MEP 100: Introduction to

ENGINEERING VISUALIZATION
Harish Hirani
0.5-0-3
Associate Professor Learn by
Block II/354. Dept of Mech. Eng. Doing
I.I.T Delhi
 Course Objectives
To introduce students to:
• Method of visualizing engineering
objects
• Simple assemblies
• CAD modeling and communicating
them to other professionals.
 Course Contents
Sketching concepts. interpretation of drawings
Orthographic Projections and
views
Principles of Axonometric Introduction of CAD package to
projections and Development of construct a simple solid model
Isometric
Using a CAD package to
construct solid models and
Dimensioning of Orthographic
generating orthographic,
Views
isometric, sectional views with
dimensioning .
Assembly of components and
Sectioning in Orthographic views generation of corresponding
and assembly drawings drawings. Animation of single
dof machines in CAD
 2D TO 3D

r
C
R r R
r
r
P
P

GRAPHICS: Art or Science of drawing

Systematic knowledge-base practice capable of resulting in predictable

type of outcome.
Drawing: Plane by Plane: 2D to 3D
3D by Sketching
Procedure to Sketch
Two stage extrusion
Two stage extrusion
 Only extrusion ?
• Learn Pro-E.
• Think few simple shapes.
Projection: Graphical representation of 3-D object on 2-D media (Paper/screen)

Thick Lines

Thin Lines

All projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane:

Orthogonal Projections
 Various Lines
• Outline, Hidden, Center,
Construction,
– Dimension, Cutting plane,
Phantom, break.
• Center line:
– Where center lines cross, the short
dashes should intersect
symmetrically.
– Center lines should not end at
object lines.
• Line precedence: Outlines take
precedence over all other lines,
Hidden lines take precedence
over centre lines.
 Orthographic Projections

Object in I quadrant = I angle

Object in III quadrant = III angle
Object in II or IV quadrant ??
 Object in I quadrant
= I angle

Object in III
quadrant = III
angle
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
DIFFERENT VIEWS of an OBJECT are PROJECTED on DIFFERENT REFERENCE
PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR to RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Horizontal/Top Plane (HP / TP)

Reference Planes: Vertical/Front Plane ( VP /VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( SP / PP)

Front View (FV)

Different Views: Top View (TV)
Side View (SV)

FV is a view projected on VP.

FV HP
TV is a view projected on HP. TV VP
SV is a view projected on PP. SV PP
 FOR T.V.
First Angle projection

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

TOP VIEW
Once F.V. (principal view) chosen, other
I angle
views need to be arranged w. r. t. FV.
III angle
 Block View All orthographic views must fit
on the same sheet.

Space for:
FV: 90, 50
TV: 90, 40 Space between FV & TV
SV: 40, 50 Space between FV & SV
(90+10+40) * (50+10+40)

x
 Most informative view of an object shall be used as
the front view.

First angle projection method Third angle projection method

View in direction above FV, is placed
underneath FV.

View in direction below FV, is placed

above FV.

View seen from the right of FV, is

placed on the left of FV.

View seen from the left of FV, is

placed on the right of FV.
 Selection of Views
• Only those views that are necessary for a clear & complete
description should be selected.
– Simple objects such as cylinder, bushing, etc. require only
two views (FV & SV/TV).
• Avoid (unnecessary) repetition of detail.
• Choose view which provide desired explanation with
minimum number of hidden lines.
– Invisible lines are represented with short dashes. Such line always
starts with a dash in contact with the object line from which it
starts, unless it forms a continuation of a visible line.
Primitive Shapes: basic shapes that can be
used to make more complex structures.
 210 * 297
Sheet Size
297* 420
A3 sheet for Sketching.

420* 594
A2 Sheet = (2*A3) for
each lab

No of Hours Questions Weightage 594* 841

2 3-4 25%
1 2 (Simple+difficult) 75%

Book: Warren Luzadder and Jon M. Duff, 2009,

Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing with 841 * 1189
an Introduction to Interactive Computer Graphics for
Design and Production, 11th Edition, PHI Learning.
 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

F
T

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT Mistakes ??

