ME 424B

MODULE 1:

SPUR GEAR N1 N2
1. Pitch line velocity, V V = π D1 N1 = D2 N2
2. Speed and diameter relation: D1 N1 = D2 N2
3. Speed and no. of teeth relation: T1 N1 = T2 N2
4. D and T relation: D1 / D2 = T1 / T2
5. Speed Ratio = Speed of Driver / Speed of driven
6. Center Distance: Pc
D  D2
A. When turning in opposite direction: C = 1
2 C
D 2  D1
B. When turning in the same direction or internal gear C =
2
T 25.4
7. DP = diametral pitch DP = DP =
D M Fr
where: D = pitch diameter, in T = no. of teeth
D 25.4
8. Module, M M = M = D = pitch diameter, mm Fn Ft
T DP N2
where: D = pitch diameter T = number of teeth N = speed N1
D 2C
9. Pc = circular pitch Pc = =
T T1  T2
10. The product of circular pitch and diametral pitch is equal to π.
Pc x DP = π
11. Dynamic forces on meshing gears:
A. P = 2  T N, KW B. T1 = Ft x r1
where: Ft = tangential force r1 = radius of driving gear
T1 = torque developed on driving gear Strength of Gear Teeth
C. Total load, Tangential load and separation load relation
Ft For ordinary industrialgears operatingat velocities :
Fn = Ft 2  Fr 2 Fn =
cos  S b Y  600 
where: Fn = total load or tooth pressure up to 2000 fpm Ft  w  
DP  600  v m 
between teeth Fr = resisting load or separation load
 = pressure angle For accurately cut gears operatingat velocities up to :
12. GEAR TOOTH PROPORTION TABLE S b Y  1200 
Gear Parts 14 ½ o 20o 4000 fpm Ft  w  
Addendum 1/DP 1/DP DP  1200  v m 
Dedendum 1.157/DP 1.25/DP For precisiongears cut with over 4000 fpm :
Working depth 2/DP 2/DP
Whole depth 2.157/DP 2.25/DP Sw b Y  78 
Clearance 0.157/DP 0.25/DP Ft    where : Y  Lewis form factor
DP  78  v m 
Backlash 0.141/DP 0.035/DP  
Outside Diameter (N + 2)/DP (N + 2)/DP b  face width DP  diametralpitch b  face width
Tooth thickness 1.5708/DP 1.5708/DP
S w  safe working stress v m  pitch line velocity
Where: DP = diametral pitch N = number of teeth

INSTRUCTION: Solve the following problems and show your solutios.

SPUR GEAR
1. Find the tooth thickness in mm of a 14.5 deg. Involute gear having a diametral pitch of 5.
2. A gear set having a gear ratio of 3 is to be used at a center distance of 12 inches. If the gear has 50 teeth, what
must be the circular pitch?
3. Compute the speed of the gear mounted in a 54mm diameter shaft receiving power from a prime motor with 250
hp.
4. Find the distance between centers of a pair of gears, one of which has 12 teeth and the other 35 teeth. The
diametral pitch is 7.
5. Two parallel shafts have an angular velocity ratio of 2 to 1 are connected by gears, the largest of which has 54
teeth. Find the number of teeth of smaller gear.
6. A spur pinion rotates at 1870 rpm and transmits to a mating gear 35 hp. The pitch diameter is 8 inches and the
pressure angle is 14 1/2. Determine the total load in lbs.
7. A spur pinion rotates at 1900 rpm and transmits to mating gear 30 HP. The pitch diameter is 4.5” and the
pressure angle is 14 1/2 . determine the tangential load in lbs.
8. Two idlers of 28 T and 26 T are introduced between the 24 T pinion with a turning speed of 450 rpm driving a
final 96T gear. What would be the final speed of the driven gear and its direction relative to the driving gear
rotation?
9. A spur pinion supported on each side by ball bearings rotates 1850 rpm and transmit to a mating gear at 25 Hp.
The pressure angle is 20 degrees and the pitch diameter is 5. Determine the tangential load in lbs.
10. The minimum clearance allowed for meshing spur gears with a circular pitch of 0.2 and diametral pitch of 20.
The spur gear has 25 teeth.

