it later! We need an easier way to
access the offset.
1. At the top of F
ollowPlayer.cs, declare private - Don’t worry: Pay no mind to the read
Vector3 offset; only warning
2. Copy the new Vector3() code and a ssign it to that - Tip: Whenever possible, make
variables! You never want hard values
variable
in the middle of your code
3. Replace the original code with the offset variable
4. Test and s
ave
public GameObject player;
private Vector3 offset = new Vector3(0, 5, -7);
void Update()
{
transform.position = player.transform.position + new Vector3(0, 5, -7)
offset;
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.3 - High Speed Chase
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Step 5: Edit the playmode tint color
If we’re going to be creating and editing variables, we need to make sure we don’t accidentally
try to make changes when in “Play mode”
1. From the top menu, g o to Edit > Preferences - Tip: Try editing a variable in play mode,
(Windows) or Unity > Preferences (Mac) then stopping - it will revert
2. In the left menu, choose Colors, then edit the - Warning: Don’t go crazy with the colors
or it will be distracting
“Playmode tint” color to have a s light color
3. Play your project to test it, then close your
preferences
Lesson Recap
New ● Camera follows the vehicle down the road at a set offset distance
Functionality
New Concepts ● Variables
and Skills ● Data types
● Access Modifiers
● Declare and initialize variables
Next Lesson ● In the next lesson, we’ll add our last lines of code to take control of our car
and be able to drive it around the scene.
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.3 - High Speed Chase
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1.4 S tep into the Driver’s Seat
Steps: Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Allow the vehicle to move left/right
Step 2: Base left/right movement on input
Step 3: Take control of the vehicle speed
Step 4: Make vehicle rotate instead of slide
Step 5: Clean your code and hierarchy
Length: 50 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, we need to hit the road and gain control of the vehicle. In order
to do so, we need to detect when the player is pressing the arrow keys, then
accelerate and turn the vehicle based on that input. Using new methods,
Vectors, and variables, you will allow the vehicle to move forwards or
backwards and turn left to right.
Project When the player presses the up/down arrows, the vehicle will move forward
Outcome: and backward. When the player presses the left/right arrows, the vehicle will
turn.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Gain user input with Input.GetAxis, allowing the player to move in different
ways
- Use the Rotate function to rotate an object around an axis
- Clean and organize your hierarchy with Empty objects
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.4 - Step into the Driver’s Seat
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Step 1: Allow the vehicle to move left/right
Until now, the vehicle has only been able to move straight forward along the road. We need it to
be able to move left and right to avoid the obstacles.
1. At the top of PlayerController.cs, add a public float - New Function: Vector3.right
turnSpeed; variable
2. In FixedUpdate(), add
transform.Translate(Vector3.right *
Time.deltaTime * turnSpeed);
3. Run your game and use the turnSpeed variable
slider to move the vehicle left and right
public float turnSpeed;
void Update()
{
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed);
transform.Translate(Vector3.right * Time.deltaTime * turnSpeed);
}
Step 2: Base left/right movement on input
Currently, we can only control the vehicle’s left and right movement in the inspector. We need to
grant some power to the player and allow them to control that movement for themselves.
1. In PlayerController.cs, add a new public float - New: Input.GetAxis
horizontalInput variable - Tip: Edit > Project Settings > Input and
2. In FixedUpdate, assign h orizontalInput = expand the Horizontal Axis to show
everything about it
Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");, then test to see it in
- Warning: Spelling is important in string
inspector parameters. Make sure you spell and
3. Add the horizontalInput variable to your left/right capitalize “Horizontal” correctly!
Translate method to gain control of the vehicle
4. In the inspector, edit the t urnSpeed and s
peed
variables to tweak the feel
public float horizontalInput;
void Update()
{
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed);
transform.Translate(Vector3.right * Time.deltaTime * turnSpeed * horizontalInput);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.4 - Step into the Driver’s Seat
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Step 3: Take control of the vehicle speed
We’ve allowed the player to control the steering wheel, but we also want them to control the gas
pedal and brake.
1. Declare a new public forwardInput variable - Tip: It can go backwards, too!
2. In FixedUpdate, assign f orwardInput = - Warning: This is slightly confusing with
Input.GetAxis("Vertical"); forwardInput and vertical axis
3. Add the forwardInput variable to the forward
Translate method, then test
loat horizontalInput;
public f
public f loat forwardInput;
void Update()
{
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed * forwardInput);
transform.Translate(Vector3.right * Time.deltaTime * turnSpeed * horizontalInput);
}
Step 4: Make vehicle rotate instead of slide
There’s something weird about the vehicle’s movement… it’s slides left to right instead of
turning. Let’s allow the vehicle to turn like a real car!
1. In FixedUpdate, call transform.Rotate(Vector3.up, - New: transform.Rotate
horizontalInput), then test - Tip: You can always trust the official
2. Delete the line of code that translates Right, then Unity scripting API documentation
test
3. Add * turnSpeed * Time.deltaTime, then test
void Update()
{
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed * forwardInput);
transform.Rotate(Vector3.up, turnSpeed * horizontalInput * Time.deltaTime);
transform.Translate(Vector3.right * Time.deltaTime * turnSpeed * horizontalInput);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.4 - Step into the Driver’s Seat
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Step 5: Clean your code and hierarchy
We added lots of new stuff in this lesson. Before moving on and to be more professional, we
need to clean our scripts and hierarchy to make them more organized.
1. In the hierarchy, Right-click > Create Empty and - New: Empty Object
rename it “Obstacles”, then drag all the obstacles - Tip: You don’t actually need to type
into it “private”, it defaults to that
- Tip: Comments are important,
2. Initialize variables with values in P layerController,
especially for your future self
then make all variables p rivate (except for the
player variables)
3. Use // to add comments to each section of code
public private float speed = 20.0f;
public private float turnSpeed = 45.0f;
public private float horizontalInput;
public private float forwardInput;
void Update() {
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
// Moves the car forward based on vertical input
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed * forwardInput);
// Rotates the car based on horizontal input
transform.Rotate(Vector3.up, turnSpeed * horizontalInput * Time.deltaTime);
}
Lesson Recap
New ● When the player presses the up/down arrows, the vehicle will move forward
Functionality and backward
● When the player presses the left/right arrows, the vehicle turns
New Concepts ● Empty objects
and Skills ● Get user input
● Translate vs Rotate
Next Lesson ● We made our first project! We learned alot about how unity works, we wrote
our first lines of code, and we made a driving game where our player has
full control over this vehicle!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 1.4 - Step into the Driver’s Seat
1
Challenge 1
Plane Programming
Challenge Use the skills you learned in the driving simulation to fly a plane around
Overview: obstacles in the sky. You will have to get the user’s input from the up and
down arrows in order to control the plane’s pitch up and down. You will also
have to make the camera follow alongside the plane so you can keep it in
view.
Challenge - The plane moves forward at a constant rate
Outcome: - The up/down arrows tilt the nose of the plane up and down
- The camera follows along beside the plane as it flies
Challenge In this challenge, you will reinforce the following skills/concepts:
Objectives: - Using the Vector3 class to move and rotate objects along/around an axis
- Using Time.deltaTime in the Update() method to move objects properly
- Moving and rotating objects in scene view to position them the way you want
- Assigning variables in the inspector and initializing them in code
- Implementing Input variables to control the movement/rotation of objects
based on User input
Challenge - Open your P rototype 1 project
Instructions: - Download the "Challenge 1 Starter Files" from the Tutorial Materials section,
then double-click on it to Import
- In the Project Window > Assets > Challenge 1 > I nstructions folder, use the
Outcome video as a guide to complete the challenge
© Unity 2019 Challenge 1 - Plane Programming
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Challenge Task Hint
1 The plane is going Make the plane go forward Vector3.back makes an object
backwards move backwards, Vector3.forward
makes it go forwards
2 The plane is going too Slow the plane down to a If you multiply a value by
fast manageable speed Time.deltaTime, it will change it
from 1x/frame to 1x/second
3 The plane is tilting Make the plane tilt only if the In PlayerControllerX.cs, in Update(),
automatically user presses the up/down the v erticalInput value is
arrows assigned, but it’s never actually used
in the Rotate() call
4 The camera is in front Reposition it so it’s beside For the camera’s position, try X=30,
of the plane the plane Y=0, Z=10 and for the camera’s
rotation, try X=0, Y=-90, Z=0
5 The camera is not Make the camera follow the In FollowPlayerX.cs, neither the plane
following the plane plane nor offset variables are assigned a
value - assign the plane variable in
the camera’s inspector and assign
the offset = new Vector3(0,
30, 10) in the code
Bonus Challenge Task Hint
X The plane’s propeller Create a script that spins the There is a “Propeller” child object of
does not spin plane’s propeller the plane - you should create a new
“SpinPropellerX.cs” script and make
it rotate every frame around the Z
axis.
© Unity 2019 Challenge 1 - Plane Programming
3
Challenge Solution
1 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in Update, change V
ector3.back to Vector3.forward
// move the plane forward at a constant rate
transform.Translate(Vector3.back.forward * speed);
2 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in Update, add * Time.deltaTime t o the Translate call
// move the plane forward at a constant rate
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * speed * Time.deltaTime);
3 In PlayerControllerX.cs, include the verticalInput variable to the Rotate method:
// tilt the plane up/down based on up/down arrow keys
transform.Rotate(Vector3.right * rotationSpeed * verticalInput * Time.deltaTime);
4 Change the camera’s position to (30, 0, 10) and its rotation, to (0, -90, 0)
5 To assign the plane variable, select Main Camera To assign the offset variable, a
dd the value
in the hierarchy, then drag the P lane o
bject onto as a new Vector3 at the top of
the “Plane” variable in the inspector FollowPlane.cs:
private Vector3 offset = new Vector3(30,
0, 10);
© Unity 2019 Challenge 1 - Plane Programming
4
Bonus Challenge Solution
X1 Create a new Script called “SpinPropellerX.cs” and attach it to the “Propellor” object (which is
a child object of the Plane):
X2 In RotatePropellerX.cs, add a new propellorSpeed variable and Rotate the propeller on the Z
axis
private float propellorSpeed = 1000;
void Update() {
transform.Rotate(Vector3.forward, propellorSpeed * Time.deltaTime);
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 1 - Plane Programming
1
Unit 1 Lab
Project Design Document
Steps: Example of progress by end of lab
Step 1: Understand what a Personal Project is
Step 2: Review Design Doc examples
Step 3: Complete your Project Concept V1
Step 4: Complete your Project Timeline
Step 5: Complete your MVP sketch
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: In this first ever Lab session, you will begin the preliminary work required to
successfully create a personal project in this course. First, you’ll learn what a
personal project is, what the goals for it are, and what the potential
limitations are. Then you will take the time to come up with an idea and
outline it in detail in your Design Document, including a timeline for when you
hope to complete certain features. Finally, you will take some time to draw a
sketch of your project to help you visualize it and share your idea with others.
Project The Design Document will be filled out, including the concept, the timeline,
Outcome: and a preliminary sketch of the minimum viable product.
Learning By the end of this lab, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Come up with an idea for a project with a scope appropriate to your time
and available resources
- Think through a project’s concept in order to better understand its
requirements
- Plan out a project’s milestones with due dates to better understand the
production cycle and to hold yourself more accountable
- Create a simple sketch / storyboard in order to better communicate your
ideas
© Unity 2019 Lab 1 - Project Design Document
2
Step 1: Understand what a Personal Project is
Before we get started on our personal projects, we should make sure we understand our
primary goals.
Explain What Personal Projects ( PP’s) are:
● Projects they will be working on on their own with less direct instruction
● A chance to create a project they really care about with their own creative choices
● An opportunity to apply and solidify skills they learned in lessons and challenges
Demo The C
ore Functionality and skills they will learn from each of the 5 Units by showcasing
completed versions of each Prototype:
1. Driving Simulation: player control t hrough user input
2. Feed the Animals: b asic gameplay by spawning random objects on an interval
and trying to collect them, avoid them, or fire projectiles at them
3. Run and Jump: sound and effects, and animation (of background or player)
4. Sumo Battle: gameplay mechanics, powerups and/or increasing difficulty
5. Quick Click: user interface with title screen, game over screen, and score display
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5
Explain Goal / Evaluation of the PP’s are based on:
● Completeness - how much of what you set out to complete did you actually finish
● Uniqueness / Application - how much did you add new design and dev features,
extending and applying your skills in novel and creative ways
NOTE - These two priorities are at odds and it’s up to you to find the balance
Explain You just need a Minimum Viable Product (an MVP) - doesn’t have to be polished
● Definition: a product with just enough features to satisfy early customers, and to
provide feedback for future product development
● This will allow them to focus on the core of the project and not get distracted by
flashy features and graphics that don’t matter as much
Warning There will be a temptation to try and do too much that is completely different from what
anything in the course (e.g. “I want to make “Madden + Facebook + Google!”)
● There’s l ots of time to try and do really ambitious crazy projects in the future, but
for now on this first project, try to stick closely to the core functionality you’re
learning
● The only limitation is time - with enough time, they could make anything!
Discuss Make sure students understand what the Personal Project is, allowing them to ask
questions
© Unity 2019 Lab 1 - Project Design Document
3
Step 2: Review Design Doc examples
Now that we have some idea of what a Personal Project is, let’s look a couple examples
1. Click on the link to open the “Project Design Doc - Warning: y ou will need to be signed
[EXAMPLE]” and read through the Project Concept into a Google account to be able to
2. Click on the link to open a new “Project Design make a copy of the Google Doc version
- Tip: Search YouTube for “gameplay” of
Doc” a s either a Google Doc Copy, Word Doc or
the classic game you want
PDF - Explanation: Notice that sections
3. Think through how you would fill out a design doc correspond to what you’ll be learning
for other games with each unit/prototype
Step 3: Complete your Project Concept V1
Now that we’ve seen some examples, let’s try to come up with our own project concept.
1. Add your name and d ate in - Explanation: In the Course Library, you’ve got human
the top-right corner characters, animals, vehicles, foods, sports balls, other
2. Fill in the blanks for your random things, but you can always use “primitives” as
project concept placeholders in a MVP, then go to the Unity Asset store to
3. Share your project concept get real graphics
with someone else to make - Tip: This is good opportunity to catch yourself if you’re
sure it makes sense to them being too ambitious
- Don’t worry: This is just a best guess right now, if you want
to change your project completely next lab, you could
© Unity 2019 Lab 1 - Project Design Document
4
Step 4: Complete your Project Timeline
Now that we know the basic concept of our project, let’s figure out how we’re going to get it
done.
1. Fill in milestone - Warning: This is a MVP, so don’t be afraid to put objects on backlog
descriptions based that you’ll get to in version 2
on your schedule for - Explanation: In Lab 2 you will be setting up your project, in Lab 3 you
the course, including will do basic player movement, in Lab 4 you will add basic gameplay,
self-imposed due and Lab 5 you will add graphics - that would be a good start in filling
dates this out
2. Add features that - Tip: This will depend heavily on the schedule you’re following for this
will not be included course - you should leave a significant amount of time to work on it
in your MVP to the at the end when you’ve completed all 5 units
“Backlog” - Don’t worry: It will be hard to do this accurately, since you don’t
know how long things take - this can change
- Don’t worry: You don’t need to use all milestones - can add more or
leave blank rows you are not using
- Tip: These should be worded as “Completed functionality” - as in:
“Frog can move side-to-side based on left/right arrow keys”
© Unity 2019 Lab 1 - Project Design Document
5
Step 5: Complete your MVP sketch
To help visualize our minimum viable product, it’s always helpful to have a sketch.
1. Look at sketch in the example - Warning: Do not spend forever on this - it’s just a
2. Using Google Docs, some other online sketch - use circles, squares, and arrows
simple drawing program, or pencil and - Explanation: This should just be a sketch of your
paper, draw a sketch of your MVP and MVP - what you hope to accomplish by the end
add it to your doc of the course - n
ot the fully fledged product
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● Completed your project concept and production timeline
New Concepts ● Personal Projects
and Skills ● Design Documents
● Project Timelines,
● Project Milestones and Backlogs
● Minimum Viable Products
© Unity 2019 Lab 1 - Project Design Document
1
Quiz Unit 1
QUESTION CHOICES
1 Which Unity window contains a list of all the game a. Scene view
objects currently in your scene? b. Project window
c. Hierarchy
d. Inspector
2 True or False: a. True
Visual Studio is not a part of Unity. You could use a b. False
different code editor to edit your C# scripts if you
wanted to.
3 What best describes the difference between the below a. The second car’s X location
images, where the car is in the second image is further value is higher than the first
along the road? car’s
b. The second car’s Y location
value is higher than the first
car’s
c. The second car’s Z location
value is higher than the first
car’s
d. The second car’s Transform
value is higher than the first
car’s.
4 In what order do you put the words when you are a. [data type] [access modifier]
declaring a new variable? [variable value] [variable name]
b. [access modifier] [data type]
public float speed = 20.0f; [variable name] [variable value]
c. [data type] [access modifier]
[variable name] [variable value]
d. [variable name] [data type]
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 1
2
[access modifier] [variable
value]
5 Which of the following variables would be visible in the a. speed
Inspector? b. turnSpeed
c. speed & turnSpeed
public float speed; d. horizontalInput & forwardInput
float turnSpeed = 45.0f;
private float horizontalInput;
private float forwardInput;
6 What is a possible value for the horizontalInput variable? a. -10
b. 0.52
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal"); c. “Right”
d. Vector3.Up
7 What is true about the following two lines of code? a. They will both move an object
at the same speed
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward); b. They will both move an object
transform.Translate(1, 0, 0); in the same direction
c. They will both move an object
along the same axis
d. They will both rotate an object,
but along different axes
8 Which of the following lines of code is using standard a. Line A
Unity naming conventions?` b. Line B
c. Line C
/* a */ Public Float Speed = 40.0f; d. Line D
/* b */ public float Speed = 40.0f;
/* c */ public float speed = 40.0f;
/* d */ public float speed = 40.0f;
9 Which comment would best describe the code below? a. // Rotates around the Y axis
based on left/right arrow keys
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal"); b. // Rotates around the Z axis
transform.Rotate(Vector3.up, horizontalInput); based on up/down arrow keys
c. // Rotates in an upward
direction based on left/right
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 1
3
arrow keys
d. // Moves object up/down
based on the the left/right
arrow keys
10 The image below shows the preferences window that a. The red box
allows you to change which script editing tool (or IDE) b. The blue box
you want to use. Where would you click to choose an c. The green box
alternative code editing tool?
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 1
4
Quiz A nswer Key
# ANSWER EXPLANATION
1 C The Hierarchy window contains a list of every GameObject in the current
Scene. As objects are added and removed in the Scene, they will appear and
disappear from the Hierarchy as well.
2 B True. Visual Studio is just one of many editors you could use to edit your
code, including editors like Atom, Sublime, or even a basic Text Editor.
3 C You can tell which axis the car has moved along using the XYZ directional
gizmo in the top-right, which shows the blue axis pointing forwards down the
road.
4 B Variables are always declared in the order:
[access modifier] - public, private, etc
[data type] - float, int, GameObject, etc
[variable name] - speed, turnSpeed, player, offset, etc
[variable value] - 1.0f, 2, new Vector3(0, 1, 0), etc
5 A “public float speed” would be visible because it has the “public” modifier
applied to it
6 B Input.GetAxis returns a float value between -1 and 1, which means 0.52 is a
possible value
7 A Vector3.forward is the equivalent of (0, 0, 1), which has the same magnitude
as (1, 0, 0), even though they’re in different directions, so they would both
move an object at the same speed, but along different axes
8 D “public float speed = 40.0f;” uses the correct naming conventions because all
three of these terms should start with lowercase letters
9 A Vector3.up is the Y axis and it’s using the Horizontal input value, so it would
rotate around the Y axis when the user presses the left/right arrows
10 A You would click on the Red box to change the “External Script Editor” from
Visual Studio to another tool.
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 1
1
2.1 P layer Positioning
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Create a new Project for Prototype 2
Step 2: Add the Player, Animals, and Food
Step 3: Get the user’s horizontal input
Step 4: Move the player left-to-right
Step 5: Keep the player inbounds
Step 6: Clean up your code and variables
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: You will begin this unit by creating a new project for your second Prototype
and getting basic player movement working. You will first choose which
character you would like, which types of animals you would like to interact
with, and which food you would like to feed those animals. You will give the
player basic side-to-side movement just like you did in Prototype 1, but then
you will use if-then statements to keep the Player in bounds.
Project The player will be able to move left and right on the screen based on the
Outcome: user’s left and right key presses, but will not be able to leave the play area on
either side.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Adjust the scale of an object proportionally in order to get it to the size you
want
- More comfortably use the GetInput function in order to use user input to
control an object
- Create an if-then statement in order to implement basic logic in your
project, including the use of greater than (>) and less than (<) operators
- Use comments and automatic formatting in order to make their code more
clean and readable to other programmers
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.1 - Player Positioning
2
Step 1: Create a new Project for Prototype 2
The first thing we need to do is create a new project and import the Prototype 2 starter files.
1. Open Unity Hub and create a New project named - Don’t worry: Unit 2 has far more
“Prototype 2” in your course directory assets than Unit 1, so the package
2. Click on the link to access the Prototype 2 starter might take a while to import.
files, then import them into Unity
3. Open the P rototype 2 scene and delete the
SampleScene without saving
4. In the top-right of the Unity Editor, change your
Layout from Default to your custom layout
Step 2: Add the Player, Animals, and Food
Let’s get all of our objects positioned in the scene, including the player, animals, and food.
1. If you want, drag a different material from C ourse - New Technique: Adjusting Scale
Library > Materials onto the Ground object - Warning: Don’t choose people for
2. Drag 1 Human, 3 A nimals, and 1 Food object into anything but the player, they don’t have
walking animations
the Hierarchy
- Tip: Remember, dragging objects into
3. Rename the human “Player”, then reposition the the hierarchy puts them at the origin
animals and food so you can see them
4. Adjust the XYZ s cale of the food so you can easily
see it from above
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.1 - Player Positioning
3
Step 3: Get the user’s horizontal input
If we want to move the Player left-to-right, we need a variable tracking the user’s input.
1. In your Assets folder, create a “Scripts” folder, and - Warning: Make sure to create your
a “PlayerController” script inside Scripts folder inside of the assets
2. Attach the script to the Player and open it folder
- Don’t worry: We’re going to get VERY
3. At the top of PlayerController.cs, declare a new
familiar with this process
public float horizontalInput - Warning: If you misspell the script
4. In Update(), set horizontalInput = name, just delete it and try again.
Input.GetAxis(“Horizontal”), then test to make
sure it works in the inspector
public float horizontalInput;
void Update()
{
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
}
Step 4: Move the player left-to-right
We have to actually use the horizontal input to translate the Player left and right.
1. Declare a new public float speed = 10.0f; - Tip: You can look at your old scripts
2. In Update(), Translate the player side-to-side for code reference
based on horizontalInput and s peed
loat horizontalInput;
public f
public f loat speed = 10.0f;
void Update()
{
horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
transform.Translate(Vector3.right * horizontalInput * Time.deltaTime * speed);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.1 - Player Positioning
4
Step 5: Keep the player inbounds
We have to prevent the player from going off the side of the screen with an if-then statement.
1. In Update(), write an if-statement c hecking if the - Tip: Move the player in scene view to
player’s left X position is l ess than a certain value determine the x positions of the left
2. In the if-statement, set the player’s position to its and right bounds
- New Concept: If-then statements
current position, but with a fixed X location
- New Concept: Greater than > and Less
Than < operators
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.x < -10) {
transform.position = new Vector3(-10, transform.position.y, transform.position.z);
}
}
Step 6: Clean up your code and variables
We need to make this work on the right side, too, then clean up our code.
1. Repeat this process for the r ight side of the - Warning: Whenever you see hardcoded
screen values in the body of your code, try to
2. Declare new x Range variable, then replace the replace it with a variable
- Warning: Watch your greater than /
hardcoded values with them
less than signs!
