cÖ_g Aa¨vq

1.1 wk‡ivbvg m¤ú‡K© aviYv:

nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZnvwmK NUbvµg ch©v‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb nq †h, G Rbc` wewfbœ

mg‡q wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK A‡j wef³ wQj| G Rbc` we‡`kx wewfbœ kvmK †hgbÑ cvj
esk, †mb esk, ZzwK© es‡kv™¢~Z myjZvb, †gvNj I Bs‡iR Øviv wewfbœ mg‡q
kvwmZ n‡q‡Q| weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbKv‡j fviZe‡l© wk¶v cÖmv‡ii cvkvcvwk
cvðv‡Z¨i AvaywbK ivóªxq wPšÍv I `k©‡bi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| Gi cÖfv‡e RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva I RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai mÂvi N‡U| RbM‡Yi ¯^Kxq wPšÍv I ¯^vZš¿¨
†eva RvZxqZv‡eva‡K Av‡iv Mfxi K‡i †Zv‡j| Z‡e `yf©vM¨RbK n‡jI mZ¨ GB †h, ïiæ
†_‡KB RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai G †PZbv mv¤cÖ`vwqK wPšÍv‡PZbv Øviv KjywlZ nq|
weªwUk kvmbvax‡b wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Amg weKvk, PvKwi‡Z wn›`y-
gymjgvb cÖwZØw›ØZv, wn›`y I gymjgvb cybR©vMiY, Bmjvwg ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb,
weªwU‡ki ÔfvM Ki I kvmb KiÕ bxwZ BZ¨vw` Dcgnv‡`‡k mv¤cÖ`vwqK wPšÍv
†PZbv‡K RvwM‡q †Zv‡j| DËi fvi‡Z m¨vi ˆmq` Avng` Lvb (1817-1898)-Gi AvjxMo
Av‡›`vjb, beve Avãyj jwZd (1828-1893) I ˆmq` Avwgi Avjx (1889-1828)-Gi gymwjg
¯^vZš¿¨ev`x a¨vbaviYv, 1905 mv‡ji e½f½ I e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, Ks‡MÖ‡mi
(1885) GKwU As‡ki i¶Ykxj I †bwZevPK g‡bvfve Ges Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZ AwaKvsk
gymjgv‡bi m‡›`n I Awek¦vm gymjgvb‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z ¯^vZš¿¨ev`x aviv‡K GwM‡q
†bq| wn›`ycÖavb cÖ‡`‡k gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ `ª~Z wew”QbœZv‡eva Rb¥ wb‡Z _v‡K|
gymjgvbiv GB mg¯Í cÖ‡`‡k Zv‡`i cÖwZ wbh©vZb I ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi Awf‡hvM
Av‡b| mvgwMÖK Av_©-mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ GB ¯^vZš¿¨ev`x aviv‡K AviI cÖej
K‡i| Ggwb cUf~wg‡Z 1906 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM bv‡g GK be¨ ivR‰bwZK
`j cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|

1.2 welqe¯‘i D‡Ïk¨:

‡Kvb cUf~wg‡Z 1906 mv‡j gymwjg jxM MwVZ n‡qwQj Zv AbymÜvb Kiv eZ©gvb
M‡elYv K‡g©i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| 1885 mv‡j A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg cÖwZwôZ Ges

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cieZx©‡Z myMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j †Kb gymjgvb‡`i Avkv-AvKv•ÿv c~iY Ki‡Z mg_©
nqwb, A_ev gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` †Kb G ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Dci Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡iwb,
weªwUk kvmbvax‡b gymjgv‡biv †Kb w`b w`b wcwQ‡q cowQj, wn›`ycÖavb cÖ‡`‡k
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ †Kb `ª~Z wew”QbœZv‡eva Rb¥ wb‡qwQj, gymjgvbiv ‡Kb GB mg¯Í
cÖ‡`‡k Zv‡`i cÖwZ wbh©vZb I ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi Awf‡hvM KiwQj, gymjgvb‡`i
`vwe-`vIqv Bs‡iR miKv‡ii wbKU Zz‡j ai‡Z Ks‡MÖm Kx e¨_© n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i
Awf‡hvM-Aby‡iva Zz‡j ai‡Z Avjv`v GKwU ivR‰bwZK cøvUdg© KZUv Acwinvh©
wQj, gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` Kx gymwjg jxM MV‡bi gva¨‡g Avjv`v RvwZZvwË¡K ivóª
MV‡bi my`~icÖmvix wPšÍv K‡iwQj Ñ Gme cÖkœ eZ©gvb M‡elYv K‡g©
cÖvmw½Kfv‡eB AbymÜvb Kiv n‡e|

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 wØZxq Aa¨vq

2.1 1906 mv‡ji gymwjg jxM MV‡bi cUf~wg m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨ I
Dcv‡Ëi Drm:

Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi Drm‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

h_vt (K) cÖv_wgK Drm

(L) gva¨wgK Drm

eZ©gvb Uvg© †ccv‡i Dc¯’vwcZ mKj Z_¨-DcvË gva¨wgK Drm †_‡K AvniY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKv, Rvb©vj, eB-cy¯ÍK Ges AbjvB‡b GZ¡`wel‡q
cÖKvwkZ cÖeÜ-wbe‡Üi mn‡hvwMZv †bqv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘wbôZv iÿvi ¯^v‡_©
me©vwaK AvKi MÖ‡š’i mn‡hvwMZv †bqv n‡q‡Q| GKB wel‡q †jLbx wfbœ wfbœ
Dr‡mi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bqv n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e weZwK©Z welq Gwo‡q me©vwaK
MÖnY‡hvM¨ Z_¨mgvnv‡ii mwbœ‡ek NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvPbvi
myweav‡_© KwZcq wel‡qi M~pv_© cwinvi K‡i mij e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
†gŠwjK Z‡_¨i †Kvbiƒc weK…wZ NUv‡bv nqwb|

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 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

3.1 msÁv I KwZcq aviYvi e¨vL¨v: ivR‰bwZK `j, ivR‰bwZK `‡ji

ˆewkó¨, fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, e½f½ cÖf…wZt

3.1.1 ivR‰bwZK `j

ivR‰bwZK `j ej‡Z Ggb GKwU msNe× Rbmgwó‡K eySvq hviv RvZxq I

AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© Awfbœ gZvgZ †cvlY K‡i Ges miKvwi ¶gZv jv‡fi
Avkvq Kg©Zrci _v‡K| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq †h, ivR‰bwZK `j Ggb GK mymsMwVZ
Rb‡Mvôx hviv GKwU ivR‰bwZK GKK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges miKvwi ¶gZv jvf K‡i
wb‡R‡`i bxwZ I Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cÖqvm cvq| wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx
wewfbœfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| KvU©vi Ges nvR© ivRˆbwZK `‡ji
msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb, ÒivR‰bwZK `j nj e¨w³ I †Mvôxi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv jv‡fi
gva¨g, ¶gZv jv‡f mdj n‡j Zviv H ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i|Ó GWgÛ evK© RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i
i¶K wn‡m‡e ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv wbY©q K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK `j nj
GKwU mymsMwVZ Rbmgwó, hviv †Kvb wbw`©ó bxwZi Øviv HK¨e× nq Ges †hŠ_
cÖ‡Póvi Øviv RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶vi †Póv K‡i|Ó

ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi KZK¸‡jv ‰ewkó¨ cvIqv hvq|

c«_gZ- ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU Kg-‡ewk msNe× Rbmgwó hviv †`‡ki c«avb c«avb
mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywUfv‡e GKgZ †cvlY K‡i| wbqgZvwš¿K cš’vq ¶gZvq wM‡q
mgm¨v¸‡jvi mgvav‡b e«Zx nq| GRb¨ Zviv Kg©x msM«n I wbe©vP‡b c«wZØw›`Zv
K‡i|

wØZxqZ- ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU ivR‰bwZK msMVb| `‡ji †bZ…e…›`‡K ¶gZvq

AwawôZ Kiv Gi c«avb j¶¨| ¶gZvq †h‡Z bv cvi‡j `‡ji Kg©m~wP Ges wbe©vPbx
†gwb‡d‡÷v‡K ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wbe©vPb Kiv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g~j j¶¨|

Z…ZxqZ- MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `j wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q Ges

wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZv jv‡fi †Póv K‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `j Aek¨ wb‡R‡`i‡K †gnbZx

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gvbz‡li gzLcvÎ e‡j `vwe K‡i Ges wec-‡ei gva¨‡g ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡Z Pvq| Z‡e MYZvwš¿K
kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¶gZvi nvZe`j GKgvÎ Aeva I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K|

PZz_©Z- `jxq bxwZ ev¯Íevqb Kivi gva¨‡g RvZxq AMÖMwZ I cÖMwZ AR©‡b
ivR‰bwZK `j wek¦vmx| ¶gZvi PP©v Kiv Ges fwel¨‡Z ¶gZv a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK
`j miKvi MVb K‡i Ges †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Zrci nq|

cÂgZ- ivR‰bwZK `j ¶gZv K‡i me©v½xY Kj¨v‡Yi cvkvcvwk `‡ji m`m¨‡`i Av`k©MZ
wk¶v Ges e¯ÍzMZ mzweavw` `vb K‡i| ivR‰bwZK `j, `jxq Av`‡kiÖ cÖwZ Kg©x I
mg_©K‡`i wbôvevb K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j| `‡ji Kg©x‡`i wewfbœ KvR I mz‡hvM w`‡q
jvfevb n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

lôZ- ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kg©xiv †bZvi cÖwZ AÜ fw³ I AvbzMZ¨ †cvlY K‡i Ges `jxq
Kg©m‚wPi cÖwZ Av¯’v I wek¦vm ¯’vcbc‚e©K ¶gZv `L‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq|
ivR‰bwZK `‡j wbP †_‡K Dci w`‡K AvbzMZ¨ I †bZ…Z¡ M‡o D‡V| †bZ…‡Z¡i `x¶v
Zv‡`i `jxq cÖavb I cÖfvekvjx †bZv‡`i cÖwZ AwaK AvbzM‡Z¨i wk¶v †`q|

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji MVb BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq 1885
cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU AvbzôvwbK ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e wbwLj fviZ RvZxq
Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZôvi ci Abziƒc †Kvb msMVb M‡o I‡Vwb| G mgqB gzmjgvb‡`i ¯^Zš¿
ivRbxwZi †¶Î ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| Ks‡MÖ‡m †hvM`vb A_ev c…_K ivR‰bwZK `j MVb
Kivi cwie‡Z© gzmwjg †bZ…e…›` mwgwZ wfwËK ivRbxwZi czi‡bv aviv Ae¨vnZ
iv‡Lb| bIqve Avãzj jwZ‡di †gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iix †mvmvBwU Ges ˆmq` Avgxi Avjxi
†m›UÖvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb GB c×wZ AbzmiY K‡i| gzmwjg
†bZ…e…‡›`i cÖeYZv wQj weÖwUk kvm‡bi cÖwZ AvbzMZ¨ cÖ`k©b| e½f½ (1905)
cieZ©x ivRbxwZi Av‡jv‡K 1906 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ gzmwjg jxM MVb Kiv nq| XvKvi
beve mwjgzjøvn gzmwjg jxM MV‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb|

3.1.2 fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖmt

1885 mv‡j AemicÖvß Bs‡iR wmwfj mv‡f©›U A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnD‡gi D‡`¨v‡M
cÖwZwôZ nq BwÛqvb b¨vkvbvj BDwbqb| 1888 mv‡j †ev¤^vB‡q GB `‡ji cÖ_g
Awa‡ekb e‡m| †mB Awa‡ek‡b `jwU me©fviZxq ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i Ges †bZ…eM©
GB `‡ji bvg cwieZ©b K‡i BwÛqvb b¨vkvbvj Ks‡MÖm ev fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm
iv‡Lb| Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZôvZv-m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb `v`vfvB bI‡ivwR, e`iæwÏb

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Z‡qewR, Avb›`‡gvnb emz, i‡gkP›`Ö `Ë, wd‡ivRkvn †gnZv, †MvcvjK…ò †Mv‡Lj,
wR. mzeÖþY¨ AvBqvi, evjM½vai wZjK, gnv‡`e †Mvwe›` ivYv‡W, g`b‡gvnb gvje¨
cÖgzL| KjKvZvi wewkó AvBbRxex D‡gkP›`Ö e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ RvZxq
Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g Awa‡ekb AbzwôZ nq| mviv †`k †_‡K 72 Rb cÖwZwbwa G‡Z Ask
†bb| Gici †_‡K cÖwZ eQiB GKevi K‡i Ks‡MÖ‡mi Awa‡ekb emZ| fviZxq ga¨weË
mgv‡R Ks‡MÖm Mfxi cÖfve we¯Ív‡i m¶g nq|