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

F
T

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

F
T

TOP VIEW
 FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

F
T

TOP VIEW
 Dimensioning
• Lines, numerals, symbols, notes:

– Dimension line: Thin continuous line. Terminated by

arrowheads.
– Extension line: Thin continuous line. ⊥ to feature
– Arrowhead:
Closed/Open. Length =
3* Width.
– Note: Specific info
about feature.
– Leader: Pointer
connecting feature &
note.
 Dimensioning Symbols
• φ : Diameter
• Sφ : Spherical diameter
• : Square
• R : Radius
• SR : Spherical radius
• ∩ : Arc length
Procedure:
¾ break part down into a series of geometric
features (hole, projection, etc.)
¾ apply dimensions to size each of the features
(Functional dimensions),
¾ apply dimensions to control the location of the
features (Non-functional dimensions).
Dimensioning Multi-features
Common mistakes

Dimensions 25, 40, and φ12 are functional dimensions.

Dimensions 20 and 12.5 are non-functional dimensions.
Common mistakes

Dimension lines should

not end at object lines
 Common mistakes

Each feature shall be dimensioned only once on a

drawing.
Each drawing shall use the same unit (i.e. mm)
Centerline may be used in place of extension line.
 Placing dimensions
• Aligned system
Use metric system.
• Unidirectional system

All dimensions in Inches

 Aligned Unidirectional

Place dimension (number) above line All dimensions can be read from
so that it can be read from bottom edge of drawing.
bottom/right hand edge of drawing Number is placed along line.
 Scale shall be large enough to
permit easy and clear interpretation
Scales of the information .

• Ratio of the linear dimension of an element

of an object as represented in the drawing to
the real linear dimension of the same
element of the object itself.
– Full size: 1:1
– Enlargement scale: 50:1; 20:1; 10:1; 5:1; 2:1.
– Reduction scale: 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50.

X: 1 1: X
 FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL!!!

TV
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF GIVEN OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL!!!

TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 35
FV

35

10 y
x

10 20 30
10

40

70

TV

DRAW FV AND TV OF GIVEN OBJECT

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Mistakes !!!!!
 DRAW FV AND TV OF GIVEN OBJECT ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

30

FV
R 10

50
35
R 15
30

10
X Y
10

10 R 10
50

R 30
35

TV

R 30
10 R 15

TOP VIEW
 Geometry with straight
lines
• Triangle Æ 180 Æ 60°
• Rectangle/Square Æ 360 Æ 90°
• Pentagon Æ 540 Æ 108°
• Hexagon Æ 720 Æ 120°
• Heptagon Æ 900 Æ 128.57°
• Octagon Æ 1080 Æ 135°

α2

α1 α3
α1 + α 2 + α 3 = 180 α = 135o
 Can we draw geometries without
measuring angles ?
ƒ With any point O as centre and radius = OA, draw a circle.

ƒ From A draw a cord of length OA,

B which intersects circle at B.
ƒ Length OB will be ????
ƒ Equilateral triangle???
C D O

E ƒ Angle CAB = 120°

ƒ Method to make a hexagonal of side
= AB.
A B

ƒ E is middle point of line DB.

How to locate
point 5: D

Bisecting Line
8
4-6 E 7
C
6 P
5
4

4 E 6
5

A B

Line
AB=BC=CD=DE=EA
43
Arc 1

Drawing Arc between two

straight lines

Arc radius R = 10 mm
Drawing Arc (R1) between Line
& Arc (R2)
Arc 3

Drawing Arc (R) between two Arc (RA & RB)

Procedure to Draw Orthographic
Projections using dimensions

TV

FV RHSV
All dimensions are in
Inches
Axonometric projection

Difference?

Plane

Possibility of
a number
of axonometric
 α
Axonometric Projection β γ

• Dimetric: Angles between two of axes

are same. Two scale factors.
• Trimetric: Three scale factors.
• Isometric: ISO MEANS SAME,
SIMILAR OR EQUAL. X, Y, Z are
projected on three dimensional axes
maintained at equal inclinations with
each other (120°). Size is reduced.
Single scale factor.
 Importance of Isometric Drawing

• Understand overall shape, size & appearance of an

object prior to it’s production.

Vertical Isometric
+ 30° to HP drawing
- 30° to HP combined
with
orthographic
projections
provide
complete
Description.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

ISOMETRIC AXES and LINES:

Three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A

and making 1200 angles with each other are
termed Isometric Axes. A

Representation
of three planes
H

Lines parallel to isometric

axes are called Isometric
Lines.

Lines for hidden edges

are generally not
shown.
FRONT VIEW of
FIGURE requires
H & L AXES.
A
Vertical line
will be drawn
vertical, while
horizontal H
line will be
drawn inclined
at 30° to Isometric view if the Shape is
SHAPE
horizontal. F.V. or T.V.
D
H
TOP VIEW of RECTANGLE D
FIGURE require D A D A
& L. C C
A

B C B B
Making Isometric Drawing of Rectangular Object

H
F.V.
L

D T.V.