3. Add comments to your code
public float xRange = 10;
void Update()
{
// Keep the player in bounds
if (transform.position.x < -10 -xRange)
{
transform.position = new Vector3(-10 -xRange, transform.position.y, transform.position.z);
}
if (transform.position.x > xRange)
{
transform.position = new Vector3(xRange, transform.position.y, transform.position.z);
}
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.1 - Player Positioning
5
Lesson Recap
New ● The player can move left and right based on the user’s left and right key
Functionality presses
● The player will not be able to leave the play area on either side
New Concepts ● Adjust object scale
and Skills ● If-statements
● Greater/Less than operators
Next Lesson ● We’ll learn how to create and throw endless amounts of food to feed our
animals!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.1 - Player Positioning
1
2.2 F ood Flight
Steps:
Step 1: Make the projectile fly forwards Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Make the projectile into a prefab
Step 3: Test for spacebar press
Step 4: Launch projectile on spacebar press
Step 5: Make animals into prefabs
Step 6: Destroy projectiles offscreen
Step 7: Destroy animals offscreen
Length: 70 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you will allow the player to launch the projectile through the
scene. First you will write a new script to send the projectile forwards. Next
you will store the projectile along with all of its scripts and properties using
an important new concept in Unity called Prefabs. The player will be able to
launch the projectile prefab with a tap of the spacebar. Finally, you will add
boundaries to the scene, removing any objects that leave the screen.
Project The player will be able to press the Spacebar and launch a projectile prefab
Outcome: into the scene, which destroys itself when it leaves the game’s boundaries.
The animals will also be removed from the scene when they leave the game
boundaries.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Transform a game object into a prefab that can be used as a template
- Instantiate Prefabs to spawn them into the scene
- Override Prefabs to update and save their characteristics
- Get user input with GetKey and KeyCode to test for specific keyboard
presses
- Apply components to multiple objects at once to work as efficiently as
possible
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.2 - Food Flight
2
Step 1: Make the projectile fly forwards
The first thing we must do is give the projectile some forward movement so it can zip across
the scene when it’s launched by the player.
1. Create a new “MoveForward” script, attach it to the - Don’t worry: You should all be super
food object, then open it familiar with this method now… getting
2. Declare a new public float speed variable; easier, right?
3. In Update(), add
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward *
Time.deltaTime * speed);, then save
4. In the Inspector, set the projectile’s speed variable,
then test
public float speed = 40;
void Update() {
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * Time.deltaTime * speed);
}
Step 2: Make the projectile into a prefab
Now that our projectile has the behavior we want, we need to make it into a prefab it so it can
be reused anywhere and anytime, with all its behaviors included.
1. Create a new “Prefabs” folder, drag your food into - New Concept: Prefabs
it, and choose O riginal Prefab - New Concept: Original vs Variant
2. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new public Prefabs
- Tip: Notice that this your projectile
GameObject projectilePrefab; variable
already has a move script if you drag it
3. Select the Player in the hierarchy, then drag the in
object from your Prefabs folder onto the new
Prefab Variant box in the inspector
4. Try dragging the projectile into the scene at
runtime to make sure they fly
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.2 - Food Flight
3
Step 3: Test for spacebar press
Now that we have a projectile prefab assigned to PlayerController.cs, the player needs a way to
launch it with the space bar.
1. In PlayerController.cs, in Update(), add an - Tip: Google a solution. Something like
if-statement checking for a spacebar press: “How to detect key press in Unity”
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)) { - New Functions: Input.GetKeyDown,
GetKeyUp, GetKey
2. Inside the if-statement, add a comment saying
- New Function: KeyCode
that you should // Launch a projectile from the
player
void U pdate()
{
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space))
{
// Launch a projectile from the player
}
}
Step 4: Launch projectile on spacebar press
We’ve created the code that tests if the player presses spacebar, but now we actually need
spawn a projectile when that happens
1. Inside the if-statement, use the Instantiate - New Concept: Instantiation
method to spawn a projectile at the player’s
location with the prefab’s rotation
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space))
{
// Launch a projectile from the player
Instantiate(projectilePrefab, transform.position, projectilePrefab.transform.rotation);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.2 - Food Flight
4
Step 5: Make animals into prefabs
The projectile is now a prefab, but what about the animals? They need to be prefabs too, so
they can be instantiated during the game.
1. Rotate all animals on the Y axis by 180 degrees to - Tip: You can change all animals at
face down once by selecting all them in the
2. Select all three animals in the hierarchy and Add hierarchy while holding Cmd/Ctrl
- Tip: Adding a Component from
Component > Move Forward
inspector is same as dragging it on
3. Edit their speed values and test to see how it - Warning: Remember, anything you
looks change while the game is playing will
4. Drag all three animals into the Prefabs folder, be reverted when you stop it
choosing “Original Prefab”
5. Test by dragging prefabs into scene view during
gameplay
Step 6: Destroy projectiles offscreen
Whenever we spawn a projectile, it drifts past the play area into eternity. In order to improve
game performance, we need to destroy them when they go out of bounds.
1. Create “DestroyOutOfBounds” script and apply it - Warning: Too many objects in the
to the projectile hierarchy will slow the game
2. Add a new private float topBound variable and - Tip: Google “How to destroy
gameobject in Unity”
initialize it = 30;
- New Function: Destroy
3. Write code to destroy if out of top bounds if - New Technique: Override prefab
(transform.position.z > topBound) {
Destroy(gameObject); }
4. In the Inspector O verrides drop-down, click A
pply
all to apply it to prefab
private float topBound = 30;
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.z > topBound) {
Destroy(gameObject); }}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.2 - Food Flight
5
Step 7: Destroy animals offscreen
If we destroy projectiles that go out of bounds, we should probably do the same for animals.
We don’t want critters getting lost in the endless abyss of Unity Editor...
1. Create a new private float lowerBound variable - New Function: Else-if statement
and initialize it = -10; - Warning: Don’t make topBound too
2. Create e lse-if statement to check if objects are tight or you’ll destroy the animals
before they before they can spawn
beneath lowerBound:
else if (transform.position.z > topBound)
3. Apply the script to all of the animals, then
Override the prefabs
loat topBound = 30;
private f
private f loat lowerBound = -10;
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.z > topBound)
{
Destroy(gameObject);
} else if (transform.position.z < lowerBound) {
Destroy(gameObject);
}
}
Lesson Recap
New ● The player can press the Spacebar to launch a projectile prefab,
Functionality ● Projectile and Animals are removed from the scene if they leave the screen
New Concepts ● Create Prefabs
and Skills ● Override Prefabs
● Test for Key presses
● Instantiate objects
● Destroy objects
● Else-if statements
Next Lesson ● Instead of dropping all these animal prefabs onto the scene, we’ll create a
herd of animals roaming the plain!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.2 - Food Flight
1
2.3 R andom Animal Stampede
Steps: Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Create a spawn manager
Step 2: Spawn an animal if S is pressed
Step 3: Spawn random animals from array
Step 4: Randomize the spawn location
Step 5: Change the perspective of the camera
Length: 50 minutes
Overview: Our animal prefabs walk across the screen and get destroyed out of bounds,
but they don’t actually appear in the game unless we drag them in! In this
lesson we will allow the animals to spawn on their own, in a random location
at the top of the screen. In order to do so, we will create a new object and a
new script to manage the entire spawning process.
Project When the user presses the S key, a randomly selected animal will spawn at a
Outcome: random position at the top of the screen, walking towards the player.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Create an empty object with a script attached
- Use arrays to create an accessible list of objects or values
- Use integer variables to determine an array index
- Randomly generate values with Random.Range in order to randomize
objects in arrays and spawn positions
- Change the camera’s perspective to better suit your game
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.3 - Random Animal Stampede
2
Step 1: Create a spawn manager
If we are going to be doing all of this complex spawning of objects, we should have a dedicated
script to manage the process, as well as an object to attach it to.
1. In the hierarchy, create an empty object called “Spawn - Tip: Empty objects can be
Manager” used to store objects or used
2. Create a new script called “SpawnManager”, attach it to the to store scripts
- Warning: You can use
Spawn Manager, and open it
spaces when naming your
3. Declare new p ublic GameObject[ ] animalPrefabs; empty object, but make sure
4. In the inspector, change the A rray size to match your animal your script name uses
count, then assign your animals by dragging t hem in PascalCase!
- New Concept: Arrays
Step 2: Spawn an animal if S is pressed
We’ve created an array and assigned our animals to it, but that doesn’t do much good until we
have a way to spawn them during the game. Let’s create a temporary solution for choosing and
spawning the animals.
1. In Update(), write an if-then statement to - New Concept: Array Indexes
instantiate a new animal prefab at the top of the - Tip: Array indexes start at 0 instead of
screen if S i s pressed 1. An array of 3 animals would look like
[0, 1, 2]
2. Declare a new public int animalIndex and
- New Concept: Integer Variables
incorporate it in the I nstantiate c
all, then test - Don’t worry: We’ll declare a new
editing the value in the Inspector variable for the Vector3 and index later
public GameObject[] animalPrefabs;
public int animalIndex;
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.S)) {
Instantiate(animalPrefabs[animalIndex], new Vector3(0, 0, 20),
animalPrefabs[animalIndex].transform.rotation);
}
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.3 - Random Animal Stampede
3
Step 3: Spawn random animals from array
We can spawn animals by pressing S, but doing so only spawns an animal at the array index we
specify. We need to randomize the selection so that S can spawn a random animal based on
the index, without our specification.
1. In the if-statement checking if S is pressed, - Tip: Google “how to generate a
generate a random int animalIndex between 0 and random integer in Unity”
the length of the array - New Function: Random.Range
- New Function: .Length
2. Remove the global animalIndex variable, since it is
- New Concept: Global vs Local
only needed locally in the i f-statement variables
public GameObject[] animalPrefabs;
public i
nt animalIndex;
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.S)) {
int animalIndex = Random.Range(0, animalPrefabs.Length);
Instantiate(animalPrefabs[animalIndex], new Vector3(0, 0, 20),
animalPrefabs[animalIndex].transform.rotation); }}
Step 4: Randomize the spawn location
We can press S to spawn random animals from animalIndex, but they all pop up in the same
place! We need to randomize their spawn position, so they don’t march down the screen in a
straight line.
1. Replace the X value for the Vector3 with - Tip: Random.Range for floats is
Random.Range(-20, 20), then test inclusive of all numbers in the range,
2. Within the if-statement, make a new local V ector3 while Random.Range for integers is
exclusive!
spawnPos variable
- Tip: Keep using variables to clean your
3. At the top of the class, create private float code and make it more readable
variables for spawnRangeX and s pawnPosZ
loat spawnRangeX = 20;
private f
private f loat spawnPosZ = 20;
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.S)) {
// Randomly generate animal index and spawn position
Vector3 spawnPos = new Vector3(Random.Range(-spawnRangeX, spawnRangeX),
0, spawnPosZ);
int animalIndex = Random.Range(0, animalPrefabs.Length);
Instantiate(animalPrefabs[animalIndex], spawnPos,
animalPrefabs[animalIndex].transform.rotation); }}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.3 - Random Animal Stampede
4
Step 5: Change the perspective of the camera
Our Spawn Manager is coming along nicely, so let’s take a break and mess with the
camera.Changing the camera’s perspective might offer a more appropriate view for this
top-down game.
1. Toggle between Perspective and I sometric view in - New: Orthographic vs Perspective
Scene view to appreciate the difference Camera Projection
2. Select the camera and change the P rojection from - Tip: Test the game in both views to
appreciate the difference
“Perspective” to “Orthographic”
Lesson Recap
New ● The player can press the S to spawn an animal
Functionality ● Animal selection and spawn location are randomized
● Camera projection (perspective/orthographic) selected
New Concepts ● Spawn Manager
and Skills ● Arrays
● Keycodes
● Random generation
● Local vs Global variables
● Perspective vs Isometric projections
Next Lesson ● Using collisions to feed our animals!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.3 - Random Animal Stampede
1
2.4 C ollision Decisions
Steps: Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Make a new method to spawn animals
Step 2: Spawn the animals at timed intervals
Step 3: Add collider and trigger components
Step 4: Destroy objects on collision
Step 5: Trigger a “Game Over” message
Length: 50 minutes
Overview: Our game is coming along nicely, but there are are some critical things we
must add before it’s finished. First off, instead of pressing S to spawn the
animals, we will spawn them on a timer so that they appear every few
seconds. Next we will add colliders to all of our prefabs and make it so
launching a projectile into an animal will destroy it. Finally, we will display a
“Game Over” message if any animals make it past the player.
Project The animals will spawn on a timed interval and walk down the screen,
Outcome: triggering a “Game Over” message if they make it past the player. If the
player hits them with a projectile to feed them, they will be destroyed.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Repeat functions on a timer with InvokeRepeating
- Write custom functions to make your code more readable
- Edit Box Colliders to fit your objects properly
- Detect collisions and destroy objects that collide with each other
- Display messages in the console with Debug Log
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.4 - Collision Decisions
2
Step 1: Make a new method to spawn animals
Our Spawn Manager is looking good, but we’re still pressing S to make it work! If we want the
game to spawn animals automatically, we need to start by writing our very first custom
function.
1. In SpawnManager.cs, create a new void - New Concept: Custom Void Functions
SpawnRandomAnimal() {} function beneath - New Concept: Compartmentalization /
Update() Abstraction
2. Cut and paste the code from the if-then statement
to the new function
3. Call SpawnRandomAnimal(); if S is pressed
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.S)) {
SpawnRandomAnimal();
Vector3 spawnpos … (Cut and Pasted Below) }}
void SpawnRandomAnimal() {
Vector3 spawnpos = new Vector3(Random.Range(-xSpawnRange,
xSpawnRange), 0, zSpawnPos);
int animalIndex = Random.Range(0, animalPrefabs.Length);
Instantiate(animalPrefabs[animalIndex], new Vector3(0, 0, 20) spawnpos,
animalPrefabs[animalIndex].transform.rotation); }
Step 2: Spawn the animals at timed intervals
We’ve stored the spawn code in a custom function, but we’re still pressing S! We need to spawn
the animals on a timer, so they randomly appear every few seconds.
1. In Start(), use InvokeRepeating to spawn the - Tip: Google “Repeating function in
animals based on an interval, then t est. Unity”
2. Remove the if-then statement that tests for S - New Function: InvokeRepeating
being pressed
3. Declare new p rivate startDelay a
nd spawnInterval
variables then playtest and tweak variable values
loat startDelay = 2;
private f
private f loat spawnInterval = 1.5f;
void Start() {
InvokeRepeating("SpawnRandomAnimal", startDelay, spawnInterval); }
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.S)) {
SpawnRandomAnimal(); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.4 - Collision Decisions
3
Step 3: Add collider and trigger components
Animals spawn perfectly and the player can fire projectiles at them, but nothing happens when
the two collide! If we want the projectiles and animals to be destroyed on collision, we need to
give them some familiar components - “colliders.”
1. Double-click on one of the a nimal prefabs, then - New Component: Box Colliders
Add Component > Box Collider - Warning: Avoid Box Collider 2D
2. Click E dit Collider, then drag the collider handles - Tip: Use isometric view and the
gizmos to cycle around and edit the
to encompass the object
collider with a clear perspective
3. Check the “Is Trigger” checkbox - Tip: For the Trigger to work, at least
4. Repeat this process for each of the a nimals and one of the objects needs a rigidbody
the projectile component
5. Add a RigidBody component to the projectile and
uncheck “use gravity”
Step 4: Destroy objects on collision
Now that the animals and the projectile have Box Colliders with triggers, we need to code a new
script in order to destroy them on impact.
1. Create a new DetectCollisions.cs script, add it to - New Concept: Overriding Functions
each animal prefab, then o pen it - New Function: OnTriggerEnter
2. Before the final } add OnTriggerEnter function - Tip: The “other” in OnTriggerEnter
refers to the collider of the other object
using autocomplete
- Tip: Use VS’s Auto-Complete feature
3. In OnTriggerEnter, put Destroy(gameObject);, then for OnTriggerEnter and any/all override
test functions
4. In OnTriggerEnter, put Destroy(other.gameObject);
void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
Destroy(gameObject);
Destroy(other.gameObject); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.4 - Collision Decisions
4
Step 5: Trigger a “Game Over” message
The player can defend their field against animals for as long as they wish, but we should let
them know when they’ve lost with a “Game Over” message if any animals get past the player.
1. In DestroyOutOfBounds.cs, in the else-if condition - New Functions: Debug.Log,
that checks if the animals reach the bottom of the LogWarning, LogError
screen, add a Game Over messsage: - Tip: Tweak some values to adjust the
difficulty of your game. It might too
Debug.Log(“Game Over!”)
easy!
2. Clean up your code with comments
3. If using Visual Studio, Click Edit > Advanced >
Format document to fix any indentation issues
(On a Mac, click Edit > Format > Format Document)
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.z > topBound)
{
Destroy(gameObject);
} else if (transform.position.z < lowerBound)
{
Debug.Log("Game Over!");
Destroy(gameObject);
}
}
Lesson Recap
New ● Animals spawn on a timed interval and walk down the screen
Functionality ● When animals get past the player, it triggers a “Game Over” message
● If a projectile collides with an animal, both objects are removed
New Concepts ● Create custom methods/functions
and Skills ● InvokeRepeating() to repeat code
● Colliders and Triggers
● Override functions
● Log Debug messages to console
© Unity 2019 Lesson 2.4 - Collision Decisions
1
Challenge 2
Play Fetch
Challenge Use your array and random number generation skills to program this
Overview: challenge where balls are randomly falling from the sky and you have to send
your dog out to catch them before they hit the ground. To complete this
challenge, you will have to make sure your variables are assigned properly,
your if-statements are programmed correctly, your collisions are being
detected perfectly, and that objects are being generated randomly.
Challenge - A random ball (of 3) is generated at a random x position above the screen
Outcome: - When the user presses spacebar, a dog is spawned and runs to catch the
ball
- If the dog collides with the ball, the ball is destroyed
- If the ball hits the ground, a “Game Over” debug message is displayed
- The dogs and balls are removed from the scene when they leave the screen
Challenge In this challenge, you will reinforce the following skills/concepts:
Objectives: - Assigning variables and arrays in the inspector
- Editing colliders to the appropriate size
- Testing xyz positions with greater/less than operators in if-else statements
- Randomly generating values and selecting objects from arrays
Challenge - Open your P rototype 2 project
Instructions: - Download the "Challenge 2 Starter Files" from the Tutorial Materials section,
then double-click on it to Import
- In the Project Window > Assets > Challenge 1 > I nstructions folder, use the
"Challenge 2 - Instructions" and “Outcome” video as a guide to complete the
challenge
2
Challenge Task Hint
1 Dogs are spawning at Make the balls spawn from Click on the Spawn Manager object
the top of the screen the top of the screen and look at the “Ball Prefabs” array
2 The player is spawning Make the player spawn dogs Click on the Player object and look at
green balls instead of the “Dog Prefab” variable
dogs
3 The balls are The balls should only be Check out the box collider on the dog
destroyed if anywhere destroyed when coming into prefab
near the dog direct contact with a dog
4 Nothing is being Balls should be destroyed In the DestroyOutOfBounds script,
destroyed off screen when they leave the bottom double-check the lowerLimit and
of the screen and dogs leftLimit variables, the greater than vs
should be destroyed when less than signs, and which position
they leave the left side of the (x,y,z) is being tested
screen
5 Only one type of ball is Ball 1, 2, and 3 should be In the SpawnRandomBall() method,
being spawned spawned randomly you should declare a new random i nt
index variable, then incorporate that
variable into the Instantiate call
Bonus Challenge Task Hint
X The spawn interval is Make the spawn interval a Set the spawnInterval value to a new
always the same random value between 3 random number between 3 and 5
seconds and 5 seconds seconds in the SpawnRandomBall
method
Y The player can “spam” Only allow the player to Search for Time.time in the Unity
the spacebar key spawn a new dog after a Scripting API and look at the
certain amount of time has example. And don’t worry if you can’t
passed figure it out - this is a very difficult
challenge.
© Unity 2019 Challenge 2 - Play Fetch
3
Challenge Solution
1 Select the Spawn Manager object and expand the “Ball Prefabs” array, then drag the Ball 1, 2,
3 prefabs from Assets > Challenge 2 > Prefabs onto E
lement 0, 1, 2
2 Select the Player object and drag the D
og prefab from Assets > Challenge 2 > Prefabs o
nto the
“Dog Prefab” variable
3 Double-click on the Dog prefab, then in the Box Collider component, click Edit Collider, and
reduce the collider to be the same size as the dog
4 In DestroyOutOfBoundsX.cs, make the leftLimit a negative value, change the greater than to a
less than when testing the x position, and test the y value instead of the z for the bottom limit
loat leftLimit = -30;
private f
private f loat bottomLimit = -5;
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.x > < leftLimit) {
Destroy(gameObject);
} else if (transform.position.z y < bottomLimit) {
Destroy(gameObject);
}
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 2 - Play Fetch
4
5 In the SpawnRandomBall() method, declare a new random int index v ariable between 0 and
the length of the Array, then incorporate that index variable into the the Instantiate call
void SpawnRandomBall ()
{
// Generate random ball index and random spawn position
int index = Random.Range(0, ballPrefabs.Length);
Vector3 spawnPos = new Vector3(Random.Range(spawnXLeft, spawnXRight), spawnPosY, 0);
// instantiate ball at random spawn location
Instantiate(ballPrefabs[0 index], spawnPos, ballPrefabs[0 i
ndex].transform.rotation);
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 2 - Play Fetch
5
Bonus Challenge Solution
X1 In SpawnManagerX.cs, in SpawnRandomBall(), randomly set spawnInterval using
Random.Range()
void SpawnRandomBall ()
{
spawnInterval = Random.Range(2, 4);
...
}
Y1 In PlayerControllerX.cs, declare and initialize new fireRate and nextFire variables. Your
“fireRate” will represent the time the player has to wait in seconds, and the nextFire variable
will indicate the time (in seconds since the game started) at which the player will be able to
fire again (starting at 0.0)
public GameObject dogPrefab;
private float fireRate = 1; // time the player has to wait to fire again
private float nextFire = 0; // time since start after which player can fire
again
Y2 In the if-statement checking if the player pressed spacebar, add a new condition to check that
Time.time (the time in seconds since the game started) is greater than nextFire (which
represents the time after which the player is allowed to fire. If so, nextFire should be reset to
the current time plus the fireRate.
// On spacebar press, if enough time has elapsed since last fire, send dog
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && Time.time > nextFire)
{
nextFire = Time.time + fireRate; // reset nextFire to current time +
fireRate
Instantiate(dogPrefab, transform.position, dogPrefab.transform.rotation);
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 2 - Play Fetch
1
Unit 2 Lab
New Project with Primitives
Steps:
Example of progress by end of lab
Step 1: Create a new Unity Project
Step 2: Create a background plane
Step 3: Create primitive Player and material
Step 4: Position camera based on project type
Step 5: Enemies, obstacles, and projectiles
Step 6: Export a Unity Package backup file
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: You will create and set up the project that will soon transform into your very
own Personal Project. For now, you will use “primitive” shapes (such as
spheres, cubes, and planes) as placeholders for your objects so that you can
add functionality as efficiently as possible without getting bogged down by
graphics. To make it clear which object is which, you will also give each
object a unique colored material.
Project All key objects are in the scene as primitive objects with the camera
Outcome: positioned properly for your project type.