cÖ_g w`‡K RvZxq Ks‡MÖm wQj ¶z`Ö GK cÖwZôvb| G‡`i Av‡›`vjb c×wZ wQj
mskq`xY© I bigcš’x| Zvm‡Ë¡I ej‡Z nq, RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi nvZ a‡iB msMwVZfv‡e
wbqwgZ weÖwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb `vbv evua‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Ks‡MÖ‡mi †bZ…eM©
weÖwUk miKv‡ii '‡mŠRb¨‡eva I gn‡Z¡' fimv ivL‡Zb| ZvB Zvu‡`i ivRbxwZ PjZ
Av‡e`b-wb‡e`‡bi bxwZ‡Z| weÖwUkiv hZw`b bv Zvu‡`i `gb Kiv ïiæ K‡iwQj, ZZw`b
weÖwUk‡`i weiæ‡× ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Pig Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi K_v Guiv ¯^‡cœI fve‡Z
cvi‡Zb bv| 1892 mv‡j weÖwUkiv BwÛqvb KvDwÝj AvBb cvm K‡i mxwgZ msL¨K
fviZxq‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e AvBbmfvq cÖ‡e‡ki AwaKvi †`b| wKš‘ AvBbmfv‡Z mz‡KŠk‡j
Zvu‡`i msL¨vjNz K‡i ivLv nq| G‡Z RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi g‡a¨B weÖwUk we‡ivax †¶vf
`vbv evua‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gici 1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i NUbvi mgq Ks‡MÖ‡mi bigcš’x †bZ…Z¡
c‡o cÖ‡kœi gz‡L|

3.1.3 e½f½t

fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msM«v‡gi BwZnv‡m e½f½ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| 1757
wL«÷v‡ãi 23B Ryb fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡i cjvkxi Avg evMv‡b evsjv, wenvi I DwWl¨vi ‡kl
¯^vaxb beve wmiv‡ÏŠjvi civR‡qi gva¨‡g G fviZxq gnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR‡`i kvm‡bi
‡MvWvcËb nq| ZrKvjxb evsjv, wenvi, DwWl¨v, Avmvg I Av‡iv wKQy AÂj wb‡q
MwVZ n‡qwQj evsjv ‡c«wm‡WwÝ| Gi AvqZb wekvj nIqvB cy‡iv evsjv
‡c«wm‡Ww݇K GKmv‡_ kvlb Kiv we«wUk‡`i c‡¶ c«vq Am¤¢e wQj| 1903 mv‡j
jW© KvR©b (hvi bv‡g eZ©gvb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR©b nj) G A‡ji eo jvU
mv‡ne n‡q Avm‡j wZwb evsjv‡K wefvRb Kivi wm×všÍ ‡bb| GiB avivevwnKZvq
wZwb 1905 mv‡ji c‡njv ‡m‡Þ¤^i e½f½ K‡i ivRkvnx, XvKv, PÆ«Mvg I Avmvg‡K
wb‡q MwVZ K‡ib c~e© e½ hvi ivRavbx nq XvKv| G mgq jW© KvR©b e½f‡½i c‡¶
XvKvi bIqve mwjgyjøvn mn A‡bK gymwjg ‡bZ…e…‡›`i mg_©b jvf K‡ib hw`I
wn›`yiv Gi ‡Nvi we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj|

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3.1.4 †m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbt

‡m›U«vj b¨vkbvj ‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb 1877 mv‡j ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx

KZ©…K KjKvZvq c«wZwôZ GKwU ivR‰bwZK msMVb| Avgxi Avjx wQ‡jb c«_g
gymwjg ‡bZv whwb gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv
Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb ‡h, GKRb ‡bZvi e¨w³MZ c«‡Póvi ‡P‡q
msMV‡bi gva¨‡g `jMZ c«‡Póv AwaK djc«m~| c«wZwU ‡¶‡ÎB gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i wn›`y
c«wZ‡ekx‡`i ‡P‡q wcwQ‡q c‡owQj| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi Afve wQj Ges Zviv
wn›`y Rwg`vi I gnvRb‡`i Øviv kvwmZ Ges wKQy ‡¶‡Î ‡kvwlZ n‡Zv| ZrKvjxb
BwÛqvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb, fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m c«f…wZ ivR‰bwZK msMV‡b
wQj wn›`y‡`i c«vavb¨| Kv‡RB Gme msMVb Zvui a‡g©i ‡jvK‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv| ZvB gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb M‡o ‡Zv‡jb GKwU msMVb|
wZwb ‡P‡qwQ‡jb gymjgvb‡`i gv‡S we«wUk miKv‡ii c«wZ AvbyMZ¨c«eYZv m…wó
Ki‡Z, hv‡Z Zv‡`i c«wZ we«wUk miKv‡ii m‡›`n `~i nq| ‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú«`v‡qi m‡½
wZwb m¤ú«xwZ i¶v Ki‡Z ‡P‡qwQ‡jb| wbqgZvwš¿K cš’vq gymjgvb‡`i Kj¨vY mvabB
wQj msMVbwUi D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj ‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva I eyw×e…wËK
HwZ‡n¨i ‡PZbv wdwi‡q G‡b gymjgvb‡`i cybiy¾xweZ Kiv|

gvÎ 200 m`m¨ wb‡q ‡m›U«vj b¨vkbvj ‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb hvÎv ïiy Ki‡jI
cvuP eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Gi m`m¨ msL¨v c«vq Qqk-‡Z ‡cŠu‡Q| Avgxi Avjx Zvui AK¬vš—
c«‡Póvq evsjv, wenvi, ‡ev¤^vB, hy³ c«‡`k, cvÄve, GgbwK jÛ‡b Gi c«vq 50wU kvLv
‡Lv‡jb| mPivPi wkw¶Z ga¨weË ‡k«wYi ‡jv‡KivB GB msMV‡bi m`m¨ n‡Zb| miKvwi
PvKwi‡Z wb‡qvvwRZ e¨w³ivI Gi m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡Zb| GwU gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y
‡h‡Kvb ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z c«¯‘Z wQj|

gymjgvb‡`i AvaywbK wPšÍvavivq DØy×KiY I ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e…wׇZ

msMVbwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G msMV‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQj;
A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡b mfv, eyw×e…wËK Av‡jvPbv I evwl©K m‡¤§j‡bi
Av‡qvRb Kiv, msev`cÎ I Rbmfvi gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i mgm¨v I AwaKvi m¤^‡Ü miKv‡ii
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv c«f…wZ| ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx wb‡R msMV‡bi e¨vbv‡i
¯§viKwjwc ‡ck Ki‡Zb Ges KZ©…c‡¶i wbKU wbqwgZ c«wZwbwa`j ‡c«iY Ki‡Zb|
ZvQvovI Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij I ‡jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i‡`i msea©bv c«`vb Ki‡Zb|
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb g~jZ gymjgvb‡`i wk¶v I ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR KiZ| 1881
mv‡j gymjgvb‡`i wk¶vi mgm¨vewj wb‡q GKwU c«wZ‡e`b c«Kvk wQj