Concept of block views

 Shapes Inclined Lines ????
containing
Inclined lines SHAPE Isometric view if the Shape is
cannot be F.V. or T.V.
drawn parallel
to any isometric
axes. Angle do
not increase or
B
H
decrease in any TRIANGLE 3 B
1
fixed B 1 3

proportion. 3
A A
1

Enclose in a 2 A 2 2
rectangle… First 4
H
draw isom. of PENTAGON
E
E
1 4 1
that rectangle D 4
D
and then A D A
E

inscribe that 1 3
shape as it is. 3 A C
C
2 3 B B
B C 2 2
 Nonisometric Lines
• Inclined lines (not C D
TV
parallel to isometric
axes).
A
– Distorted (cannot be
measured directly) FV
B
line.
– Position & Projected C

length must be A

established by B

locating end points.

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF For hexagonal, angle
HEXAGONAL PRISM is 120°
STANDING ON H.P.

Edge a
Length (0.5+1+0.5) a
Height (0.866 + 0.866) a
Isometric drawing for given
orthographic projections.
 Isometric Scale
cos 45
a’ b’
d’
c’ Scale =
cos 30

0.707
Scale = = 0.816
h’ 0.866
e’ f’ g’
d
h
Foreshortening is ignored
ÆIsometric drawing.
Æ Otherwise projection.
a e g c

o Angle cbp > angle obp

f Length bc > bo

b p
Lines for hidden edges are generally not shown
 .

ISOMETRIC Drawing

Draw isometric
lines, then
60
FV non-isometric

X Y

20
40

TV
 10
First angle orthographic
projections

O
 F
T

O
F.V., T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y
10

40 60

40 TV

60
Isometric Drawing of Curved features
Drawing circles ??
Ellipse is made of
four arcs.
GIVEN: A circle in FV
REQUIRED: Isometric view.

FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A
SQUARE. USE H & L AXES.

Four-centre Method: Ends of

Small diagonal provides two
Centers.
Locate two centers on longer
Diagonal Easier for free hand
sketching.
DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW of the figure shown considering it first as FV and then TV.

25 R

50 MM

IF FRONT VIEW

100 MM

IF TOP VIEW
 CYLINDER, when Axis is Vertical

CYLINDER, When Axis is Horizontal

 ISOMETRIC Drawing

FV 30

10

30

φ 30

50 +

50

TV
 F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

40

F 10

T φ 30
25

25

10
50
O

80
Block of 80*50*10

Block of 25*25*40
Four center method to draw ellipse
 F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

FV 40

X O 10 Y
100
10 30 10
10
25

25
O
30 R
R 10
TV

Cuboid of 100*50*10

Draw parallel lines at 30 mm

Cuboid of 50*25*40
Isometric Drawing of
Curved features
 F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

Block of 60*10*30 20 40

30

10
F
T O

10

30

10

30
O 80

Block of 80*40*10
 15
15

First angle projection

O
 F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection.
Draw it’s isometric view.

Mistake ??

F.V.
Sq 20
30
20 40

40
O

20
10

O 30
100 50
60
40

40
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw it’s isometric view.

50

F
T

20

25

25 20
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

10 10

25

25
X Y
O 15 50 10

FV LSV
 what we need
1. Cutting plane
2. Part, assembly, any view.

Sectional Views
Cross section
Section

Required to add
information of surfaces
that are represented by
hidden lines in
standard FV, TV, and
SV. 79
 Section (thin parallel) lined areas are
those portions that came in actual
contact with cutting plane.

Visible parts behind the cutting

plane are shown, but not hatched.

Section lines
Hatching Pattern Continuous thin lines at convenient
angle (preferably 45°) to the
principal outlines.
Spacing between the hatching lines should be chosen in proportion to the size
of the hatched areas, provided that the requirement for minimum spacing are
maintained.
Common Mistakes
Full section view
 NOTES

• Sectional views are

always viewed in the
direction defined by
cutting plane arrows.

• Any hidden surface that Hatch lines represent location

is behind cutting plane is of cutting plane passing
through solid material.
not included in sectional
84
view.
Full & Half section views
Example: Sectional Orthographic
Views
A A Mistakes in
dimensioning?

Representation
of cutting
plane?

86
 Section B-B
b c
a

Rib not sectioned

Common
mistake is to
omit back edge

Section A-A
Sectional view of
Ribs

Ribs add strength and rigidity

to an object. Usually narrow.