HELICAL GEARS

Helical
gear

nomenclature:

Relation of Angles:
DPc Pc T
1. DPn = 2. Pcn = 3. tann = tan cos 4. Tv =
cos  cos  cos3 

Relation of Forces:
2 2 2
5. Power = Ft V 6. Fa = Ft tan 7. Fr = Ft tan 8. Fn  Fr  Fa  Ft
Where: Fr = radial load Fa = axial load Ft = tangential load Fn = total load

Sw f Y  78 
9. Strength of Helical Gears Ft =  
P  78  V 
F = 2 Pa where: Pa = axial pitch = Pcn / sin
0.05V(C f cos2   Ft ) cos 
10. Dynamic Load on Helical Gears Fd = Ft +
0.5V  C f cos2   Ft

where: V = pitch line velocity = DN, fpm

 = helix angle Pc = circular pitch Pcn = normal circular pitch
 = pressure angle n = normal pressure angle f = face width, in
DP = diametral pitch DPn = normal diametral pitch T = number of teeth
Tv = virtual number of teeth Y = form factor based on the virtual number of teeth Sw =
safe working stress, psi C = a factor dependent upon machining errors
 V = pitch line velocity, fpm

WORM GEAR
1. A work rotating at 1150 rpm drives a worm gear. The velocity ratio is 15 to 1. A 12 hp motor is used to supply
the worm with worm pitch gear diameter of 3 in. Find the tangential force on the worm.
2. A double thread worm gear has a pitch of 1 1/8 and a pitch diameter of 3 in. It has a coefficient of friction of
0.20 and normal angle (pressure angle) of 14.5 o. The worm is supplied by 15 hp at 1250 rpm motor. Find the
tangential force on the gear. The worm is left hand threads.
3. A single worm gear has a pitch diameter of 3 in and a pitch of 1 in with coefficient of friction of 0.21. The
normal angle is 14.5 degrees with tangential force on gear of 1000 lbs. Find the separation force on gear and worm
considering a left hand threads.
4. A double thread worm gear has a lead angle of 8.5 degrees and pitch radius of 2 ½ in. Find the pitch of the
worm.
5. A triple thread worm gear has a helix angle of 80 degrees. It has a pitch of ¾ in. Find the pitch diameter of the
gear.

WORM GEARS

Worm gears are used where high speed ratios(10:1) and above are desired.

Worm Gear Nomenclature

1. Linear pitch, p = distance between adjacent threads
Dg
2. Pc = circular pitch of the gear Pc = 
Tg
Dg
3. Pitch of worm = Circular pitch of gear p = Pc =
Tg
Nw Tg
4. Speed ratio = 
Ng Number of threads on worm
Note: No. of threads on the worm is equal to 1 for single threaded and 2 for double threaded.

5. Tangential velocity of worm, vwt = π Dw Nw

6. Linear velocity of worm, vwL = Nw L

7. Tangential velocity of gear, vg = π Dg Ng

8. But: vwL = vg , therefore Nw L = π Dg Ng

9. Lead, L - the distance from any point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next turn of
the same thread.
Lead angle - the angle between the tangent to the pitch helix and the plane of rotation.
 Lead L = p (for single thread) = 2p ( for double thread) = 3p (for triple thread)
Dw  Dg
10. Center Distance, C C
2
Where: Dw = pitch diameter of the worm Dg = pitch diameter of the gear
Ng = speed of gear Nw = speed of worm Tw = number of teeth of worm
Tg = number of teeth of gear vw = tangential velocity of worm
Vg = tangential velocity of gear vwL = linear velocity of worm

Lead  Dw
11. Relation of angles: tan x = tan = where:  = 90o - x
Dw Lead
   tan n
tann = tan (cos x) tan  
 2  tan x
where: x = lead angle of worm  = pressure angle   face angle (usually60o )
n = normal pressure angle = 14.5o if not given  = helix angle of worm
Note: lead angle of worm = helix angle of gear
tan x(cos n  f tan x )
12. Efficiency of Worm gear: e =
cos n tan x  f
To maximize efficiency, tan x  1 f 2  f