Learning By the end of this lab, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Create a simple plane as a background for your project
- Position the camera, background, and player appropriately depending on
the type of project you are creating
- Create primitive shapes to serve as placeholders for your gameobjects
- Create new colored materials and apply them to distinguish gameobjects
© Unity 2019 Lab 2 - New Project with Primitives
2
Step 1: Create a new Unity Project
Just like we did with the Prototype, the first thing we need to do is create a new blank project
1. Open U nity Hub and click New - Tip: If there are multiple people with
2. Name the project “[Your Name] - Personal Project”, the same name using the computer,
select the correct version of Unity, make sure the might want to add last initial
- Don’t worry: T here will just be a Main
location is set to the new “Create with Code”
camera and directional light in there
folder, and that you are using the 3D template
3. Click C
reate Project, wait for Unity to open, then
select your custom L ayout
4. In the Project window, Assets > Scenes, rename
“SampleScene” to “My Game”
Step 2: Create a background plane
To orient yourself in the scene and not feel like you’re floating around in mid-air, it’s always
good to start by adding a background / ground object
1. In the Hierarchy, Right-click > 3D Object > P lane to add a - Explanation: Working with
plane to your scene primitives - these are simple
2. In the Plane’s Inspector, in the top-right of the Transform objects that allow you to work
faster
component, click on the Gear icon > Reset
3. Increase the X YZ scale of the plane to (5, 1, 5)
4. Adjust your position in Scene view so you have a good
view of the Plane
© Unity 2019 Lab 2 - New Project with Primitives
3
Step 3: Create primitive Player and material
Now that we have the empty plane object set up, we can add the star of the show: the player
object
1. In the Hierarchy, Right-click > 3D Object > S phere, then - Tip: Using primitives doesn’t let
rename it “Player” graphics distract you and get in
2. In Assets, Right-click > Create > F older named the way of core features,
- Explanation: Albedo is a reference
“Materials”
to astronomical light reflection
3. Inside “Materials”, Right-click > Create > Material and properties - but it’s basically just
rename it “Blue” the material’s color
4. In Blue’s Inspector, click on the A lbedo color box and - Warning: Stick with blue right now
change it to a blue so it’s easy to follow - you’ll be
5. Drag the material from your Assets onto the Player replacing it later
object
Step 4: Position camera based on project type
Now that we have the player in there, we need the best view of it, depending on our type of
project
1. For a top-down game, position the camera at (0, 10, 0) - Tip: Side view looks like top
directly over the player and rotate it 9 0 degrees on the X view, but it’ll make a big diff
axis when you apply gravity
2. For a side-view game, rotate the P lane by -90 degrees on - Don’t worry: You might not
the X axis know exact view yet - just go
3. For a third-person view game, move the camera up on the with what’s in your design
Y and Z axes and increase its r otation on the X axis doc
Top-down view Side-view Isometric view
© Unity 2019 Lab 2 - New Project with Primitives
4
Step 5: Enemies, obstacles, and projectiles
Now that we know how to make primitives, let’s go ahead and make one for each object in our
project
1. In the Hierarchy, create new C ubes, S
pheres, and - Tip: If you plan on having variants of
Capsules for all other main objects, r enaming certain objects (e.g. multiple animals),
them, repositioning them, and s caling them create dark/light shades of the same
color
2. In your Materials folder, create new materials for as
- Tip: Good to make enemies red - easy
many colors as you have unique objects, editing
if everyone uses the same
their color to match their name, then apply those
conventions
materials to your objects
3. Position all of your objects in locations relative to
each other that make sense
Step 6: Export a Unity Package backup file
Since we’re going to be putting our hearts and souls into this project, it’s always good to make
backups
1. Save your Scene - Explanation: The “include dependencies”
2. In the Project window, Right-click on the checkbox will include any files that are
“Assets” folder > Export Package, then click tied to / used by anything else we’re
Export exporting
3. Create a new “Backups” folder in your Personal - Tip: This is the same file type that you
Project folder, then s
ave it with your name and imported at the start of Prototype 1
the version number (e.g.
Carl_V0.1.unitypackage”)
© Unity 2019 Lab 2 - New Project with Primitives
5
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● New project for your Personal Project
● Camera positioned and rotated based on project type
● All key objects in scene with unique materials
New Concepts ● Primitives
and Skills ● Create new materials
● Export Unity packages
© Unity 2019 Lab 2 - New Project with Primitives
1
Quiz Unit 2
QUESTION CHOICES
1 If it says, “Hello there!” in the console, what was the a. Debug(“Hello there!”);
code used to create that message? b. Debug.Log("Hello there!");
c. Debug.Console(“Hello there!”);
d. Debug.Log(Hello there!);
2 If you want to destroy an object when its h
ealth reaches a. health > 0
0, what code would be best in the blank below? b. health.0
c. health < 1
private int health = 0; d. health < 0
void U pdate() {
if (__________) {
Destroy(gameObject);
}
}
3 The code below creates an error that says, “error a. On line 1, change
CS1503: Argument 1: cannot convert from “GameObject[]” to
'UnityEngine.GameObject[]' to 'UnityEngine.Object'”. “GameObject”
What could you do to remove the errors? b. On line 1, change
“enemyPrefabs” to
1. public GameObject[] enemyPrefabs; “enemyPrefabs[0]”
2. c. On line 3, change “Start()” to
3. tart()
void S “Update()”
4. { d. On line 5, change
5. Instantiate(enemyPrefabs); “enemyPrefabs” to
6. } “enemyPrefabs[0]”
e. Either A or D
f. Both A and D
g. Both B and C
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 2
2
4 Which comment best describes the following code? a. // If player collides with
another object, destroy player
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour b. // If enemy collides with
{ another object, destroy the
// Comment object
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) { c. // If player collides with a
Destroy(other.gameObject); trigger, destroy trigger
} d. // If player collides with
} another object, destroy the
object
5 If you want to move the character up c
ontinuously as a. GetKey(KeyCode.UpArrow)
the player presses the u
p arrow, what code would be b. GetKeyDown(UpArrow)
best in the two blanks below: c. GetKeyUp(KeyCode.Up)
d. GetKeyHeld(Vector3.Up)
if (Input.__________(__________))
{
transform.Translate(Vector3.up);
}
6 Read the documentation from the Unity Scripting API a. randomFloat = 100.0f;
and the code below. Which of the following are possible randomInt = 0;
values for the randomFloat and randomInt variables? b. randomFloat = 100.0f;
randomInt = 100;
c. randomFloat = 50.5f;
randomInt = 100;
d. randomFloat = 0.0f;
randomInt = 50.5;
float randomFloat = Random.Range(0, 100);
int randomInt = Random.Range(0, 100);
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 2
3
7 Your game is running and you see an error in the a. Line 2
console that says there was an “error at b. Line 3
Assets/Scripts/SpawnManager.cs:5. c. Line 4
IndexOutOfRangeException: Index was outside the d. Line 5
bounds of the array.” Which line of code needs to be
edited to fix this?
1. public GameObject[] randomObjects;
2.
3. void SpawnRandomObject() {
4. int objectIndex = Random.Range(0, 3);
5. Instantiate(randomObjects[objectIndex]);
6. }
8 If you have made changes to a prefab in the scene and a. The “Create” drop-down at the
you want to apply those changes to all prefabs, what top of the Hierarchy
should you click? b. The “Open” button at the top of
the Inspector
c. The “Override” drop-down at
the top of the Inspector
d. The “Add Component” button
at the bottom of the Inspector
9 Read the documentation from the Unity Scripting API a. InvokeRepeating(“Spawn, 0.5f,
below. Which of the following is a correct use of the 1.0f”);
InvokeRepeating method. b. InvokeRepeating(“Spawn”, 0.5f,
1.0f);
c. InvokeRepeating(“Spawn",
gameObject, 1.0f);
d. InvokeRepeating(0.5f, 1.0f,
“Spawn”);
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 2
4
10 You’re trying to create some logic that will tell the user a. 4, 6, 1, 2, 5, 9, 7, 8, 3
to speed up if they’re going too slow or to slow down if b. 6, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 3, 4, 9
they’re going too fast. How should you arrange the lines c. 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5, 2, 1, 9
of code below to accomplish that? d. 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 1, 2, 5, 9
1. Debug.Log(speedUp); }
2. else if (speed > 60) {
3. private string speedUp = "Speed up!";
4. void Update() {
5. Debug.Log(slowDown); }
6. if (speed < 10) {
7. private float speed;
8. private string slowDown = "Slow down!";
9. }
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 2
5
Quiz A nswer Key
# ANSWER EXPLANATION
1 B Debug.Log() prints messages to the console and can accept String
parameters between quotation marks, such as “Hello there!”
2 C Since the “health” variable is an int, anything less than 1 would be “0”. The
sign for “less than” is “<”.
3 E “GameObject[]” is a GameObject array. You cannot instantiate an array, but
you c
an instantiate an object inside an array. So you could either remove the
array and have Instantiate use an individual object (option A) or you could
use an GameObject index of that Array (option D), but both would not work.
4 D Since it’s inside the PlayerController class, and it is destroying
other.g
ameObject, it is destroying something that the player collides with.
5 A “Input.GetKey” tests for the user holding down a key (as opposed to
KeyKeyDown, which test for a single press down of a Key).
6 A As it says in the documentation, Random.Range does n ot include the
maximum value for integers, but d oes include the maximum value for floats.
This means that randomInt c annot be 100, but randomFloat can be.
7 C Line 4, which generates the objectIndex, must be generating an index value
that is too high for the number of objects in the array. The best thing to do
would be to change it to “Random.Range(0, randomObjects.Length);
8 C The “Override” drop-down will allow you to apply any changes you’ve made to
your individual prefab to the original prefab object.
9 B According to the Scripting API, InvokeRepeating requires a string parameter,
then two floats.
10 D All variables should be declared first, then the void method, then the
if-condition telling them to speed up, then the else condition telling them to
slow down.
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 2
1
3.1 J ump Force
Steps:
Step 1: Open prototype and change background
Step 2: Choose and set up a player character Example of project by end of lesson
Step 3: Make player jump at start
Step 4: Make player jump if spacebar pressed
Step 5: Tweak the jump force and gravity
Step 6: Prevent player from double-jumping
Step 7: Make an obstacle and move it left
Step 8: Create a spawn manager
Step 9: Spawn obstacles at intervals
Length: 90 minutes
Overview: The goal of this lesson is to set up the basic gameplay for this prototype. We
will start by creating a new project and importing the starter files. Next we
will choose a beautiful background and a character for the player to control,
and allow that character to jump with a tap of the spacebar. We will also
choose an obstacle for the player, and create a spawn manager that throws
them in the player’s path at timed intervals.
Project The character, background, and obstacle of your choice will be set up. The
Outcome: player will be able to press spacebar and make the character jump, as
obstacles spawn at the edge of the screen and block the player’s path.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Use GetComponent to manipulate the components of GameObjects
- Influence physics of game objects with ForceMode.Impulse
- Tweak the gravity of your project with Physics.gravity
- Utilize new operators and variables like &&
- Use Bool variables to control the number of times something can be done
- Constrain the RigidBody component to halt movement on certain axes
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
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Step 1: Open prototype and change background
The first thing we need to do is set up a new project, import the starter files, and choose a
background for the game.
1. Open Unity Hub and create a new “Prototype 3” - New Concept: Sprites / Sprite
project in your course directory Renderer
2. Click on the link to access the Prototype 3 starter - Tip: Browse all of the Player and
Background options before choosing
files, then download and import them into Unity
either - some work better with others
3. Open the Prototype 3 scene and delete the Sample
Scene without saving
4. Select the Background object in the hierarchy, then
in the Sprite Renderer component > Sprite, s
elect
the _City, _Nature, or _Town image
Step 2: Choose and set up a player character
Now that we’ve started the project and chosen a background, we need to set up a character for
the player to control.
1. From Course Library > Characters, Drag a - Don’t worry: We will get the player and
character into the hierarchy, rename i t “Player”, the background moving soon
then rotate it on the Y axis to face to the right - Warning: Keep isTrigger UNCHECKED!
- Tip: Use isometric view and the
2. Add a Rigid Body component
gizmos to cycle around and edit the
3. Add a box collider, then edit the collider bounds collider with a clear perspective
4. Create a new “Scripts” folder in Assets, create a
“PlayerController” script inside, and attach it to the
player
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
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Step 3: Make player jump at start
Until now, we’ve only called methods on the entirety of a gameobject or the transform
component. If we want more control over the force and gravity of the player, we need to call
methods on the player’s Rigidbody component, specifically.
1. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new private - New Function: GetComponent
Rigidbody playerRb; variable - Tip: The playerRb variable could apply
2. In Start(), initialize rigidRb = to anything, which is why we need to
specify using GetComponent
GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
3. In Start(), use the AddForce method to make the
player jump at the start of the game
private Rigidbody playerRb;
void Start()
{
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 1000);
}
Step 4: Make player jump if spacebar pressed
We don’t want the player jumping at start - they should only jump when we tell it to by pressing
spacebar.
1. In Update() add an i f-then statement checking if - Warning: Don’t worry about the slow
the spacebar is pressed jump double jump, or lack of
2. Cut and paste the AddForce code from Start() into animation, we will fix that later
- Tip: Look at Unity documentation for
the if-statement
method overloads here
3. Add the ForceMode.Impulse parameter to the - New Function: ForceMode.Impulse
AddForce call, then r educe force multiplier value and optional parameters
void Start()
{
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 100);
}
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)) {
ForceMode.Impulse); } }
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 100,
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
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Step 5: Tweak the jump force and gravity
We need give the player a perfect jump by tweaking the force of the jump, the gravity of the
scene, and the mass of the character.
1. Replace the hardcoded value with a new p ublic float - New Function: the students about
jumpForce variable something
2. Add a new public float gravityModifier variable and in - Warning: Don’t make
gravityModifier too high - the player
Start(), add Physics.gravity *= gravityModifier;
could get stuck in the ground
3. In the inspector, tweak the g ravityModifer, jumpForce, - New Concept: Times-equals
and Rigibody mass values to make it fun operator *=
private Rigidbody playerRb;
public float jumpForce;
public float gravityModifier;
void Start() {
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
Physics.gravity *= gravityModifier; }
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)) {
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10 jumpForce, ForceMode.Impulse); } }
Step 6: Prevent player from double-jumping
The player can spam the spacebar and send the character hurtling into the sky. In order to stop
this, we need an if-statement that makes sure the player is grounded before they jump.
1. Add a new public bool isOnGround variable and - New Concept: Booleans
set it equal to true - New Concept: “And” operator (&&)
2. In the if-statement making the player jump, set - New Function: OnCollisionEnter
- Tip: When assigning values, use one =
isOnGround = false, then test
equal sign. When comparing values,
3. Add a condition && isOnGround to the use == two equal signs
if-statement
4. Add a new void onCollisionEnter method, set
isOnGround = true in that method, then test
public bool isOnGround = true
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isOnGround) {
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10 jumpForce, ForceMode.Impulse);
isOnGround = false; } }
private void O
nCollisionEnter(Collision collision) {
isOnGround = true; }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
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Step 7: Make an obstacle and move it left
We’ve got the player jumping in the air, but now they need something to jump over. We’re going
to use some familiar code to instantiate obstacles and throw them in the player’s path.
1. From Course Library > Obstacles, add an obstacle, - Warning: Be careful choosing your
rename it “Obstacle”, and p osition it where it obstacle in regards to the background.
should spawn Some obstacles may blend in, making
it difficult for the player to see what
2. Apply a Rigid Body and Box Collider component,
they’re jumping over.
then edit the collider bounds to fit the obstacle - Tip: Notice that when you drag it into
3. Create a new “Prefabs” folder and drag it in to hierarchy, it gets placed at the spawn
create a new Original Prefab location
4. Create a new “MoveLeft” script, apply it to the
obstacle, and o pen it
5. In MoveLeft.cs, write the code to T ranslate it to
the left according to the speed variable
6. Apply the MoveLeft script to the Background
private float speed = 30;
void Update() {
transform.Translate(Vector3.left * Time.deltaTime * speed);
}
Step 8: Create a spawn manager
Similar to the last project, we need to create an empty object Spawn Manager that will
instantiate obstacle prefabs.
1. Create a new “Spawn Manager” empty object, then - Don’t worry: We’re just instantiating on
apply a new SpawnManager.cs script to it Start for now, we will have them
2. In SpawnManager.cs, declare a new public repeating later
- Tip: You’ve done this before! Feel free
GameObject obstaclePrefab;, then assign your
to reference code from the last project
prefab to the new variable in the inspector
3. Declare a new private Vector3 spawnPos at your
spawn location
4. In Start(), Instantiate a new obstacle prefab, then
delete your prefab from the scene and test
public GameObject obstaclePrefab;
private Vector3 spawnPos = new Vector3(25, 0, 0);
void Start() {
Instantiate(obstaclePrefab, spawnPos, obstaclePrefab.transform.rotation); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
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Step 9: Spawn obstacles at intervals
Our spawn manager instantiates prefabs on start, but we must write a new function and utilize
InvokeRepeating if it to spawn obstacles on a timer. Lastly, we must modify the character’s
RigidBody so it can’t be knocked over.
1. Create a new void SpawnObstacle method, then - New Concept: RigidBody constraints
move the Instantiate call inside it
2. Create new float variables for s tartDelay and
repeatRate
3. Have your obstacles spawn on i ntervals using the
InvokeRepeating() method
4. In the Player Rigid Body component, expand
Constraints, then Freeze all but the Y position
loat startDelay = 2;
private f
private f loat repeatRate = 2;
void Start() {
InvokeRepeating("SpawnObstacle", startDelay, repeatRate);
Instantiate(obstaclePrefab, spawnPos, obstaclePrefab.transform.rotation); }
void SpawnObstacle () {
Instantiate(obstaclePrefab, spawnPos, obstaclePrefab.transform.rotation); }
Lesson Recap
New ● Player jumps on spacebar press
Functionality ● Player cannot double-jump
● Obstacles and Background move left
● Obstacles spawn on intervals
New Concepts ● GetComponent
and Skills ● ForceMode.Impulse
● Physics.Gravity
● Rigidbody constraints
● Rigidbody variables
● Booleans
● Multiply/Assign (“*) Operator
● And (&&) Operator
● OnCollisionEnter()
Next Lesson ● We’re going to fix that weird effect we created by moving the background
left by having it actually constantly scroll using code!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.1 - Jump Force
1
3.2 M
ake the World Whiz By
Steps:
Step 1: Create a script to repeat background Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Reset position of background
Step 3: Fix background repeat with collider
Step 4: Add a new game over trigger
Step 5: Stop MoveLeft on gameOver
Step 6: Stop obstacle spawning on gameOver
Step 7: Destroy obstacles that exit bounds
Length: 70 minutes
Overview: We’ve got the core mechanics of this game figured out: The player can tap
the spacebar to jump over incoming obstacles. However, the player appears
to be running for the first few seconds, but then the background just
disappears! In order to fix this, we need to repeat the background seamlessly
to make it look like the world is rushing by! We also need the game to halt
when the player collides with an obstacle, stopping the background from
repeating and stopping the obstacles from spawning. Lastly, we must
destroy any obstacles that get past the player.
Project The background moves flawlessly at the same time as the obstacles, and the
Outcome: obstacles will despawn when they exit game boundaries. With the power of
script communication, the background and spawn manager will halt when
the player collides with an obstacle. Colliding with an obstacle will also
trigger a game over message in the console log, halting the background and
the spawn manager.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Use tags to label game objects and call them in the code
- Use script communication to access the methods and variables of other
scripts
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.2 - Make the World Whiz By
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Step 1: Create a script to repeat background
We need to repeat the background and move it left at the same speed as the obstacles, to
make it look like the world is rushing by. Thankfully we already have a move left script, but we
will need a new script to make it repeat.
1. Create a new script called RepeatBackground.cs - Tip: Think through what needs to be
and attach it to the B
ackground Object done: when the background moves
half of its length, move it back that
distance
Step 2: Reset position of background
In order to repeat the background and provide the illusion of a world rushing by, we need to
reset the background object’s position so it fits together perfectly.
1. Declare a new variable private Vector3 startPos; - Don’t worry: We’re setting it at 40 for
2. In Start(), set the s
tartPos v ariable to its actual now, just to test basic functionality.
starting position by assigning it = You could probably get it right with trial
and error… but what would happen if
transform.position;
you changed the size?
3. In Update(), write an if-statement to reset position
if it moves a certain distance
private Vector3 startPos;
void Start() {
startPos = transform.position; }
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.x < startPos.x - 50) {
transform.position = startPos; } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.2 - Make the World Whiz By
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Step 3: Fix background repeat with collider
We’ve got the background repeating every few seconds, but the transition looks pretty
awkward. We need make the background loop perfectly and seamlessly with some new
variables.
1. Add a Box Collider component to the B ackground - Don’t worry: We’re only adding a
2. Declare a new private float repeatWidth variable box collider to get the size of the
3. In Start(), get the width of the box collider, divided by 2 background
- New Function: .size.x
4. Incorporate the repeatWidth variable into the repeat
function
private Vector3 startPos;
private float repeatWidth;
void Start() {
startPos = transform.position;
repeatWidth = GetComponent<BoxCollider>().size.x / 2; }
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.x < startPos.x - 50 repeatWidth) {
transform.position = startPos; } }
Step 4: Add a new game over trigger
When the player collides with an obstacle, we want to trigger a “Game Over” state that stops
everything In order to do so, we need a way to label and discern all game objects that the
player collides with.
1. In the inspector, add a “Ground” tag to the Ground and an - New Concept: Tags
“Obstacle” tag to the Obstacle prefab - Warning: New tags will NOT be
2. In PlayerController, declare a new p ublic bool gameOver; automatically added after you
create them. Make sure to add
3. In OnCollisionEnter, add the i f-else statement to test if
them yourself once they are
player collided with the “Ground” or an “Obstacle” created.
4. If they collided with the “Ground”, set isOnGround = true, - Tip: No need to say gameOver
and if they collide with an “Obstacle”, set gameOver = true = false, since it is false by
default
public bool gameOver = false;
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) {
isOnGround = true;
if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground")) {
isOnGround = true;
} else if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle")) {
gameOver = true;
Debug.Log("Game Over!"); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.2 - Make the World Whiz By
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}
Step 5: Stop MoveLeft on gameOver
We’ve added a gameOver bool that seems to work, but the background and the objects
continue to move when they collide with an obstacle. We need the MoveLeft script to
communicate with the PlayerController, and stop once the player triggers gameOver.
1. In MoveLeft.cs, declare a new p rivate - New Concept: Script Communication
PlayerController playerControllerScript; - Warning: Make sure to spell the
2. In Start(), initialize it by finding the Player and “Player” tag correctly
getting the PlayerController component
3. Wrap the translate method in an if-statement
checking if game is not over
loat speed = 30;
private f
private PlayerController playerControllerScript;
void Start() {
playerControllerScript =
GameObject.Find("Player").GetComponent<PlayerController>(); }
pdate() {
void U
if (playerControllerScript.gameOver == false) {
transform.Translate(Vector3.left * Time.deltaTime * speed); } }
Step 6: Stop obstacle spawning on gameOver
The background and the obstacles stop moving when gameOver == true, but the Spawn
Manager is still raising an army of obstacles! We need to communicate with the Spawn
Manager script and tell it to stop when the game is over.
1. In SpawnManager.cs, get a reference to the
playerControllerScript using the same technique you did in
MoveLeft.cs
2. Add a condition to only instantiate objects if g
ameOver == false
private PlayerController playerControllerScript;
void Start() {
InvokeRepeating("SpawnObstacle", startDelay, repeatRate);
playerControllerScript =
GameObject.Find("Player").GetComponent<PlayerController>(); }
void S pawnObstacle () {
if (playerControllerScript.gameOver == false) {
Instantiate(obstaclePrefab, spawnPos, obstaclePrefab.transform.rotation);
} }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.2 - Make the World Whiz By
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Step 7: Destroy obstacles that exit bounds
Just like the animals in Unit 2, we need to destroy any obstacles that exit boundaries. Otherwise
they will slide into the distance… forever!
