1. What do you mean by quasi static process?

The process is said to be quasi – static, it should proceed infinitesimally slow and follows
continuous series of equilibrium states. Therefore, the quasi static, it should proceed
infinitesimally slow and follows continuous series of equilibrium states.Therefore, the quasi
static process may be an reversible process.
2. What is the difference between a closed system and open systems?
Closed systems
When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as
closed system.
Example: Piston and cylinder arrangement.
Open Systems
When a system has both mass and energy transfer it is called as open system.
Example: Air Compressor.
3. In a cyclic process, heat transfers are + 14.7 kJ, – 25.2 kJ, – 3.56 kJ and + 31.5 kJ. What
is the net work for this cyclic process?

4. A pump discharges a liquid into a drum at the rate of 0.032 m3/s. The drum, 1.50 m in
diameter and 4.20 m in length, can hold 3000 kg of the liquid. Find the density of the
liquid and the mass flow rate of the liquid handled by the pump.

5. Derive an equation for SFEE. 6 Marks

Assumptions made for steady flow process
1. The mass flow rate into and out of the control volume does not vary with time.
2. The rates at which heat Qand work W shaft cross the control surface (CS) remain constant.
 3. The state of the mass at every point within the control volume (CV) does not vary with
time.

Let us see here the following figure, where high pressure fluid enters at inlet 1-1 and low
pressure fluid leaves the turbine at its outlet section i.e. 2-2.

6. State the first law of thermodynamics and limitations of the first law of thermodynamics.
First of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process the net heat
transfer is equal to work transfer.

Limitation
1. Quality
2. Direction
7. 0.35 m3 of air at 22oC and under atmospheric pressure is heated under constant volume at a
temperature of 100oC. Assume Cp = 1 KJ / KgK and Cv = 0.7 KJ/Kgk. Find 1.Mass, 2. The
final pressure, 3. Heat transfer, 4. Change in internal energy and work done. 10 Marks
Process : Constant Volume
Work done = 0
Pressure volume and temperature relation for Constant volume process is
P1/T1 =P2/T2
 PV = MRT
1.01325 *105*0.35=m *300*295
m = 0.4kg
1.01325 *105/295 = P2/373
P2 = 1.28bar
Internal Energy
∆U = mCV(T2-T1)
=0.4*0.7*(373-295)
= 21.84kJ. = Q
8. Define the thermal efficiency of a heat engine cycle. Can this be 100%?

Heat Engine is a device which working in a cycle converts energy in form of heat into work - Heat
engines convert heat to work
Efficiency of Heat engine = net workoutput / Heat supplied.
NO, because without the cooling in condenser the cycle cannot be completed
- Every heat engine must waste some energy by transferring it to a low-temperature
reservoir in order to complete the cycle, even in idealized cycle
9. Can you use the same plant as a heat pump in winter and as refrigerator in summer? Explain
In the summer season the evaporator acts as the cooling coil. The air flows over it, gets cooled
and it is supplied to the room for producing the cooling effect. The heat absorbed by the air in the
room is thrown to the external atmosphere via the condenser. This is the normal working of the
window air conditioner.
10. What are the 2 – statements of 2nd law of thermodynamics? Show that the 2-statements are
equivalent. 2 Marks

Kelvin Planck Statement

It is impossible to construct an engine to work in a cyclic process process whose sole effect is to
convert all the heat supplied into an equivalent work.
Clausius statement
It is impossible to construct a device to work in cyclic process whose sole effect is the transfer
heat from a body at a lower temperature to a higher temperature.
equivalence of two statements of 2nd law of thermodynamics. 4 Marks
The Kelvin’s and Clausius’s statements of the second law are equivalent. i.e. if we violate
Kelvin’s statement, then we will automatically violate the Clausius’s statement of the second
law (and vice-versa)
A heat pump which requires no work and transfers an amount of Q2 from a low temperature to a higher
temperature reservoir (violation of the Clausius statement)
W = Q1 –Q2; Since, there is no heat interaction with the low temperature, it can be eliminated
The combined system constitutes a device which transfers heat from low temperature reservoir to high
temperature without any work from external agency, which is the violation of the Clausius statement
11. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfer from the heat engine and from the heat
pump is used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of building. The efficiency of the heat
engine is 27% and COP of the heat pump is 4. (i)Draw the heat diagram of the arrangement and (ii)
evaluate the ratio of heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.

Given data:
H.E = 27%
COPH.E = 4
 Heat pump

12. What are the causes of entropy increase? 2 Marks

Several factors affect the amount of entropy in a system. If you increase temperature, you increase
entropy.
(1) More energy put into a system excites the molecules and the amount of random activity.
(2) As a gas expands in a system, entropy increases.

