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The Contemporary World

An Introduction
Prepared by: Ms. Aubrey Mikaela D. Joson

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GLOBA LIZATION
GLOBALIZAT ION “Globalization” is a relatively new term. Although it
made its dictionary debut in 1961, it was rarely used
until the 1980s, when it began appearing in academic
literature with increasing frequency. The term
entered into common parlance in the 1990s, and today
is “deployed across disciplines, across the world,
across theoretical approaches, and across the
political spectrum.”
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction
to global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.

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GLOBA LIZATION GLOBA LIZATION

A complex web of social Economic, social, cultural, and
processes that intensify and political processes of integration
expand worldwide economic, that result from the expansion of
cultural, political, and transnational economic production,
technological exchanges and migration, communications, and
connections technologies
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction
to global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.

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GLOBA LIZATION GLOBA LIZATION

According to Steger: “Globalization refers to
a multidimensional set of social processes Manfred B. Steger, a Professor of
that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify Global Studies at the Royal
worldwide social interdependencies and Melbourne Institute of Technology,
exchanges while at the same time fostering has developed a particularly useful
in people a growing awareness of deepening definition that synthesizes the
connections between the local and the definitions of a number of prominent
distant. scholars.
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction to
global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.

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GLOBA LIZATION
Deterritorialization
“Several writers have argued that globalization—
especially as driven by revolution in ICT—marks •Other scholars use the term deterritorialization
the “end of geography” (O’Brien 1992), the onset of
the “death of distance” (Cairncross 1997), the to refer to the ways that networks of
emergence of a “borderless world” (Ohmae 1995), connections are transcending traditional
of de-territorialization” or “supra-territorialization” boundaries.
(Scholte 2000), and the “vanishing of distance” •In other words, territory, defined as a
(Reich 2001). The most provocative of these claims geographically identifiable space, is no longer
is Thomas Friedman’s consequence of
globalization, “the world is flat””. the only locale in which social activity can
occur.
-Christopher, Garretsen, and Martin (2008)

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GLOBA LIZATION
Some conflate globalization with So, by definition, does
internationalization, while others equate it
with Westernization
talking about global
Process whereby non-Western countries and societies adopt
social, legal, dietetic, religious, technological, linguistic, political,
automatically connects to
and economic ideals and norms of countries in the Western world –
Western Europe and the US. local vice versa?
Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction to
global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.

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DRC in 1998 had a

devastating civil war which
claimed 4 million lives. The
civil war was funded by
group of rebels who used to
mine coltan. Although peace
APPROACHES TO
was proclaimed in 2003
researchers have called it
STUDY OF
“the world’s deadliest
humanitarian crisis”. GLOBALIZATION
DRC holds 80 percent of the world’s coltan reserves.
Refined coltan produces tantalum, a metal powder used in the Steger, Manfred B. “Approaches to the Study of Globalization.”
production of capacitors, which are critical components in Steger, Manfred B. et al. (eds). The SAGE Handbook of Globalization.
electronic devices like cell phones and laptop computers. LA, 2014. pp 7-22

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Globalization as Economic Process Globalization as Economic Process

•Evolution of international markets Economic accounts of globalization
convey the notion that the essence of
and corporations that led to an the phenomenon involves ‘the
intensified form of global increasing linkage of national
interdependence. economies through trade, financial
flows, and foreign direct investment by
•Trading blocs like EU and NAFTA multinational firms’

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Globalization as Economic process Globalization as Economic Process

•Integration of global economy accelerated •There is a changing nature of of global
after the collapsed of Bretton Woods production: powerful transnational
system in early 1970s. corporations (TNCs)—Wal-Mart,
•Following the advances in data processing General Motors, Mitsubishi, Siemens,
and information technology contributed to etc.
explosive growth of tradable financial • TNCs in number 7,000 in 1970 to
value.
80,000 IN 2011
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Globalization as Economic Process Globalization as Political Process

What is the implication of the growing number of
TNCs? • The role of government will ultimately be
• The availability of cheap labor, resources, and reduced to serving as ‘superconductor for
favorable production conditions in the Third World global capitalism’
enhanced the mobility and profitability of TNCs.
•Accounting to over 70% of world trade
• It will lead to the decline of territory as a
•The ability to ‘outsource’ manufacturing jobs (to cut meaningful framework for understanding
labor costs by getting cheap wage workers in the political and social change.
global south)

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Globalization as Political Process Globalization as Political Process

• The successful mobilization of political • Other scholars would suggest that
power in unleashing forces of globalization
•Modern nation-states or global cities. globalization is fueled by political
•Key role of global cities in controlling and technological factors.
globally oriented economic and social
processes. •Technology-driven process shape by
Therefore, what does it leave to the the world’s powerful nations.
developing countries?

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Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

• Globalization as a multidimensional • Americanization global diffusion of
process involving diverse domains American values, consumer goods,
including cultural sphere.
and life styles
• It facilitated the rise of an increasingly
homogenized global culture •This cultural imperialism
underwritten by Anglo-American value overwhelms vulnerable cultures.
system.
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Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

•McDonaldization: “the process by which the • In 1993, prominent Harvard scholar
principles of the fast-food restaurant are
coming to dominate more sectors of Samuel Huntington published an
American society as well as the rest of the article in Foreign Affairs, a leading
world.”
•Because of McDonalization, the values of scholarly journal, in which he
efficiency, calculability, and predictability argued that culture would be the
have spread from the US to the entire
planet and from fast-food restaurants to cause of future global conflicts:
virtually all spheres of life.