13. Power transmitted: Pw = power of worm = 2 π Tw Nw = W t vw

Pg = power of gear = 2 π Tg Ng = Pw e = Ft vg

2 Tw
14. Tangential force on worm, W t: Tw  Wt (Dw / 2) or Wt 
Dw
2Tg
15. Tangential load on gear, Ft: Tg  Ft (Dg / 2) or Ft 
Dg
e cos  cos x  f sin x
or Ft  Wt  Wt
tan x cos  sin x  f cos x
Ft (sinn )
16. Separation Load, S: S 
cos n cos x  f sin x
2 2
17. Total Force of resultant force: Fn  Ft  Wt  S2
18. Strength of Worm Gear
Note: The worm gear is weaker than the worm, therefore the design for strength is based on the
worm gear.
S w f Y  1200 
Tangential Load on the gear: Ft =  
DP  1200  V 
where: Ft = tangential pitch line load on the gear Sw = safe stress, Table 12-2
f = face width Y = form factor, Table 11-2
V = pitch line velocity of the gear, fpm DP = diametral pitch
D w  2 add
f = face width =
2
where: add = addendum = 1/DP

HELICAL GEAR
1. A 24-tooth helical gear has a pitch diameter of 10 in. Find the diametral pitch of the gear.
2. A 25 –tooth helical gear having a pitch diameter of 7 has a helix angle of 20 degrees. Find the circular pitch in a
plane normal to the teeth.
3. A helical gear having a helix angle of 25o and pressure angle of 20o. Find the pressure angle normal to the teeth.
4. A 65 hp motor, running at 450 rpm is geared to a pump by means of helical gear having a pinion diameter of 8 in.
Find the tangential force of the gear.
5. A helical gear having 24 teeth and pitch diameter of 5 in. Find the normal diametral pitch if helix angle is 22
degrees.
 BEVEL GEAR

Bevel gears - are used to connect intersecting shafts, usually at right angle.

1. Number of teeth and Speed relation T1 N1 = T2 N2

2. Speed and Diameter relation: D1 N1 = D2 N2
3. Angle between shafts, θ   p   g
where:  p = pitch angle of the pinion  g = pitch angle of the gear
4. Speed and Angle relation: Ng sin  g = Np sin  p

sin  sin 
5. Angle of Gear: tan g  6. Angle of Pinion: tan p 
Ng Np
 cos   cos 
Np Ng

6. If the shafts are right angle (90o) or θ = 90o if not given

Np Ng
A. tan g  B. tan p 
Ng Np
7. Face Angle
Addendum (2 sin g )
A. Face angle of Gear,  g : g =  g +  a where: tan a 
Dg
Addendum (2 sin p )
B. Face angle of Pinion p : p =  p +  a where: tan a 
Dp
8. Cutting Angle:
Dedendum (2 sin g )
A. Cutting angle of Gear  g :  g =  g -  d where: tan d 
Dg
Dedendum (2 sin p )
B. Cutting angle of Pinion p : p =  p -  d where: tan d 
Dp
9. Power Transmitted: P = 2 π T N
10. Torque transmitted by bevel gear: T  Ft (R)  Ft (Dp / 2)
11. Dynamic Load on Gear:
2T
A. Tangential Force, Ft Ft  B. Radial Force, Fr Fr  Ft tan n cos p
Dp

C. Axial Force, Fa Fa  Ft tan n sin p D. Resultant Force, Fn Fn  Fr 2  Fa2  Ft 2

12. Strength of Gear Teeth
S fY f f 2   78 
Ft  w 1   2   
DP  L 3L   78  V 
Where: Sw = working stress f = face width DP diametral pitch Y = form factor
V = pitch line velocity L = distance from the point of shafts axis intersection to the outermost point of
contact of gears.
BEVEL GEAR
1. A 20o full depth straight tooth gear has a face width of 3 ¾ in and a pitch diameter of 10 in with cone pitch angle
of 37.5o. Find the mean diameter.
2. A straight tooth bevel gear has a face width of 4” and a pitch diameter of 10 in with cone pitch angle of 40o. If
the torque on the gear is 8000 in-lb, what is the tangential force on the gear?
3. A pair of straight tooth bevel gear connect a pair of shafts 90 o. The velocity ratio is 4 to 1. What is the cone
pitch angle of smaller gear?
4. A spiral bevel pinion with a left hand spiral rotates clockwise transmits power to a mating gear with speed ratio
of 3 to 1. Determine the pitch angle of the pinion.
5. A spiral bevel pinion with a left hand spiral transmits 5 hp at 1250 rpm to a mating gear. The mean diameter of
the pinion is 3 in. Find the tangential force at the mean radius of the gear.
6. A pair of 4-pitch, 14.5o, involute bevel gear have 2:1 reduction. The pitch diameter of the driver is 1 0 in and
face width of 2.5 in. Determine the face angle of pinion. (Shafts at right angle)