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A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KvR| Avgxi Avjxi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb
1882 mv‡j nv›Uvi Kwgk‡bi wbKU GKwU wjwLZ e³e¨ ‡ck K‡i| G e³‡e¨ ejv nq,
gymjgvbiv Bs‡iwR wk¶vi c«wZ Zv‡`i c~e© Abym…Z N…Yv cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q Ges
GLb Zviv Bs‡iwR wk¶v M«n‡Y B”QyK| wKš‘ Pig `vwi`ª¨ G c‡_ Zv‡`i me‡P‡q eo
evav n‡q `vuwo‡qwQj| ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx 1882 mv‡j A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi c‡¶ ÒA cry
from the Indian MuhamedansÓ kxl©K GKwU ¯§viKwjwc ‡ck K‡ib| ¯§viKwjwc‡Z
Av‡e`b Kiv nq ‡h, gymjgvbiv we«wUk miKv‡ii c«wZ AbyMZ, wKš‘ Zv‡`i `yie¯’vi
Kvi‡Y Zviv Amš‘ó| Zviv PvKwii my‡hvM Ges mgv‡R m¤§vbRbK Ae¯’vb n‡Z ewÂZ|
Gfv‡e µgvMZ Pvc c«‡qv‡M A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb GKwU eo iK‡gi mvdj¨ AR©‡b m¶g nq|
1885 mv‡j miKvi gymwjg wk¶vi Ici GKwU wm×všÍ M«nY K‡i| ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx
GB wm×všÍ‡K gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ g¨vMbvKvU©v iƒ‡c MY¨ K‡ib|

fvi‡Z I Bsj¨v‡Û hyMcr AvB.wm.Gm cix¶v Abyôvb Ges g‡bvbqb c×wZ ejer ivLvi Rb¨
my‡i›`«bv_ e¨vbvR©xi `vwei we‡ivwaZv K‡i ‡m›U«vj b¨vkbvj ‡gvnv‡gWvb
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb| A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi `vwe wQj e¨vcK nv‡i gymjgvb‡`i wb‡qvM,
wbe©vwn cwil‡`i m¤ú«mviY I ‡fvUvwaKvi wbwðZKiY| ¯’vbxq cwil`mg~‡n
gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c…_K wbe©vP‡bi `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj| ‰mq` Avgxi Avjxi ‡bZ…‡Z¡
A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi Av‡›`vjb djc«my nq hLb 1892 mv‡j BwÛqvb KvDwÝj A¨v± cvm
nq| GB AvBb wewfbœ ¯^v_© mswkøó `‡ji ¯^v_© i¶vi wbðqZv c«`vb K‡i|

Avgxi Avjx A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi AvRxeb ‡m‡µUvwi wQ‡jb| 1906 mv‡j gymwjg jxM
MwVZ nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ GwU wQj gymwjg mgv‡Ri c«wZwbwaZ¡Kvix GKgvÎ
ivR‰bwZK msMVb| Zvui ewjô ‡bZ…‡Z¡ msMVbwU gymjgvb‡`i mvwe©K Dbœq‡b
KvR K‡i| GwU wew”QbœZvi bxwZ cwinvi K‡i mwµq AskM«nY bxwZ Abymi‡Y
gymjgvb‡`i DØy× K‡i| ‡m›U«vj b¨vkbvj ‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi e¨vbv‡i
‰mq` Avgxi Avjx gymjgvb‡`i cybR©vMiY I AvaywbKvq‡bi c_ c«k¯Í K‡ib| 1904
mv‡j hLb wZwb jÛ‡bi D‡Ï‡k fviZel© Z¨vM K‡ib, ZLb msMVbwU `ye©j n‡q c‡o Ges
cieZ©x mg‡q Gi ¯^vfvweK wejywß N‡U|

3.1.5 BDbvB‡UW b¨vkbvj wW‡dÝ G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbt

1877 mv‡j ‰mq` Avgxi Avjxi D‡`¨v‡M Ô‡m›U«vj ‡gvnv‡gWvb G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ

MV‡bi mv‡_ m¨vi ‰mq` Avng` Lvb wØgZ ‡cvlY K‡ib| wZwb gymjgvb‡`i‡K
ivRbxwZ ‡_‡K weiZ _vKvi Dc‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ks‡M«m AvZ¥c«Kvk Kivi ci

cvZv-8
wnw›` Ges D`©yi we‡iva m…wó n‡j gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v‡_©i e¨vcv‡i ‰mq` Avng`
m‡PZb n‡q D‡Vb Ges 1889 mv‡j ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvM«nx n‡q
ÔBDbvB‡UW b¨vkbvj wW‡dÝ G¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ MVb K‡ib (1889)|

3.1.6 ‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi ‡mvmvBwUt

GKwU mvgvwRK msMVb| 1863 mv‡j bIqve Ave`yj jwZd KZ©…K KjKvZvq
c«wZwôZ| gymjgvb‡`i Bs‡iwR fvlvi gva¨‡g AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kiv Ges
mvgvwRK AvPiY I Av`vb-c«`v‡b wkw¶Z wn›`y I Bs‡iR‡`i mgK¶ K‡i ‡ZvjvB wQj
‡mvmvBwU c«wZôvi D‡Ïk¨| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb weÁvb, Kjv I Pjgvb mgm¨v msµvš—
Ges gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wk¶vi c«mv‡ii Dcvq D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb
K‡ib| ‡mvmvBwU gymjgvb‡`i ¶wqòy AvZ¥wek¦vm wdwi‡q Avbv, AvaywbK wk¶v
c«eZ©b I eyw×e…wËK Av‡jvPbvi Øviv mgvR Dbœq‡bi bZyb avivi c«eZ©bv Ges
Gfv‡e kvmK I kvwm‡Zi g‡a¨ GK wbf©ikxj ‡mZy ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM M«nY K‡i|
gymjgvb‡`i GB ai‡bi me©c«_g msMVb wn‡m‡e ‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi ‡mvmvBwU
Kvjµ‡g gymjgvb‡`i c«f~Z Kj¨vY mvab K‡i|

cvZv-9
 PZz_© Aa¨vq

4.1 gymwjg jxM MV‡bi cUf~wgt

e…wUk kvmb Avg‡j Awef³ fvi‡Z msL¨vMwiô wn›`y‡`i cvkvcvwk gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi
g‡a¨I ¯^kvm‡bi ‡PZbv RvM«Z nq| Avi G ‡¶‡Î gymwjg ¯^v‡_©i c«wZwbwaZ¡ K‡i
1906 mv‡j c«wZwôZ nq gymwjg jxM| gymwjg jxM MV‡bi †cÖÿvcU wb¤œiƒct