13. Why is carnot cycle on Ts plot a rectangle?

Carnot cycle consists of four processes
1. reversible isothermal expansion process
2. reversible adiabatic expansion process or isentropic expansion.
3. reversible isothermal compression process
4. reversible adibatic compression process
 1&3 are having constant temperature and are parallel lines 2&4 are having constant entropy
and are parallel lines. That is why we get rectangle when we represent the Carnot cycle on T-S
diagram.
14. Write short notes on available energy and unavailable energy.
Available energy (AE) – Part of the low grade energy available for conversion into work.
Un available Energy – Part of the low grade energy which must be rejected to environment and
can not be converted into shaft work.
Heat supplied Q1 = AE +AE
Wmax = AE
Maximum work can be obtained from ideal
Effiency = 1 – T1/T2
T1 = Higher temperature (source temperature)
T2 – Lower temperature (sink temperature)
15. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5MPa, 0.2m3 to 0.05m3 according to
the law pv1.3 = Constant. Determine the change in enthalpy, internal energy and entropy and heat
transfer and work transfer during the process.
h = u+pv
Differentiate
dh = du + pdv + vdP
du = dh-Pdv-vdp
From the first law of thermodynamics
Q = W+U
S = Q/T
Tds= pdv+du
Tds = pdv+dh-pdv-vdp
Tds = dh -vdp
 Change in enthalpy = 223.3kJ

Change in Internal Energy =

171.77.3kJ

16. State Carnot’s theorem. And

state the Corollaries of Carnot
theorem. 6 Marks
Statement
“It states that of all engines operating between a given constant temperature source and a given constant
temperature sink, none has a higher efficiency than a reversible engine”.
Corollaries
1. All reversible Engine operating between the two constant temperature thermal reservoirs have
the same efficiency.
2. The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two thermal reservoirs does not
depend on nature of working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoir.
17. Air in a closed vessel of fixed volume of 0.15 m 3, exerts pressure of 12 bar at 250 °C. If the
vessel is cooled so that the pressure falls to 3.5 bar. Determine the final temperature, heat
transfer and change of entropy. 12 Marks

Process : Constant Volume

Work done = 0
Pressure volume and temperature relation for Constant volume process is
P1/T1 =P2/T2
PV = MRT
12 *105*0.15=m *287*523
 m = 1.2kg
12*105/523 = 3.5*105/T2
T2 = 152.5K
Internal Energy
∆U = mCV(T2-T1)
=1.2*0.7*(523-152.5)
= 311.22kJ = Q
18. What is wet bulb temperature.

It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer When its bulb is covered with wet cloth
and exposed to a current rapidly moving air.It is denoted by tw.
19. What is Humidification? 2 Marks
Process of adding moisture in the air
19. Explain the Vapour compression refrigeration system with neat sketch?

The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is based on a circulating fluid media, viz, a refrigerant
having special properties of vaporizing at temperatures lower than the ambient and condensing back
to the liquid form, at slightly higher than ambient conditions by controlling the saturation temperature
and pressure. Thus, when the refrigerant evaporates or boils at temperatures lower than ambient, it
extracts or removes heat from the load and lower the temperature consequently providing cooling. The
super-heated vapour pressure is increased to a level by the compressor to reach a saturation pressure
so that heat added to vapour is dissipated/ rejected into the atmosphere, using operational ambient
conditions, with cooling medias the liquid from and recycled again to form the refrigeration cycle.
The components used are:
1. Evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser and receiver
4. Throttling device
20. A vapour compression refrigerator works between the pressure limits of 60 bar and 25
bar. The working fluid is just dry at the end of compression and there is no under cooling of
the liquid of the liquid before the expansion valve. Determine 1.COP of the cycle 2.capacity of
the refrigerator if the fluid flow is at the rate of 5 kg/min. 12 Marks
Pressure Temperat Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg K)
(bar) ure (K) Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
60 295 151.96 293.29 0.554 1.0332
25 261 56.32 322.58 0.226 1.2464
Given:
P2=p3=60 bar; p1=p4=25 bar; T2=T3=295 K, T1=T4 = 261K; hf3=h4=151.96 KJ/Kg K;
Sf1=0.226 KJ/KgK; Sg2=S2=1.0332 KJ/Kg K; Sg1=1.2464 KJ/KgK
1. C.O.P. of the cycle
The T-s and p-h diagrams are shown in Fig 4.5 (a) and (b respectively.

Let x1=Dryness fraction of the vapor refrigerant entering the compressor at point 1.
We know that entropy at point 1.
s s f x s fg s f x( sg s f ) where sg s f s fg )
0.226 x1 (1.24640.226) 0.2261.0204x1 ....(i)
And entropy at point 2, S2 = Sg 2 = 1.0332 KJ KgK Given
Since the entropy at point 1 is equal to entropy at point 2, therefore equaling equations (i) and (ii)
x1 =0.791
h1 = hf1+x1hfg1
=56.32+0.791(322.58-56.32)=266.93KJ/Kg
C.O.P of the cycle
ℎ −ℎ
= ℎ1 −ℎ4 = 4.36
2 1

Capacity of the refrigerator

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑚( ℎ1 − ℎ4 )
Where m = 5kg/min,

Capacity of the refrigerator = 574.85kj / min = 2.74TR