MODULE 2:
BELTS
FLAT BELT

1. For Open Belt Connection:

A. Pulley diameter and speed relation:

D1 N1 = D2 N2
(D2  D1)2
B. Belt length: L = 1.57(D2  D1)  2C 
4C
C. Angle of contact:
 R  R1  D2  D1
 =   2sin-1  2  , radians  =   , radians
 C  C
Note: Use + sign for larger pulley Use - sign for smaller pulley

2. For Crossed Belt Connection

A. Pulley diameter and speed relation: D1 N1 = D2 N2

B. Belt Length: L = 1.57 (D2 + D1) + 2C +

D2  D12
4C
where: L = length of belt D1 = diameter of smaller pulley
D2 = diameter of larger pulley R = radius of larger pulley
r = radius of smaller pulley  = arc of contact, radians
C = center distance

C. Angle of contact:
 R  R1  D2  D1
 =  + 2sin-1  2  , radians  =  + , radians
 C  C
3. Belt Tension
F1
A. If Centrifugal Tension is Neglected = ef 
F2
where: F1 = tension in tight side F2 = tension in slack side f = coefficient of friction
 = arc of contact, rad

The maximum tension on belt is: F1 = Fmax = Sd (b t)

where Sd = belt’s design stress = 400 e, psi

e = joint efficiency (1.0 for cemented joint, 0.88 for wirelace ends, 0.35 ends joined by metal hooked)

F1  Fc
B. If Centrifugal Tension is Considered = ef 
F2  Fc

where: Fc = centrifugal tension = 12wbtv2/g w = belt weight, lb/in3

b = belt width, in t = belt thickness, in v = belt velocity, ft/sec

C. Net belt pull (tangential force on pulley), F F = F1 - F 2

F1
D. Stress in Belt: Sw = where: Sw = working stress = 300 psi for leather belts
bt

E. Power Transmitted and Torque Relation by Belt:

T = (F1 - F2) r = F x r P = 2TN, Kw
where: P = power, KW T = torque, KN-m N = speed, rps

F. Horsepower transmitted and stress relation

(F1  F2 )v
P = , hp
550

 550 (Hp)   ef  
bt =    f 
 v(Sw  12wv / g)   e  1
2

V-BELT
(D  d)2
A. Belt Length L = 1.57(D + d) + 2C +
4C

b  b2  32(D  d)2
B. Center Distance C =
16

(D  d)60
C. Arc of contact on small sheave  = 180 
C
where: L = pitch length of belt C = center distance D = pitch diameter
d = pitch diameter of large sheave b = 4L - 6.28(D + d)

BELTS
1. Find the angle of contact on the small pulley for a belt drive with center distance of 78 inches if pulley
diameters are 6 in. and 12 in., respectively.
2. Determine the belt length of an open belt to connect the 6 cm and 12 cm diameter pulley at a center distance of
80 cm.
3. A 12 cm pulley turning at 650 rpm is driving a 20 cm pulley by means of belt. If total belt slip is 5%,
determine the speed of driving gear.
4. The torque transmitted in a belt connected 300 mm diameter pulley is 5 KN.m. Find the power driving the pulley
if belt speed is 25 m/sec.
5. A 3/8 inch flat belt is 12 inches wide and is used on 25 inches diameter pulley rotating at 650 rpm. The specific
weight of belt is 0.035 lb/in3. The angle of contact is 150 degrees. If coefficient of friction is 0.3 and stress is 300
psi, how much power can it deliver?
6. A belt connected pulleys has 10 cm diameter and 30 cm diameter. If center distance is 60 cm, determine the
angle of contact of smaller pulley.