1. In MoveLeft, in U
pdate(); write an if-statement to - Tip: Reference your code from
Destroy Obstacles if their position is less than a MoveLeft
leftBound variable
2. Add any comments you need to make your code
more readable
private float leftBound = -15;
void U pdate() {
if (playerControllerScript.gameOver == false) {
transform.Translate(Vector3.left * Time.deltaTime * speed); }
if (transform.position.x < leftBound && gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle")) {
Destroy(gameObject); } }
Lesson Recap
New ● Background repeats seamlessly
Functionality ● Background stops when player collides with obstacle
● Obstacle spawning stops when player collides with obstacle
● Obstacles are destroyed off-screen
New Concepts ● Repeat background
and Skills ● Get Collider width
● Script communication
● Equal to (==) operator
● Tags
● CompareTag()
Next Lesson ● Our character, while happy on the inside, looks a little too rigid on the
outside, so we’re going to do some work with animations
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.2 - Make the World Whiz By
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3.3 D on’t Just Stand There
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Explore the player’s animations
Step 2: Make the player start off at a run
Step 3: Set up a jump animation
Step 4: Adjust the jump animation
Step 5: Set up a falling animation
Step 6: Keep player from unconscious jumping
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: The game is looking great so far, but the player character is a bit… lifeless.
Instead of the character simply sliding across the ground, we’re going to give
it animations for running, jumping, and even death! We will also tweak the
speed of these animations, timing them so they look perfect in the game
environment.
Project With the animations from the animator controller, the character will have 3
Outcome: new animations that occur in 3 different game states. These states include
running, jumping, and death, all of which transition smoothly and are timed to
suit the game.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Manage basic animation states in the Animator Controller
- Adjust the speed of animations to suit the character or the game
- Set a default animation and trigger others with anim.SetTrigger
- Set a permanent state for “Game Over” with anim.SetBool
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
2
Step 1: Explore the player’s animations
In order to get this character moving their arms and legs, we need to explore the Animation
Controller.
1. Double-click on the Player’s Animation Controller, - New Concept: Animator Controller
then explore the different Layers, double-clicking - New Concept: States and Conditions
on States to see their animations and Transitions
to see their conditions
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
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Step 2: Make the player start off at a run
Now that we’re more comfortable with the animation controller, we can tweak some variables
and settings to make the player look like they’re really running.
1. In the Parameters tab, change the Speed_f - Tip: Notice how it transitions from idle
variable to 1.0 to walk to Run - looks awkward - that’s
2. Right-click on Run_Static > Set as Layer Default why need to make run default
State
3. Single-click the the Run_Static state and adjust
the Speed value in the inspector to match the
speed of the b ackground
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
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Step 3: Set up a jump animation
The running animation looks good, but very odd when the player leaps over obstacles. Next up,
we need to add a jumping animation that puts a real spring in their step.
1. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new private Animator - New Function: anim.SetTrigger
playerAnim; - Tip: SetTrigger is helpful when
2. In Start(), set playerAnim = GetComponent<Animator>(); you just want something to
happen once then return to
3. In the if-statement for when the player jumps, trigger
previous state (like a jump
the jump: animation)
animator.SetTrigger(“Jump_trig”);
private Animator playerAnim;
void Start() {
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
playerAnim = GetComponent<Animator>();
Physics.gravity *= gravityModifier; }
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isOnGround) {
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10 jumpForce, ForceMode.Impulse);
isOnGround = false;
playerAnim.SetTrigger("Jump_trig"); } }
Step 4: Adjust the jump animation
The running animation plays, but it’s not perfect yet, we should tweak some of our character’s
physics-related variables to get this looking just right.
1. In the Animator window, click on the Running_Jump state,
then in the inspector and reduce its Speed value to slow
down the animation
2. Adjust the player’s m
ass, jump f orce, and g
ravity modifier
to get your jump just right
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
5
Step 5: Set up a falling animation
The running and jumping animations look great, but there’s one more state that the character
should have an animation for. Instead of continuing to sprint when it collides with an object, the
character should fall over as if it has been knocked out.
1. In the condition that player collides with Obstacle, - New Function: anim.SetBool
set the D eath bool to true - New Function: anim.SetInt
2. In the same if-statement, set the DeathType
integer to 1
public bool gameOver = false;
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision other) {
if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground")) {
isOnGround = true;
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle")) {
Debug.Log("Game Over")
gameOver = true;
playerAnim.SetBool("Death_b", true);
playerAnim.SetInteger("DeathType_int", 1); } }
Step 6: Keep player from unconscious jumping
Everything is working perfectly, but there’s one small disturbing bug to fix: the player can jump
from an unconscious position, making it look like the character is being defibrillated.
1. To prevent the player from jumping while - New Concept: ! “Does not” and !=
unconscious, add && !gameOver to the jump “Does not equal” operators
condition - Tip: gameOver != true is the same as
gameOver == false
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isOnGround && !gameOver) {
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10 jumpForce, ForceMode.Impulse);
isOnGround = false;
animator.SetTrigger("Jump_trig"); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
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Lesson Recap
New ● The player starts the scene with a fast-paced running animation
Functionality ● When the player jumps, there is a jumping animation
● When the player crashes, the player falls over
New Concepts ● Animation Controllers
and Skills ● Animation States, Layers, and Transitions
● Animation parameters
● Animation programming
● SetTrigger(), SetBool(), SetInt()
● Not (!) operator
Next Lesson ● We’ll really polish this game up to make it look nice using particles and
sound effects!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.3 - Don’t Just Stand There
1
3.4 P articles and Sound Effects
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Customize an explosion particle
Step 2: Play the particle on collision
Step 3: Add a dirt splatter particle
Step 4: Add music to the camera object
Step 5: Declare variables for Audio Clips
Step 6: Play Audio Clips on jump and crash
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: This game is looking extremely good, but it’s missing something critical:
Sound effects and Particle effects! Sounds and music will breathe life into an
otherwise silent game world, and particles will make the player’s actions
more dynamic and eye-popping. In this lesson, we will add cool sounds and
particles when the character is running, jumping, and crashing.
Project Music will play as the player runs through the scene, kicking up dirt particles
Outcome: in a spray behind their feet. A springy sound will play as they jump and a
boom will play as they crash, bursting in a cloud of smoke particles as they
fall over.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Attach particle effects as children to game objects
- Stop and play particle effects to correspond with character animation
states
- Work with Audio Sources and Listeners to play background music
- Add sound effects to add polish to your project
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.4 - Particles and Sound Effects
2
Step 1: Customize an explosion particle
The first particle effect we should add is an explosion for when the player collides with an
obstacle.
1. From the C ourse Library > Particles, drag - New Concept: Particle Effects
FX_Explosion_Smoke into the hierarchy, then use - Warning: Don’t go crazy customizing
the Play / Restart / Stop buttons to preview it your particle effects, you could easily
get sidetracked
2. Play around with the settings to get your particle
- New Concept: Child objects with
system the way you want it relative positions
3. Make sure to uncheck t he P lay on Awake setting - Tip: Hovering over the settings while
4. Drag the particle onto your player to make it a editing your particle provides great
child object, then position it relative to the player tool tips
Step 2: Play the particle on collision
We discovered the particle effects and found an explosion for the crash, but we need to assign
it to the Player Controller and write some new code in order to play it.
1. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new public ParticleSystem - New Function:
explosionParticle; particle.Play()
2. In the Inspector, assign the e xplosion to the e
xplosion particle variable
3. In the if-statement where the player collides with an obstacle, call
explosionParticle.Play();, then test and tweak the p article properties
public ParticleSystem explosionParticle;
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision other) {
if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground")) {
isOnGround = true;
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle")) {
... explosionParticle.Play(); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.4 - Particles and Sound Effects
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Step 3: Add a dirt splatter particle
The next particle effect we need is a dirt splatter, to make it seem like the player is kicking up
ground as they sprint through the scene. The trick is that the particle should only play when the
player is on the ground.
1. Drag F X_DirtSplatter as the Player’s child object, reposition - New Function:
it, rotate it, and edit its settings particle.Stop()
2. Declare a new p ublic ParticleSystem dirtParticle;, then
assign it in the Inspector
3. Add dirtParticle.Stop(); when the player jumps or collides
with an obstacle
4. Add dirtParticle.Play(); when the player lands on the ground
public ParticleSystem dirtParticle
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isOnGround && !gameOver) {
... dirtParticle.Stop(); } }
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision other) {
if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground")) { ... dirtParticle.Play();
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle")) { ... dirtParticle.Stop(); } }
Step 4: Add music to the camera object
Our particle effects are looking good, so it’s time to move on to sounds! In order to add music,
we need to attach sound component to the camera. After all, the camera is the eyes AND the
ears of the scene.
1. Select the Main Camera object, then A dd - New Concept: Audio Listener and
Component > Audio Source Audio Sources
2. From Library > Sound, drag a music clip onto the - Tip: Music shouldn’t appear to come
from a particular location in 3D space,
AudioClip variable in the inspector
which is why we’re adding it directly to
3. Reduce the volume so it will be easier to hear the camera
sound effects
4. Check the L oop checkbox
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.4 - Particles and Sound Effects
4
Step 5: Declare variables for Audio Clips
Now that we’ve got some nice music playing, it’s time to add some sound effects. This time
audio clips will emanate from the player, rather than the camera itself.
1. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new public - Tip: Adding sound effects is not as
AudioClip jumpSound; and a new public AudioClip simple as adding music, because we
crashSound; need to trigger the events in our code
2. From Library > Sound, drag a clip onto each new
sound variable in the inspector
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.4 - Particles and Sound Effects
5
Step 6: Play Audio Clips on jump and crash
We’ve assigned audio clips to the jump and the crash in PlayerController. Now we need to play
them at the right time, giving our game a full audio experience
1. Add an Audio Source component to the p
layer - Don’t worry: Declaring a new
2. Declare a new private AudioSource playerAudio; AudioSource variable is just like
and initialize it as p
layerAudio = declaring a new Animator or RigidBody
GetComponent<AudioSource>();
3. Call playerAudio.PlayOneShot(jumpSound, 1.0f);
when the character j umps
4. Call playerAudio.PlayOneShot(crashSound, 1.0f);
when the character c rashes
private AudioSource playerAudio;
void Start() {
... playerAudio = GetComponent<AudioSource>(); }
void U pdate() {
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space) && isOnGround && !gameOver) {
... playerAudio.PlayOneShot(jumpSound, 1.0f); } }
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision other) {
...
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Obstacle"))
{ ... playerAudio.PlayOneShot(crashSound, 1.0f); } }
Lesson Recap
New ● Music plays during the game
Functionality ● Particle effects at the player’s feet when they run
● Sound effects and explosion when the player hits an obstacle
New Concepts ● Particle systems
and Skills ● Child object positioning
● Audio clips and Audio sources
● Play and stop sound effects
© Unity 2019 Lesson 3.4 - Particles and Sound Effects
1
Challenge 3
Balloons & Booleans
Challenge Apply your knowledge of physics, scrolling backgrounds, and special effects
Overview: to a balloon floating through town, picking up tokens while avoiding
explosives. You will have to do a lot of troubleshooting in this project because
it is riddled with errors.
Challenge - The balloon floats upwards as the player holds spacebar
Outcome: - The background seamlessly repeats, simulating the balloon’s movement
- Bombs and Money tokens are spawned randomly on a timer
- When you collide with the Money, there’s a particle and sound effect
- When you collide with the Bomb, there’s an explosion and the background
stops
Challenge In this challenge, you will reinforce the following skills/concepts:
Objectives: - Declaring and initializing variables with the GetComponent method
- Using booleans to trigger game states
- Displaying particle effects at a particular location relative to a gameobject
- Seamlessly scrolling a repeating background
Challenge - Open your P rototype 3 project
Instructions: - Download the "Challenge 3 Starter Files" from the Tutorial Materials section,
then double-click on it to Import
- In the Project Window > Assets > Challenge 3 > I nstructions folder, use the
"Challenge 3 - Instructions" and Outcome video as a guide to complete the
challenge
© Unity 2019 Challenge 3 - Balloons, Bombs & Booleans
2
Challenge Task Hint
1 The player can’t The balloon should float up There is a “NullReferenceExcepton”
control the balloon as the player presses error on the player’s rigidBody
spacebar variable - it has to be assigned in
Start() using the G etComponent<>
method
2 The background only The background should move In MoveLeftX.cs, the objects should
moves when the game at start, then stop when the only Translate to the left if the game
is over game is over is NOT over
3 No objects are being Make bombs or money There is an error message saying,
spawned objects spawn every few “Trying to Invoke method:
seconds SpawnManagerX.PrawnsObject
couldn't be called” - spelling matters
4 Fireworks appear to Make the fireworks display at The fireworks particle is a child
the side of the balloon the balloon’s position object of the Player - but its location
still has to be set at the same
location
5 The background is not Make the background repeat The repeatWidth variable should be
repeating properly seamlessly half of the background’s w idth, not
half of its height
Bonus Challenge Task Hint
X The balloon can float Prevent the player from Add a boolean to check if the balloon
way too high floating their balloon too high isLowEnough, then only allow the
player to add upwards force if that
boolean is true
Y The balloon can drop Make the balloon appear to Figure out a way to test if the balloon
below the ground bounce off of the ground, collides with the ground object, then
preventing it from leaving the add an impulse force upward if it
bottom of the screen. There does
should be a sound effect
when this happens, too!
© Unity 2019 Challenge 3 - Balloons, Bombs & Booleans
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Challenge Solution
1 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in Start(), assign p
layerRb just like the playerAudio variable:
playerAudio = GetComponent<AudioSource>();
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
2 In MoveLeftX.cs, the objects should only Translate to the left if the game is NOT over - it’s
currently checking if the game IS over:
if (! playerControllerScript.gameOver) {
transform.Translate(Vector3.left * speed * Time.deltaTime, Space.World);
}
3 In SpawnManagerX.cs, in Start(), the InvokeRepeating method is using an incorrect spelling of
“SpawnObjects” - correct the spelling error
void Start() {
pawnObjects", spawnDelay, spawnInterval);
InvokeRepeating("PrawnsObjectS
...
}
4 Select the Fireworks child object and reposition it to the same location as the Player
5 In RepeatBackgroundX.cs, in Start(), the repeatWidth should be dividing the X size (width) of
the box collider by 2, not the Y size (height)
repeatWidth = GetComponent<BoxCollider>().size.y x / 2;
© Unity 2019 Challenge 3 - Balloons, Bombs & Booleans
4
Bonus Challenge Solution
X1 In PlayerControllerX.cs create a boolean to track whether the player is low enough to float
upwards, then in Update(), set it to false if the player is above a certain Y value and, else, set it
to true
public bool isLowEnough;
void U pdate() {
if (transform.position.y > 13) {
isLowEnough = false;
} else {
isLowEnough = true;
}
}
X2 In the if-statement testing for the player pressing spacebar, add a condition testing that the
isLowEnough boolean is true:
if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Space) && isLowEnough && !gameOver) {
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * floatForce
}
Y1 Add a tag to the Ground object so that you can easily test for a collision with it
Y2 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in the OnCollisionEnter method, add a third else-if checking if the
balloon collided with the ground during the game, and if so, to add an impulse force upwards
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision other) {
...
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground") && !gameOver)
{
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10, ForceMode.Impulse);
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 3 - Balloons, Bombs & Booleans
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Y3 To add a sound effect, declare a new AudioClip variable and assign it in the inspector, then use
the PlayOneShot method when the player collides with the ground.
public AudioClip moneySound;
public AudioClip explodeSound;
public AudioClip bounceSound;
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision other) {
...
} else if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Ground") && !gameOver)
{
rigidBody.AddForce(Vector3.up * 10, ForceMode.Impulse);
playerAudio.PlayOneShot(bounceSound, 1.5f);
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 3 - Balloons, Bombs & Booleans
1
Unit 3 Lab
Player Control
Steps: Example of progress by end of lab
Step 1: Create PlayerController and plan your code
Step 2: Basic movement from user input
Step 3: Constrain the Player’s movement
Step 4: Code Cleanup and Export Backup
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you program the player’s basic movement, including the code
that limits that movement. Since there are a lot of different ways a player can
move, depending on the type of project you’re working on, you will not be
given step-by-step instructions on how to do it. In order to do this, you will
need to do research, reference other code, and problem-solve when things go
wrong.
Project The player will be able to move around based on user input, but not be able to
Outcome: move where they shouldn’t.
Learning By the end of this lab, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Program the type of player movement you want based on user input
- Restrict player movement in the manner that is appropriate, depending on
the needs of the project
- Troubleshoot issues and find workarounds related to player movement
© Unity 2019 Lab 3 - Player Control
2
Step 1: Create PlayerController and plan your code
Regardless of what type of movement your player has, it’ll definitely need a PlayerController
script
1. Select your Player and add a - Tip: Rigidbody is usually helpful - also detect
Rigidbody component (with or without triggers
gravity enabled) - Tip: Think about all the movement we’ve done so
2. In your Assets folder, create a new far:
“Scripts” folder - Prototype 1 - forward/back and rotate based
3. Inside the new “Scripts” folder, create on up/down and left/right arrows
a new “PlayerController” C# script - Challenge 1 - plane moving constantly, rotated
4. Attach it to the player, then open it direction based on arrows
5. Determine what type of programming - Prototype 2 - side-to-side movement and
will be required for your Player spacebar to fire a projectile
- Challenge 2 - No player movement, but
projectile launch on spacebar
- Prototype 3 - background move, and player
jumps on spacebar press
- Challenge 3 - background move and player
floats up when spacebar down
- Don’t worry: If you want your player to move like
the ball in Prototype 4, just use basic alternative for
now
References to the various types of movement programmed up to this point in the course
By the end of this step, you should have a new Script open and a solid plan for what will go in it.
© Unity 2019 Lab 3 - Player Control
3
Step 2: Basic movement from user input
The first thing we’ll program is the player’s very basic movement based on user input
1. Declare a new private float speed variable - Explanation: Rigidbody movement with
2. If using physics, declare a new R igidbody AddForce is different than Translate -
playerRb variable for it and initialize it in Start() looks more similar to real world movement
with force being applied
3. If using arrow keys, declare new verticalInput
- Don’t worry: If your player is colliding with
and/or horizontalInput variables the ground or other objects in weird ways -
4. If basing your movement off a key press, we’ll fix that soon
create the i f-statement to test for the - Tip: You can look through your old code
KeyCode for references to how you did things
5. Use either the T ranslate method or AddForce
method (if using physics) to move your
character
By the end of this step, the player should be able to move the way that you want based on user
input.
© Unity 2019 Lab 3 - Player Control
4
Step 3: Constrain the Player’s movement
No matter what kind of movement your player has, it needs to be limited for gameplay
1. If your player is colliding with objects they shouldn’t - Tip: Check the Global/Local
(including the ground), check the “Is trigger” box in the checkbox above scene view to see
Collider component the rotation of the player
2. If your player’s position or rotation should be - Tip: Look back at Prototype 2 for
constrained, expand the constraints in the Rigidbody the if-then statement to keep the
component and constrain certain axes player on screen
3. If your Player can go o ff the screen, write an - Tip: Look back at Prototype 3 and
if-statement checking and resetting the position Challenge 3 for examples of
4. If the Player can double-jump or fly off-screen, create a booleans to prevent
boolean variable that limits the user’s ability to do so double-jumping or going too high
5. If your player should be constrained by physical
barriers along the outside of the play area, create more
primitive Planes or C
ubes and scale them to form
walls
By the end of this step, the player’s movement should be constrained in such a way that makes your
game playable.
© Unity 2019 Lab 3 - Player Control
5
Step 4: Code Cleanup and Export Backup
Now that we have the basic functionality working, let’s clean up our code and make a backup.
1. Create new Empty game objects and nest objects - Tip: You always want to keep your
inside them to organize your hierarchy Update() functions clean or they can
2. Clean up your Update methods by moving the become overwhelming - it should be
blocks of code into new void functions (e.g. easy to see what actions are
“MovePlayer()” or “ConstrainPlayerPosition()”) happening every frame
3. Add comments to make your code more readable
4. Test to make sure everything still works, then s ave
your scene
5. Right-click on your Assets folder > E
xport Package
then save a new version in your Backups folder
// Move the player left/right and up/down based on arrow keys
void MovePlayer() {
...
}
// Prevent the player from leaving the screen top/bottom
void ConstrainPlayerPosition() {
...
}
By the end of this step, your code should be commented, organized, and backed up.
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● Player can move based on user input
● Player movement is constrained to suit the requirements of the game
New Concepts ● Program in C# independently
and Skills ● Troubleshoot issues independently
© Unity 2019 Lab 3 - Player Control
1
Quiz Unit 3
QUESTION CHOICES
1 You are trying to STOP spawning enemies when the a. The “p” should be capitalized in
player has died and have created the two scripts below “playerController.isAlive”
to do that. However, there is an error on the underlined b. The “bool” in the
code, “isAlive” in the EnemySpawner script. What is PlayerController class needs a
causing that error? “public” access modifier
c. The if-statement cannot be in
the Update method
d. “isAlive” must start with a
capital “I” (“IsAlive”)
public c lass PlayerController : MonoBehaviour {
bool isAlive;
...
}
public class EnemySpawner : MonoBehaviour {
void Start() {
playerController = GameObject.Find("Player").GetComponent<PlayerController>();
}
void Update() {
if (playerController.isAlive == false) {
StopSpawning();
}
}
}
2 Match the following animation methods with its set of a. 1A, 2B, 3C
parameters b. 1A, 2C, 3B
c. 1B, 2A, 3C
1. anim.SetBool(______); A. “Celebrate” d. 1C, 2A, 3B
2. anim.SetTrigger(_____); B. “Alive”, true
3. anim.SetInt(_____); C. “ThrowType”, 2
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 3
2
3 Given the animation controller / state machine below, a. setFloat(“Speed_f”, 0.3f);
which code will make the character transition from the b. setInt(“Speed_f”, 1);
“Idle” state to the “Walk” state. c. setTrigger(“Speed_f”);
d. setFloat(“Speed_f”, 0.1f);
4 Which of these is the correct way to get a reference to a. Line A
an AudioSource component on a GameObject? b. Line B
c. Line C
A. audio = GetComponent<AudioSource>(); d. Line D
B. audio = GetComponent(AudioSource)<>;
C. audio = AudioSource.GetComponent<>();
D. audio = GetComponent.Audio<Source>;
5 When you run a project with the code below, you get the a. The Player object does not
following error: “NullReferenceException: Object have a collider
reference not set to an instance of an object.” What is b. The Enemy object does not
most likely the problem? have a Rigidbody component
c. The “Start” method should
public class Enemy : MonoBehaviour { actually be “Update”
void Start() { d. There is no object named
player = GameObject.Find("Player"); “Player” in the scene
}
void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
if (player.transform.position.z > 10) {
Destroy(other.gameObject);
}
}
}
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 3
3
6 Which of the following conditions properly tests that the a. Line A
game is NOT over and the player IS on the ground b. Line B
c. Line C
A. if (gameOver == false AND isOnGround) d. Line D
B. if (gameOver && isOnGround == true)
C. if (gameOver != true && isOnGround)
D. if (gameOver != false && isOnGround == true)
7 By default, what will be the first state used by this a. “Any State”
Animation Controller? b. “NotCrouched”
c. “Death”
d. “Crouch_Up”
8 Which of the following variable declarations observes a. 2 and 4
Unity’s standard naming conventions (especially as it b. 3 and 6
relates to capitalization)? c. 4 and 5
d. 1 and 5
1. private Animator anim;
2. private player Player;
3. Float JumpForce = 10.0f;
4. bool gameOver = True;
5. private Vector3 startPos;
6. Public gameObject ObstaclePrefab;
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 3
4
9 Which of the following is most likely the condition for a. Jump_b is true
the transition between “Run” and “Walk” shown below? b. Speed_f is Less than 0.5
c. Speed_f is Greater than 0.5
d. Animation_int is Less than 10
A.
B.
C.
D.
