CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Basic Theories of Electric Chapter 2. Basics of Electric Parts

1.1 Electric units .................................................... 1-1 2.1 Resistor ........................................................... 2-1
2.1-1 Main ratings of the resistor ....................... 2-1
1.2 Voltage and current.......................................... 1-1
2.1-2 Variable resistor........................................ 2-1
1.3 Ohm's rule ....................................................... 1-2
2.2 Circuit breaker................................................. 2-4
1.4 Resistance combinations and combined 2.2-1 Appearances, product names and
resistance ........................................................ 1-2 functions ................................................... 2-4
1.4-1 Series circuit ............................................. 1-2 2.2-2 Ratings ..................................................... 2-5
1.4-2 Parallel circuit............................................ 1-3 2.2-3 Breaking operation characteristics............ 2-6
1.4-3 Examples of calculating combined
2.3 Relay............................................................... 2-7
resistance.................................................. 1-4
2.3-1 Appearance .............................................. 2-7
1.5 Coil and inductance ......................................... 1-5 2.3-2 Basic structure.......................................... 2-7
1.5-1 Coil appearance and code display ............ 1-5 2.3-3 Types........................................................ 2-8
1.5-2 Basics of coil (inductor) ............................. 1-5 2.3-4 Examples of contact ratings...................... 2-9
2.3-5 Introduction to an actual relay
1.6 Basics of capacitor......................................... 1-10
(G2R relay)............................................. 2-10
1.6-1 Structure of the capacitor ........................ 1-10
1.6-2 Types of Insulators .................................. 1-10 2.4 Magnet contactor............................................2-11
1.6-3 Appearance of major capacitors.............. 1-10 2.4-1 Appearances and symbol displays ..........2-11
1.6-4 Capacitor measurement unit ................... 1-11 2.4-2 Differences with relay ..............................2-11
1.6-5 Capacitor impedance 2.4-3 Types of coil voltages ............................. 2-12
(capacity reactance)................................ 1-11 2.4-4 Ratings of main contacts ........................ 2-12
1.6-6 Capacitor combination and combined
2.5 Thermocouple ............................................... 2-13
capacity................................................... 1-12
2.5-1 Thermocouple ........................................ 2-13
1.6-7 Charge-discharge operation of
2.5-2 Types of thermocouple ........................... 2-14
capacitor ................................................. 1-13
2.5-3 Thermoelectromotive force of
1.7 Measurement unit .......................................... 1-14 thermocouple.......................................... 2-14
2.5-4 Construction ........................................... 2-15
1.8 Sine wave alternating current ........................ 1-15
2.5-5 Compensating lead wire ......................... 2-16
1.8-1 Sine waveform ........................................ 1-15
1.8-2 Frequency ............................................... 1-16 2.6 Thermistor ..................................................... 2-18
1.8-3 Three-phase alternating current .............. 1-16 2.6-1 Thermistor .............................................. 2-18
2.6-2 Appearance ............................................ 2-18
1.9 Difference between AC and DC ..................... 1-17
2.6-3 Basic temperature measuring circuit....... 2-19
1.9-1 AC waveform .......................................... 1-17
2.6-4 Ratings and characteristics of the
1.9-2 DC waveform .......................................... 1-17
thermistor ............................................... 2-19
1.10 Transformer ................................................. 1-18
2.7 Measuring-use potential transformer ............. 2-20
1.10-1 Theory of transformer............................ 1-18
2.7-1 Measuring high voltage, large current..... 2-20
1.10-2 Transformer capacity............................. 1-20
2.7-2 Voltage divider and shut ......................... 2-22
1.10-3 Transformer types ................................. 1-21
2.7-3 Measuring-use potential transformer ...... 2-23
1.10-4 Voltages of three-phase transformer ..... 1-23
1.10-5 Selecting connection method ................ 1-23 2.8 Regulated DC power supply.......................... 2-26
2.8-1 Outline of regulated DC power supply .... 2-26
1.11 Comparison of characteristics
2.8-2 Examples of product specifications......... 2-26
in R/L/C DC and AC circuits ......................... 1-24
2.8-3 Product types ......................................... 2-27
1.12 Electric power and electric energy ............... 1-25 2.8-4 Remote sensing...................................... 2-29
1.12-1 Electric power ....................................... 1-25
2.9 Speed sensor ................................................ 2-30
1.12-2 Electric energy ...................................... 1-25
2.9-1 Sensor detection method and
1.13 Insulation ..................................................... 1-26 input-output characteristics..................... 2-30
1.13-1 Creeping distance and insulation
2.10 Battery and charger..................................... 2-32
distance ................................................ 1-27
2.10-1 Battery .................................................. 2-32
1.13-2 Insulation resistance ............................. 1-29
2.10-2 Types of batteries ................................. 2-32
1.13-3 Dielectric strength test........................... 1-30
2.10-3 Battery structure ................................... 2-32
1.13-4 Dielectric tester (example) .................... 1-31
2.10-4 Battery capacity .................................... 2-33