MODULE 3:

BRAKES
Brake - is a device which is used to regulate or stop the motion of a body.

A. Simple Band Brake:

F1
Tension in the band =  e f
F2
where: F1 = force on tight side F2 = force on slack side f = coefficient of friction
 = angle of contact, rad

B. Brake Torque Developed:

T = (F1 - F2)r
where: T = brake torque r = radius of friction surface on the drum
C. Actuating Force Required: (by taking moment about the pivot point)
Fa = a F 2 / L
D. Maximum Unit Pressure:
F1 2 F1
Pmax = 
wr wD
where: w = width of the band D = diameter of drum = 2 r
E. Stress in band:
F
S = 1
wt
where: t = thickness of the band

F. Differential Band Brake

 F2 (a )  F1(b )
By taking moment about the pivot point: Fa =
L

G. Self-Locking Differential Band Brake:

A differential band brake is self-locking when Fa is zero or negative.

H. Block Brake (Valiance p 364)

1. Single Block
4fFr r sin( / 2) Pmax wr
T = f Fr h T = Fr = (  sin )
  sin  2
where:
T = braking torque Fr = radial force between the drum and each shoe
f = coefficient of friction h = effective moment arm of the friction force
r = radius of the friction surface of the drum  = angle of contact
Pmax = maximum normal pressure between block and drum
w = axial width of block
I. Heat Dissipated in Brakes (Valiance p 374)
H = f Fr V
where: H = heat dissipated f = coefficient of friction Fr = radial force V = surface velocity

J. For Brake used in lowering of a weight:

H = Wh
where: W = weight lowered h = total distance traveled

BRAKE
1. A brake has a difference in band tension of 4 KN. The drum diameter is 1.5 meter and rotating at 300 rpm.
Determine the power needed to drive the drum.
2. In a brake, the tension on tight side is thrice the slack side. If coefficient of friction is 0.35, find the angle of
contact of the band.
3. On a brake drum the difference in tension between the slack side and tight side is 4. If the ratio in band tension is
2.5, determine the tension in tight side.
4. A steel band have a maximum tensile stress of 65mpa and thickness of 4 mm. If the tension in tight side is 6 KN,
what width of band should be used?
5. A band brake has a straight brake arm of 1.5 m and is placed perpendicular to the diameter bisecting the angle of
contact of 270 degrees which is 200 mm from the end of slack side. If 250 N force is applied at the other end
downward of brake arm, determine the tension at slack side.
6. A band brake has a 76 cm diameter drum sustains a load of 2 Mton to a hoisting drum 50 cm in diameter.What is
the band tension difference?
MODULE 4:
CLUTCH
Clutch - is a machine member which is used to connect
shafts so that the driven shaft will rotate with
the driving shaft, and to disconnect them at will.
Single Plate of Disc Clutch
A. Power transmitted: P = 2 T N T = n f F a rf
I
B. Clutch Starting Torque, T T Where:  = angular acceleration,
g
where: I = inertia T = torque transmitted
n = number of pairs of mating friction surfaces = (np – 1)
f = coefficient of friction Fa = axial load
rf = mean friction radius np = number of plates or disc
C. Mean frictional Radius, rf
For uniform pressure disc clutch:

2  R3  r 3  1  D3  d3  Fa
rf =     Pmax 
3  R2  r 2  3  D2  d2   2
(D  d2 )
4
For uniform wear clutch worm clutch:
Rr Dd Fa
rf =  Pmax 
2 4 (d / 2)(D  d)
D. Bearing Pressure on the jaw faces: Pb = Fb / Ab
Where: Fb = bearing force = 2T/Dm
Ab = bearing area = t h nj
Where: t = axial length h = jaw height nj = no. of jaws

Cone clutch:
A. Power: P = 2TN
F fr
B. Torque: T = a f
sin 
C. Fe = force needed to engage cone clutch
Fe = Fn ( sin  + f cos  )
Fa
D Fn = normal Force =
sin 
E. Pn = Fn / An where: An = normal area = π Dm b
Dd
Where: Dm = mean diameter =
2
Dd
b
2 sin 