4.1.1 Ks‡M«‡mi GK‡ckx bxwZt

1885 mv‡j me©fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m MwVZ n‡jI gymjgvb‡`i `vex `vIqv I ¯^v_©
Ks‡M«‡mi Kv‡Q D‡cw¶Z wQj| g~jZ Ks‡M«‡m wn›`y ‡bZv‡`i AvwacZ¨ ‡ekx wQj|
GgZve¯’vq gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v‡_©i e¨vcv‡i AvM«nx n‡q 1889 mv‡j m¨vi ‰mq` Avn¤§`
BDbvB‡UW b¨vkbvj wW‡dÝ G‡mvwm‡qkb, 1893 mv‡j DËi fvi‡Z Ò‡gvnv‡gWvb
G¨vs‡jv Iwi‡q›Uvj wW‡dÝ AiMvbvB‡Rkb Ae Avcvi BwÛqvÓ MVb K‡ib| 1903 mv‡j
mvnvivbcy‡i Ges 1906 mv‡ji ‡deªyqvwi‡Z cvÄv‡e Ògymwjg jxM Ó bv‡g GKwU
ivR‰bwZK `j MwVZ nq|

4.1.2 e½f½ cieZ©x Ks‡M«‡mi f~wgKv I gymwjg jx‡Mi AvZ¥cÖKvkt

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg weZwK©Z NUbv wQj e½f½| evsjv c«‡`‡ki
wekvj AvqZ‡bi Kvi‡Y e½f‡½i A‡bK Av‡M ‡_‡KB we«wUkiv evsjv‡K fvM Kivi
wPšÍv fvebv KiwQj| 1905 mv‡ji e½f‡½i d‡j fviZxq gymjgvbiv e…wUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q
Zv‡`i ¯^v_© I AwaKvi Av`v‡qi ¯^cœ ‡`Lv ïiy K‡iwQj| wVK ZLbB Ks‡M«m e½f½ i`
Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡o| g~jZ Ks‡M«‡mi ‡bZ…‡Z¡, e½f½ ev¯Íevqb nevi Av‡M
‡_‡KB D”P ‡k«Yxi wn›`yiv e½f‡½i we‡ivwaZv K‡i AvmwQj| KjKvZv‡Kw›`«K
ivRbxwZwe`, AvBbRxex I abxiv cy‡iv e¨vcviwU‡K ag©xqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i| KjKvZvi
D”P e‡Y©i I wkw¶Z wn›`y m¤ú«`v‡qi Rwg`vi, ivRbxwZwe`, wkícwZ, AvBbRxexiv
e½f‡½i wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb ‡bb| wn›`y ‡bZ…e…›` evsjv fvM Kiv‡K evOvwj we‡ivax,
RvZxqZvev` we‡ivax I e½gvZvi A½‡”Q` we‡kl‡Y AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| 1905 mv‡ji 7
AvM÷ KjKvZvi UvDb n‡j Kvwkg evRv‡ii Rwg`vi gnvivRv g‡n›`«P›`« b›`xi

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mfvcwZ‡Z¡ GK c«wZev` mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| wewfbœ cÎcwÎKvi gva¨‡g G
c«wZev‡` c«vq GK j¶ ‡jvK Dcw¯’Z _vKvi K_v Rvbv hvq| bZyb c«‡`‡k gymjgvb‡`i
msL¨vMwiôZv wQj gnvivRvi gv_ve¨v_vi g~j KviY|

Ks‡MÖ‡mi Ab¨Zg †bZv m¨vi my‡i›`«bv_ e¨vbvwR© e½f‡½i Zxe« wb›`v K‡i
e‡jb, evsjv‡`k wef³ K‡i wn›`y‡`i‡K Acgvb I Ac`¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| e½f‡½i
c«wZev‡` fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m 1906 mv‡ji 7B AvM÷ ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ïiæ
K‡i| wejvZx `«e¨ eR©b Kiv nq Ges Av¸b jvMv‡bv nq| ¯‹yj, K‡jR I
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎMY wk¶vsMb cwiZ¨M K‡i| evjMsMvai wZjK e½f‡½i
weiæ‡× wn›`y RvZxqZv RvM«Z I mymsnZ Kivi R‡b¨ gvivVv bvqK wkevRx‡K
fvi‡Zi mKj wn›`y‡`i RvZxq ex‡ii Avm‡b c«wZôvi Av‡qvRb K‡ib| ‡`‡ki me©Î
wkevRxi Rb¥evwl©Kx AvbyôvwbKfv‡e c«wZcvwjZ nq| mfvq mfvq Ks‡M«‡mi
‡bZvMY gymjgvb mg«v‡Ui weiæ‡× wkevRxi msM«v‡gi c«ksmv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
wkevRx‡K wn›`y‡`i RvZxq exi I Zvui msM«vg‡K RvZxq msM«vg e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡ib| G mgq evsjv‡`‡ki wn›`y‡`i g‡a¨ mš¿vmev`x ms¯’v M‡o D‡V| D”Pc`¯’
Bs‡iR Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K nZ¨v K‡i e½f½ i` KivB wQj Gm‡ei D‡Ïk¨| -(Gg G iwngt
evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i BwZnvm, c…t 205-6; my‡i›`«bv_ e¨vbvwR©t ‡bkb Bb
‡gwKs, 18; G nvwg`t gymwjg ‡mcv‡iwURg Bb BwÛqv, 57, 69-70)|

e½f‡½i ci wn›`yevsjv gymjgvb‡`i c«wZ GZLvwb w¶ß n‡q D‡V ‡h msev`c‡Î

Ges Rbmfvq gymjgvb‡`i c«wZ bvbviƒc Am¤§vbKi I we`ªƒcvZ¥K we‡kølY
c«‡qvM Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| gymjgvb‡`i AZxZ ee©iZvi weeiYmn KwíZ BwZnvm
wjwLZ nq| mvB‡q` Avng` Lvb‡K ‡`k‡`«vnx Ges gymjgvb‡`i‡K Bs‡i‡Ri
`vjvjiƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv nq| c«wZw`b msev`c‡Î G ai‡bi msev` cwi‡ek Kiv nq ‡h,
miKvi wn›`y‡`i Dci AvµgY Pvjv‡Z gymjgv‡`i‡K D‡ËwRZ Ki‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i
wbivcËvi e¨vcv‡i D‡c¶v c«`k©b Ki‡Qb| AvZ¥i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ A¯¿k‡¯¿ mw¾Z
nIqvi R‡b¨ wn›`y‡`i‡K Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nq| GKwU msev`cÎ GZ`~i ch©šÍ e‡j ‡h
gymwjg ¸Ûv‡`i‡K Ges Zv‡`i mvnvh¨Kvix miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i‡K RxešÍ `w»f~Z
Ki‡jI wn›`y mgv‡Ri c«wZ‡kva M«nY h‡_ó n‡e bv| -(Khan, India of today, p.87;
A Hamid Muslim Separatism in India, p.61)

