EFFECTIVE WRITING  Impact – good or bad effect(s) of the given

situation to you, to other persons and to other things

Correspondence - is a written communication having or beings at before, at present or in the future.
two-fold purpose: (1) to convey information and (2)
to build goodwill. Information alone is not enough.  Action Taken – what have you done or had
One may read, but not react. Hence, a friendly and been done to address the given Situation.
courteous note has something for the reader to react
responsively. Among the different kinds of  Action To Be
correspondence are the military letter, civilian letter, Taken/Recommendation/Request – what do you
endorsement disposition form, routing slip, AFP want the reader to do to address the given situation.
messages, memorandum and written reports.
WRITING PROCESS
Characteristics of Effective Correspondence The writing process is recursive. It often requires
going back and forth between steps to create the best
1. Clear – demotes easy understanding. Words must work possible. It is called a process because it
be simple and common to the reader. Clearness involves a step-by-step approach. They are as
means knowing what to say and saying it as follows:
simple as possible. a. Invention – developing a topic. It involves
brainstorming or getting ideas on paper for widest
2. Concise – short; brief; saying much in fewer
range of topics possible. It includes the following
words (Webster). It can be done by avoiding
redundancy (using same words, phrases and processes:
ideas again and again) and padded phrases or 1. Listing – simple list of every idea, narrow
unnecessary expressions. down or branch into related topics.
2. Clustering - ideas are spatially arranged; from
3. Specific – particular, definite, detailed the word “ME” in the center of the paper, branch out
for any ideas.
4. Courteous – refinement of expression. It can be
b. Collection – gathering of information. It
done by leaving a good impression to the reader
and avoiding negatively worded sentences. involves the following:
1) Gathering ideas
5. Progressive – discard time-worn words methods 2) Locating and evaluating research
3) Conducting interviews
6. Empathetic- considerations with the reader’s c. Organization – putting all information in an
desires and needs outline to where they fit best and omitting what care
deemed unnecessary. Augmentative and narrative
7. Individual - one reader is different from the other; papers generally have the following sections:
treats receiver on things that interest or please 1. Introduction – it is composed of the following
him/her personally and individually. parts:
a. Attention getting – grab the reader’s
8. Correct – accuracy, completeness and attention
coherence. It covers the following: b. Motivation- impart the importance of your
a) Given information (contents) must be correct. paper to the readers
b) Placement of mechanical parts must be correct. c. Overview – introduce the main idea(s) of your
c) Spelling must be correct. paper
d) Arrangement of words, sentences and
paragraphs (or coherence) must be correct. 2. Body – consists of the main topic and the
supporting paragraphs
The common Methods of Coherence are the
following: 3. Conclusion- wraps up the argument and
(1) Arranging the happening in time order. reemphasizes the writer’s main ideas.
(2) Showing the relationship of one sentence to
another- use of connecting words or transitional a. Summary- wrap up the arguments in the body
words b. Re-motivation- re-emphasizes the
(3) Leading the reader to get to the next importance of the paper
sentence- repeating important word from a preceding c. Closure – concluding remarks
sentence or paragraph.
(4) Developing by Analogy – use of comparison; d) Drafting – making the “rough draft”. It can be
parallelism in terms of the imaginary rather than the best done through the following:
actual. 1. Give ample time to work on the project
(5) Developing by Example and Illustration 2. Find comfortable place to write
(6) Developing by Definition- short definition is 3. Avoid distractions
included in the body of explanation. 4. Take breaks
(7) Developing by Questions and Answers- begin
with a question and then proceed to answer it. e) Revising – process of reviewing the paper on
(8) Most accepted Letter Format the idea-level. It may involve the following:
 Situation- brief background to inform 1. Clarification of the thesis
the reader on what letter is all about 2. Re-organization of the paragraph
3. Omission of the unneeded information
4. Addition of supplemental information
 5. Strengthening of the introduction or conclusion (2) Letters (Ltr) – Contain routine directives by which
subordinate commanders are given instructions,
f) Proofreading – checking of spelling, advice or information. These are used when other
punctuation, sentence structure, documentation style publications are inappropriate. Period of effectivity is
Tips in proofreading are as follows: two years, unless sooner rescinded or superseded.
1. Read your paper loud.
2. Check the paper backwards to check the (3) Training Directives – Prescribes counsel of
spelling. individual and/or unit training exercise for PAF units
3. Exchange paper with a friend. Double- check specifying therein time, date, scope and frequency of
with grammar book, dictionary and other opening of course or exercise. These are issued by
pertinent books. HPAF and subordinate Hqs, and numbered
4. Use computer-programmed grammar/spelling consecutively for each Fiscal Year.
check functions.
(4) Bulletins (Bul) – Contain republic action or
AFP PUBLICATION synopsis of approved policies, orders or laws. They
are general in application and relatively permanent in
Regulations – Regulating principle of law, a rule or nature for the information and guidance of all.
restriction prescribed and enforced by constituted
authority for the sake of order, uniformity, discipline, (5) Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) – Is a set
etc., as the regulations of a school or a society. of instructions giving the procedures to be followed as
matter of routine, as in the preparation and
PAF Regulations – These are administrative submission of report.
regulations that are PAF-wide in scope and
prescribed by the authority of the CG, PAF for the (6) PAF Manuals (PAFM) – Contain consolidation of
government of the Philippine Air Force. materials for the purposes of clarifying the
procedures, purposes and or principles involved, of
Lower Unit Regulations – These are administrative matters relating to a particular subject or field of
regulations published by authority of the Commander operation essential to the functioning of the PAF.
of substitute units.
(7) Pamphlets – Are used to distribute information
Supplement–This is an administrative regulation not appropriate for issuance in other types of
published by authority of Commanders of Major Units publication. These are usually informative in nature
and Separate Units used primarily to directly and detailed in scope, and normally are of continuing
implement a particular PAF Regulation, without the usefulness.
necessity of republishing the contents of said PAF
Regulation if another type of publication is employed. b. Administrative Orders
However, said supplement goes hand in hand with
the PAF Regulations it implements (8) General Orders (GO) – Are directives or
announcements applying to all or a large part of the
Nature and Characteristics of Regulations. Command, not susceptible to incorporation into
regulations or other administrative publications.
a. Subordinate to, and must not contravene statue These are issued by all echelons of command down
law. to and including group of a comparable level. They
b. Must not legislate are numbered in sequence for each Fiscal Year
c. Must be uniform and equitable. starting with Nr 1.
d. Must be confined to subject matter.
e. Must be in consonance with next higher (9) Special Orders (SO) – are normally used to
regulations in the chain of command. promulgate directives affecting individuals; such as
f. Must be continuing and/or permanent in its appointment, details, assignments, reassignments,
applicability. transfer, promotion, reduction, call to active duty,
g. Must conform to doctrines and objectives of the separations, leaves of absence or furlough,
organization. appointment of boards, court martial, and committees.
A number is assigned to the special order for each
RELATED ADMINISTRATIVE PUBLICATIONS day in fiscal year series.
Administrative instructions, directives, orders, and
other specialized matters not susceptible to (10) Letter Orders (LO) – Are official military orders
incorporation in Regulations are published in other or instructions sent in the form of a letter to person or
forms: persons concerned. When deemed desirable,
instruction normally published in special orders may
a. Administrative Instructions be issued in letter order format addressed to the
individual concerned, through proper channels.
(1) Circulars – Contain instructions which are
directive in nature, more or less general in application, (11) Reserve Orders – is issued when a reservist is
but temporary in duration. These are published by assigned to or relieved from a position in the Reserve
authority of the CG, PAF and are numbered Unit. However appointments, promotion, and call to
consecutively for each Fiscal Year. Period of active duty of reservist are covered by General
effectivity is five years, unless sooner rescinded or Orders and Special Orders respectively.
superseded.
(12) Personnel Orders (PO) – Are used to publish
the job status and ratings of individuals, such as flying
status, aeronautical ratings, air mechanics ratings, The Commander of PAF major units and separate
specialist ratings, AFP skills, etc. units and the chiefs of coordinating and special staff,
HPAF will:
(13) Court Martial Orders (CMO) – are used to
announce the result of trial of an individual by general a. Official existing military regulation adoption,
or special court martial; to announce the initial action amendment, rescission/renewal, or request for
of the convening authority and the officer exercising publication of PAF Regulations on matters in which
general court-martial jurisdiction to effect the their respective offices have primary interest.
remission, suspension, or vacation of all parts of a Coordination shall be made with respect to other
sentence. agencies/offices having joint or special interest in the
subject matters involved.
c. Specialized Publications
b. Recommend whether or not circulars marked
(14) Technical Orders (TO) – contain matters “Prospective PAFRs” that have undergone the
involving operations, maintenance, and storage of required period or service test, should be published
equipment. as PAF Regulations.