CLUTCH
1. A cone clutch has an angle of 12o and coefficient of friction of 0.42. Find the axial force required if the
capacity of the clutch is 8 KW at 550 rpm. The mean diameter of the active conical sections is 300 mm. Use
uniform wear method.
2. How much torque can a cone clutch transmit if the angle of the conical elements is 10 degrees. The mean
diameter of conical sections is 250 mm and an axial force of 600 N is applied. Consider a coefficient of friction of
0.45.
3. A clutch has an outside diameter of 8 in and inside diameter of 4 in. An axial force of 550 lb is used to hold the
two parts together. If friction is 0.4, how much torque can the clutch handle?
4. A disc clutch has 8 pairs of contacting friction surfaces. The frictional radius is 2 in and the coefficient of
friction is 0.30. An axial force of 120 lb acts on the clutch. The shaft speed is 400 rpm. What is the power
transmitted by the clutch?
5. A cone clutch has cone elements at an angle of 12o. The clutch transmit 20 HP at a speed of 1250 rpm. The
mean diameter of the conical friction section is 16 in and the coefficient of friction is 0.35. Find the axial force
needed to engage the clutch.

MODULE V:
ROLLER CHAIN AND SPROCKET
Are used in transmitting power from one shaft to another shaft that are
parallel. It could be single or multiple strand.
A. Roller Chain Designation: RCXY ---- RC means Roller Chain. X means
one or two-digit no. that shows the number 1/8” in the chain pitch. Y means (Y
= 0 for chains of usual proportion, Y = 1 for lightweight chain, Y = 5 for roller-
less bushing chins.
Example RC40 has X = 4, therefore the pitch p = 4/8 = ½ inch.
2/3
 900 
B. Estimation Formula for the Chain Pitch. p   
 , inch
 N1 
where: p = pitch, N = speed
C. Sprocket Teeth in terms of Sprocket Bore:
4d
1. For RC with pitches up to 1 inch: Tmin  5
p
d  bore
4d
2. For RC with pitches 1 ¼” to 2 ½” Tmin  4
p
4d
3. For a silent chain Tmin  6
p
Where: d = bore, inches p = pitch

FORMULAS:
1. θ = angle between two adjacent teeth of sprocket θ = 360O / T
 P
2. Pitch diameter , D D 
 180 
sin  
 T 
3. Pitch line velocity, v v = π D N = p (t)(N)
Where: p = pitch N = speed
d = pitch diameter of smaller sprocket D = pitch diameter of larger sprocket
T = number of teeth of larger sprocket t = number of teeth of smaller sprocket
θ = angle between two adjacent teeth of sprocket
4. Power transmitted, P P = Fv P = 2πTN
Where: F = force v = velocity T = torque N = speed
T  t (T  t ) 2
5. Length of Chain, L in pitches L  2C   Where: C = center distance, in pitches
2 40 C
p 
6. Center Distance, C C 2 L  T  t  (2 L  T  t )3  0.81(T  t )2 
8  
7. Average good center distance (Standard)
d
C  D  , inches 
D  d / 2 , pitches
2 p
9. Horsepower Capacity of Roller Chain:
A. Based on link plate fatigue strength. hp / strand  0.004 (T1)1.08 (N1)0.9 (p)(30.07p)
pV  V 
B. Silent Chain hp / inch of width  1  
53  425(T1  8) 
Design hp
Width of chain, b =
hp / inch of width

ROLLER CHAINS
1. A chain and sprocket has 20 teeth with chain pitch of 1/2 in. Find the pitch diameter of sprocket.
2. A chain and sprocket has 24 teeth with chain pitch of ½ in. If the sprocket turns at 650 rpm, find the speed of
chain.
3. A chain and sprocket has a pitch diameter of 10 in and a pitch of ¾ in. How many teeth are there in
sprocket?
4. A chain and sprocket has a pitch diameter of 30 in and there are 90 teeth available. Find the pitch of the chain.
5. A fan require at least 5.5 hp to deliver 18,000 CFM of air running at 350 rpm. For a service factor of 1.15, find
the designed horsepower of the sprocket.
6. A 20-tooth driving sprocket that rotates at 650 rpm and pitch chain of ½ in drives a driven sprocket with a speed
of 250 rpm. Find the diameter of the driven sprocket.