88
 Pg. 167 Luzadder book
Keyway

Front view

• Although the spoke is in line with the front view, it can give the
impression that it is a stunted spoke
• Full length of spoke is shown to indicate the structure. It
should be shown along with front view to indicate the number
of spokes and angles between them

89
Revolved sections

Cutting plane

Section rotated 90o

so that exact shape
can be viewed

90
Examples of Revolved Sections

Revolved sections examples show the shape of an object’s

cross-section superimposed on a longitudinal view
 Removed Sections
A
Removed sections
are like revolved
Section
sections but moved B-B
A
aside.
Section A-A B

Section C-C C C
 Offset Sections
• Cutting plane lines need not be drawn as straight
linesÆ Stepped line

Include as many
features as
possible without
causing
confusion

Offset full
section 93
Countersunk hole

94
 Choosing Full/Half/Broken sectional view

Half & Partial sectional

views --- allow
showing outer and
inner features on the
same figure.
Normal half/partial
orthographic
projection may include
hidden lines.
Broken line is a
freehand line.
95
Cutting Plane Lines

Phantom line

96
Section B-B

Section A-A
 ALIGNED SECTIONS
• To include, in a section, certain angled elements,
cutting plane may be bent so as to pass through
those features.
– Plane & feature are aligned into original plane.

98
 Summary
• When a part is cut fully in half, the resulting view is called
a full section.
• A line called the cutting-plane line shows where the object
was cut and from which direction the section is viewed.
– The arrows point toward the section being viewed.
• In section view, the areas that would have been in actual
contact with the cutting plane are shown with section
lining.
• Visible edges of the object behind the cutting plane are
generally shown because they are now visible but they are
not cross-hatched.
• Section views can replace the normal top, front, side, or
any other standard orthographic view.
 Summary

Labeling !!

• When a cutting plane coincides with a center line,

the cutting plane line takes precedence.
• Omit hidden lines in section views.
• A section-lined area is always completely bounded
by a visible outline
 Summary
• To avoid a false impression of thickness and
solidity, ribs/webs, gear teeth, and other similar
features are not hatched with section lining even
though the cutting plane slices them.

• Sectional
views are
important for
assemblies.
3-D Solid Models
Sheet 8-13

102
103
104
105
Assembly Subassembly Component / Part

106
How to create solid
model in Autodesk

Extrusion
• Select New > New , to make the sketch
• To start with select Metric > Standard
(mm).ipt

Standard format with datum plane & Coordinate system.

Dimensions in mm
• The following screen will be open to draw the
sketch.

Choose line command to initialize the drawing

• After drawing a line provide the required
dimension by choosing dimension option in
panel, and clicking on the line.

Dimensions !!!! Before completing sketch ?????

• To provide angular dimension, select lines
between which the angle is to be given.
 • Complete the sketch by above mentioned
tools.

Press finish when sketch is competed.

Make sure sketch is closed i.e. there
should be no free ends in the sketch.
 • Press extrude to make a solid out of sketch

• Distance = part
thickness.
•The arrow shows the direction of
material addition.
• To change the direction of the material addition
click on the icon shown in the extrude
command.

To finish your model click “OK”.

 Software Autodesk Inventor Professional

• Available in CSC window machines (9am –

9 pm).
• Students can download software from
http://students.autodesk.com/?nd=download_center
• Register using email id and get license key.
• Evaluation:
– Submit print-out of drawings. One page per question.
• How do I make title block
• Import (download) mep100.dwg format.

117
Open Autodesk Inventor>click on
new>metric>MEP100_A4>OK
Zoom in the title block at bottom right corner
Click annotate>text and click near the name
field
Write your name and click OK
Similarly write entry no., group no. and lab
no. to complete the title block
Complete the title
block and zoom out
to place the views
 To create the drawings click
Place Views>Base>file>orientation>style>ok
Place views and right click to create

Block views
Click Dimension > select entity > set precision
Complete dimensioning and save the file then print
• Extrusion – Cut
Topics
• Loft (Connecting
different cross
sections)
• Ribs
• Datum Planes
• 2D to 3D
Starting Autodesk Inventor
 Starting with Top plane
Make solid model of orthographic projection given below and
obtain orthographic views using mep100.dwg.