10 Which of the following do you think makes the most a. Image A
sense for a simple movement state machine? b. Image B
c. Image C
A.
B.
C.
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 3
5
Quiz A nswer Key
# ANSWER EXPLANATION
1 B In order to access a variable from another class, that variable needs to be
“public”. By default, if there is no access modifier, variables are private and
cannot be accessed by another class
2 C SetInt would require an integer parameter, SetBool would require a boolean
parameter, and SetTrigger only requires the trigger name/id
3 A You can see in the inspector that the condition for this transition is that
“Speed_f is greater than 0.25”. You can tell it’s a float because it uses
decimal points and it must be higher than 0.25.
4 A “GetComponent<AudioSource>();” is the correct way to use the
GetComponent method
5 D If you try to “Find” an object that is not in the scene, you will get a
“NullReferenceException” error.
6 C != means “does not equal to”, so “gameOver != true” is testing that the game
is not over. If you just use the boolean’s name like “isOnGround,” this tests
whether that boolean is true. The syntax for testing two conditions is “&&”.
7 B The default starting state is the one that the “Entry” state connects to.
8 D 1. private Animator anim; - this is correct
2. private player Player; - should be “private Player player”
3. Float JumpForce = 10.0f; - should be “float jumpForce = 10.0f”
4. bool gameOver = True; - should be “true” (lowercase “t”)
5. private Vector3 startPos; - this is correct
6. Public gameObject ObstaclePrefab; - should be “public GameObject
obstaclePrefab”
9 B If you are transitioning from Running to Walking, that most likely is a result of
reducing speed, so checking if “Speed_f is less than 0.5” is most likely
10 A You should start with “Idle” as the default state, then be able to transition
between any of the states (Idling, Walking, Running). There should definitely
be a transition between Walk and Run.
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 3
1
4.1 W
atch Where You’re Going
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Create project and open scene
Step 2: Set up the player and add a texture
Step 3: Create a focal point for the camera
Step 4: Rotate the focal point by user input
Step 5: Add forward force to the player
Step 6: Move in direction of focal point
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: First thing’s first, we will create a new prototype and download the starter
files! You’ll notice a beautiful island, sky, and particle effect... all of which can
be customized! Next you will allow the player to rotate the camera around
the island in a perfect radius, providing a glorious view of the scene. The
player will be represented by a sphere, wrapped in a detailed texture of your
choice. Finally you will add force to the player, allowing them to move
forwards or backwards in the direction of the camera.
Project The camera will evenly rotate around a focal point in the center of the island,
Outcome: provided a horizontal input from the player. The player will control a textured
sphere, and move them forwards or backwards in the direction of the
camera’s focal point.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Apply Texture wraps to objects
- Attaching a camera to its focal point using parent-child relationships
- Transform objects based on local XYZ values
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.1 - Watch Where You’re Going
2
Step 1: Create project and open scene
You’ve done it before, and it’s time to do it again... we must start a new project and import the
starter files.
1. Open Unity Hub and create “Prototype 4” in your - Don’t worry: You can change texture
course directory of floating island and the color of the
2. Click on the link to access the Prototype 4 s tarter sky later
- Don’t worry: We’re in
files, then download and import them into Unity
isometric/orthographic view for a
3. Open the P rototype 4 scene and delete the reason: It just looks nicer when we
Sample Scene without saving rotate around the island
4. Click R un to see the p
article effects
Step 2: Set up the player and add a texture
We’ve got an island for the game to take place on, and now we need a sphere for the player to
control and roll around.
1. In the Hierarchy, c
reate 3D Object > S phere - New Concept:
2. Rename it “Player”, reset its position and increase its XYZ scale Texture wraps
to 1.5
3. Add a RigidBody component to the Player
4. From the L ibrary > Textures, drag a texture onto the sphere
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.1 - Watch Where You’re Going
3
Step 3: Create a focal point for the camera
If we want the camera to rotate around the game in a smooth and cinematic fashion, we need
to pin it to the center of the island with a focal point.
1. Create a new Empty Object and rename it “Focal Point”, - Don’t worry: This whole “focal
2. Reset its position to the origin (0, 0, 0), and make the point” business may be
Camera a child object of it confusing at first, but it will make
sense once you see it in action
3. Create a new “Scripts” folder, and a new
- Tip: Try rotating the Focal point
“RotateCamera” script inside it around the Y axis and see the
4. Attach the “RotateCamera” script to the F ocal Point camera rotate around in scene
view
Step 4: Rotate the focal point by user input
Now that the camera is attached to the focal point, the player must be able to rotate it - and the
camera child object - around the island with horizontal input.
1. Create the code to rotate the camera based on - Tip: Horizontal input should be
rotationSpeed and h orizontalInput familiar, we used it all the way back in
2. Tweak the r otation speed value to get the speed Unit 1! Feel free to reference your old
code for guidance.
you want
public float rotationSpeed;
void Update()
{
float horizontalInput = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
transform.Rotate(Vector3.up, horizontalInput * rotationSpeed * Time.deltaTime);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.1 - Watch Where You’re Going
4
Step 5: Add forward force to the player
The camera is rotating perfectly around the island, but now we need to move the player.
1. Create a new “PlayerController” script, apply it to the - Tip: Moving objects with
Player, and open it RigidBody and Addforce should
2. Declare a new public float speed variable and initialize it be familiar, we did it back in Unit
3! Feel free to reference old code.
3. Declare a new private Rigidbody playerRb and initialize
- Don’t worry: We don’t have
it in Start() control over its direction yet -
4. In Update(), declare a new f orwardInput variable based we’ll get to that next
on “Vertical” i nput
5. Call the AddForce() method to move the player forward
based forwardInput
private Rigidbody playerRb;
public float speed;
void Start() {
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>(); }
void Update() {
float forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.forward * speed * forwardInput); }
Step 6: Move in direction of focal point
We’ve got the ball rolling, but it only goes forwards and backwards in a single direction! It
should instead move in the direction the camera (and focal point) are facing.
1. Declare a new private GameObject focalPoint; a nd - New Concept: Global vs Local XYZ
initialize it in Start(): focalPoint = - Tip: Global XYZ directions relate to the
GameObject.Find("Focal Point"); entire scene, whereas local XYZ
directions relate to the object in
2. In the AddForce call, Replace Vector3.forward with
question
focalPoint.transform.forward
private GameObject focalPoint;
void Start() {
rb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
focalPoint = GameObject.Find("Focal Point"); }
void Update() {
float forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
playerRb.AddForce(Vector3.forward focalPoint.transform.forward
* speed * Time.deltaTime); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.1 - Watch Where You’re Going
5
Lesson Recap
New ● Camera rotates around the island based on horizontal input
Functionality ● Player rolls in direction of camera based on vertical input
New Concepts ● Texture Wraps
and Skills ● Camera as child object
● Global vs Local coordinates
● Get direction of other object
Next Lesson ● In the next lesson, we’ll add more challenge to the player, by creating
enemies that chase them in the game.
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.1 - Watch Where You’re Going
1
4.2 F ollow the Player
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Add an enemy and a physics material
Step 2: Create enemy script to follow player
Step 3: Create a lookDirection variable
Step 4: Create a Spawn Manager for the enemy
Step 5: Randomly generate spawn position
Step 6: Make a method return a spawn point
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: The player can roll around to its heart’s content… but it has no purpose. In
this lesson, we fill that purpose by creating an enemy to challenge the player!
First we will give the enemy a texture of your choice, then give it the ability to
bounce the player away... potentially knocking them off the cliff. Lastly, we
will let the enemy chase the player around the island and spawn in random
positions.
Project A textured and spherical enemy will spawn on the island at start, in a random
Outcome: location determined by a custom function. It will chase the player around the
island, bouncing them off the edge if they get too close.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Apply Physics Materials to make game objects bouncy
- Normalize vectors to point the enemy in the direction of the player
- Randomly spawn with Random.Range on two axes
- Write more advanced custom functions and variables to make your code
clean and professional
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.2 - Follow the Player
2
Step 1: Add an enemy and a physics material
Our camera rotation and player movement are working like a charm. Next we’re going to set up
an enemy and give them them some special new physics to bounce the player away!
1. Create a new Sphere, rename it “Enemy” reposition - Don’t worry: If your game is lagging,
it, and drag a texture onto it uncheck the “Active” checkbox for
2. Add a new RigidBody component and adjust its your clouds
- New Concept: Physics Materials
XYZ scale, then test
- New Concept: Bounciness property
3. In a new “Physics Materials” f older, Create > and Bounce Combine
Physics Material, then name it “Bouncy”
4. Increase the B ounciness to “1”, change Bounce
Combine to “Multiply”, apply it to your player and
enemy, then test
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.2 - Follow the Player
3
Step 2: Create enemy script to follow player
The enemy has the power to bounce the player away, but only if the player approaches it. We
must tell the enemy to follow the player’s position, chasing them around the island.
1. Make a new “Enemy” script and attach it to the - Tip: Imagine we’re generating this new
Enemy vector by drawing an arrow from the
2. Declare 3 new variables for Rigidbody enemyRb;, enemy to the player.
- Tip: We should start thinking ahead
GameObject player;, and public float speed;
and writing our variables in advance.
3. Initialize enemyRb = GetComponent Rigidbody>(); Think… what are you going to need?
and player = GameObject.Find("Player"); - Tip: When normalized, a vector keeps
4. In Update(), AddForce towards in the direction the same direction but its length is 1.0,
between the Player and the Enemy forcing the enemy to try and keep up
public float speed;
private Rigidbody enemyRb;
private GameObject player;
void Start() {
enemyRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
player = GameObject.Find("Player"); }
void Update() {
enemyRb.AddForce((player.transform.position
- transform.position).normalized * speed); }
Step 3: Create a lookDirection variable
The enemy is now rolling towards the player, but our code is a bit messy. Let’s clean up by
adding a variable for the new vector.
1. In Update(), declare a new V
ector3 lookDirection variable - Tip: As always, adding
2. Set V ector3 lookDirection = (player.transform.position - variables makes the code more
transform.position).normalized; readable
3. Implement the lookDirection variable in the AddForce call
void Update() {
Vector3 lookDirection = (player.transform.position
- transform.position).normalized;
enemyRb.AddForce(lookDirection (player.transform.position
- transform.position).normalized * speed); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.2 - Follow the Player
4
Step 4: Create a Spawn Manager for the enemy
Now that the enemy is acting exactly how we want, we’re going to turn it into a prefab so it can
be instantiated by a Spawn Manager.
1. Drag E nemy into the Prefabs folder to create a new Prefab,
then delete E nemy from scene
2. Create a new “Spawn Manager” o bject, attach a new
“SpawnManager” script, and open it
3. Declare a new public GameObject enemyPrefab v ariable then
assign the prefab in the i nspector
4. In Start(), instantiate a new enemyPrefab at a predetermined
location
public GameObject enemyPrefab;
void Start()
{
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, new Vector3(0, 0, 6),
enemyPrefab.transform.rotation); }
Step 5: Randomly generate spawn position
The enemy spawns at start, but it always appears in the same spot. Using the familiar Random
class, we can spawn the enemy in a random position.
1. In SpawnManager.cs, in Start(), create new randomly - Tip: Remember, we used
generated X and Z Random.Range all the way back
2. Create a new Vector3 randomPos v ariable with those in Unit 2! Feel free to reference
old code.
random X and Z positions
3. Incorporate the new randomPos variable into the
Instantiate call
4. Replace the hard-coded v alues with a spawnRange
variable
5. Start and Restart your project to make sure it’s working
public GameObject enemyPrefab;
private float spawnRange = 9;
void Start() {
float spawnPosX = Random.Range(-9, 9 -spawnRange, spawnRange);
float spawnPosZ = Random.Range(-9, 9 -spawnRange, spawnRange);
Vector3 randomPos = new Vector3(spawnPosX, 0, spawnPosZ);
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, randomPos, enemyPrefab.transform.rotation); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.2 - Follow the Player
5
Step 6: Make a method return a spawn point
The code we use to generate a random spawn position is perfect, and we’re going to be using it
a lot. If we want to clean the script and use this code later down the road, we should store it in a
custom function.
1. Create a new function V ector3 - Tip: This function will come in handy
GenerateSpawnPosition() { } later, once we randomize a spawn
2. Copy and Paste the spawnPosX and s pawnPosZ position for the powerup
- New Concept: Functions that return a
variables into the new method
value
3. Add the line to return randomPos; in your new - Tip: This function is different from
method “void” calls, which do not return a
4. Replace the code in your Instantiate call with your value. Look at “GetAxis” in
new function name: G enerateSpawnPosition() PlayerController for example - it
returns a float
void Start() {
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition()
new Vector3(spawnPosX, 0, spawnPosZ), enemyPrefab.transform.rotation);
float spawnPosX = Random.Range(-spawnRange, spawnRange);
float spawnPosZ = Random.Range(-spawnRange, spawnRange); }
private Vector3 GenerateSpawnPosition () {
float spawnPosX = Random.Range(-spawnRange, spawnRange);
float spawnPosZ = Random.Range(-spawnRange, spawnRange);
Vector3 randomPos = new Vector3(spawnPosX, 0, spawnPosZ);
return randomPos; }
Lesson Recap
New ● Enemy spawns at random location on the island
Functionality ● Enemy follows the player around
● Spheres bounce off of each other
New Concepts ● Physics Materials
and Skills ● Defining vectors in 3D space
● Normalizing values
● Methods with return values
Next Lesson ● In our next lesson, we’ll create ways to fight back against these enemies
using Powerups!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.2 - Follow the Player
1
4.3 P owerUp and CountDown
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Choose and prepare a powerup
Step 2: Destroy powerup on collision
Step 3: Test for collision with a powerup
Step 4: Apply extra knockback with powerup
Step 5: Create Countdown Routine for powerup
Step 6: Add a powerup indicator
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: The enemy chases the player around the island, but the player needs a better
way to defend themselves... especially if we add more enemies. In this
lesson, we’re going to create a powerup that gives the player a temporary
strength boost, shoving away enemies that come into contact! The powerup
will spawn in a random position on the island, and highlight the player with
an indicator when it is picked up. The powerup indicator and the powerup
itself will be represented by stylish game assets of your choice.
Project A powerup will spawn in a random position on the map. Once the player
Outcome: collides with this powerup, the powerup will disappear and the player will be
highlighted by an indicator. The powerup will last for a certain number of
seconds after pickup, granting the player super strength that blasts away
enemies.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Write informative debug messages with Concatenation and variables
- Repeat functions with the power of IEnumerator and Coroutines
- Use SetActive to make game objects appear and disappear from the scene
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.3 - PowerUp and CountDown
2
Step 1: Choose and prepare a powerup
In order to add a completely new gameplay mechanic to this project, we will introduce a new
powerup object that will give the player temporary superpowers.
1. From the L ibrary, drag a Powerup object into the scene, - Warning: Remember, you still
rename it “Powerup” and edit its scale & position have to apply the tag after it
2. Add a Box Collider to the powerup, click Edit Collider to has been created.
make sure it fits, then check the “Is Trigger” checkbox
3. Create a new “Powerup” t ag and apply it to the powerup
4. Drag the Powerup into the Prefabs folder to create a new
“Original Prefab”
Step 2: Destroy powerup on collision
As a first step to getting the powerup working, we’ll make it disappear when the player hits it
and set up a new boolean variable to track that the player got it.
1. In PlayerController.cs, add a n
ew - Don’t worry: If this doesn’t work, make
OnTriggerEnter() method sure that the Powerup’s collider “Is
2. Add an if-statement that destroys trigger” and player’s collider is NOT
- Tip: Make sure hasPowerup = true in
other.CompareTag("Powerup") powerup on
the inspector when you collide
collision
3. Create a new public bool hasPowerup; and set
hasPowerup = true; when you collide with the
Powerup
public bool hasPowerup
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
if (other.CompareTag("Powerup")) {
hasPowerup = true;
Destroy(other.gameObject); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.3 - PowerUp and CountDown
3
Step 3: Test for collision with a powerup
The powerup will only come into play in a very particular circumstance: when the player has a
powerup AND they collide with an enemy - so we’ll first test for that very specific condition.
1. Create a new “Enemy” tag and apply it to the - Tip: OnTriggerEnter is good for stuff
Enemy Prefab like picking up powerups, but you
2. In PlayerController.cs, add the O
nCollisionEnter() should use OnCollisionEnter when you
want something to do with physics
function
- New Concept: Concatenation in Debug
3. Create the if-statement with the double-condition messages
4. Create a Debug.Log to make sure it’s working - Tip: When you concatenate a variable
in a debug message, it will returns its
VALUE not its name
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) {
if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy") && hasPowerup) {
Debug.Log("Player collided with " + collision.gameObject
+ " with powerup set to " + hasPowerup); } }
Step 4: Apply extra knockback with powerup
With the condition for the powerup set up perfectly, we are now ready to program the actual
powerup ability: when the player collides with an enemy, the enemy should go flying!
1. In OnCollisionEnter() d
eclare a new local variable - Tip: Reference the code in Enemy.cs
to get the Enemy’s Rigidbody component that makes the enemy follow the
2. Declare a new variable to get the d irection away player. In a way, we’re reversing that
code in order to push the enemy away.
from the player
- Don’t worry: No need to use
3. Add an impulse force to the e nemy .Normalize, since they’re colliding
4. Replace the hard-coded value with a new
powerupStrength variable
private float powerupStrength = 15.0f;
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) {
if (collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy") && hasPowerup) {
Rigidbody enemyRigidbody = collision.gameObject.GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
Vector3 awayFromPlayer = (collision.gameObject.transform.position
- transform.position);
Debug.Log("Player collided with " + collision.gameObject
+ " with powerup set to " + hasPowerup);
enemyRigidbody.AddForce(awayFromPlayer
* 10 powerupStrength, ForceMode.Impulse); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.3 - PowerUp and CountDown
4
Step 5: Create Countdown Routine for powerup
It wouldn’t be fair to the enemies if the powerup lasted forever - so we’ll program a countdown
timer that starts when the player collects the powerup, removing the powerup ability when the
timer is finished.
1. Add a new IEnumerator - New Concept: IEnumerator
PowerupCountdownRoutine () {} - New Concept: Coroutines
2. Inside the PowerupCountdownRoutine, wait 7 - Tip: WaitForSeconds()
seconds, then disable the powerup
3. When player c ollides with powerup, start the
coroutine
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
if (other.CompareTag("Powerup")) {
hasPowerup = true;
Destroy(other.gameObject);
StartCoroutine(PowerupCountdownRoutine()); } }
IEnumerator PowerupCountdownRoutine() {
yield return new WaitForSeconds(7); hasPowerup = false; }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.3 - PowerUp and CountDown
5
Step 6: Add a powerup indicator
To make this game a lot more playable, it should be clear when the player does or does not
have the powerup, so we’ll program a visual indicator to display this to the user.
1. From the L ibrary, drag a Powerup o
bject into the scene, rename it - New Function:
“Powerup Indicator”, and edit its scale SetActive
2. Uncheck the “Active” checkbox in the inspector - Tip: Make sure the
indicator is turning on
3. In PlayerController.cs, declare a new public GameObject
and off before making
powerupIndicator v ariable, then assign the Powerup Indicator it follow the player
variable in the inspector
4. When the player collides with the powerup, set the indicator object
to Active, then set to I nactive when the powerup expires
5. In Update(), set the Indicator position to the player’s position + an
offset value
public GameObject powerupIndicator
void Update() {
... powerupIndicator.transform.position = transform.position
+ new Vector3(0, -0.5f, 0); }
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
if (other.CompareTag("Powerup")) {
... powerupIndicator.gameObject.SetActive(true); } }
IEnumerator PowerupCountdownRoutine() {
... powerupIndicator.gameObject.SetActive(false); }
Lesson Recap
New ● When the player collects a powerup, a visual indicator appears
Functionality ● When the player collides with an enemy while they have the powerup, the
enemy goes flying
● After a certain amount of time, the powerup ability and indicator disappear
New Concepts ● Debug concatenation
and Skills ● Local component variables
● IEnumerators and WaitForSeconds()
● Coroutines
● SetActive(true/false)
Next Lesson ● We’ll start generating waves of enemies for our player to fend off!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.3 - PowerUp and CountDown
1
4.4 F or-Loops For Waves
Steps: Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Write a for-loop to spawn 3 enemies
Step 2: Give the for-loop a parameter
Step 3: Destroy enemies if they fall off
Step 4: Increase enemyCount with waves
Step 5: Spawn Powerups with new waves
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: We have all the makings of a great game; A player that rolls around and
rotates the camera, a powerup that grants super strength, and an enemy that
chases the player until the bitter end. In this lesson we will wrap things up by
putting these pieces together!
First we will enhance the enemy spawn manager, allowing it to spawn
multiple enemies and increase their number every time a wave is defeated.
Lastly we will spawn the powerup with every wave, giving the player a chance
to fight back against the ever-increasing horde of enemies.
Project The Spawn Manager will operate in waves, spawning multiple enemies and a
Outcome: new powerup with each iteration. Every time the enemies drop to zero, a new
wave is spawned and the enemy count increases.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Repeat functions with For-loops
- Increment integer values in a loop with the ++ operator
- Target objects in a scene with FindObjectsOfType
- Return the length of an array as an integer with .Length
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.4 - For-Loops For Waves
2
Step 1: Write a for-loop to spawn 3 enemies
We should challenge the player by spawning more than one enemy. In order to do so, we will
repeat enemy instantiation with a loop.
1. In SpawnManager.cs, in Start(), replace single - New Concept: For-loops
Instantiation with a for-loop that spawns 3 - Don’t worry: Loops are a bit confusing
enemies at first, but they make sense
eventually. Loops are powerful tools
2. Move the for-loop to a new v oid
that programmers use often
SpawnEnemyWave() function, then call that - New Concept: ++ Increment Operator
function from Start()
void Start() {
SpawnEnemyWave();
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition(),
enemyPrefab.transform.rotation); } }
void SpawnEnemyWave() {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition(),
enemyPrefab.transform.rotation); } }
Step 2: Give the for-loop a parameter
Right now, SpawnEnemyWave spawns exactly 3 enemies, but if we’re going to dynamically
increase the number of enemies that spawn during gameplay, we need to be able to pass
information to that method.
1. Add a parameter int enemiesToSpawn to the - New Concept: Custom methods with
SpawnEnemyWave function parameters
2. Replace i < __ with i < enemiesToSpawn - Tip: GenerateSpawnPosition returns a
value, SpawnEnemyWave does not.
3. Add this new variable to the function call in Start():
SpawnEnemyWave takes a parameter,
SpawnEnemyWave(___); GenerateSpawnPosition does not.
void Start() {
SpawnEnemyWave(3); }
void SpawnEnemyWave(int enemiesToSpawn) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3 enemiesToSpawn; i++) {
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition(),
enemyPrefab.transform.rotation); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.4 - For-Loops For Waves
3
Step 3: Destroy enemies if they fall off
Once the player gets rid of all the enemies, they’re left feeling a bit lonely. We need to destroy
enemies that fall, and spawn a new enemy wave once the last one is vanquished!
1. In Enemy.cs, d estroy the enemies if their position - New Function: FindObjectsOfType
is less than a -Y value
2. In SpawnManager.cs, declare a new public int
enemyCount variable
3. In Update(), set enemyCount =
FindObjectsOfType<Enemy>().Length;
4. Write the if-statement that if enemyCount == 0
then SpawnEnemyWave, then delete it from Start()
void Update() {
... if (transform.position.y < -10) { Destroy(gameObject); } }
<------>
public int enemyCount
void Update() {
enemyCount = FindObjectsOfType<Enemy>().Length;
if (enemyCount == 0) { SpawnEnemyWave(1); } }
Step 4: Increase enemyCount with waves
Now that we control the amount of enemies that spawn, we should increase their number in
waves. Every time the player defeats a wave of enemies, more should rise to take their place.