(15) Supply publications – contain instructions, and Responsibilities of the Air Adjutant General
information on technical aspects of supply matters, The Air Adjutant General is charged with the
and stock lists. following:
a. Publication (printing) and distribution of PAF
(16) Table of Organization and Equipment (TO & Regulations, including the maintenance of up-to-date
E) – prescribes the organic structure and equipment indexes to the same.
of military units. The strength and function of which
are not subject to frequent changes. It shows the b. Requisition of supplies and printing services
authorized allowances of weapons, transportation, necessary for the publication and maintenance of
and principal items of equipments. PAF Regulations.

(17) Tables of Allowance (T/A) – Show the Composition and Responsibilities of the PAF
allowances of equipment authorized for camps, Regulation Board (PAF Reg Bd)
bases, and stations, general and special services
schools, and training centers. Equipment included in a. The PAF Regulation Board which functions directly
Table of allowances are not included in the Table of under the CG, PAF shall be composed of a Chairman
Equipment. Items included in Table of Allowances and several members each representing a major are
are not ordinarily taken with a unit into the field or on of PAF activity. It shall have a permanent secretariat
change of station. to establish continuity of work and orderliness of
records.
(18) Table of Distribution (TD) – Table of b. The PAF Regulations Board is charged with the
Distribution prescribes the distribution of personnel following duties:
and grades of training and school units not organized
as tactical organization. (1) Review and consolidate existing PAF
Regulations with the end view of publishing same if
Formulation and Development necessary under a standard and orderly system of
a. Regulations, which in general meaning, are either titling and numbering in accordance with the
rules or restrictions, are designed to increase the provisions of section IV of his Regulations.
effectiveness of collective action. Such rules or (2) Study all matters involving PAF or AFP
restriction are normally based on past experiences, Regulations referred to it and recommend appropriate
just as most. action.
(3) Review Circulars marked “prospective
b. Normally, policies or directives of permanent nature PAFRs that are referred to it by offices of primary
and wide application, which are desired to be interest and recommend appropriate action.
incorporated in PAF Regulations, are initially
published in the form of Circulars by Headquarters Implementation of PAF Regulations
Philippine Air Force. Such circulars are marked
“Prospective PAFR” and will be considered for a. Commanders of PAF Major Units and separate
incorporation as PAFRs after they have undergone a units are the agents by which PAF Regulations are
period of service test or not less than two years but implemented in more detail through their respective
not more than five years. In exceptional cases, unit publications.
however, initiating agencies may recommend the
outright incorporation into PAFR without normal b. Chief of Coordinating and Special Staffs, Hq
period of service test herein specified. Philippine Air Force are the agents to determine
whether or not the provisions as the intents of PAF
c. When a regulation and its intent appear to be in Regulations in which they have primary interest are
conflict, there is a need of change. This change must being implemented.
be published and as long as the change is not made,
all concerned must comply and all must stay within c. As a means of directly implementing PAF
the meaning of the said regulations. Regulations the publication of “Supplements” by the
PAF major units and separated units are encouraged.
Responsibilities of Paf Major Units, Separate
Units, Separate Units And Staff Divisions/Officers.
FORMAT STYLE, SIZE AND BINDING be published by the Air Adjutant General in an index
Regulation.
FORMAT: The format of PAF Regulations, including
the arrangement of Sections, paragraphs and sub- f. Third Digit – Represents the applicability to
paragraphs, the numbering, heading, title, sub-title, personnel i.e., all AFP Personnel (military and
table of contents, and authentication will be civilian), military personnel in general, officers, cadets,
substantial as shown in this regulation. enlisted personnel, trainees and draftees and civilian
personnel, thus:
STYLE: Contents of PAF Regulations must be 0 – All AFP personnel (military and civilian)
written in concise, simple, and direct sentences using 1 – Military personnel in general
words that convey one meaning as understood PAF 2 – Officers
wide and avoiding words that may be construed to 3 – Cadets
convey several meanings. 4 – Enlisted Personnel
5 – Trainees
SIZE AND BINDING: PAF Regulations must be 6 – Civilian Personnel
printed in 10-1/2 by 8 size paper, and bound together 7 to 9 – Open to other classes of personnel
in a manner such that incorporation of changes will be
simple and easy. The Air Adjutant General is charged g. The sub-base number (1-99) – Numbering of
with this responsibility. specific subject matters under one sub-area of activity
will be made chronologically as Regulations are
TITLE, NUMBERING AND INDEXING approved and published, but once numbered, such
number becomes permanent for the particular subject
TITLE: Philippine Air Force Regulations shall be matter. The Air Adjutant General shall be responsible
published under one Title, namely, “PAF in the allocation of such base numbers.
REGULATIONS” or in abbreviated form “PAFR”’ as
appropriate. h. Changes
(1) Publications of changes to a particular
THE NUMBERING SYSTEM: regulation shall be identified by the original number
and phrase “Change Nr 1” placed immediately below
a. General – This system provides for a two digit the number to denote that it is the first change, and…
base number, and one-digit/two-digit sub-base Nrs 2,3,4 etc for subsequent changes.
number immediately following the phrase “PAF (2) Such changes (sheets) will be inserted
Regulations” or the abbreviation “PAFR” thus: PAFR immediately before the regulation to which they
1A-2; PAFR 4B-35. pertain or immediately preceding the next earlier
change to the same regulations.
b. Two-digit Base Number – For simplicity the
base number of this system consist of only two digit Republication
the first digit consisting of numbers from 1 to 9 (1) A PAFR may be republished “en toto”
represents a major area of activity, and the second without change (the original number retained when
digit consisting of capital letter from A to Z (excepting the demand for such action is great the original date
letter I and O) represents a sub-area of activity within of heading is maintained but a footnote in small letters