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2.10-5 Self-discharge characteristics ............... 2-33 4.1 Relationship between AC generator and AC
2.10-6 Cautionary points when charging .......... 2-34 drive system (why AC generator is needed) .... 4-1
4.2 Features of AC drive system ........................... 4-2
Chapter 3. Basics of Electronic Parts
4.3 Simple theory of AC generator ........................ 4-2
3.1 Diode ............................................................... 3-1
3.1-1 Symbol display and basic 4.4 Photographs of the overall appearance of
characteristics ........................................... 3-1 generator......................................................... 4-4
3.1-2 Diode types, rectifier circuits and their
4.5 Generator structure ......................................... 4-6
waveforms ................................................ 3-3
3.1-3 Diode ratings
(examples found in the catalog) ................ 3-6
Chapter 5. Inverter Basics
3.1-4 Smoothing condenser for rectifier circuit 5.1 Inverter............................................................ 5-1
output........................................................ 3-6
5.2 Basic DC-AC conversion circuit....................... 5-1
3.2 Zener diode ..................................................... 3-8 5.2-1 Basic DC-AC conversion circuit in a
3.2-1 Symbol display and basic single phase current and its operation ...... 5-1
characteristics ........................................... 3-8 5.2-2 Output waveform close to sine wave ........ 5-2
3.2-2 Applicable circuits ..................................... 3-9
5.3 Three-phase inverter ....................................... 5-3
3.2-3 Zener diode rating (found in the catalog)... 3-9
5.4 Connecting inverter and motor ........................ 5-4
3.3 Transistor....................................................... 3-11
3.3-1 Types and structures of transistor ........... 3-11
3.3-2 Current amplification characteristic ......... 3-12
Chapter 6. Chopper
3.3-3 Switching operation................................. 3-13 6.1 Functions of chopper circuit............................. 6-1
3.3-4 Rating, electrical characteristics of a 6.1-1 Basic chopper operation ........................... 6-1
small signal transistor.............................. 3-16 6.1-2 Specific examples..................................... 6-2
3.3-5 Vi-Vo characteristics when taking
6.2 Objective of chopper circuit (use) .................... 6-3
account hFE variation ............................. 3-17
3.3-6 Example of actual switching circuit.......... 3-17 6.3 Electrical brake................................................ 6-4
3.3-7 Example of power transistor rating.......... 3-18
6.4 Other chopper circuits ..................................... 6-5
3.3-8 Transistor categories by types ................ 3-18
3.3-9 Simple transistor diagnosis ..................... 3-19
3.3-10 Heat release of power transistor ........... 3-20
Chapter 7. Induction Motor
7.1 Structure.......................................................... 7-1
3.4 Photo coupler................................................. 3-21
3.4-1 Appearance and internal circuit............... 3-21 7.2 Terminology explanation.................................. 7-1
3.4-2 Electrical characteristics and
7.3 Revolution (speed) of the induction motor ....... 7-2
maximum rating ...................................... 3-21
7.3-1 Revolution equation.................................. 7-2
3.4-3 Isolation performance.............................. 3-23
7.3-2 Revolution ................................................ 7-2
3.5 Thyristor......................................................... 3-24
7.4 How to change revolution of induction motor... 7-3
3.5-1 Appearance............................................. 3-24
3.5-2 Thyristor as PNPN 4-layer switch............ 3-24
3.5-3 Turning on thyristor ................................. 3-25
3.5-4 Turning off thyristor ................................. 3-25
3.5-5 AC-DC conversion using thyristor ........... 3-26
3.5-6 Thyristor rectification current (converter). 3-27
3.5-7 Thyristor ratings ...................................... 3-27
3.6 IGBT .............................................................. 3-28
3.6-1 IGBT symbol display and appearance..... 3-28
3.6-2 Meaning of IGBT..................................... 3-28
3.6-3 IGBT Characteristics ............................... 3-28
3.6-4 Example of catalog contents ................... 3-31
3.7 Cautionary items for handling the power
device (thyristor, IGBT) .................................. 3-32

Chapter 4. AC Generator

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