1. Declare a new public int waveCount = 1;, then - Tip: Incrementing with the ++ operator
implement it in SpawnEnemyWave(waveCount); is very handy, you may find yourself
2. In the if-statement that tests if there are 0 enemies using it in the future
left, increment waveCount by 1
public int waveCount = 1;
void Start() {
SpawnEnemyWave(3 waveCount); }
void Update() {
enemyCount = FindObjectsOfType<Enemy>().Length;
if (enemyCount == 0) { waveCount++; SpawnEnemyWave(1 waveCount); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.4 - For-Loops For Waves
4
Step 5: Spawn Powerups with new waves
Our game is almost complete, but we’re missing something. Enemies continue to spawn with
every wave, but the powerup gets used once and disappears forever, leaving the player
vulnerable. We need to spawn the powerup in a random position with every wave, so the player
has a chance to fight back.
1. In SpawnManager.cs, declare a new public - Tip: Now that we have a very playable
GameObject powerupPrefab v ariable, assign the game, let’s test and tweak values
prefab in the inspector and delete it from the
scene
2. In Start(), I nstantiate a new Powerup
3. Before the SpawnEnemyWave() call, Instantiate a
new Powerup
public GameObject powerupPrefab;
void Start() {
... Instantiate(powerupPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition(),
powerupPrefab.transform.rotation); }
void Update() {
... if (enemyCount == 0) { ... Instantiate(powerupPrefab,
GenerateSpawnPosition(), powerupPrefab.transform.rotation); } }
Lesson Recap
New ● Enemies spawn in waves
Functionality ● The number of enemies spawned increases after every wave is defeated
● A new power up spawns with every wave
New Concepts ● For-loops
and Skills ● Increment (++) operator
● Custom methods with parameters
● FindObjectsOfType
© Unity 2019 Lesson 4.4 - For-Loops For Waves
1
Challenge 4
Soccer Scripting
Challenge Use the skills you learned in the Sumo Battle prototype in a completely
Overview: different context: the soccer field. Just like in the prototype, you will control a
ball by rotating the camera around it and applying a forward force, but instead
of knocking them off the edge, your goal is to knock them into the opposing
net while they try to get into your net. Just like in the Sumo Battle, after every
round a new wave will spawn with more enemy balls, putting your defense to
the test. However, almost nothing in this project is functioning! It’s your job to
get it working correctly.
Challenge - Enemies move towards your net, but you can hit them to deflect them away
Outcome: - Powerups apply a temporary strength boost, then disappear after 5 seconds
- When there are no more enemy balls, a new wave spawns with 1 more
enemy
Challenge In this challenge, you will reinforce the following skills/concepts:
Objectives: - Defining Vectors by subtracting one location in 3D space from another
- Track the number of objects of a certain type in a scene to trigger certain
events
- Using Coroutines to perform actions based on a timed interval
- Using for-loops and dynamic variables to run code a particular number of
times
- Resolving errors related to null references of unassigned variables
Challenge - Open your P rototype 4 project
Instructions: - Download the "Challenge 4 Starter Files" from the Tutorial Materials section,
then double-click on it to Import
- In the Project Window > Assets > Challenge 4 > I nstructions folder, use the
resources as a guide to complete this challenge
© Unity 2019 Challenge 4 - Soccer Scripting
2
Challenge Task Hint
1 Hitting an enemy When you hit an enemy, it In PlayerControllerX.cs, to get a
sends it back towards should send it away from the Vector a
way from the player, you
you player should subtract the [enemy position]
minus the [player’s position] - not the
reverse
2 A new wave spawns A new wave should spawn In SpawnManagerX.cs, check that the
when the player gets a when all enemy balls have enemyCount variable is being set
powerup been removed correctly
3 The powerup never The powerup should only last In PlayerControllerX.cs, the
goes away for a certain duration, then PowerupCoolDown Coroutine code
disappear looks good, but this coroutine is
never actually called with the
StartCoroutine() method
4 2 enemies are One enemy should be In SpawnManagerX.cs, the for-loop
spawned in every spawned in wave 1, two in that spawns enemy should make use
wave wave 2, three in wave 3, etc of the enemiesToSpawn parameter
5 The enemy balls are The enemy balls should go There is an error in EnemyX.cs:
not moving anywhere towards the “Player Goal” “NullReferenceException: Object
object reference not set to an instance of an
object”. It looks like the playerGoal
object is never assigned.
Bonus Challenge Task Hint
X The player needs a The player should get a In PlayerController, add a simple
turbo boost speed boost whenever the if-statement that adds an “impulse”
player presses spacebar - force if spacebar is pressed. To add a
and a particle effect should particle effect, first attach it as a child
appear when they use it object of the Focal Point.
Y The enemies never get The enemies’ speed should You’ll need to track and increase the
more difficult increase in speed by a small enemy speed in SpawnManagerX.cs.
amount with every new wave Then in EnemyX.cs, reference that
speed variable and set it in Start().
© Unity 2019 Challenge 4 - Soccer Scripting
3
Challenge Solution
1 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in OnCollisionEnter(), the awayFromPlayer Vector3 is in the opposite
direction it should be.
Vector3 awayFromPlayer = transform.position -
other.gameObject.transform.position;
= other.gameObject.transform.position -
transform.position;
2 In SpawnManagerX.cs, the enemyCount variable is counting the number of objects with a
“Powerup” tag - it should be counting the number of objects with an “Enemy” tag
void Update() {
enemyCount = GameObject.FindGameObjectsWithTag("Powerup Enemy").Length;
...
}
3 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in the OnTriggerEnter() method, you need to initiate the
PowerupCooldown C oroutine in order to begin the countdown process
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
if (other.gameObject.CompareTag("Powerup")) {
...
StartCoroutine(PowerupCooldown());
}
}
4 In SpawnManagerX.cs, the for-loop that spawns enemy should make use of the
enemiesToSpawn parameter
nemiesToSpawn; i++) {
for (int i = 0; i < 2 e
Instantiate(enemyPrefab, GenerateSpawnPosition(), ...
}
5 In EnemyX.cs, the playerGoal variable is not initialized - initialize it in the Start() method
void Start() {
enemyRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
playerGoal = GameObject.Find("Player Goal");
;}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 4 - Soccer Scripting
4
Bonus Challenge Solution
X1 To add a turbo boost, In PlayerControllerX.cs, declare a new turboBoost float variable, then in
Update(), add a simple if-statement that adds an “impulse” force in the direction of the focal
point if spacebar is pressed:
private float turboBoost = 10;
void Update() {
...
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)) {
playerRb.AddForce(focalPoint.transform.forward * turboBoost, ForceMode.Impulse);
}
}
X2 Add the Smoke_Particle prefab as a child object of the focal point (next to the camera), then in
PlayerControllerX.cs, declare a new turboSmoke particle variable and assign it in the inspector
X3 In PlayerControllerX.cs, in the if-statement checking if the player presses spacebar, play the
particle
if (Input.GetKeyDown(KeyCode.Space)) {
playerRb.AddForce(focalPoint.transform.forward * turboBoost, ForceMode.Impulse);
turboSmoke.Play();
}
Y1 In SpawnManagerX.cs, declare and initialize a new public enemySpeed variable, then increase
it by a certain amount every time a wave is spawned:
nt enemyCount;
public i
public f loat enemySpeed = 50;
void SpawnEnemyWave(int enemiesToSpawn) {
...
waveCount++;
enemyCount += 25;
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 4 - Soccer Scripting
5
Y2 In EnemyX.cs, declare a new spawnManagerXScript variable, get a reference to it in Start(),
then set the enemy’s s
peed variable to your new enemySpeed variable
private GameObject playerGoal;
private SpawnManagerX spawnManagerXScript;
void Start() {
enemyRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
playerGoal = GameObject.Find("Player Goal");
spawnManagerXScript = GameObject.Find("Spawn Manager").GetComponent<SpawnManagerX>();
speed = spawnManagerXScript.enemySpeed;
}
Y3 To test, make the s peed variable in EnemyX.cs public and check the enemies’ speed when they
are spawned in different waves
© Unity 2019 Challenge 4 - Soccer Scripting
1
Unit 4 Lab
Basic Gameplay
Steps: Example of progress by end of lab
Step 1: Give objects basic movement
Step 2: Destroy objects off-screen
Step 3: Handle object collisions
Step 4: Make objects into prefabs
Step 5: Make SpawnManager spawn Prefabs
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: In this lab, you will work with all of your non-player objects in order to bring
your project to life with its basic gameplay. You will give your projectiles,
pickups, or enemies their basic movement and collision detection, make
them into prefabs, and have them spawned randomly by a spawn manager.
By the end of this lab, you should have a glimpse into the core functionality
of your game.
Project Non-player objects are spawned at appropriate locations in the scene with
Outcome: basic movement. When objects collide with each other, they react as
intended, by either bouncing or being destroyed.
Learning By the end of this lab, you will be able to:
Objectives: - More comfortably program basic movement
- More comfortably handle object collisions
- More comfortably spawn object prefabs on timed intervals
© Unity 2019 Lab 4 - Basic Gameplay
2
Step 1: Give objects basic movement
Before you spawn objects into your scene, they should move the way you want.
1. If relevant, add Rigidbody components to your - Tip: Make sure you uncheck “use
non-player objects gravity” if you don’t want them to fall
2. Create a new script(s) for the objects that will be - Tip: In the collider component, check
instantiated during gameplay and attach them to “is trigger” if you don’t want actual
their respective objects (including projectiles or collisions
pickups)
3. Program the b asic movement for your objects and
test that they work
By the end of this step, all objects should basically move the way they should in the game.
Step 2: Destroy objects off-screen
To make sure our hierarchy doesn’t get too cluttered, let’s make sure these objects get
destroyed when they leave the screen.
1. Either create a new script or add code to your - Tip: Move your objects in scene view
existing script to make sure objects are destroyed to determine the xyz positions objects
when they leave the screen should be destroyed
By the end of this step, objects should be removed from the hierarchy when they are no longer in
play.
Step 3: Handle object collisions
Now that you have all these moving objects, they’re bound to start colliding with each other - we
need to program what should happen when everything collides.
1. If relevant, edit the Rigidbody mass of your objects - Don’t worry: If you collide with a
2. If relevant, to change the way your objects collide, powerup or pickup, the actual
create a new Physics material for your objects functionality does not need to be
3. Add tags to your objects so you can accurately test programmed, just the effect
for which objects are colliding with which - Tip: Should use OnTriggerEnter if
4. Use OnCollisionEnter() (for Rigidbody collisions) or objects are being destroyed - but
OnTriggerEnter() (for trigger-based collisions) to remember that “Is Trigger” must be
Destroy or Log messages to the console what checked for this to work!
should happen when certain collisions occur
By the end of this step, objects should destroy, bounce, or do nothing based on collisions.
© Unity 2019 Lab 4 - Basic Gameplay
3
Step 4: Make objects into prefabs
Now that the objects are basically behaving the way they should, if they’re going to be
instantiated during gameplay, they need to be prefabs
1. In the Assets directory, create a new F older called - Tip: When creating new prefabs,
“Prefabs” you have to drag them one at a
2. Drag in each object to create a n
ew prefab for it time
3. After all objects have been turned into prefabs, delete - Tip: Notice that their icons turn
them from the scene blue when they are prefabs
4. Test the objects’ behavior by dragging them from the
Prefabs folder into the scene while the game is running
By the end of this step, all objects that will be spawned during gameplay should be prefabs and
should no longer be in your scene.
Step 5: Make SpawnManager spawn Prefabs
Now that we have all of our prefabs set up, we can create a spawn manager to spawn them at
intervals and, if we want, in random locations.
1. Create an Empty “Spawn Manager” object and attach a - Tip: Name your variables
new SpawnManager.cs script to it “____Prefab” so you know it
2. Create individual GameObject or GameObject array requires a prefab value
variables for your prefabs, then assign them in the - Don’t worry: If it’s not perfect yet
inspector of if there are some minor bugs -
3. Use the Instantiate(), R
andom.Range(), and the just get the general idea working
InvokeRepeating() methods to spawn objects at
intervals (random objects, random locations, or both)
4. Right-click on your Assets folder > E
xport Package then
save a new version in your Backups folder
By the end of this step, objects should be spawned automatically from the appropriate location.
© Unity 2019 Lab 4 - Basic Gameplay
4
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● Non-player objects prefabs have basic movement
● Objects are destroyed when they leave the screen
● Collisions between objects are handled appropriately
● Objects are spawned at the appropriate locations on time-based intervals
New Concepts ● Creating basic gameplay for a project independently
and Skills
© Unity 2019 Lab 4 - Basic Gameplay
1
Quiz Unit 4
QUESTION CHOICES
1 You’re trying to write some code that creates a random a. Change line 1 to “private float
age between 1 and 100 and prints that age, but there is age”
an error. What would fix the error? b. Add the word “int” to line 8, so
it says “int age = …”
1. private int age; c. On line 7, change the word
2. “private” to “void”
3. void Start() { d. Add a new line after line 8 that
4. Debug.Log(GenerateRandomAge()); says “return age;”
5. }
6.
7. nt GenerateRandomAge() {
private i
8. age = Random.Range(1, 101);
9. }
2 The following message was displayed in the console: a. Option A
“Monica has 20 dollars”. Which of lines in the b. Option B
PrintNames function produced it? c. Option C
d. Option D
string[] names = new string[] { "Steve", "Monica", "Eric" };
int money = 5;
void Start() {
money *= 2;
PrintNames();
}
void PrintNames () {
A. Debug.Log("Monica has " + money/2 + " dollars");
B. Debug.Log(names[1] + " has " + money*2 + " dollars");
C. Debug.Log(names[2] + " has " + money*4 + " dollars");
D. Debug.Log(names[Monica] + " has " + money/2 + " dollars");
}
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 4
2
3 The code below produces “error CS0029: Cannot a. On line 1, change “Vector3” to
implicitly convert type 'float' to 'UnityEngine.Vector3'”. “float”
Which of the following would remove the error? b. On line 3, change “=” to “+”
c. Either A or B
1. private Vector3 startingVelocity; d. None of the above
2. void Start() {
3. startingVelocity = 2.0f;
4. }
4 Which of the following follows Unity’s naming a. Line A
conventions (especially as it relates to capitalization)? b. Line B
c. Line C
A. float forwardInput = Input.GetAxis("Vertical"); d. Line D
B. float ForwardInput = input.GetAxis("Vertical");
C. Float forwardInput = Input.getAxis("Vertical");
D. float forwardInput = input.getAxis("vertical");
5 You are trying to assign the powerup variable in the a. You cannot declare a powerup
inspector, but it is not showing up in the Player variable in the Player Controller
Controller component. What is the problem? Script
b. You cannot assign
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour GameObject type variables in
{ the inspector
private GameObject powerup; c. The powerup variable should
} be public instead of private
d. The PlayerController class
should be private instead of
public
6 Your game has just started and you see the error, a. PlayerController variable in the
“UnassignedReferenceException: The variable playerIndicator script needs to
playerIndicator of PlayerController has not been be declared
assigned.” What is likely the solution to the problem? b. The playerIndicator variable
needs to be made private
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour c. The PlayerController script
{ must be assigned to the player
public GameObject playerIndicator; object
void Update() { d. An object needs to be dragged
playerIndicator.transform.position.y = 10; onto the playerIndicator
} variable in the inspector
}
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 4
3
7 You are trying to create a new method that takes a a. Method A
number and multiplies it by two. Which method would b. Method B
do that? c. Method C
d. Method D
A. private float DoubleNumber() { `
return number *= 2;
}
B. private float DoubleNumber(float number) { `
return number *= 2;
}
C. private void DoubleNumber(float number) {
return number *= 2;
}
D. private void DoubleNumber() {
return number *= 2;
}
8 Which comment best describes the code below? a. // If the player collides with an
enemy, destroy the enemy
public class Enemy : MonoBehaviour b. // If the enemy collides with a
{ spike, destroy the spike
// Comment c. // If the enemy collides with a
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) { spike, destroy the enemy
if(other.CompareTag("Spike")) { d. // If the player collides with a
Destroy(other.gameObject); spike, destroy the spike
}
}
}
9 The code below produces the error, “error CS0029: a. On line 1, change “collision” to
Cannot implicitly convert type 'UnityEngine.GameObject' “Rigidbody”
to 'UnityEngine.Rigidbody'”. What could be done to fix b. On line 2, change “gameObject”
this issue? to “Rigidbody”
c. On line 3, delete “.gameObject”
1. void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) { d. On line 3, add
2. if(collision.gameObject.CompareTag("Enemy")) { “.GetComponent<Rigidbody>()”
3. Rigidbody enemyRb = collision.gameObject; before the semicolon
4. }
5. }
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 4
4
10 Which of the following statements about a. A and B are correct
functions/methods are correct: b. Only B is correct
c. B and C are correct
A. Functions/methods must be passed at least one parameter d. Only D is correct
B. Functions/methods with a “void” return type cannot be e. None are correct
passed parameters
C. A Function/method with an “int” return type could include
the code, “return 0.5f;”
D. If there was a function/method declared as “private void
RenameObject(string newName)”, you could call that
method with “RenameObject();”
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 4
5
Quiz A nswer Key
# ANSWER EXPLANATION
1 D Since the method has an “int” return type “private int GenerateRandomAge()”,
it must r eturn an int.
2 B Debug.Log(names[1] + " has " + money*2 + " dollars"); is correct.
Arrays start with index 0, so “Monica” has the index value of “1” (names[1]).
In start, money is multiplied by 2, making it 10, so “money*2” would give you
the value of 20.
3 A Changing “Vector3” to “float” would work because you would just be
multiplying a flat by another float. Changing “=” to “+” would not work
because you can’t add a float to a Vector3.
4 A Lowercase “float”, camelCase variables, Capitalized class & method names
5 C Making a variable public will make it appear in the inspector.
6 D If the consoles says a variable is not assigned, you most likely forgot to
assign that variable by dragging on object onto it in the inspector.
7 B Since it needs to “return” a value, it should have a return type of “private
float” as opposed to “private v oid.” Since it needs to take a number, it needs
a float parameter (“float number”).
8 B Since this is the “Enemy” class, we are testing for the enemy colliding with
something. Since it destroys “other.gameObject”, it will destroy the spike.
9 D The code cannot convert a RigidBody type variable to a GameObject type
variable, so you have to get the RigidBody component from the gameObject
10 E A. Functions/methods do not necessarily require parameters
B. Functions/methods with a “void” return type can be passed
parameters
C. A Function/method with an “int” return type could not include the
code, “return 0.5f;”, since 0.5f is a float
D. If there was a function/method declared as “private void
RenameObject(string newName)”, you would have to pass it a string
parameter, such as RenameObject(“Steve”);
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 4
1
5.1 C licky Mouse
Steps:
Step 1: Create project and switch to 2D view Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Create good and bad targets
Step 3: Toss objects randomly in the air
Step 4: Replace messy code with new methods
Step 5: Create object list in Game Manager
Step 6: Create a coroutine to spawn objects
Step 7: Destroy target with click and sensor
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: It’s time for the final unit! We will start off by creating a new project and
importing the starter files, then switching the game’s view to 2D. Next we will
make a list of target objects for the player to click on: Three “good” objects
and one “bad”. The targets will launch spinning into the air after spawning at
a random position at the bottom of the map. Lastly, we will allow the player
to destroy them with a click!
Project A list of three good target objects and one bad target object will spawn in a
Outcome: random position at the bottom of the screen, thrusting themselves into the
air with random force and torque. These targets will be destroyed when the
player clicks on them or they fall out of bounds.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Switch the game to 2D view for a different perspective
- Add torque to the force of an object
- Create a Game Manager object that controls game states as well as
spawning
- Create a List of objects and return their length with Count
- Use While Loops to repeat code while something is true
- Use OnMouseDown to enable the player to click on things
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
2
Step 1: Create project and switch to 2D view
One last time… we need to create a new project and download the starter files to get things up
and running.
1. Open Unity Hub and create “Prototype 5” in your - New Concept: 2D View
course directory on correct version in 3D - Demo: Notice in 2D view: You can’t
2. Click on the link to access the Prototype 5 s tarter rotate around objects or move them in
the Z direction
files, then download and import them into Unity
3. Open the P rototype 5 scene, then delete the
sample scene without saving
4. Click on the 2D icon in Scene view to put Scene
view in 2D
5. (optional) Change the texture and color of the
background and the color of the borders
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
3
Step 2: Create good and bad targets
The first thing we need in our game are three good objects to collect, and one bad object to
avoid. It’ll be up to you to decide what’s good and what’s bad.
1. From the L ibrary, drag 3 “good” objects and 1 “bad” - Tip: The bigger the collider
object into the Scene, rename them “Good 1”, “Good 2”, boxes, the easier it will be to hit
“Good 3”, and “Bad 1” them
- Tip: Try selecting multiple
2. Add Rigid Body and B ox Collider components, then make
objects and applying
sure that Colliders surround objects properly scripts/components - very
3. Create a new Scripts folder, a new “Target.cs” script handy
inside it, attach it to the T arget objects
4. Drag all 4 targets into the P refabs folder to create
“original prefabs”, then d elete them from the scene
Step 3: Toss objects randomly in the air
Now that we have 4 target prefabs with the same script, we need to toss them into the air with
a random force, torque, and position.
1. In Target.cs, declare a new p rivate Rigidbody - New Function: AddTorque
targetRb; and initialize it in Start() - Tip: Test with different values by
2. In Start(), add an upward force multiplied by a dragging them in during runtime
- Don’t worry: We’re going to fix all these
randomized speed
hard-coded values next
3. Add a torque with randomized xyz values
4. Set the position with a randomized X value
private Rigidbody targetRb;
void Start() {
targetRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
targetRb.AddForce(Vector3.up * Random.Range(12, 16), ForceMode.Impulse);
targetRb.AddTorque(Random.Range(-10, 10), Random.Range(-10, 10),
Random.Range(-10, 10), ForceMode.Impulse);
transform.position = new Vector3(Random.Range(-4, 4), -6); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
4
Step 4: Replace messy code with new methods
Instead of leaving the random force, torque, and position making our Start() function messy and
unreadable, we’re going to store each of them in brand new clearly named custom methods.
1. Declare and initialize new private float variables for minSpeed,
maxSpeed, maxTorque, xRange, a nd y SpawnPos;
2. Create a new function for Vector3 RandomForce() and call it in Start()
3. Create a new function for float RandomTorque(), and call it in S
tart()
4. Create a new function for RandomSpawnPos(), have it return a new
Vector3 and call it in S
tart()
loat minSpeed = 12; p
private f rivate float maxSpeed = 16;
private f loat maxTorque = 10; p rivate float xRange = 4;
private f loat ySpawnPos = -6;
void Start() {
... targetRb.AddForce(... RandomForce(), ForceMode.Impulse);
targetRb.AddTorque(... RandomTorque(), RandomTorque(),
RandomTorque(), ForceMode.Impulse);
transform.position = new Vector3(... RandomSpawnPos; }
Vector3 RandomForce() { return Vector3.up * Random.Range(minSpeed, maxSpeed);
}
float RandomTorque() { return Random.Range(-maxTorque, maxTorque); }
Vector3 RandomSpawnPos() { return new Vector3(Random.Range(-xRange, xRange),
ySpawnPos); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
5
Step 5: Create object list in Game Manager
The next thing we should do is create a list for these objects to spawn from. Instead of making
a Spawn Manager for these spawn functions, we’re going to make a Game Manager that will
also control game states later on.
1. Create a new “Game Manager” Empty object, - New Concept: Lists
attach a new GameManager.cs script, then open it - New Concept: Game Manager
2. Declare a new public List<GameObject> targets;, - Demo: Feel free to reference old code:
We used an array instead of a list to
then in the Game Manager inspector, change the
spawn the animals in Unit 2
list Size to 4 and assign your prefabs
Step 6: Create a coroutine to spawn objects
Now that we have a list of object prefabs, we should instantiate them in the game using
coroutines and a new type of loop.