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Globalization as Cultural Process Globalization as Cultural Process

“It is my hypothesis that the fundamental Huntington’s worldview does not allow
source of conflict in this new world will not be
primarily ideological or primarily economic. The for productive forms of cultural
great divisions among humankind and the hybridity nor the idea that cultural
dominating source of conflict will be cultural.
Nation states will remain the most powerful exchange can facilitate better relations
actors in world affairs, but the principal
conflicts of global politics will occur between among states. For Huntington, the more
nations and groups of different civilizations. The different civilizations interact with one
clash of civilizations will be the battle lines of
the future” another, the more they will clash. Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014). An introduction to
global studies. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.

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Globalization as Cultural Process

•Pluralization if the world of the
world as localities produce a variety
of unique cultural responses to
global forces.
• It is not increasing cultural Image Source: Fitzgerald, S. (n.d.). Sedona, Arizona Mcdonald’s
[Photograph].Retrieved from
Image Source: Wordpress.com (n.d.)
Glocalizationmarketing. Retrieved from

homogenization, but glocalization

https://www.rd.com/food/fun/mcdonalds-turquoise-arches/ https://glocalizationmarketing.wordpress.com/

product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also adjusted
to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market.

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Globalization as Cultural Process

• The US-dominated culture industry
seeks to convince its global audience
that the meaning and chief value of life
can be found in the limitless
accumulation of material possessions.
Question: How do we see our natural
environment on the culture we currently
acquire?

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Triumphs/Advantages Triumphs/Advantages
1. International communication has become easy and 1. International communication has become easy and
inexpensive. inexpensive.
In 1930, a 3-minute New York to London phone call cost more than
$250 in today’s dollars and only a minority of Americans had
telephones in their homes. In 2009, the same call cost as little as 15 The Internet did not exist in 1982, but in 2006 it
cents and telephones, including cell phones, seem to be comprised 439 million servers connecting people
everywhere. from around the world through e-mail, file
Between 1982 and 2006, when the world’s population increased by transfers, websites, and videoconferencing.
41%, the number of international tourists increased by 205%.

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Triumphs/Advantages Triumphs/Advantages
2. Increase number of international tourists thus, booming the 3. International trade and investment have increased
economy rapidly. From 1982 to 2006, worldwide investment across
national borders increased by 2,114%.
4. Many more international organizations and agreements
now span the globe. In 1981, about 14,000 international
organizations existed. By 2006, there were three-and-a-half
times as many. Individual nation-states give up some of
their independence wen they join international
organizations or sign international agreements.

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Triumphs/Advantages Triumphs/Advantages
5. People can enjoy goods from all over the 8. Upgraded education system and more
world training*
*Reduced prices due to competition 9. Increased labor standards
6. Increased wages for well educated and 10. Cooperation between different countries
technologically skilled 11. International media and organizations can
7. Improved economic conditions for those who pressure firms and governments to correct
compete successfully in the global economy abuses
12. Flexibility of Transnational corporations
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Gould, S &
Triumphs/Advantages Villas-Boas, A.
(2016). Here's
where all the
components of
your iPhone
come from
[Photograph].
Retrieved from:
https://www.bu
sinessinsider.c
om/where-
iphone-parts-
come-from-
2016-4
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Tragedies/Disdvantages
1. CREATION OF CORE, PERIPHERY, AND
SEMI-PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
Immanuel Wallerstein argues that capitalist development
resulted in a world system composed of three tiers:
-core capitalist countries - major sources of capital and
technology
-peripheral countries - major sources of raw materials
and cheap labor
-Semi-peripheral countries - former colonies that are
becoming prosperous

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Tragedies/Disdvantages
2. Some downward pressure on wages for
the poorly educated and technologically
unskilled
3. Certain industries were forced out of
business
4. Decreased labor conditions, forced over
time, etc.

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Tragedies/Disdvantages Tragedies/Disdvantages
5. Greater risk of diseases being 6. Globalization causing
transported unintentionally between homogenization
nation Many economic and financial
*this disease reached the United States
institutions around the world now
operate in roughly the same way –
via “mosquitoes that crossed the ocean much like the WEST.
by riding in airplane wheel wells and *Westernization
arrived in New York City in 1999.”
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Tragedies/Disdvantages Tragedies/Disdvantages
6. Globalization causing homogenization
McDonaldization: “the process by which the principles of
the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more
sectors of American society as well as the rest of the
world.”
Because of McDonalization, the values of efficiency,
calculability, and predictability have spread from the US to
the entire planet and from fast-food restaurants to
virtually all spheres of life.

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Assignement:
Review for Quiz 1.
Coverage:
1. Definition of Globalization Campbell, P. J.,
MacKinnon, A. S., & Stevens, C. (2014).
2. Approaches to the Study of Globalization
(Steger, 2014 )
3. Ideologies of Globalization (Steger, 2010 )

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Proverbs 1:7
The fear of the Lord is the
beginning of knowledge
but fools despise wisdom
and instruction.

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ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
Compare Globality, 1. Define ideology
Globalization and 2. Who are the leaders
Globalism of globalization

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