the particular major area of activity. shall be placed in the lower right hand corner of first
page showing date of reprint.
c. One digit/Two-Digit Sub-base Number – (2) A republication incorporating changes
The sub base number consists one or two digit may be made under any of the following:
ranging from 1 to 99 and any one of these numbers (a) When nine or more changes thereto
represents a specific subject matter under a sub-area have been published.
of activity. In the foregoing example the numbers “2” (b) When changes there, although less
and “35” are the sub-base numbers representing than nine, are susceptible to misinterpretation, or the
specific subject matters. PAFR together with its changes becomes unwieldy.
(3) Under the foregoing republication, new
d. First digit – The following numbers will be date of heading is incorporated by the same original
used as first digit to represent the different major number of PAFR is maintained. The new regulations
areas of activity. shall contain a provision rescinding the old one.
(1) Personnel and Administration
(2) Intelligence INDEXING OF PAFRs
(3) Operations, Training, and Organization a. General – PAF Regulations shall be indexed
(4) Logistics in a logical and systematic manner in order to provide
(5) Plans and Program for case and simplicity in reference and filing
(6) Comptrollership activities. The instrument for indexing PAFRs will be
(7) Civil Military Operations a PAF Regulation by itself which shall herein after be
(8) Material Development called “Index Regulations” PAFRs under a major area
(9) Open for other major areas of activity of activity will be included under one Index
Regulation, such that there will be one index for all
e. Second Digit – (Capital Letters) – The sub- intelligence.
division of each major area of activity into sub-areas b. Contents of Index Regulations – Index
of activity, and the identification of each sub-area by Regulations shall include the following:
designated capital letters will be the responsibility of (1) Para 1 – Identification of sub-areas of
each coordinating staff division, HPAF, and such will activity.
 (2) Para 2 – Numerical list of current PAF a. For HPAF Command Level:
Regulations under the particular major (1) The Chief of Air Staff is responsible to the
area of activity. Commanding General, PAF for implementation of all
c. Titling and Numbering of Index administrative orders issued at Headquarters
Regulations – Index Regulations shall carry the min Philippine Air Force.
title “index” in small letters followed by the sub-title on (2) Chief of Divisions/Office, HPAF are
the next line below it (Name of major area of activity) responsible to CAS for all orders which they have
REGULATIONS” in capital letters (See ANNEX “B”) initiated and recommended.
All Index Regulations pertaining to PAFRs shall be b. For Wing, Squadron or Separate Unit Level,
identified by Nr 1 as the sub-base number, and Index Unit Commanders are directly responsible for all
Regulations pertaining to PAF Manuals shall be administrative orders issued by their commands
identified by Nr as the sub-base number. Similarly,
sub-base numbers of Index Regulations pertaining to 4. Preparation and Authentication. All
other publications shall be published herein. administrative orders in all echelon of commands are
prepared authenticated by the following:
(1) Number Index of PAFR’s on Regulations, etc. a. When issued at Headquarters Philippine Air
PAFR 1x-1 – Personnel and Administrative Force – The Air Adjutant General or His Assistants.
Activities b. When issued at all other unit – The adjutant
PAFR 2x-2 – Intelligence Activities or a designated assistant. In case a unit manning
PAFR 3x-1 – Opns, Trng, & Orgn Activities document does not provide a T/D for an Adjutant, the
PAFR 4X-1 – Logistics Activities commanders may designate the personnel officer to
PAFR 5X-1 – Plans & Program Activities prepare and authenticate orders for certain actions
PAFR 6X-1 – Comptroller Activities which will be recorded in the Morning Report or
PAFR 7X-1 – Civil Military Operations Qualification Cards.
PAFR 8X-1 – Material Development
PAFR 9X-1 – Open for other major areas of activity 5. Parts of Administrative Orders – Administrative
(2) Number PAFR 4X-3 Index of U>S> Technical Orders contain three main parts which are similar to
Orders pertaining to equipment being used by those of the military letters. These parts are heading,
PAF. body and close (authentication).
(3) Number PAFR 4X-4 – Stock list of supplies,
pertaining to equipment being used by PAF a. Heading. The heading includes the
sub-base Nrs 6 to 99-open for other purpose. letterhead, the order designation (General
Orders, Special Orders, Personnel Orders,
PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION Court Martial, etc) and the date. The following
(Sub-areas of Activity) shall be observed in the heading.
(1) Arranged in the same manner as that
A – Publication P – Boards of the PAF letterhead.
K – Individual Training F – Forms Management (2) The place of the first line is one inch
B – Reports Q – Prisoners of War from the top of the page. However, this
L – Military Discipline G – Printing Press placement does not apply to Court-Martial
C – Records R – Administrative and
orders or to orders which are duplicated.
M – Civilian Personnel H – Procurement and Special
Staff Services (3) The Current date and the orders
N – Civil Status J – Personnel Procedures designation are placed on the second line
E – Courier Services S – Miscellaneous below the heading. The ends flush with the
right margin.
LEGENDS OF SYMBOLS (4) The orders designations which are in
capital letters, is place at the left margin.
R – Regulations LD – Letter Directive (5) Administrative Orders are numbered
M – Manual OD – Operation Directive consecutively by series, beginning with “1”,
C – Circular PD – Personnel Directive during each fiscal year.
MD – Material Directive OP – Operation Plan
b. Body. The body of administrative orders
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS contains several paragraphs. Each paragraph
(Preparation, Authentication, Publication, pertains to only one type which affects one or
Reproduction and Distribution of Administrative more individuals.
Orders)
c. Close. The close or authentication is that
1. Purpose and Scope – This regulation serves as part of an order which officially makes it a
guidance and prescribes procedures in the directive. The following will be observed in the
preparation, authentication, publication, reproduction preparation of close:
and distribution of Administrative Orders. This scope
covers all orders except those that pertain to Distribution All administrative orders are