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wgt Gb wm ‡PŠayix e‡jb, e½f½ wn›`y gymwjg m¤úK© wPiw`‡bi R‡b¨ webó
K‡i ‡`q Ges eÜy‡Z¡i cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i g‡b Zv‡`i R‡b¨ N…Yvi D‡`«K K‡i|
iv¯ÍvNv‡U, ¯‹y‡j, evRv‡i me©Î G N…Yvi fve cwiùyU nq| ¯‹y‡j wn›`y ‡Q‡jiv
gymjgvb‡`i wbK‡U em‡Z N…Yv c«Kvk K‡i GB e‡j ‡h Zv‡`i gyL ‡_‡K
wcuqv‡Ri MÜ ‡ei懔Q| wgt ‡PŠayix e‡jb ‡h, wZwb ¯‹y‡j wM‡q G AvPiY
¯^P‡¶ ‡`‡L‡Qb| d‡j K¬v‡k wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i c…_K c…_K Avm‡bi e¨e¯’v
Kiv nq| wZwb AviI e‡jb, ÒAvgiv ‡jLvcov wkLevi Av‡MB Avgv‡`i‡K ejv n‡Zv
‡h GKKv‡j gymjgvbiv G ‡`k kvmb Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgv‡`i Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡i‡Q|
GK nv‡Z ‡KviAvb Ges Ab¨ nv‡Z Zievix wb‡q G ‡`‡k Zviv Bmjvg Rvix K‡i‡Q|
gymjgvb kvmKMY Avgv‡`i bvix niY K‡i‡Q, gw›`i aŸsm K‡i‡Q, Avgv‡`i
ag©xq ¯’vbmg~n AcweÎ K‡i‡Q| AZGe esMfsMB gymjgvb‡`i c«wZ wn›`y‡`i
N…Yv I we‡Øl m…wó K‡iwb| G wQj eû c~e© ‡_‡KB| e½f½ Zv ewa©Z K‡i‡Q
gvÎ| -(N.C. Chowdhury: The Auto-biography of an Unknown Indian pp.227, 230;
Zuberi TAZKIRA WADAR, p.169-70; A Hamid: Muslim Separatism in India,
pp.61-62)

e½f½ i` Kivi R‡b¨ Dfq evsjvi wn›`y gymjgvb HK¨e×fv‡e Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q‡Q
e‡j weK…Z, KvíwbK I D™¢U BwZnvm cwi‡ekb K‡i cieZ©x eskaiMY‡K
weåvšÍ Kivi Ac‡Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G K_vI ejv nq ‡h, GK LvRv mwjgyjøvn e¨ZxZ
Ab¨ ‡Kvb evsMvjx gymjgv e½f½ ‡g‡b ‡bqwb| G c«K…Z m‡Z¨i Acjvc e¨ZxZ
wKQy bq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq G K_v my¯úó n‡q‡Q ‡h, esMfs‡Mi d‡j Ae‡nwjZ
gymjgvb mgv‡Ri Avkv-AvKvsLv c«wZdwjZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv ‡`Lv w`‡qwQj e‡j
wn›`yevsjv wbQK wnsmv ciek n‡q wefvM we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡`i
e³…Zv wee…wZ, Zv‡`i AvPiY, gvivVv ‡bZv wkevRx‡K `…k¨c‡U ‡U‡b G‡b
wn›`y RvZxqZv RvM«Z Kivi c«‡Póv BZ¨vw` wn›`y gymwjg HK¨ I wgjb‡K
bm¨vr K‡i w`‡q‡Q, Pviw`‡K `vsMv nvsMvgv ïiæ n‡q‡Q, gymjgvb‡`i Dci
wbh©vZb ïiæ n‡q‡Q| GZm‡ei ci wn›`y gymjgvb HK¨e× n‡q e½f½ i` K‡i‡Q G
K_v ejv gw¯‹®‹ weK…wZiB cwiPvqK A_ev `yiwfmwÜg~jK m‡›`n ‡bB|

D‡jøL Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h, e½f‡½i d‡j evsjvq ‡h mš¿vmev` m…wó K‡iwQj
evsjvi wn›`yMY, hvi c«wZ gymjgvb‡`i ‡Kvb mg_©Y wQj bv, ei gymjgvb‡`i

cvZv-12
Rxeb I abm¤ú` wecbœ n‡qwQj, ‡m mš¿vmev` ‡_‡K AvZ¥i¶vi R‡b¨ Ges ‡m
msKUmw׶‡Y gymjgvb‡`i KZ©e¨ wba©vi‡bi R‡b¨ 1906 mv‡j XvKvq
me©fviZxq gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§jb AvûZ nq| G m‡¤§j‡bB evsjv Z_v mviv fvi‡Zi
gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi R‡b¨ Ges RvwZ‡K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ gymwjg jxM c«wZwôZ nq| ej‡Z ‡M‡j e½f‡½i d‡j gymjgvb‡`i weiæ‡×
‡h wn›`y we‡Øl, ‡µva I c«wZwnsmvi ewý c«¾¡wjZ n‡qwQj, ZvB gymwjg
jx‡Mi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj|

4.1.3 jW© gwj©i kvmbZ‡š¿i ms¯‹v‡ii ‡NvlYvt

1906 mv‡j fviZ mwPe jW© gwj© fvi‡Z Avmbœ kvmbZš¿ ms¯‹v‡ii ‡Nvlbv ‡`b| 1906
mv‡j 1jv A‡±vei AvMv Lv‡bi ‡bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU kw³kvjx gymwjg c«wZwbwa `j
wmgjvq ZrKvjxb eo jvU jW© wg‡›Uvi wbKU c…_K wbe©vP‡bi `vex Rvbv‡j Zv
bxwZMZfv‡e ‡g‡b ‡bb| G‡Z gymwjg ‡bZ…e…›` GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡b
DrmvwnZ nb|