Step 1: Go to New and choose Standard(mm).ipt

Step 2: Choose top plane to start the sketch. Use
Model tree to select it. Draw a square of side 70mm
Step 3: Finish sketch and extrude the sketch
Step 4: Select the extruded surface to sketch on it

Step 5 :Draw a circle of 60

mm diameter and extrude it
Step 6: Select the extruded surface to sketch a
square of 25mm on it. Finish the sketch

Step 7: Take a plane offset by 40

mm from the sketch plane.
Step 8: Select the offset plane to sketch a point in the middle
Step 9: Use loft command. First select the square sketch and then the point on
offset plane and a loft will be created . Save the Part model.
Step 10: Go to drawing by Selecting ‘Drawing option’ from New command
window. And select Base to place orthographic views.
Step 11: Select the part model for which orthographic views are required
Step 12: Place orthographic views and right click on a view to select create.
Step 13: From Annotate option choose dimension for dimensioning of
orthographic views. Save the file after dimensioning is complete.
Draw the top view in the sketch and extrude it
Select the top surface for sketch and draw two circles and extrude them for the
holes
Select the side surface and draw circles at a distance of 80 m from top surface.
Extrude it.
Select the same surface for sketch and draw the profile as shown and extrude it
Select the side plane for sketch (which is passing through centre of circles). Select
a line right click on sketch plane to make sure that Auto Project is on
Draw a line passing through intersection of two surfaces as shown by white lines
representing intersection of rib.
Finish the sketch and select Rib command.
Select the lines for profile of Rib. Make sure Parallel to Sketch Plane option is
selected. Give Rib thickness and press OK.
As the mid surface is chosen for sketch Rib thickness should be provided on the
mid surface.
Obtain orthographic views and dimension them
Draw two squares and extrude them
Select a surface and draw a square of side 40mm and extrude it
Repeat the procedure on remaining surface to get a part as shown
Obtain orthographic projections and dimension those
 TOPICS Other than extrusion

¾ PATTERN
¾ LOFT
¾ CONSTRAINTS
¾ REVOLVE
¾ SHELL
¾ SPLIT
¾ COMBINE
¾ SPLINE
¾ SWEEP
Features appearing more than once
How I make it ?????
LINEAR PATTERN
Making a Chocolate !!!!
RECTANGULAR PATTERN !!
CIRCULAR PATTERN
 Pattern

Creating Datum Plane

 Pattern

Visibility
Rectangular Pattern
Circular Pattern
Sketches on Datum planes
Loft
Revolve
Revolve
Section + Path
Sweep
Assembly
 On clicking

Assembly

Sub-assembly

Components
 Construction of Assembly
Step 1: Gather components in an assembly file.

Step 2: Assemble components by applying

appropriate assembly constraints.

Design Approaches

Bottom up
Top down Bottom Æ Part
Top Æ Assemble
Hybrid
Top Down
Bottom Up
Six numbers of part2
Hybrid
Query: Meaning of constraint?
Constraint = Restriction. Applied to 2D or
3D geometry.
Two types of constraints: dimensional &
geometric.
Dimensional constraints are used to
control the length, angle, radius etc.

Geometric constraints are used to control

the relationships of objects in respect to
each other.
•Press constraint
Query: Assembly constraints?
Assembly constraints determine how components in the assembly fit
together. As you apply constraints, you remove degrees of freedom,
restricting the ways components can move and positioning them relative to
one another.

located near the top of the left column

Now select a constraint which you need (for

example Mate, Angle, Tangent, and Insert)
MATE
Mate: makes the selected planes face each
other and coincide (they are become the same
plane)

Flush: makes the selected planes face the same

direction and coincide

A mate constraint causes two selected

objects (face, edge, vertex) to mate (opposite
direction) or flush (same direction).
Face to a face
An edge to an edge
A point to a point
An edge to a face
A vertex to a face
A vertex on an adge
Mate

Mate-
offset ??
Mate
Mate-Mate + Mate-offset_flush
TANGENT
Example
Angle
INSERT
Drawing….
 Assembly
• Part 1……. Part n.
– Color
Assign to selection
Parameters & Relationship
• Dimension is a parameter..
D0, d1, d2, ………..
• Relationship may be made
in parameters.
– Length by diameter should be
10.
Parameters & Relationship….

No change !!!
Threads
Threads… Internal
Assembly – Threaded Connection
Axial Align
Movement
along the
axis is
possible.
Threaded Connection
Insert.
Rotation is possible.
Suppress
Checking Degrees of Freedom
Section
• Choose/Make work
feature plane.

Offset ???
Bolted Connections
Bolted Connections
 Exploded View…. Part of presentation
• After assembly.
How do I Start
Now define the coordinate
system about which part is
going to displace
First select the direction
then the component

Each time you have to

define the coordinate
system for tweaking
different components and
if you don't define the
coordinate system, then
Software will take the last
coordinate system which
you have defined.
Now lets animate & see what we have done and what
improvement are required

• End of Lecture 12