operations and military intelligence. distributed by the Air Adjutant or
Adjutant/Administrative Officers as the case
2. Definition – Administrative Order are written maybe of the issuing units. Distribution symbols
directives or instruments of authority issued by a shall be entered as follows:
commander to direct actions or announce decisions.
(a) Distribution “A” – pertains to all general
3. Responsibility. orders, the contents of which are announced
to all echelons of command.
 (b) Distribution “B” – refers to Special number of corrected copies will appear the statement
Orders, the publication and distribution of (in capital letters): (CORRECTED COPY, DESTROY
which are limited to an extent that only the ALL OTHERS). (Example: attachment “E”). the
following are furnished copies: corrected portion of the order is doubly underscored.
1. Losing and gaining units.
2. Officers and Airmen concerned Record Copies of Orders – A copy of each order
issued shall be retained in a “record set: of publication
(c) Distribution “C” – refers to in all echelon of command. These copies are filed in
letter/personnel orders and the distribution is limited numerical order by type and series.
to officers/airmen and mother units concerned.
However, sufficient copies are furnished to the Reproduction of Orders – The following procedures
personnel for their claims of corresponding shall be observed in the reproduction of order.
allowances.
(d) Distribution “D” – refers to General Entries on Orders – The first time a person is
Court-Martial Orders/Summary Court Martial Orders mentioned in the order, the entry will include his rank,
and appropriate copies are furnished to the following: the first name, middle initial (if any), last name, serial
1. All Major Service Command number and branch of service.
2. Mother units of personnel,
involved. Classified Orders – Classified Orders are published
3. AAGO, PAF, OTAG, GHQ, AFP. in separate orders. Each order contains only one
4. AJAGO and JAGO, GHQ, AFP classification which will normally be SECRET or
5. Personnel concerned. CONFIDENTIAL (TOP SECRET IS NOT
INCLUDED).
The distribution symbol has nothing to do with
the validity of an order, it only serves as reference. True Extract Copies – Orders are authorized to be
true extract copied to provide sufficient copies to
Orders are prepared on an 8 by 12 inches paper. individuals in support to required additional copies
Whenever possible, an order shall be limited to no covering their claims for allowable expenses.
more than two pages.
MILITARY LETTER
Effective Dates of Orders – Normally, an order
applied to only one individual takes effect upon Military letter is commonly known as SUBJECT-TO-
delivery to the person concerned unless another date LETTER. It is used for correspondence with army,
is specified in the order. navy and air force personnel, as well as the General
Headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Delivery of Orders – There are two types of It is also used when communicating from one
deliveries: headquarters to another. It is dignified, direct and
accurate.
a. Actual delivery. Occurs when the order,
knowledge of its contents, is conveyed directly to the Position and Placement
person concerned.
b. Constructive delivery – Occurs when the 1. Typed on bond paper measuring 8.27”X11.69”
order is so published that the person concerned does (A4)
not receive the order of have no knowledge of its 2. Only one side of the sheet is used.
content through his own failure, without good reason, 3. Ordinarily, two carbon copies are prepared (that is,
to be available for delivery. For example, an order if you are using a traditional typewriter). One copy
delivered to the proper station of a person who is accompanies the original is prepared. And one
absent without leave or an order posted on the unit copy is kept by the originating unit for file and
bulletin board of the individual is considered binding future reference.
on that person concerned. 4. When using a computer printer, print in normal
c. Orders should be distributed on the day mode otherwise; use the printer draft mode for the
they are published when practicable, and never later extra copy or copies.
than the first work day following publication.
Font Type and Size
Changes to Administrative Orders – Changes to Use Arial font and size 12 (MSTL fm GHQ dtd
administrative orders are made in three ways: 11 Jan 10)
a. Canceled – An order remaining in effect
from the time of its publication until it is canceled. Margin Rules
b. Revoked – When it is invalidated as soon
as it is published. 1. Top (1st Page)
c. Changed – When minor changes are made If without letterhead, the same will be
to an order. The amended portion is underscored. typed, ¾ inch or 5 roller spaces from the edge of the
paper.
Corrected Copies of Orders – Corrected copies of NOTE: When using a computer printer, use the
orders are published to correct printing errors in the default .75” margin set it in a printer page setup.
heading and close of original orders already
distributed. (An amendment to an order is used to 2. Top (2nd and succeeding page) – 1 ¼ inches
correct an error in the body and is made under para or 7 roller spaces from the top of the paper.
10c above). Amendments, however, do not apply to NOTE: When using a computer printer the
Court-Martial orders. Above the designation order same margin space (1.25” default page) shall be use
in the second and succeeding pages two (2) line lines below the last line of the subject. It is marked by
spaces from the top of the paper. the word THRU typed in all capital letters and
followed by a colon (THRU :).
3. Left – 1 ¼ inches or 15 bar spaces
Note: when using a computer printer, use the 1.5 ADDRESSEE – It states the complete name, title or
margin set in the printer page set-up. designation of the addressee and his unit address.
The title or designation is not abbreviated. When
4. Right – ¾ inches or nine (9) bar spaces. necessary to use the name of the addressee, it must
Note: When using a computer printer, use the 1.1 be written with his grade, first name , middle initial ,
margin set in the printer page set-up. last name , serial number and branch of service in
that order. Ranks and names of officers are typed in
5. Bottom – 1 ¼ inches or 7 roller spaces. all capital letters.
Note: When using a computer printer, use the “1”
margin set in the printer page set-up. 2. THE BODY – it is the message itself, the
substance of the typed letter.
6. Footer – use a “0.8” as a default margin set in a. RULES ON SPACING
the printer page set-up. This will be used when 1) The body of the letter is double-spaced when it is
numbering your next paper page/s. has less than nine (9) lines.
2) Double spacing is used between paragraphs and
PARTS OF THE MILITARY LETTER subparagraphs.