MODULE 6:
BEARING
lb  sec dyne  sec
A. Units of Viscosity: 1 reyn = 1 2
1 poise = 1
in cm2
B. Sliding Bearings:
Dd
Cd = diametral clearance = D - d Cr = radial clearance =
2
Cd D  d
C. Diametral Clearance Ratio = 
D D
where: p = unit loading or bearing pressure = F/LD e = eccentricity
e = radial distance between center of bearing and the displaced center of the journal
D = diameter (bore) of the bearing d = diameter of the journal
L = axial length of the journal inside the bearing F = radial load
 un
Bearing Modulus = where: u = viscosity in reyns n = speed in rps p = unit loading, psi
p
D. Frictional torque in bearings (Vallance p 231) Tb = F fb D/2
4u 2 r 3 Ln s
Petroff’s equation for frictional torque (Faires p 302) Tf =
Cr
where: Tf = frictional torque, in-lb u = viscosity, reyns (Fig. AF 16, p 595)
r = journal radius, in L = axial length of bearing, in
ns = journal speed, rps Cr = radial clearance, in
ChLD
Heat dissipation in journal bearings (Valiance p 240) H
778
where: H = heat dissipated in Btu/min
Ch = heat dissipation coefficient, of projected area, ft-lbs/min-in2
L = length of bearing, in D = diameter of bearing, in
E. Ball and Roller Bearings
1. Bearing Sizes and Designation
Example of bearing designation: SAE or IS 314 is 300 series, No.14
2. Tabulated data on ball and roller bearings: Vallance: Table 9-2 p 206
3. Bearing Capacity based on stresses (Vallance p 205)
k nD2 k nLD
Fr = 1 ( for ballbearings) Fr = 2 (for roller bearings)
5 5
where: Fr = total radial load, lbs n = number of balls or rollers
D = ball diameter or roller diameter, in L = length of rollers, in
k1 = 550 for unhardened steel = 700 for hardened carbon steel
= 1000 for hardened alloy steel on flat races = 1500 for hardened carbon steel
= 2000 for hardened alloy steel on grooved races
k2 = 7000 for hardened carbon steel = 10,000 for hardened alloy steel
4. Radial Load Catalog Capacities of Ball and Roller Bearings (Vallance: pp 207-213)
5. Tabulated catalog capacities of ball and roller bearings: Table 9-7, p 212 and Table 9-8, p 213
Fc = (ka k1)ko kp ks kt Fr
where: Fc = Catalog rating of bearing, lb (tables 9-7 and 9-8)
Fr = actual radial load on the bearing, lb Ha = desired life of bearing, hrs of use
Hc = catalog rated life of bearing, hr
ka = application factor taking into account the amount of shock (Table 9-4)
Ha
k1 = 3 , the life factor where: ko = oscillation factor = 1.0 for constant rotational speed of
HcK rel
the races = 0.67 for sinusoidal oscillations of the races
kp = preloading factor = 1.0 for non-preloaded ball bearings and straight roller bearings
kr = rotational factor = 1.0 for bearings with fixed outer races and rotating inner races
K N
krel = reliability factor, Table 9-3 ks = 3 r a , the speed factor
Nc
kt = thrust factor = 1.0 if there is no thrust-load component

BEARING:
1. The main bearing of a one cylinder steam are 159 mm diameter by 380 mm long and support a load of 4400 kg.
Find the bearing stress.
2. A bearing 170 mm diameter and 300 mm long supports a load of 5000 kg. If coefficient of friction is 0.18, find
the torque required to rotate the shaft.
3. A bearing journal rotates at 460 rpm is use to support a load of 55 KN. It has a diameter of 20 cm and length of
40 cm. Find the friction loss in kw per bearing. Use f = 0.12.
4. A bearing has a per unit load of 650 Kpa. The load on bearing is 20 KN and it has a diametral ratio of
0.0012. If diametral clearance is 0.120 mm, find the length of journal.
5. A bearing whose shaft rotates at 500 rpm, has a friction loss of 25 KW. The bearing load is 30 KN and
friction of 0.14. Find the bearing diameter.