Aciw`‡K , e½f½ c«wZwµqvq mgM« fviZ Ry‡o wn›`y Rb‡Mvôxi c«wZev` Ges
gymwjg we‡Ø‡li So e‡q hvIqvi welqwU m¨vi mwjgyjøvn‡K we‡kl fv‡e fvwe‡q ‡Zv‡j|
wZwb me© fviZxq gymwjg H‡K¨i K_v fve‡Z ïiy K‡ib| 1906 mv‡j b‡f¤^i gv‡m mgM«
fvi‡Zi gymwjg ‡bZv‡`i Kv‡Q cÎvjv‡c wb‡Ri Awfc«vq Zy‡j a‡ib Ges me© fviZxq
gymwjg jxM MV‡bi c«¯Íve ‡`b|

4.1.4 me© fviZxq gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§jb I ivR‰bwZK Rbmfv t

1906 mv‡ji 28-30 wW‡m¤^i kvnev‡M beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn me© fviZxq gymwjg
wk¶v m‡¤§jb Avn&evb K‡ib| G m‡¤§j‡b gymjgvb‡`i Bs‡iRx wk¶vi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Zy‡j aiv
nq| G m‡¤§jb mvdj¨gwÛZ Kivi wcQ‡b evsjvi gymjgv‡`i ZrKvjxb D`xqgvb ‡bZv
Aveyj Kv‡mg dRjyj n‡Ki Ae`vb wQj me‡P‡q ‡ekx| D³ m‡¤§j‡bi R‡b¨ ‡h
c«¯‘wZ KwgwU MwVZ nq Zvi hyM¥ m¤úv`K wQ‡jb G, ‡K, dRjyj nK I
wfLviæj gyjK| m‡¤§jb‡K Rqhy³ Kivi R‡b¨ 33 eQi eq¯‹ hyeK G, ‡K, dRjyj nK
c«f~Z Drmvn D`¨gmn mviv fviZ mdi K‡ib hvi d‡j m‡¤§j‡b mgM« fvi‡Zi c«vq 8
nvRvi c«wZwbwa ‡hvM`vb K‡ib|

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wk¶v m‡¤§jb ‡k‡l 1906 mv‡ji 30‡k wW‡m¤^i beve wfLviyj gyj‡Ki mfvcwZ‡Z¡
GKwU ivR‰bwZK mfv AbywôZ nq| XvKvq GB HwZnvwmK m‡¤§j‡b e½f½ mg_©b
Ges e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi wb›`v Kiv nq| GB mfvq m¨vi mwjgyjøvn mgM« fviZ
‡_‡K Avmv c«vq 8 nvRvi c«wZwbwai mvg‡b Òme© fviZxq gymwjg msNÓ(All India
Muslim Confederency) MV‡bi c«¯Íve ‡`b| nvwKg AvRgj Lvb, wc«Ý AvMv Lvb, Lvb
evnv`yi AvnmvbDjøvn, Rvdi Avjx Ges Av‡iv wKQy c«wZwbwa c«¯ÍvewU‡K mg_©b
K‡ib| wKQy c«wZwbwai AvcwËi ‡c«w¶‡Z Kb‡dWv‡iÝx kãwU cwiZ¨vM K‡i jxM
kãwU‡K M«nY Kiv nq| Ae‡k‡l 1906 mv‡ji 30 ‡k wW‡m¤^i m¨vi mwjgyjøvn
‡bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq ÒAj BwÛqv gymwjg jxMÓ| `‡ji mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb m¨vi
mwjgyjøvn, hyM¥ mvaviY m¤úv`K beve gnwmb Dj g~jK I beve wfLviyj g~jK| G
msMV‡bi e¨vcv‡i ïiæ ‡_‡KB wn›`y Rb‡Mvôx weiƒc Ae¯’vb ‡bq| my‡i›`«bv_
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z w` ‡e½jx cwÎKv beMwVZ gymwjg jxM‡K mwjgyjøvn jxM
wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i| hv‡nvK kxMÖB GwU fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki wØZxq ivR‰bwZK `‡j
cwiYZ nq|

4.2 gymwjg jxM MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨:

ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e fviZe‡l© gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y KivB wQj gymwjg jx‡Mi
cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| G‡ÿ‡Î G `‡ji Ab¨vb¨ D‡Ïk¨mgyn wQj wb¤œiƒct

K. we«wUk miKv‡ii c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ e…w× Kiv Ges miKv‡ii ‡Kvb bxwZ m¤ú‡K©
gymjgvb‡`i g‡b ‡Kvb åvšÍ avibv Rb¥v‡j Zv `~i Kiv|

gymwjg jx‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ cÖwZôvKvjxb G D‡Ï‡k¨i wel‡q A‡b‡KB wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib|
†hgb wewkó ivó«weÁvbx c«‡dmi W. GgvRDÏxb Avng` e‡jb,

Òwe«wUk miKv‡ii c«wZ gymjgvb‡`i AvbyMZ¨ e…w×i Rb¨ gymwjg jxM

MwVZ n‡qwQj K_vUv ‡hfv‡e ‡jLv n‡q‡Q Zv wVK bq| Z‡e K_vwUi g‡a¨
AvswkK mZ¨Zv Av‡Q| gymjgvbiv we‡`«vn fve ‡_‡K ‡ei n‡q G‡m Bs‡iR‡`i
mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q wb‡R‡`i wk¶v-`x¶vq I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Dbœq‡bi K_v
fvewQj ZLb| Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ we‡iv‡a bv Rov‡bvi bxwZ M«nY K‡iwQj Zviv
ZLb|Ó XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BwZnvm wefv‡Mi c«‡dmi ‰mq` Av‡bvqvi
‡nv‡mb e‡jb, ÒK_vUv fyj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡”Q| gymwjg jxM c«wZwôZ n‡qwQj
gymjgvb‡`i ‡Mvôx ¯^v_© i¶vq|Ó

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Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BwZnvm wefv‡Mi c«‡dmi byiæj Bmjvg gÄyi e‡jb,

Òwe«wUk miKv‡ii c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ e…w×i Rb¨ gymwjg jxM c«wZôv

n‡qwQj e‡j ‡h K_v ‡jLv n‡q‡Q Zv mwVK bq| eis gymwjg jxM c«wZwôZ
n‡qwQj gymjgvb‡`i gyw³i Rb¨| gymwjg jx‡Mi gva¨‡gB 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb
ivó« c«wZôv nq| Ks‡M«‡m ‡_‡K gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v n‡e bv Ges
gymjgvb‡`i ‡mLv‡b RvqMv n‡e bv e‡jB Zviv Avjv`v ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi
c«‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb| we«wU‡ki we‡ivwaZv bv Kiv ZLb gymwjg
jx‡Mi GKwU cwjwm wQj| AvbyMZ¨ c«Kv‡ki A‡bK Dcvq Av‡Q| ‡m Rb¨
ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Ki‡Z n‡e ‡Kb|Ó