1. The Heading – this consist all materials above b. Rules in Paragraphing

the first line of the body. It appears on the third part of
the sheet, so that when the letter is folded into three, 1) The 1st paragraph of the letter is typed five (5) lines
the address can be seen through the glassine window from the last line of the addressee (s).
of the envelope. The rule is followed even when
window envelope is not used. 2) If the letter has only one paragraph, the paragraph
is not numbered. It has two (2) or more paragraphs,
LETTERHEAD – It states the name of the unit and its the paragraphs are number consecutively.
address can be seen. It is typed only in the page of
the letter. It is usually centered. Printed letterhead is 3) The beginning of every paragraph is intended five
normally used. If not available, typed letterhead may (5) spaces or one (1) Tab spaces from the left margin.
also be used. Succeeding lines begin at the left margin.

OFFICE CODE AND FILE REFERENCE – it states 4) The first subdivision is designated by letter a, b, c
the code of the office, division branch or section of the and so on. The designated letter is aligned with the
unit where the letter originated. It is also states the file first letter of the first word of the main paragraph or
number of the letter for reference or indexing two (2) tab spaces. Succeeding lines begin at the left
purposes. It is typed in the left portion of the page, margin.
two (2) lines bellow the letterhead.
5) The second subdivision are designated by
IDENTIFYING INITIALS (optional) – they are initials numbers in parenthesis as (1), (2) (3) and so on. The
of the drafter of the letter and/or the typist. Their numbers in parenthesis are aligned with the first letter
telephone number may also be included. When the of the first word of the subdivision of three (3) Tab
drafter is an officer, his initial or his rank and last spaces from the left margin. Succeeding lines begin
name are typed in all capital letters. The initials of the at the first margin.
typist are typed in small letters. They are all typed in
one line immediately below the date. 6) The third subdivision are designated by underscore
letter as a, b, c, and so. The underscored letter are
DATE – It states the date when the letter was signed aligned with the first letter of the first word of the
or released. It is usually left blank and stamped with second subdivision or four (4) Tab spaces from the
the date only when the letter is ready for release. It is left margin. The succeeding lines begin at the left
typed in the right portion of the page in line with the margin.
office code and file reference.
c. Rules on Abbreviation
SUBJECT – it states the topic of the letter briefly and
directly. The word SUBJECT is typed in all capital 1) Only authorized abbreviations are used.
letters and followed with the colon (SUBJECT). The
subject itself of the letter must not exceed ten (10) 2) If the full name is used, the abbreviate rank can be
words. It is blocked when it is consist of two (2) lines. used.
It is typed in the left portion of the page; two (2) lines
from the office code and file reference. Title 3) If only the family name is used, the rank must be
capitalization rules are used or only the first letter of spelled out.
the first word and other important words are
capitalized. 4) General and Flag Officer rank not abbreviated.

CHANNELS – it states the complete name or d. Rules on References

designation of an intermediate unit commander to
whom the letter must pass before it reaches it main 1) Reference to publications must be specific and fully
addressee. It is typed in the portion of the four (4) identified. References available to the addressee (s)
must be used. If in doubt, copies of references are 2. Clarity - easy for the receiver to grasp the
attached to the letter. meaning being conveyed
3. Conciseness - short; saying much in fewer
2) Reference to correspondence includes the type of words; using brief and to the point sentences
correspondence, file reference, office of origin, date 4. Completeness - message must bear all the
and subject. necessary information; should answer all the
questions and with facts and figures
e. Rules in Page Numbering 5. Consideration - demands to put oneself in the
place of receiver while composing a message
1) The first page is not numbered. The numbering 6. Concreteness - definite, vivid and specific
starts in the second page. rather than vague, obscure and general
2)The number is centered 2/4 inch from the bottom of 7. Courtesy - using polite words and gestures,
the page or set the Page Setup (in the File being appreciative, thoughtful, tactful, and showing
Command) margin footer to “8” as default, and then respect to the receiver; not only thinking about the
used the header and the footer in the view command reader but also valuing his feelings
to number your pages when using the computer
printer. DISPOSITION FORM
3) The number must stand itself. It must not be
marked with dashes, quotation marks or enclosed in Disposition Form (DF) is a type of correspondence
parenthesis. used within the offices of the headquarters of a unit.
- Its use is internal in the sense that it should
f. Rules on dividing paragraphs , sentences and never be used to communicate with other
words offices outside of the headquarters.