1. Declare and initialize a new p rivate float spawnRate - Tip: Feel free to reference old code:
variable we used coroutines for the
2. Create a new IEnumerator SpawnTarget () method powerup cooldown in Unit 4
- Tip: Arrays return an integer with
3. Inside the new method, while(true), w ait 1 second,
.Length, while Lists return an
generate a r andom index, and spawn a random target integer with .Count
4. In Start(), use the StartCoroutine method t o begin - New Concept: While Loops
spawning objects
private float spawnRate = 1.0f;
void Start() { StartCoroutine(SpawnTarget()); }
IEnumerator SpawnTarget() {
while (true) {
yield return new WaitForSeconds(spawnRate);
int index = Random.Range(0, targets.Count);
Instantiate(targets[index]); } }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
6
Step 7: Destroy target with click and sensor
Now that our targets are spawning and getting tossed into the air, we need a way for the player
to destroy them with a click. We also need to destroy any targets that fall below the screen.
1. In Target.cs, add a new method for private void - New Function: OnMouseDown
OnMouseDown() { } , and inside that method, - Tip: There is also OnMouseUp, and
destroy the gameObject OnMouseEnter, but Down is definitely
the one we want
2. Add a new method for p rivate void
- Tip: You could use Update and check if
OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) and inside that target y position is lower than a certain
function, destroy the gameObject value, but a sensor is better because it
doesn't run all the time
private void OnMouseDown() {
Destroy(gameObject); }
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
Destroy(gameObject); }
Lesson Recap
New ● Random objects are tossed into the air on intervals
Functionality ● Objects are given random speed, position, and torque
● If you click on an object, it is destroyed
New Concepts ● 2D View
and Skills ● AddTorque
● Game Manager
● Lists
● While Loops
● Mouse Events
Next Lesson ● We’ll add some effects and keep track of score!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.1 - Clicky Mouse
1
5.2 K eeping Score
Steps:
Step 1: Add Score text position it on screen Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Edit the Score Text’s properties
Step 3: Initialize score text and variable
Step 4: Create a new UpdateScore method
Step 5: Add score when targets are destroyed
Step 6: Assign a point value to each target
Step 7: Add a Particle explosion
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: Objects fly into the scene and the player can click to destroy them, but
nothing happens. In this lesson, we will display a score in the user interface
that tracks and displays the player’s points. We will give each target object a
different point value, adding or subtracting points on click. Lastly, we will add
cool explosions when each target is destroyed.
Project A “Score: “ section will display in the UI, starting at zero. When the player
Outcome: clicks a target, the score will update and particles will explode as the target
is destroyed. Each “Good” target adds a different point value to the score,
while the “Bad” target subtracts from the score.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Create UI Elements in the Canvas
- Lock elements and objects into place with Anchors
- Use variables and script communication to update elements in the UI
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.2 - Keeping Score
2
Step 1: Add Score text position it on screen
In order to display the score on-screen, we need to add our very first UI element.
1. Create > UI > TextMeshPro text, then if prompted - New Concept: Text Mesh Pro / TMPro
click the button to Import TMP Essentials - New Concept: Canvas
2. Rename the new object “Score Text”, then z oom - New Concept: Anchor Points
- Tip: Look at how it displays in scene
out to see the c anvas in Scene view
vs game view. It may be hard to see
3. Change the Anchor Point so that it is anchored white text depending on the
from the top-left c
orner background
4. In the inspector, change its P os X and P
os Y so
that it is in the top-left corner
Step 2: Edit the Score Text’s properties
Now that the basic text is in the scene and positioned properly, we should edit its properties so
that it looks nice and has the correct text.
1. Change its text to “Score:”
2. Choose a Font Asset, S
tyle, S
ize, and V
ertex color
to look good with your background
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.2 - Keeping Score
3
Step 3: Initialize score text and variable
We have a great place to display score in the UI, but nothing is displaying there! We need the UI
to display a score variable, so the player can keep track of their points.
1. At the top of GameManager.cs, add “using TMPro;” - New Concept:
2. Declare a new p ublic TextMeshProUGUI scoreText, then assign that Importing Libraries
variable in the inspector
3. Create a new p rivate int score variable and initialize it in S
tart() as
score = 0;
4. Also in S
tart(), set s
coreText.text = "Score: " + score;
private int score;
public TextMeshProUGUI scoreText;
void Start() {
StartCoroutine(SpawnTarget());
score = 0;
scoreText.text = "Score: " + score; }
Step 4: Create a new UpdateScore method
The score text displays the score variable perfectly, but it never gets updated. We need to write
a new function that racks up points to display in the UI.
1. Create a new p rivate void UpdateScore() method - Don’t worry: It doesn’t
2. Cut and paste s coreText.text = "Score: " + score; into the new make sense to add to
method, then call UpdateScore() in S tart() score when spawned, this
is just temporary
3. Add the parameter i nt scoreToAdd to the UpdateScore
method, then fix the error in S tart() by passing it a value of
zero
4. In U
pdateScore(), increase the score by setting s core +=
scoreToAdd;
5. Call U
pdateScore(5) in the s
pawnTarget() function
void Start() {
... score = 0;
scoreText.text = "Score: " + score; UpdateScore(0); }
IEnumerator SpawnTarget() {
while (true) { ... UpdateScore(5); }
private void UpdateScore(int scoreToAdd) {
score += scoreToAdd;
scoreText.text = "Score: " + score; }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.2 - Keeping Score
4
Step 5: Add score when targets are destroyed
Now that we have a method to update the score, we should call it in the target script whenever
a target is destroyed.
1. In Target.cs, create a reference to private - Tip: Feel free to reference old code:
GameManager gameManager; We used script communication in Unit
2. Initialize GameManager in S tart() using the F
ind() 3 to stop the game on GameOver
- Warning: If you try to call UpdateScore
method
while it’s private, it won’t work
3. In GameManager.cs, make the UpdateScore
method public
4. When a target is d estroyed, call U
pdateScore(5);,
then d elete the method call from SpawnTarget()
private GameManager gameManager;
void Start() {
... gameManager = GameObject.Find("Game
Manager").GetComponent<GameManager>();}
private void OnMouseDown() {
Destroy(gameObject); gameManager.UpdateScore(5); }
private public void UpdateScore(int scoreToAdd) { ... }
Step 6: Assign a point value to each target
The score gets updated when targets are clicked, but we want to give each of the targets a
different value. The good objects should vary in point value, and the bad object should subtract
points.
1. In Target.cs, create a new p ublic int pointValue - Tip: Here’s the beauty of variables at
variable work. Each target can have their own
2. In each of the Target prefab’s inspectors, set the unique pointValue!
Point Value to whatever they’re worth, including
the bad target’s negative value
3. Add the new variable to U pdateScore(pointValue);
public int pointValue;
private void OnMouseDown() {
Destroy(gameObject);
gameManager.UpdateScore(5 pointValue); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.2 - Keeping Score
5
Step 7: Add a Particle explosion
The score is totally functional, but clicking targets is sort of… unsatisfying. To spice things up,
let’s add some explosive particles whenever a target gets clicked!
1. In Target.cs, add a new p ublic ParticleSystem explosionParticle
variable
2. For each o f your target prefabs, assign a p
article prefab from
Course Library > Particles to the Explosion Particle variable
3. In the O
nMouseDown() function, i nstantiate a new explosion
prefab
public ParticleSystem explosionParticle;
private void OnMouseDown() {
Destroy(gameObject);
Instantiate(explosionParticle, transform.position,
explosionParticle.transform.rotation);
gameManager.UpdateScore(5 pointValue); }
Lesson Recap
New ● There is a UI element for score on the screen
Functionality ● The player’s score is tracked and displayed by the score text when hit a
target
● There are particle explosions when the player gets an object
New Concepts ● TextMeshPro
and Skills ● Canvas
● Anchor Points
● Import Libraries
● Custom methods with parameters
● Calling methods from other scripts
Next Lesson ● We’ll use some UI elements again - this time to tell the player the game is
over and reset our game!
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.2 - Keeping Score
1
5.3 G ame Over
Steps:
Step 1: Create a Game Over text object Example of project by end of lesson
Step 2: Make GameOver text appear
Step 3: Create GameOver function
Step 4: Stop spawning and score on GameOver
Step 5: Add a Restart button
Step 6: Make the restart button work
Step 7: Show restart button on game over
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: We added a great score counter to the game, but there are plenty of other
game-changing UI elements that we could add. In this lesson, we will create
some “Game Over” text that displays when a “good” target object drops
below the sensor. During game over, targets will cease to spawn and the
score will be reset. Lastly, we will add a “Restart Game” button that allows
the player to restart the game after they have lost.
Project When a “good” target drops below the sensor at the bottom of the screen,
Outcome: the targets will stop spawning and a “Game Over” message will display
across the screen. Just underneath the “Game Over” message will be a
“Reset Game” button that reboots the game and resets the score, so the
player can enjoy it all over again.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Make UI elements appear and disappear with .SetActive
- Use Script Communication and Game states to have a working “Game
Over” screen
- Restart the game using a UI button and Scene Management
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.3 - Game Over
2
Step 1: Create a Game Over text object
If we want some “Game Over” text to appear when the game ends, the first thing we’ll do is
create and customize a new UI text element that says “Game Over”.
1. Right-click on the Canvas, create a new UI > - Tip: The center of the screen is the
TextMeshPro - Text o bject, and rename it “Game best place for this Game Over
Over Text” message - it grabs the player’s
attention
2. In the inspector, edit its T ext, Pos X, Pos Y, F
ont
Asset, S
ize, S
tyle, Color, and Alignment
3. Set the “Wrapping” setting to “Disabled”
Step 2: Make GameOver text appear
We’ve got some beautiful Game Over text on the screen, but it’s just sitting and blocking our
view right now. We should deactivate it, so it can reappear when the game ends.
1. In GameManager.cs, create a new public - Don’t worry: We’re just doing this
TextMeshProUGUI gameOverText; and assign the temporarily to make sure it works
Game Over object to it in the inspector
2. Uncheck the Active checkbox to deactivate the
Game Over text by default
3. In Start(), activate the Game Over text
public TextMeshProUGUI gameOverText;
void Start() {
...
gameOverText.gameObject.SetActive(true); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.3 - Game Over
3
Step 3: Create GameOver function
We’ve temporarily made the “Game Over” text appear at the start of the game, but we actually
want to trigger it when one of the “Good” objects is missed and falls.
1. Create a new public void GameOver() function, and move the code
that activates the game over text inside it
2. In Target.cs, call g
ameManager.GameOver() if a target collides
with the sensor
3. Add a new “Bad” tag to the B ad object, add a condition that will
only trigger game over if it’s n ot a bad object
void Start() {
... gameOverText.gameObject.SetActive(true); }
public void GameOver() {
gameOverText.gameObject.SetActive(true); }
<------>
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) {
Destroy(gameObject);
if (!gameObject.CompareTag("Bad")) { gameManager.GameOver(); } }
Step 4: Stop spawning and score on GameOver
The “Game Over” message appears exactly when we want it to, but the game itself continues to
play. In order to truly halt the game and call this a “Game Over’, we need to stop spawning
targets and stop generating score for the player.
1. Create a new public bool isGameActive;
2. As the f irst line In S
tart(), set isGameActive = true; and in
GameOver(), set isGameActive = false;
3. To prevent spawning, in the SpawnTarget() coroutine, change
while (true) to w hile (isGameActive)
4. To prevent scoring, in Target.cs, in the OnMouseDown()
function, add the condition if (gameManager.isGameActive) {
public bool isGameActive;
void Start() { ... isGameActive = true; }
public void GameOver() { ... isGameActive = false; }
IEnumerator SpawnTarget() { while (true isGameActive) { ... }
<------>
private void OnMouseDown() {
if (gameManager.isGameActive) { ... [all function code moved inside] }}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.3 - Game Over
4
Step 5: Add a Restart button
Our Game Over mechanics are working like a charm, but there’s no way to replay the game. In
order to let the player restart the game, we will create our first UI button
1. Right-click on the Canvas and Create > UI > Button - New Concept:
2. Rename the button “Restart Button” Buttons
3. Temporarily r eactivate the Game Over text in order to reposition the
Restart Button nicely with the text, then d eactivate it again
4. Select the Text child object, then edit its Text to say “Restart”, i ts
Font, Style, a
nd Size
Step 6: Make the restart button work
We’ve added the Restart button to the scene and it LOOKS good, but now we need to make it
actually work and restart the game.
1. In GameManager.cs, add using - New Concept: Scene Management
UnityEngine.SceneManagement; - New Concept: On Click Event
2. Create a new void RestartGame() function that - Don’t worry: The restart button is just
sitting there for now, but we will fix it
reloads the current scene
later
3. In the Button’s inspector, click + to add a new On
Click event, drag it in the G
ame Manager object
and select the GameManager.RestartGame
function
using UnityEngine.SceneManagement;
void RestartGame() {
SceneManager.LoadScene(SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.3 - Game Over
5
Step 7: Show restart button on game over
The Restart Button looks great, but we don’t want it in our faces throughout the entire game.
Similar to the “Game Over” message, we will turn off the Restart Button while the game is
active.
1. At the top of GameManager.cs add using UnityEngine.UI; - Tip: Adding “using
2. Declare a new public Button restartButton; and assign the UnityEngine.UI” allows you to
Restart Button to it in the inspector access the Button class
3. Uncheck the “Active” checkbox for the R estart Button in
the inspector
4. In the GameOver function, activate the R
estart Button
using UnityEngine.UI;
public Button restartButton;
public void GameOver() { ...
restartButton.gameObject.SetActive(true); }
Lesson Recap
New ● A functional Game Over screen with a Restart button
Functionality ● When the Restart button is clicked, the game resets
New Concepts ● Game states
and Skills ● Buttons
● On Click events
● Scene management Library
● UI Library
● Booleans to control game states
Next Lesson ● In our next lesson, we’ll use buttons to really add some difficulty to our
game
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.3 - Game Over
1
5.4 W
hat’s the Difficulty?
Steps:
Example of project by end of lesson
Step 1: Create Title text and menu buttons
Step 2: Add a DifficultyButton script
Step 3: Call SetDifficulty on button click
Step 4: Make your buttons start the game
Step 5: Deactivate Title Screen on StartGame
Step 6: Use a parameter to change difficulty
Length: 60 minutes
Overview: It’s time for the final lesson! To finish our game, we will add a Menu and Title
Screen of sorts. You will create your own title, and style the text to make it
look nice. You will create three new buttons that set the difficulty of the
game. The higher the difficulty, the faster the targets spawn!
Project Starting the game will open to a beautiful menu, with the title displayed
Outcome: prominently and three difficulty buttons resting at the bottom of the screen.
Each difficulty will affect the spawn rate of the targets, increasing the skill
required to stop “good” targets from falling.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Store UI elements in a parent object to create Menus, UI, or HUD
- Add listeners to detect when a UI Button has been clicked
- Set difficulty by passing parameters into game functions like SpawnRate
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.4 - What’s the Difficulty?
2
Step 1: Create Title text and menu buttons
The first thing we should do is create all of the UI elements we’re going to need. This includes a
big title, as well as three difficulty buttons.
1. Duplicate your Game Over text to create your Title - Tip: You can position the title and
Text, e
diting its name, text and all of its attributes buttons however you want, but you
2. Duplicate your Restart Button and edit its should try to keep them central and
visible to the player
attributes to create an “Easy Button” button
3. Edit and duplicate the new Easy button to create
a“Medium Button” and a “Hard Button”
Step 2: Add a DifficultyButton script
Our difficulty buttons look great, but they don’t actually do anything. If they’re going to have
custom functionality, we first need to give them a new script.
1. For all 3 new buttons, in the Button component, in the On Click ()
section, click the minus (-) button to remove the RestartGame
functionality
2. Create a new DifficultyButton.cs script and attach it to all 3
buttons
3. Add using UnityEngine.UI t o your imports
4. Create a new private Button button; variable and initialize it in
Start()
using UnityEngine.UI;
private Button button;
void Start() {
button = GetComponent<Button>(); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.4 - What’s the Difficulty?
3
Step 3: Call SetDifficulty on button click
Now that we have a script for our buttons, we can create a SetDifficulty method and tie that
method to the click of those buttons
1. Create a new void SetDifficulty function, and - New Function: AddListener
inside it, Debug.Log(gameObject.name + " was - Don’t worry: onClick.AddListener is
clicked"); similar what we did in the inspector
with the Restart button
2. Add the button listener to call the SetDifficulty
- Don’t worry: We’re just using Debug for
function testing, to make sure the buttons are
working
void Start() {
button = GetComponent<Button>();
button.onClick.AddListener(SetDifficulty); }
void SetDifficulty() {
Debug.Log(gameObject.name + " was clicked"); }
Step 4: Make your buttons start the game
The Title Screen looks great if you ignore the target objects bouncing around, but we have no
way of actually starting the game. We need a StartGame function that can communicate with
SetDifficulty.
1. In GameManager.cs, create a new public void StartGame() - Don’t worry: Title objects
function and move everything from Start() into it don’t disappear yet - we’ll
2. In DifficultyButton.cs, create a new private GameManager do that next
gameManager; and initialize it in S tart()
3. In the SetDifficulty() function, call g
ameManager.startGame();
void Start() { ... }
public void StartGame() {
isGameActive = true;
score = 0;
StartCoroutine(SpawnTarget());
UpdateScore(0); }
<------>
private GameManager gameManager;
void Start () { ...
gameManager = GameObject.Find("Game Manager").GetComponent<GameManager>(); }
SetDifficulty() { ... gameManager.startGame(); }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.4 - What’s the Difficulty?
4
Step 5: Deactivate Title Screen on StartGame
If we want the title screen to disappear when the game starts, we should store them in an
empty object rather than turning them off individually. Simply deactivating the single empty
parent object makes for a lot less work.
1. Right-click on the Canvas and Create > Empty Object, rename it “Title
Screen”, and drag the 3 buttons and t itle onto it
2. In GameManager.cs, create a new public GameObject titleScreen; and
assign it in the inspector
3. In StartGame(), deactivate the title screen object
public GameObject titleScreen;
StartGame() {
... titleScreen.gameObject.SetActive(false); }
Step 6: Use a parameter to change difficulty
The difficulty buttons start the game, but they still don’t change the game’s difficulty. The last
thing we have to do is actually make the difficulty buttons affect the rate that target objects
spawn.
1. In DifficultyButton.cs, create a new public int difficulty variable, then - New Concept:
in the Inspector, assign the E asy difficulty as 1, M
edium as 2, and /= operator
Hard as 3
2. Add an int difficulty parameter to the S tartGame() function
3. In StartGame(), set s
pawnRate /= difficulty;
4. Fix the error in DifficultyButton.cs by passing the difficulty parameter
to StartGame(int difficulty)
public int difficulty;
void SetDifficulty() {
... gameManager.startGame(difficulty); }
<------>
public void S
tartGame(int difficulty) {
spawnRate /= difficulty; }
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.4 - What’s the Difficulty?
5
Lesson Recap
New ● Title screen that lets the user start the game
Functionality ● Difficulty selection that affects spawn rate
New Concepts ● AddListener()
and Skills ● Passing parameters between scripts
● Divide/Assign (/=) operator
● Grouping child objects
Next Lesson ● In our next lesson, we’ll use buttons to really add some difficulty to our
game
© Unity 2019 Lesson 5.4 - What’s the Difficulty?
1
Challenge 5
Whack-a-Food
Challenge Put your User Interface skills to the test with this whack-a-mole-like challenge
Overview: in which you have to get all the food that pops up on a grid while avoiding the
skulls. You will have to debug buttons, mouse clicks, score tracking, restart
sequences, and difficulty setting to get to the bottom of this one.
Challenge - All of the buttons look nice with their text properly aligned
Outcome: - When you select a difficulty, the spawn rate changes accordingly
- When you click a food, it is destroyed and the score is updated in the
top-left
- When you lose the game, a restart button appears that lets you play again
Challenge In this challenge, you will reinforce the following skills/concepts:
Objectives: - Working with text and button objects to get them looking the way you want
- Using Unity’s various mouse-related methods appropriately
- Displaying variables on text objects properly using concatenation
- Activating and deactivating objects based on game states
- Passing information between scripts using custom methods and
parameters
Challenge - Open your P rototype 5 project
Instructions: - Download the "Challenge 5 Starter Files" from the Tutorial Materials section,
then double-click on it to Import
- In the Project Window > Assets > Challenge 5 > I nstructions folder, use the
"Challenge 5 - Outcome” video as a guide to complete the challenge
© Unity 2019 Challenge 5 - Whack-a-Food
2
Challenge Task Hint
1 The difficulty buttons Center the text on the buttons If you expand one of the button
look messy horizontally and vertically objects in the hierarchy, you’ll see a
“Text” object inside - you have to edit
the properties of that “Text” object
2 The food is being The food should only be OnMouseEnter() detects when the
destroyed too soon destroyed when the player mouse enters an object’s collider -
clicks on it, not when the OnMouseDown() detects when the
mouse touches it mouse clicks on an object’s collider
3 The Score is being It should always say, When you set the score text, you have
replaced by the word “Score: __“ with the value to add (concatenate) the word
“score” displayed after “Score:” “Score: “ and the actual score value
4 When you lose, there’s Make the Restart button In the GameOver() method, make
no way to Restart appear on the game over sure the restart button is being
screen reactivated
5 The difficulty buttons When you click Easy, the There is no information (or
don’t do anything spawnRate should be slower parameter) being passed from the
- if you click Hard, the buttons’ script to the Game
spawnRate should be faster Manager’s script - you need to
implement a difficulty parameter
Bonus Challenge Task Hint
X The game can go on Add a “Time: __” display that Google, “Unity Count down timer C#”.
forever counts down from 60 in It will involve subtracting
whole numbers (i.e. 59, 58, “Time.deltaTime” and using the
57, etc) and triggers the Mathf.Round() method to display only
game over sequence when it whole numbers.
reaches 0.
© Unity 2019 Challenge 5 - Whack-a-Food
3
Challenge Solution
1 Expand each of the “Easy”, “Medium”, and “Hard” buttons to access their “Text” object
properties, then select the horizontal and vertical alignment buttons in the “Paragraph”
properties
2 In TargetX.cs, change OnMouseEnter() to OnMouseDown()
own() {
private void OnMouseEnter D
3 In GameManagerX.cs, in UpdateScore(), concatenate the word “Score: “ with the score
value:
public void UpdateScore(int scoreToAdd) {
score += scoreToAdd;
scoreText.text = "score" "Score: " + score;
}
4 In GameManagerX.cs, in GameOver(), change SetActive(false) to “true”
public void GameOver() {
gameOverText.gameObject.SetActive(true);
restartButton.gameObject.SetActive(false t rue);
...
}
5 In GameManagerX.cs, in StartGame(), add an “int difficulty” parameter and divide the
spawnRate by it. Then in DifficultyButtonX.cs, in SetDifficulty(), pass in the “difficulty”
value from the buttons.
GameManagerX.cs DifficultyButtonX.cs
public void S
tartGame(int difficulty){ void SetDifficulty() {
spawnRate /= 5 d ifficulty; ...
