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Language and Colour

The document discusses how the languages people speak influence their perception of color. It explains that while humans can see the full visible color spectrum, languages categorize colors differently, with some like English having more basic color terms than others. Research shows that having a color term in one's language improves the ability to discriminate and identify shades within that color category. Studies on the Himba people of Namibia and on English and Russian speakers found their color perception abilities corresponded to the distinctions present in their languages.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
155 views5 pages

Language and Colour

The document discusses how the languages people speak influence their perception of color. It explains that while humans can see the full visible color spectrum, languages categorize colors differently, with some like English having more basic color terms than others. Research shows that having a color term in one's language improves the ability to discriminate and identify shades within that color category. Studies on the Himba people of Namibia and on English and Russian speakers found their color perception abilities corresponded to the distinctions present in their languages.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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THE DIVISION OF COLOURS IN LANGUAGES

The Division of Colours in Languages and the Effects on Colour Perception

The basic anatomy of the human eye suggests that humans should be able to see every colour

within the full spectrum of visible light. However, the languages do not reflect a spectrum of

colours, they have a set of basic categories and terms that most of the colours fall into. The

question of why there should be a name for orange and not yellow-green has bothered scientists

for a long time. The perception of colour appears to differ across cultures and languages but the

fundamental cause of this difference turns out to be linguistic rather than biological.

Before thorough research was conducted into the colour terms of different languages, it was

believed that cultures would choose random colours from the visible colour spectrum and give

them names. Many languages from the underdeveloped world did not have as many basic colour

terms as for example English. An African language Krahn, like several others such as Akan,

Yoruba, and Emai, has only three basic colour terms: 'black', 'white', and 'red', more accurately

translated as 'dark-cool', 'light', and 'bright-warm' (Bing, 1991). In contrast, English has 11 basic

colours and Russian has 12.

The absence of colour terms like blue was also noticed in the Greek Epic Poems the Iliad and

the Odyssey by a scholar William Gladstone. Homer, the author of these poems, described the

sea and the oxen with the word οἶνοψ, literally meaning “wine-looking”. The sky was also never

referred to as blue. Gladstone theorized that the Greek were colour-blind and had not developed

the ability to see colour beyond black (dark), white (light), red, yellow and green (Gladstone,

1858). The reason for this was that the colour terms in ancient Greek had not developed beyond

the fourth stage of the basic colour term sequence formulated by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay.

The theory developed by the Berkley researchers in 1969 states that the exact basic colour

terms can be predicted by the total number of colour terms the language has. Berlin and Kay
THE DIVISION OF COLOURS IN LANGUAGES

developed a stage system, suggesting that as languages develop, they create terms for colours in

a certain order. If a language has 2 colour terms, they are always dark and light (these cover a

larger set of colours than just black and white). If it has 3 terms, the third one is always red. The

language then developed a term for either yellow or green. Blue was developed later in this

sequence which can explain why Homer never used the colour blue, but mentioned black 400

times, white 100 times, red fewer than 15 times, and yellow and green fewer than 10 times

(Loria, 2015). That puts Homer’s Greek at level 4 on the scale.

The colour blue is developed only on stage 5. This should not be the case because the sky and

the sea are blue, but a thorough examination of the environment shows that there are not many

plants and animals that have an innate blue colour. Blue pigment is very rare in nature and

animals and plants that are blue do not have a blue pigment. For example, the wings of the

Morpho butterfly are structurally blue. So are the peacock’s tail feathers and even human’s blue

eyes (Bengsch, 2018). Pigments of other colours are quite widespread in both the flora and

fauna, so it was easy for humans to create red, green, or yellow dyes with what was easily

accessible in nature. The first ancient civilization that created and used the blue dye was Egypt

and it is no coincidence that it also was the first ancient civilization to develop the term for the

colour blue (Brack, 2015). This suggests that naming and discrimination of colours might be

connected to the accessibility and prevalence of the colour in nature.

The effect of the culture and the environment on developing terms for basic colours is

apparent. In addition, the effect of linguistic colour on the cognitive perception of colour is also

very substantial. This “reverse” effect has been studied in a series of experiments known as the

Himba colour experiment. The experiment was meant to test the theory that people are better at

identifying a certain colour if their language has a term for it. The Himba people, who do not
THE DIVISION OF COLOURS IN LANGUAGES

have a linguistic differentiation of green and blue, were asked to identify the blue square among

several green ones. The time and accuracy of their performance were very similar to the time and

accuracy when they were asked to identify a square with a darker shade of green among other

green squares. In the continuation of the study the Himba children, who were starting to learn the

language were asked to identify a different colour among the same ones. It was easier for the

Himba children to identify the colours that they had already learned the name for, regardless of

the absolute number of colour terms they knew. Children who had learnt more terms got the

same proportion of the colours they knew correct as those who knew few (Roberson, Davidoff,

Davies, & Shapiro, 2006). This research suggests that colour differentiation in the language

restructures the cognitive organization of colour that helps in identifying and discriminating

between different colours from the same or different categories.

Another experiment was conducted on native English and Russian speakers by MIT

researchers. The Russian language, unlike English, discriminates between lighter blue

(“goluboy”), and darker blue (“siniy”). The results of the experiment demonstrated that Russians

were faster at discriminating lighter and darker shades of blue from each other than

distinguishing different shades of blue from within the same category of “goluboy” or “siniy”. In

contrast, the native English speakers had no visible advantage in either of the category

(Winawer, et al., 2007). This experiment proves that the distinction between the colour terms in

the language positively affects the performance on these simple tasks of colour perception.

Languages evolve and develop over time and influence humans’ perception of reality,

including how they see colour. A simple linguistic division of colour into two colours can affect

a person’s ability to differentiate between them. The theory of basic colour terms states that the
THE DIVISION OF COLOURS IN LANGUAGES

hierarchy of these divisions is universal across all languages. It appears that despite many

differences between cultures and societies, humans still try to make sense of the world similarly.
THE DIVISION OF COLOURS IN LANGUAGES

References

Bengsch, D. (2018, March 09). How nature uses physics to create blue. Retrieved May 18, 2019,

from https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/how-nature-uses-physics-to-create-blue

Berlin, B., & Kay, P. (1969). Basic colour terms. University of California Press.

Bing, J. M. (1991). Colour Terms and Lexical Classes in Krahn/Wobé [Abstract]. Studies in African

Linguistics,22(3), 277-296. Retrieved May 14, 2019, from

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=english_fac_pubs.

Brack, P. (2015, October 02). Egyptian blue: More than just a colour. Retrieved May 16, 2019, from

https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/egyptian-blue-more-than-just-a-colour/9001.article

Gladstone, W. E. (1858). Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age. Oxford University Press.

Loria, K. (2015, February 27). No one could describe the colour 'blue' until modern times. Retrieved

May 13, 2019, from https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-blue-and-how-do-we-see-colour-

2015-2

Roberson, D., Davidoff, J., Davies, I. R., & Shapiro, L. R. (2006). Colour categories and category

acquisition in Himba and English. Progress in Colour Studies,159-172.

doi:10.1075/z.pics2.14rob

Winawer, J., Witthoft, N., Frank, M. C., Wu, L., Wade, A. R., & Boroditsky, L. (2007). Russian

blues reveal effects of language on colour discrimination. Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences,104(19), 7780-7785. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701644104

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