1) In dividing paragraphs between pages, there must 1. Usages - The DF is used for the following
be at least two (2) lines of the paragraph in each purposes:
page. a. request action, instruction, comment,
2) In dividing a sentence, there must be at least two opinions, etc.,
(2) words of the sentence in each page. b. make recommendations to higher authority,
3) A word must not be divided between two pages. c. give instructions,
d. transmit information, advice, order or policy,
3. THE COMPLEMENTARY ENDING – it is the e. trace action, check or follow-up
closing portion of the letter. It consists of all materials implementation of orders, and
found bellow the body. It must not appear alone in a f. record comments, actions, coordination,
separate paper without part of the body. At least lines recommendations including a brief or summary
of the last paragraph are carried at the last page. thereof, when the action taken or recommendation is
prepared for the information, notation, approval and/or
a. Authority Line or Command Line signature of the ff: CG, PAF; VC, PAF; and CAS, or in
case of PAF units, by the commander/chief of unit
1) It is the expression of the will of the commander. It concerned.
is used if the commander does not sign the letter and
only by officer duly authorized to do by the aid 2. Scope - The DF is used in informal
commander, usually to an individual or headquarters correspondence among:
under the same command. a. Staff divisions/directorates/ offices
2) It is not used when the following mandatory within this Headquarters
phrases are stated in the text of the letter. b. Staff directorates/ offices/ sections
within respective PAF command/field unit
a) The Commanding General directs headquarters
b) The Commanding General desires c. Staff offices/sections within respective
subordinate unit or squadron
3) It is typed in all capital letters, two (2) lines below d. In addition, a DF may be used by any
the last line of the body. The first word is aligned with staff division/offices of any headquarters to
the first word of the preceding paragraph. communicate with corresponding or counterpart staff
section/offices of subordinate units.
ONLY when the higher unit is:
b. Copy Furnished other Offices 1) Gathering data for studies and reports.
1) It indicates the Persons who are to be provided 2) Exercising staff supervision such as:
with the copies of the letter. interpreting plans and policies; furnishing assistance
2) It is typed two (2) lines immediately below the last in implementing command directives; or
line of the enclosures. If there is no enclosure, it is supervising the execution of command directives
typed two spaces after the last line of the signature particular to their line of duty.
line.
3. Restrictions - A DF is NOT used in
3) It is marked with an abbreviated of followed with a correspondence between:
colon (cf:). a. HPAF and PAF commands/ field units or vice-
versa (Wrong: From A-3 to WC, 220th HAW; CNAF
CHARACTERISTICS (7 C’s) to CO, EAABH, A-1 to WC, 520th ABW, etc).
b. PAF field units and another (Wrong: DC, 2AD
1. Correctness - use the right level of language; to DC, 3AD; WC, 205th AW to WC, ADW);
accuracy in stating facts and figures
c. HPAF and General headquarters or Hq major j. Signature - Only the last name of the
services and addressor is typed, printed or stamped, then centered
d. PAF command/field units and other major on the fifth line below the last line of the body. The
service units even if they belong to the same area or addressor signs above his typed last name.
location. (Wrong: DC, IIIAD to COMSOUTHCOM, Air
Compt Comdr to Comdr RECOM VI, etc.) 5. Inclosure - are shown at the left margin two
spaces below the typed signature and are listed as on
4. Format - Each separate statement or reply on the military letter.
a DF is known as "Comment". Comments will be
numbered consecutively beginning with number l. 6. Comments
Preparation of Comment Nr 1 - The words
a. Security classification - The security "Comment Nr_______" is printed on the form. When
classification is marked or stamped (not typed) in the no succeeding comments or repies are expected, the
space provided at the top right portion as well as the blank needs not be filled.
middle bottom portion of the form. Classified
documents shall be transmitted with an appropriate SUMMARY DISPOSITION FORM
security cover sheet.
Summary Disposition Form ask particularly for
b. File Nr. - File reference is written on space decisions, therefore, it is more applicably addressed
provided, and number is taken from respective offices to somebody (a commander or a head of an office or
reference codes and written consecutively with each a unit) who can make a decision. Because this is
subsequent DFs. made by a staff officer, subject to as staff study. This
is also called Staff DF or SDF.
c. Subject - The subject is entered in the space
provided. It is stated in as few words as possible, SDF then is written purposely to ask for an approval
normally not exceeding ten (10) words. The subject and secure the signature of the commander.
must be relevant to the comments in the
communication. Paragraph contents include the following:
SUMMARY – this portion may include a synopsis of
d. Addressee - the addressee is entered after the basic request, a statement of the problem, the
“TO". A DF is never addressed to a headquarters or facts or background of the subject and/or a concise
office but to the head of office or unit by his title. discussion of action taken to include pertinent laws,
Authorized abbreviations are used. regulations or precedents.

Carbon copy is made for each addressee, otherwise; COORDINATION – this will contain synopsis of the
only a maximum of three copies will be made. coordination made, paraphrasing the comments of the
staff action(s) concerned. When no coordination is
A DF may be addressed to the attention of an made (because it is not necessary) this section will be
individual, to the chief of a section/branch, or by the omitted and the RECOMMENDATION portion
use of its office with reference to the section/branch or becomes the section action, that is after the
by the use of its office symbols. The name will be SUMMARY portion.
used only when there exists a special reason for
calling the letter to the attention of the individual. RECOMMENDATION – this will state clearly and
concisely the specific action or actions recommended.
f. Date - The date is written in the space Alternative recommendations are not made.
provided. A DF should be timely, thus, the date
reflected should be the date a DF is dispatched. If a RADIO MESSAGE
DF is prepared for signature of the CG, VC, CAS, and
AA, it will not be dated until after they are signed. In
The first military communications involved the use
this case, SAS or AAO will stamp the date before
of runners or the sending and receiving of
dispatching the DF.
simple signals (sometimes encoded to be
unrecognizable). The first distinctive uses of military
g. Identification of Writer - The grade or title
communications were called "signals".
and name of the drafter, telephone number and
initials of the typist are blocked one space below the Military communications or military signals involve
"DATE". all aspects of communications, or conveyance
of information, by armed forces. Military
h. Body - The substance of the comment begins communications span from pre-history to the present.
two spaces after the identification line. If there are no The earliest military communications were delivered
references, start body of the letter with the number by humans on foot. Later, communications
"1". Indentions are similar to a military letter. Margin progressed to visual and audible signals, and then
on the left side of DF should be aligned with first letter advanced into the electronic age
of the addressee. Message is a written form of communication on its
briefest and concise manner. Our electrical
i. Command or Authority Line - As a general rule, transmission facilities must be reserved for urgent
no command line will be used. However, when the communications.
correspondence is signed for the commander or
head of a command, agency or office by an individual Radio Message is a thought or idea expressed in
authorized to do so, the phrase "BY ORDER OF brief, accurate and concise manner prepared in a
..........." or "FOR THE." may be used. prescribed format suitable for transmission by any
communication system. We should be aware that our represented by a series of letters or numbers or a
radio transmission facilities are reserved for urgent combination of both as a code.
communications.
CITE/ DIGIT/ ORIGINATOR/ NUMBER – It is the
Precedence – The assignment of precedence message control number that identifies what
designation is the responsibility of the sender or coordinating, special staff of the organization the
drafter. It is determine by the subject of the message message originated. It is consist of 8 to 9 digit
and the time factor involved. It is employed to indicate numbers.
the relative order in which a message of one The first digit represents the control number of the
precedence designation will be handled with respect coordinating staff that prepares the message like 1 or
to the other messages with different precedence 01 for A-1. The second two digit numbers represent
designations. the month of the year as 03 for March. The third digit
numbers represent the number of messages sent for
Precedence Designation indicated to: the month like 184th message for the month of March.
The last digit numbers will be the year the message is
a. The Originator – The required speed of delivery prepared.
to the address.
b. The Com Center Personnel – The relative order Message Control Message Control
of the handling and delivery. Number Staff Number Staff
c. The Addressee – The relative order in which to 1 A-1 16 AJA
act on the message. However, they have no 2 A-2 17 CSAF
direct effect on the time a reply must be sent. 3 A-3 18 CADS
4 A-4 20 CAC
TYPES OF PRECEDENCE AND SYMBOLS 5 A-5 21 DSS
GC,HSSG,
The AFP uses four (4) Precedence 6 A-6 22
HPAF
designations/prosign to prioritize the order of action 7 A-7 23
handling and delivery of messages in the 8 A-8 24 AFPM
organization.
9 AFCE 25
10 A-10 26 CSM
a. Flash (“Z”) – A precedence containing
11 A-11 27
information/ report of initial enemy contact or
operational combat report. It is the highest 12 SAS 28 C,OESPA
precedence designation given to a radio message. 13 AFSO 29 AFIG
14 PIO
b. Operational Immediate or Immediate (“O”) – A 15 AA
precedence designation reserved for messages
relating to situations which gravely affect the security Addressee – is the Command where the message is
of national/allied forces or populace which requires to be sent or the final destination of the radio
immediate delivery. Message of this precedence message.
should be sent within 30 minutes.
TWO (2) TYPES OF ADDRESSEE
c. Priority (“P”) – Reserve for messages requiring
expeditious action by the addresses and/or furnish a. Action Addressee – the command or
essential information in the conduct of operation in authority that take action on the message. It is always
progress. It is processed, transmitted and delivered in preceded by the proword “TO”.
the order received and ahead of messages of
ROUTINE precedence. It should be sent within 1 b. Information Addressee – the command or
hour. authority that is to be informed on the contents of the
radio message but not to take action. This is
d. Routine (“R”) – Reserved for all types of preceded by the proword “INFO”.
messages that justify transmission by rapid means.
Messages marked ROUTINE or “R” should be sent BODY OR TEXT – The thought or idea that the
within 24 hours. originator/drafter wishes to express. This is the major
portion of the radio message. There are “musts” that
DATE/TIME/INFO – This is provided to indicate the should be observed in writing the text of a radio
date and time the message is prepared by the drafter message.
through staff channels and ready for release. It
consists of six digits denotes the date, the second pair SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
the hour and the third pair the minutes. Communication security is a paramount concern of
every Commander. In sending a radio message, it is
MESSAGE LOCATOR – Space reserved to indicate the responsibility of the originator/sender to give
the branch of originating unit the radio message is appropriate security classification to the prepared
prepared with the initial of the clerk. message.