... gameManagerX.StartGame(difficulty);
} }
© Unity 2019 Challenge 5 - Whack-a-Food
4
Bonus Challenge Solution
X1 Duplicate the “Score Text” object in the hierarchy to create a new “Timer text” object, then in
GameManagerX.cs declare a new TextMeshProUGUI timerText variable and assign it in the
inspector
X2 In GameManagerX.cs, in StartGame(), set your new timerText variable to your starting time
public void StartGame(int difficulty) {
...
timeLeft = 60;
}
X3 In GameManagerX.cs, add an Update() function that, if the game is active, subtracts from the
timeLeft and sets the timerText to a rounded version of that timeLeft. Then, if timeLeft is less
than zero, calls the game over method.
private void Update() {
if (isGameActive) {
timeLeft -= Time.deltaTime;
timerText.SetText("Time: " + Mathf.Round(timeLeft));
if (timeLeft < 0) {
GameOver();
}
}
}
© Unity 2019 Challenge 5 - Whack-a-Food
1
Unit 5 Lab
Swap out your Assets
Steps: Example of progress by end of lab
Step 1: Import and browse the asset library
Step 2: Replace player with new asset
Step 3: Browse the Asset store
Step 4: Replace all non-player primitives
Step 5: Replace the background texture
Length: 90 minutes
Overview: In this lab, you will finally replace those boring primitive objects with
beautiful dynamic ones. You will either use assets from the provided course
library or browse the asset store for completely new ones to give your game
exactly the look and feel that you want. Then, you will go through the process
of actually swapping in those new assets in the place of your placeholder
primitives. By the end of this lab, your project will be looking a lot better.
Project All primitive objects are replaced by actual 3D models, retaining the same
Outcome: basic gameplay functionality.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Browse the asset store to find the perfect assets for your project
- Use Nested Prefabs to swap out placeholder objects with real assets
- Adjust material settings to get the resolution and look you want
© Unity 2019 Lab 5 - Swap out your Assets
2
Step 1: Import and browse the asset library
If we are going to swap out our primitive shapes with cool new assets, we need to import those
assets first.
1. Click on the link to download the C ourse Library - Don’t worry: It will take longer than
asset files, then i mport them into your project normal to import these files because it’s
2. Close the Asset Store window a lot more files
3. Browse through the library to find the assets you - Don’t worry: Even if you don’t think
would like to replace your Player and non-player you’re going to use one of these assets
objects with for your player, just choose something
for now to get used to the process
Step 2: Replace player with new asset
Now that we have the assets ready to go, the first thing we’ll do is replace the Player object
1. Drag the Player object into the “Prefabs” folder to make it - New: Nested Prefabs
a prefab, then double-click on it to open the prefab editor - Tip: Notice how the asset
2. Drag the asset you want into the hierarchy to make it a updates automatically in game
view
nested prefab of the Player, then s cale and position it so
- Tip: Isometric view is useful
that it is around the same size and location when resizing and
3. On the parent P layer object itself, either Edit the collider to repositioning child objects
be the size of the new asset or r eplace it with a different
type of collider (e.g. Box)
4. Test testing to make sure it works, then u ncheck the
Mesh Renderer component of the primitive
© Unity 2019 Lab 5 - Swap out your Assets
3
Step 3: Browse the Asset store
Even though we have a really great asset library, there may be certain assets you want that
aren’t in there. In that case, it might be good to try and find assets in the Unity Asset Store.
1. From the top menu, click Window > A sset Store to - Warning: This will only be possible if
open the Asset Store window in Unity, then you can sign into a Unity account
right-click on the tab and Maximize it to make it - Explain: The assets for this course
easier to browse were made by Synty Studios, which
2. In the Publisher filter, search for “Synty Studios”, are really good - as you can see, you
then browse some of their asset packs normally have to pay for them
3. In the Pricing filter, drag the right handle back to - New: Unity Asset Store
only view “Free” assets, r emove the Synty Studios - New: “Low Poly” assets
filter, and search for “Low Poly” - Warning: Only download “Low Poly”
4. If you see something you want to include in your assets or your project will become
project, d ownload and i mport it into your project huge, then not web- or
5. Drag the imported assets into a new folder called mobile-friendly
“Asset Store”, then browse through the imported - Don’t worry: Even if you think you
assets have all the assets you need, it’s still
good to take a look
Step 4: Replace all non-player primitives
Now that we know the basic concept of our project, let’s figure out how we’ll get it done.
1. Repeat the process you used to replace the player - Warning: Make sure that, if you are
prefab with your other non-player objects editing prefabs in the scene, to
2. Test to make sure everything is working as expected Override any changes you make
© Unity 2019 Lab 5 - Swap out your Assets
4
Step 5: Replace the background texture
Now that our dynamic objects have a new look, we should update the ground / background too.
1. From the C ourse Library > Textures, (or from a Unity - Tip: You might want to adjust the
Asset Store package), drag a new material onto the resolution/tiling of the material,
Ground / Background object depending on the scale of the
2. To adjust the material’s r esolution, in the Material objects
properties (with the sphere next to it), change the - Tip: Natural ground materials like
Main Map Tiling X and Y values grass or dirt do not tend to show
3. To make the material less shiny, in the Material highlights or reflections
properties, uncheck the “Specular highlights” and
“Reflections” settings
Lesson Recap
New Progress ● Primitive objects replaced with new assets that function the same way
New Concepts ● Art workflow
and Skills ● High vs. Low Poly
● Asset Store
● Nested Prefabs
● Material properties
© Unity 2019 Lab 5 - Swap out your Assets
1
Quiz Unit 5
QUESTION CHOICES
1 Which of the following follows Unity naming conventions a. Line 1
(especially as they relate to capitalization)? b. Line 2
c. Line 3
1. public void MultiplyScore(int currentScore) { } d. Line 4
2. public void multiplyScore(int CurrentScore) { }
3. public Void MultiplyScore(Int currentScore) { }
4. public Void MultiplyScore(int CurrentScore) { }
2 If there is a boolean in script A that you want to access a. 1 only
in script B, which of the following are true: b. 1 and 2 only
c. 2 and 3 only
1. You need a reference to script A in script B d. 3 and 4 only
2. The boolean needs to be public e. 1, 2, and 3 only
3. The boolean must be true f. All are true
4. The boolean must be included in the Update method
3 Which code to fill in the blank will result in the object a. name = “player” &&
being destroyed? isDead && health < 5
b. name != “player”
string name = “player” && isDead != true && health > 5
bool isDead; c. name == “player” && !isDead
float health = 3;
&& health < 5
d. name == “player” && isDead !=
if (________________) {
Destroy(gameObject);
true && health > 5
}
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 5
2
4 You run your game and get the following error message a. In the hierarchy, rename “Game
in the console, “NullReferenceException: Object Manager” to “gameManager”
reference not set to an instance of an object”. Given the b. In the hierarchy, rename “Game
image and code below, what would resolve the problem? Manager” as “GameManager”
c. On Line 1, rename
“GameManager” as “Game
Manager”
d. On Line 3, remove the
GetComponent code
1. private GameManager gameManager;
2. void Start() {
3. gameManager = GameObject.Find("GameManager").GetComponent<GameManager>();
4. }
5 Read the Unity documentation below about the a. 0
OnMouseDrag event and the code beneath it. What will b. 1
the value of the “counter” variable be if the user clicked c. 99
and held down the mouse over an object with a collider d. 100
for 10 seconds? e. A value over 100
int counter = 0;
void OnMouseDrag() {
if (counter < 100) {
counter++;
}
}
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 5
3
6 Based on the code below, what will be displayed in the a. “Welcome, Robert Smith”
console when the button is clicked? b. “Welcome, firstName Smith”
c. “Button is ready”
d. “Welcome + Robert + Smith”
private Button button;
private string firstName = "Robert";
void Start() {
button = GetComponent<Button>();
button.onClick.AddListener(DisplayWelcomeMessage);
Debug.Log("Button is ready");
}
void DisplayWelcomeMessage() {
Debug.Log("Welcome, " + "firstName" + " Smith");
}
7 You have declared a new Button variable as “private a. You can’t name a button “start”
Button start;”, but there’s an error under the word because that’s the name of a
“Button” that says “error CS0246: The type or Unity Event Function
namespace name 'Button' could not be found (are you b. “Button” should be lowercase
missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)” “button”
c. You are missing “using
UnityEngine.UI;” from the top of
your class
d. New Button variables must be
made public
8 Look at the documentation and code below. Which of a. Line 5
the following lines would NOT produce an error? b. Line 6
c. Line 7
d. Line 8
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 5
4
1. public Vector3 explosion;
2. Vector3 startPos;
3. float startSpeed;
4. void Start {
5. AddForceAtPosition(50, 0, ForceMode.Impulse)
6. AddForceAtPosition(100, startPos, ForceMode.Impulse)
7. AddForceAtPosition(startSpeed, startPos, ForceMode.Impulse)
8. AddForceAtPosition(explosion, new Vector3(0, 0, 0), ForceMode.Impulse)
9. }
9 If you wanted a button to display the message, “Hello!” a. (SendMessage);
when a button was clicked, what code would you use to b. (SendMessage(“Hello”));
fill in the blank? c. (SendMessage(string Hello));
d. (SendMessage(Hello));
private Button button;
void Start {
button = GetComponent<Button>();
button.onClick.AddListener________________;
}
void SendMessage() {
Debug.Log(”Hello!”);
}
10 Which of the following is the correct way to declare a a. Line 1
new List of game objects named “enemies”? b. Line 2
c. Line 3
1. public List[GameObjects] enemies; d. Line 4
2. public List(GameObject) "enemies";
3. public List<GameObjects> "enemies";
4. public List<GameObject> enemies;
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 5
5
Quiz A nswer Key
# ANSWER EXPLANATION
1 A public void MultiplyScore(int currentScore)
The “public”, “void”, and “int” keywords should be lowercase. Method names
(like “MultiplyScore”) should be Title Case. variable names (like
“currentScore”) should be camelCase.
2 B You always need a variable reference to the script you’re trying to access and
that variable must be public.
3 C To compare a string, two ==’s are needed. By default, booleans are false
unless declared as true and adding an exclamation mark before !isDead
checks that it’s false. Since health = 3, checking “health < 5” is true.
4 B GameObject.Find("GameManager") is returning a NullReferenceException
error because there’s no object in the scene named that. If you renamed the
“Game Manager” in the hierarchy to have no spaces, it would be fixed.
5 D Since the function is called “every frame” the mouse is held, it will be called
hundreds of times in 10 seconds. However, the condition will only be true if
the counter is less than 99, meaning it will no longer increase after 100.
6 B If you wanted it to say “Robert Smith”, you would have needed to use the
variable name, firstName, without quotation marks.
7 C In order to use some of the UI classes like “Button,” you need to include the
“UnityEngine.UI” library
8 D The first two required parameters are Vector3 variables. Only option D uses
Vector3 variables for those parameters.
9 A SendMessage does not require any parameters - it prints “Hello” no matter
what when it is called. Also, when adding a listener, you just need to include
the method’s name - no parentheses are required.
10 D public List<GameObject> enemies is correct. <GameObject> should be in
angle brackets. You don’t need “GameObject” to be plural because it’s the
type of object it is. Variable names are never declared with quotation marks
around them.
© Unity 2019 Quiz - Unit 5
1
6.1 P roject Optimization
Techniques:
1: Variable attributes
2: Unity Event Functions
3: Object Pooling
Length: 30 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you will learn about a variety of different techniques to
optimize your projects and make them more performant. You may not notice
a huge difference in these small prototype projects, but when you’re
exporting a larger project, especially one for mobile or web, every bit of
performance improvement is critical.
Project Several of your prototype projects will have improved optimization, serving
Outcome: as examples for you to implement in your personal projects
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Recognize and use new variable attributes to keep values private, but still
editable in the inspector
- Use the appropriate Unity Event Functions (e.g. Update vs. FixedUpdate vs.
LateUpdate) to make your project run as smoothly as possible
- Understand the concept of Object Pooling, and appreciate when it can be
used to optimize your project
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.1 - Project Optimization
2
1: Variable attributes
In the course, we only ever used “public” or “private” variables, but there are a lot of other variable
attributes you should be familiar with.
1. Open your Prototype 1 project and open the - New Concept: using [SerializeField]
PlayerController.cs script instead of public attribute
2. Replace the keyword “private” with [SerializeField], - Tip: “protected” is very similar to
“private”, but would also allow
then edit the values in the inspector
access to derived classes
3. In FollowPlayer.cs, add the [ SerializeField] attribute to
the Vector3 o ffset variable
4. Try applying the “readonly”, “const”, or “static”
attributes, noticing that all have the effect of removing
the variable from the inspector
rivate f
[SerializeField] p loat speed = 30.0f;
[SerializeField] p rivate f loat turnSpeed = 50.0f;
[SerializeField] private Vector3 offset = new Vector3(0, 5, -7);
2: Unity Event Functions
In the course we only ever used the default Update() and Start() event functions, but there are others
you might want to use in different circumstances
1. Duplicate your main Camera, rename it “Secondary - New Concept: “Event Functions”
Camera”, then d eactivate the Main Camera are Unity’s default methods that
2. Reposition the Secondary camera in a first-person run in a very particular order over
the life of a script (e.g. Start and
view, then edit the offset variable t o match that
Update)
position - New Concept: U pdate vs
3. Run your project and notice how choppy it is FixedUpdate vs LateUpdate
4. In PlayerController.cs, change “Update” to - New Concept: A wake vs Start
“FixedUpdate”, and in FollowPlayer.cs, change - Tip: If you’re not using Start or
“Update” to “LateUpdate”, then test again Update, it’s cleaner to delete them
5. Delete the Start() function in both scripts, then
reactivate your Main Camera
PlayerController.cs
void FixedUpdate() { ...
FollowPlayer.cs
void LateUpdate() { ...
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.1 - Project Optimization
3
3: Object Pooling
Throughout the course, we’ve created a lot of prototypes that instantiated and destroyed objects during
gameplay, but there’s actually a more performant / efficient way to do that called Object Pooling.
1. Open Prototype 2 and create a backup - Warning: You will be overwriting your old work
2. Download the Object Pooling u nity with this new system, so it’s important to make a
package a nd i mport it into your scene backup first in case you want to revert back
- New Concept: Object Pooling: creating a
3. Reattach the P layerController script to
reusable “pool” of objects that can be activated
your player and reattach the and deactivated rather than instantiated and
DetectCollisions script to your animal destroyed, which is much more performant
prefabs (not to your food prefab) - Tip: Try reading through the new code in the
4. Attach the O bjectPooler script to your ObjectPooler and PlayerController scripts
Spawn Manager, drag your projectile - Don’t worry: If your project is small enough that
into the “Objects To Pool” variable, and you’re not experiencing any performance issues,
you probably don’t have to implement this
set the “Amount To Pool” to 20
5. Run your project and see how the
projectiles are activated and deactivated
Lesson Recap
New Concepts ● Optimization
and Skills ● Serialized Fields
● readonly / const / static / protected
● Event Functions
● FixedUpdate() vs. Update() vs. LateUpdate()
● Awake() vs. Start()
● Object Pooling
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.1 - Project Optimization
1
6.2 R esearch and Troubleshooting
Example of project by end of lesson
Steps:
Step 1: Make the vehicle use forces
Step 2: Prevent car from flipping over
Step 3: Add a speedometer display
Step 4: Add an RPM display
Step 5: Prevent driving in mid-air
Length: 75 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you will attempt to add a speedometer and RPM display for
your vehicle in Prototype 1. In doing so, you will learn the process of doing
online research when trying to implement new features and troubleshoot
bugs in your projects. As you will find out, adding a new feature is very rarely
as simple as it initially seems - you inevitably run into unexpected
complications and errors that usually require a little online research. In this
lesson, you will learn how to do that so that you can do it with your own
projects.
Project By the end of this lesson, the vehicle will behave with more realistic physics,
Outcome: and there will be a speedometer and Revolution per Minute (RPM) display.,
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Use Unity Forums, Unity Answers, and the online Unity Scripting
Documentation to implement new features and troubleshoot issues with
your projects
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.2 - Using Unity’s Online Resources
2
Step 1: Make the vehicle use forces
If we’re going to implement a speedometer, the first thing we have to do is make the vehicle accelerate
and decelerate more like a real car, which uses forces - as opposed to the Translate method.
1. Open your Prototype 1 project and make a backup - New Concept: using Unity
2. Replace the Translate call with an AddForce call on Documentation
the vehicle’s Rigidbody, renaming the “speed” variable - New Concept: u sing Unity Answers
- New Concept: A ddRelativeForce
to “horsePower”
- Don’t worry: Still a big issue where
3. Increase the h orsePower to be able to actually move the vehicle can drive in air and that
the vehicle it flips over super easily!
4. To make the vehicle move in the appropriate direction,
change AddForce to AddRelativeForce
private Rigidbody playerRb;
void Start() {
playerRb = GetComponent<Rigidbody>();
}
void FixedUpdate() {
transform.Translate(Vector3.forward * speed * verticalInput);
playerRb.AddRelativeForce(Vector3.forward * verticalInput * horsePower);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.2 - Using Unity’s Online Resources
3
Step 2: Prevent car from flipping over
Now that we’ve implemented real physics on the vehicles, it is very easy to overturn. We need to figure
out a way to make our vehicle safer to drive.
1. Add wheel colliders to the wheels of your vehicle and - New Concept: Wheel colliders
edit their radius and center position, then disable any - New Concept: C enter of Mass
other colliders on the wheels - Don’t Worry: We can still drive the
vehicle when it’s sideways or
2. Create a new GameObject centerOfMass variable, then
upside down
in Start(), assign the playerRb variable to the - Warning: This is still not the proper
centerOfMass position way to do vehicles - should actually
3. Create a new Empty Child o bject for the vehicle called be rotating / turning the wheels
“Center Of Mass”, reposition it, and assign it to the
Center Of Mass v ariable in the inspector
4. Test different center of mass positions, speed, and
turn speed values to get the car to steer as you like
[SerializeField] GameObject centerOfMass;
void Start() {
playerRb.centerOfMass = centerOfMass.transform.position;
}
Step 3: Add a speedometer display
Now that we have our vehicle in a semi-drivable state, let’s display the speed on the User Interface.
1. Add a new TextMeshPro - Text object for your “Speedometer Text” - Warning: Will be going
2. Import the T
MPro l ibrary, then create and assign new create a fast through adding
new TextMeshProUGUI v ariable for your speedometerText the text, since we did
this in prototype 5
3. Create a new float variables for your speed
- New Concept:
4. In Update(), calculate the speed in mph or kph then d isplay those RoundToInt
values on the UI
using TMPro;
[SerializeField] TextMeshProUGUI speedometerText;
[SerializeField] float speed;
private void Update() {
speed = Mathf.Round(playerRb.velocity.magnitude * 2.237f); // 3.6 for kph
speedometerText.SetText("Speed: " + speed + "mph");
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.2 - Using Unity’s Online Resources
4
Step 4: Add an RPM display
One other cool feature that a lot of car simulators have is a display of the RPM (Revolutions per Minute)
- the tricky part is figuring out how to calculate it.
1. Create a new “RPM Text” object, then c reate and - New Concept: Modulus / Remainder
assign a new r pmText variable for it (%) operator
2. In Update(), calculate the the RPMs using the
Modulus/Remainder operator (%), then display that
value on the UI
[SerializeField] TextMeshProUGUI rpmText;
[SerializeField] float rpm;
private void Update() {
rpm = Mathf.Round((speed % 30)*40);
rpmText.SetText("RPM: " + rpm);
}
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.2 - Using Unity’s Online Resources
5
Step 5: Prevent driving in mid-air
Now that we have a mostly functional vehicle, there’s one other big bug we should try to fix: the car can
still accelerate/decelerate, turn, and increase in speed/rpm in mid-air!
1. Declare a new List of W heelColliders named a llWheels (or - New Concept: looping
frontWheels/backWheels), then assign each of your wheels through lists
to that list in the inspector - New Concept: custom
methods with bool returns
2. Declare a new int w heelsOnGround
- Tip: if you use frontWheels or
3. Write a bool IsOnGround() method that returns true if all backWheels, make sure you
wheels are on the ground and false if not only drag in two wheels and
4. Wrap the acceleration, turning, and speed/rpm functionality only test that
in if-statements that check if the car is on the ground wheelsOnGround == 2
[SerializeField] List<WheelCollider> allWheels;
[SerializeField] int wheelsOnGround;
if (IsOnGround()) {[ACCELERATION], [ROTATION], [SPEED/RPM]}
bool IsOnGround () {
wheelsOnGround = 0;
foreach (WheelCollider wheel in allWheels) {
if (wheel.isGrounded) {
wheelsOnGround++;
}
}
if (wheelsOnGround == 2) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
Lesson Recap
New Concepts ● Searching on Unity Answers, Forum, Scripting API
and Skills ● Troubleshooting to resolve bugs
● AddRelativeForce, Center of Mass, RoundToInt
● Modulus/Remainder (%) operator
● Looping through lists
● Custom methods with bool return
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.2 - Using Unity’s Online Resources
1
6.3 S haring your Projects
Example of project by end of lesson
Steps:
Step 1: Install export Modules
Step 2: Build your game for Mac or Windows
Step 3: Build your game for WebGL
Length: 30 minutes
Overview: In this lesson, you will learn how to build your projects so that they’re
playable outside of the Unity interface. First, you will install the necessary
export modules to be able to publish your projects. After that, you will build
your project as a standalone app to be played on Mac or PC computers.
Finally, you will export your project for WebGL and even upload it to a game
sharing site so that you can send it to your friends and family.
Project Your project will be exported and playable as a standalone app on Mac/PC or
Outcome: for embedding online.
Learning By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives: - Add and manage export modules for your Unity installs so you can choose
which platforms to build for
- Build your projects for Mac or PC so they can be played as standalone
apps
- Build your projects for WebGL so they can be uploaded and embedded
online and shared with a single URL
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.3 - Sharing your Projects
2
Step 1: Install export Modules
Before we can export our projects, we need to add the “Export Modules” that will allow us to export for
particular platforms.
1. Open Unity Hub and click to Add Modules to the - Tip - Mac and Windows will create
version of Unity you have used in the course apps for your computer and WebGL
2. Select W
ebGL Build Support, and either M ac or will allow you to publish online
- Tip - you should see little icons
Windows build support, then click Done and wait for
appear when it is complete
the installation to complete - Tip - WebGL is nice because you
can more easily share it online and
it is platform-independent
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.3 - Sharing your Projects
3
Step 2: Build your game for Mac or Windows
Now that we have the export modules installed, we can put them to use and export one of our projects
1. Open the project you would like to build (could be a - Don’t worry - a prototype that’s not
prototype or your personal project) fully playable will be problematic
2. In Unity, click File > Build Settings, t hen click A
dd when you share it because the user
will have to close and reopen it to
Open Scenes to add your scene
play it again, but that’s OK for now
3. Click P layer Settings and adjust any settings you - Tip - since it’s just a mini-game, it
want, including making it “Windowed”, “Resizable”, might be better to use “Windowed”
and whether or not you want to enable the “Display - this also allows the player to more
Resolution Dialog” easily exit since we don’t have a
4. Click B uild, name your project, and save it inside a full UI to do that
new folder inside your Create with Code folder called - Don’t worry - on Windows, you have
an .exe file and a Data folder - on
“Builds” Mac, you just have a .app file
5. Play your game to test it out, then if you want, rebuild - Warning - it’s kind of hard to
it with different settings distribute these as is because
most email clients are cautious of
executables like this
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.3 - Sharing your Projects
4
Step 3: Build your game for WebGL
Since it is pretty hard to distribute your games on Mac or Windows, it’s a good idea to make your
projects available online by building for WebGL.
1. Reopen the B uild Settings menu, select W
ebGL, - Warning - it’s easy to forget to click
then click Switch Platform “Switch platform” and can be confusing
2. Click B
uild, then save in your “Builds” folder with “ - Don’t worry - building for WebGL can
take a long time
- WebGL” in the name
- Warning - some browsers do not
3. Try clicking on index.html to run your project (you support opening WebGL programs from
may have to try opening with different browsers) your computer
4. Right-click on your WebGL build folder and - Tip - If uploading your game to a site
Compress/Zip it into a .zip file like itch.io, make sure to choose
5. If you want, upload it to a game sharing site like “HTML” format and to “Play in browser”
itch.io
Lesson Recap
New Concepts ● Installing export modules
and Skills ● Building for Mac/PC
● Building for WebGL/HTML
© Unity 2019 Lesson 6.3 - Sharing your Projects
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