ROUTING INDICATOR – This space is ENCRYPTED FOR TRANSMISSION ONLY (EFTO)

reserved for the Com Center Personnel to indicate the – In the interest of transmission security, it is
teletype/ comcenter station the particular radio sometimes necessary to encrypt certain classified
message will pass through. Identity of the stations is messages to prevent disclosures of its textual
contents during electrical transmission through
interception. Such messages requiring this protection FORMAL REPORT – provides specific and detailed
will be designated EFTO. information. fact-finding, staff study

PURPOSE OF REPORT
CRYPTOGRAPHY is the study of methods of
converting messages into disguised, unreadable
PERFORMANCE REPORT - is a report on
information, unless one knows of the method of
the performance of something. They are routinely
decryption.
produced by government bodies which, being
financed by public money, are required to show that
Messages are either “CLASSIFIED” or the money was spent efficiently and usefully.
“UNCLASSIFIED” depending on the information
contained. FACT-FINDING - an inquiry or investigation
where information is procured (using tools such
a. UNCLASSIFIED – is routinely message that as questionnaires), verified, and assembled in
does not contain vital information even if intercepted a report, with or without the recommendations of the
will not in any way affect the interest and security of investigator
the nation. It is indicated by the proword
“UNCLASSIFIED” TECHNICAL REPORT - is a document that describes
the process, progress, or results of technical or
b. CLASSIFIED – is message in which the scientific research or the state of a technical or
handling is covered under AFPRG 200-93 scientific research problem. It might also include
(Safeguarding Military Information, Personnel and recommendations and conclusions of the research.
Equipment) Problem-Determining Report
Problem-Solution Report
Furthermore, classified messages are designated as
TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL and 4. IMPROTANCE & USES OF POR
RESTRICTED. 1. Basis for modification or rectification for the
next operations/mission of the same nature.
 TOP SECRET – are messages containing 2. Sources of information, record that may be
information or materials that unauthorized used by different echelons of organization.
disclosure could cause exceptionally grave 3. Feedback to responsible individuals especially
damage to the nation. Unit Commanders or Chief of Office as the basis for
 SECRET – are messages containing their intent recommendation and decision making.
information or materials that unauthorized
disclosure would endanger national security? QUALITIES OF A GOOD REPORT
 CONFIDENTIAL – are messages containing
information or materials that unauthorized ACCURACY – the quality or state of being correct or
disclosure will not endanger the security of the precise
nation. - Complete & Correct
 RESTRICTED – are messages containing - Ommission Vs Inclusion
information or materials requiring special - Sound Decision Based On Facts
protection other than those classified above.
CLARITY – Denotes Easy Understanding
POST OPERATION REPORT - Logically Outlined
- Keep Paragraphs Short
POST - is a prefix meaning “behind”, “after”, “later”, - Keep Sentences Short
“posterior”. It is the spot , or place to which a person - Keep Words Short
is appointed to or assigned that involves responsibility - Punctuate It Right
to perform duty. -
CONCISENESS – Saying Much In A Fewer Words.
OPERATION - Is an organized activity that involves a Means Short Or Brief
person or group of persons who were expected to - No Wordy Report
function and carry out assigned task to accomplish - Essential Only Please
the mission. - Avoid Irrelevant Ideas,
- Too Much Detail And Unnecessary Words
REPORT - a systematic presentation of ascertained -
facts about a specific event RESTRAINT – The Act Of Controlling Or Limiting
- Be Objective
POST OPERATION REPORT - is an organized - Present Findings In Conservative Manner
presentation of established facts that provides - Facts
detailed information about a specific event that has - No Prejudices
been already accomplished or completed as -
reference for decision making and follow-up actions. CONVENIENCE – The State Of Being Suitable Or A
Situation That Makes Something Easy
CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT: - Sequence Of Presentation
- Tables Shall Be Properly Referred To
INFORMAL REPORT – requires no in-depth
information; routine EFFECTS OF A POORLY-WRITTEN REPORT
MR, DPOR, WEEKLY & MONTHLY REPORTS - Poorly Written Report Hurt Your Credibility
 - Make Difficult To Accurately Identify Training environment or reduction of ability to perform
& Operational Needs prescribed function.
- Failure To Take Appropriate Follow-Up Action
Hazard Reporting- step towards accident/incident
PARTS & FORMAT OF POR prevention.
DISTINCT PART OF POR
- Resources (Men, Materials, Equipment) TYPES OF REPORTS
- Operations
- Losses/Casualties Flash Report – Informal report for the purpose of
- Problem Encountered immediate information to higher headquarters.
- RECOMMENDATION
Preliminary Report –Detailed info about the accident
Follow The Military Letter Format to reach HPAF within eight (8) hours after the
- Heading (Letterhead, Originating Office, Date, occurrence of the mishap.
Subject & Addressee)
- Body Incident Report – After incident report of the persons
- Close (Authentication) concerned from the start of the mission up to his
recovery phase. This is the vital part of the formal
report to assess what had happened in the
INCIDENT/ ACCIDENT REPORT occurrence of the incident.

Any particular event, activity or operation in military Formal Investigation Report – The complete
service has a certain built-in probability for an investigation of an aircraft accident/ incident to reach
accident or incident to occur. Accident/Incidents are HPAF within 30 days after the occurrence.\
like thieves in the night you might never know when
they strike. Most of the time accident/incidents bring Contents of Formal Investigation Report
adverse effects that can hamper the smooth operation
of the unit, starting at the damage they can cause to a. Narration of the accident
individual and to a large scale and to loss in b. Investigation and Analysis
resources they can hamper and bring down to military c. Findings
organization. d. Conclusion
e. Recommendation
An accident/ incident report contains a complete f. Attachments/ Annexes
investigation of an occurrence. This also contains
statements of the Commander to the find the primary Command Aircraft Accident Incident Investigation
factors and contributing factors that lead to accident Board (CAAIIB) Composition
or incident and find the way for investigation to create
investigating team. However, before a Final a. Chairman
Investigation Report can be prepared, a flash report, b. Investigating Officer
preliminary report or progress of accident/ incident is c. Medical Officer
first submitted to CG, PAF for information. d. Maintenance Officer
e. Member Recorder
Mishap – Misfortune involving aircraft and person that
does damage to both. Duties and Responsibilities of CAAIIB

Accident- An unforeseen event that could cause Chairman – Will preside and get the quorum and
injury to PAF personnel and/or damaged to property. disposition of the member
Investigating Officer- used info obtained from other
Incident- An unforeseen event that could have a board members (diagram of accident scene and
downgraded effect on the operational efficiency of the photographs consolidation of all reports)
unit.
Medical Officer - Medical Examiner/Flight Surgeon-
Destroyed - No further value beyond economical Life Sciences report of an individual involved in
repair an aircraft accident medical analysis (eg. Alcohol
Test, Drug Test , APE)
Hazard - Any event or situation that does no damage
or injury, but clearly has a potential damage or injury, Maintenance Member-
therefore, an accident or incident waiting to happen. - list of MOI, Checklist Technical Orders not complied
with, statement of aircraft damage, and material
Operational Hazard - Condition or act that affects or and maintenance analysis for narrative
may affect the safety of aircraft, vehicles, equipments description of the accident
and other government facilities to include our
personnel. Member Recorder secretariat flight record for each
pilot, statement of weather at the accident,
Hazard Identification - The process used to transcript of communication recording, witnesses
determine all possible situations, events, and and crew member statement
circumstances that may expose people to injury,
illness, disease, or death or may cause damage or
loss of equipment and property, or damage to the
Main reasons for reporting accident/incident OPLAN/OPORD

a. Is need to rapid notification to proper authority OPLAN/OPORD - A written master plan or a formal
that the mishap of stated proportion and impact has document which state the will of the Commander and
occur. the actions which will be required to his subordinate
b. Is the need to report the result of accident/ Commanders.
incident investigations as soon as an accident - A plan for operations extending over a
happens? considerable space & time.
c. It is need to report to use as reference to avoid
same precedence in the future How OPLAN & OPORD differ:
d. Reporting my eventually lead to accident and OPORD is:
incident prevention. 1. A directive for a specific operation in the immediate
or very near future.
Procedure on conducting investigation 2. Issued just prior to the action or implementation.
a. Get the big picture 3. The same format with that of OPLAN except that
b. Interview the most knowledgeable people “ASSUMPTIONS” are omitted.
c. Prepare the report 4. Maybe written, dictated, given orally or sent in
message form.
Introduction to investigation 5. Seldom used when an OPLAN is issued except
3 W Processes when the Commander desire after all the details of
1. What happened operational has been settled.
2. What cause it
3. What to do about it PARTS OF OPLAN/OPORD
1. HEADING - from Copy Nr to Reference
Phases of Investigation 2. BODY - from Task Organization to Command
and Signal
Board Organization 3. ENDING - from Acknowledgment Instructions to
- brief the board Distributions.
- break down into work groups
- assign the duties PARTS OF OPLAN/OPORD
HEADING:
Data Collection
- Photographic evidence 1. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION - shown at the top
- document the crash site and bottom on each page. Determined by W/C - 3.
- Interview witnesses
- Gather crew records (personnel, medical and 2. COPY NUMBER - reflect the number of copies
training) distributed. It is a tracing document.
- Gather maintenance records (logbook- 6 mo file)
-Form 78A 3. ISSUING UNIT - name of issuing Unit or
- Others (ATC transcripts, radar data, regulations) Headquarters.
- RSO Report
- SOF Report 4. PLACE OF ISSUE - name of places of issuing Unit.

Data Analysis TASK ORGANIZATIONS - indicates the lower Units

- what does the raw data prove, which is valid of the concerned organization which are directed to
- what other data is required execute/implement their specific tasks.
- establish chronology of events
- identify errors, failures, environmental factors SITUATION - provides information of the overall
-determine crash worthiness situation essential to subordinates Comdrs
- identify corrective actions understanding of the current situation.

Technical Report completion MISSION:

- review for errors - A clear and concise statement of the task to be
- assemble required no. of copies accomplished by the Command and its purpose. This
* channel copy to AFSO mission statement is derived from the situation. This
* Unit copy mission shall never have any sub-paragraph.

Qualities of an Investigator EXECUTION:

- An Open Mind A. Concept of Operation - Statement of the
-Capacity for Hard work Comdr’s visualization of the execution of an operation
-Common sense from start to completion and a detailed plan of the
-Integrity selected course of action to be accomplished.
-Keeping the faith
-Perseverance TASKS - statement of specific tasks or
-Technical knowledge responsibilities of subordinate Units in the execution
-Tact of the plan.
COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS - instructions
which applies to 2 or more tasked Units; used to
define function or specific tasks of the Commander’s
Coordinating/Special/Personal Staff.