Z‡e XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BwZnvm wefv‡Mi c«‡dmi BLwZqvi-Dj-AvDqvj Ges c«‡dmi

kwid Djøvn fuyBqv e‡jb, Ògymwjg jxM c«wZôv m¤ú‡K© AvbyMZ¨ e…w×i ‡h K_v
‡jLv n‡q‡Q Zv mwVK| Zviv e‡jb, gymwjg jxM MVb m¤ú‡K© hZ ‡U·U cvIqv hvq Zvi
meLv‡b G K_vB ‡jLv Av‡Q|Ó

cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, gymjgvb‡`i GKwU Ask KL‡bvB Bs‡iR kvmb‡K ‡g‡b ‡bqwb| Zviv
AvMv‡MvovB we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| Avi GKwU Ask GKch©v‡q Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ Zvj
wgwj‡q gymjgbv‡`i wk¶v-`x¶vq GwM‡q ‡bqvi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i ga¨ ‡_‡K
GKwU ‡k«Yx gmywjg jxM c«wZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i cwjwm wQj we«wU‡ki
we‡ivwaZv bv Kiv| Z‡e G bxwZI ‡ewk w`b Zviv a‡i iv‡Lbwb| 1911 mv‡j e½f½ i‡`i ci
gymwjg jxM Zv‡`i cwjwm‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡b Ges ‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn hLb Gi
‡bZ…‡Z¡ G‡jb ZLb ‡Zv G `j gymjgvb‡`i gyw³ Ges me PvIqv-cvIqvi ‡K›`«we›`y‡Z
cwiYZ nq| ZvB c«wZôvKvjxb D‡Ïk¨ hvB _vKyK bv ‡Kb gymwjg jxM‡K wePvi Ges
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi mvgwM«K Kvh©µg Ges f~wgKv mvg‡b ‡i‡L| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e
Dbœq‡bi K_v fvewQj ZLb| Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ we‡iv‡a bv Rov‡bvi bxwZ M«nY K‡iwQj
Zviv ZLb|

L. fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I ¯^v_©i¶v Ges Zv‡`i Afve Awf‡hvM I

`vex-`vIqv MVbg~jK fv‡e miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zy‡j aiv|

M. G msMV‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi ‡¶‡Î Ab¨ m¤ú«`v‡qi c«wZ ‡hb we‡Øl fve mÂvi
bv nq, ‡m e¨vcv‡i c«‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v M«nb Kiv|

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N. GQvov c…_K wbe©vPb, miKvix Kv‡R b¨vh¨ AwaKvi, c«v‡`wkK nvB‡KvU© I
myc«xg ‡Kv‡U gymwjg wePvicwZ wb‡qvM Kiv, wek¦we`¨vj‡q I wk¶v KwgwU‡Z
gymjxg c«wZwbwa wb‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

c‡ivÿ D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ wQj fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Le© Kiv Ges
gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi mycÖwZwôZ Kiv|

4.3 gymwjg jx‡Mi Kvh©µg:

K. 1909 mv‡ji gwj© wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi gv‡a¨‡g c…_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v c«Pjb|

L. 1920 mv‡j ‡LjvdZ Av‡›`vjb I Am‡nv‡hvM Av‡›`vjb e…wUk‡`i fxZ mš¿¯Í n‡q c‡o|

M. gymjgvb‡`b ¯^v_© cwicš’x 1927 mv‡ji mvBgb Kwgkb Ges 1929 mv‡ji ‡b‡niy
wi‡cvU© c«Z¨vLvb K‡ib|

N. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡b hy³ivó«xq e¨e¯’v M«n‡Yi c«¯Íve _vKvq gymjgvbiv
Zv c«Z¨vL¨vb K‡i|

O. wRbœvn wØRvZx Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ 1940 mv‡j gymwjg jxM jv‡nvi c«¯Ív‡e Ges
cieZ©x‡Z cvwK¯Ívb ivó« m…wó gymwjg jx‡Mi eo K…wZZ¡|

4.4 gymwjg jxM MV‡b AMÖMY¨ e¨w³eM©t

4.4.1 m¨vi ‰mq` Avng` Lvbt

gymwjg mgv‡Ri DbœZK‡í Zvui ‡k«ô Ae`vb GB ‡h, wZwb K¨vgwe«R I

A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AbyKi‡Y 1875 mv‡j AvjxMo ‡gvnv‡gWvb Iwi‡q›Uvj
K‡jR ¯’vcb K‡ib| G K‡j‡R cvðvZ¨ Ávb weÁv‡bi mv‡_ ag©xq wk¶viI e¨e¯’v
Kiv nq| ZrKv‡j miKvix Bs‡iRx we`¨vjq¸wj‡Z ag©xq wk¶vi e¨e¯’A bv _vKvq
gymjgvbiv ‡mLv‡b Zv‡`i mš—vb‡K cvVv‡Z ms‡KvP ‡eva Ki‡Zv| AvaywbK
wk¶vjv‡fi c_ ‡_‡K ‡m c«wZeÜKZv `~i Kiv nq AvjxMo K‡j‡Ri gva¨‡g|

G K‡jR c«wZôvi gva¨‡g m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng` gymwjg mgvR ms¯‹vi I wk¶v
we¯—v‡ii ‡h Av‡›`vjb M‡o ‡Zv‡jb Zv ÔAvjxMo Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g L¨vwZ jvf

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K‡i| G gymwjg ‡i‡bmvu Av‡›`vj‡b Kwe nvjx, gynwmbyj gyjK, bvwRi Avng`,
‡PivM Avjx c«gyL gbxlxe…›` ‡hvM`vb K‡i Av‡›`vj‡bi AM«MwZ mvwaZ
K‡ib|

gymwjg ¯^v‡_©i i¶vKeP wnmv‡e ¯^vqËkvmbg~jK c«wZôvb¸wj‡Z m¨vi

mvB‡q` Avng` gymjgvb‡`i R‡b¨ c…_K miKvix g‡bvbqbc«_vi `vex Rvbvb|
wZwb e‡jb Gme c«wZôv‡b mvaviY hy³ wbe©vPb c«_v c«ewZ©Z n‡j
gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v‡_© c``wjZ n‡e| 1883 mv‡ji 12B Rvbyqvix Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡i‡ji
KvDw݇ji wbK‡U gymjgvb‡`ib R‡b¨ c…_K bwg‡bkb c«_vi mg_©‡b wZwb
e‡jbt

ÒmvaviY hy³ wbe©vPb c«_vi Øviv ïaygvÎ msL¨vMwi‡ôi gZ I ¯^v‡_©i

c«wZwbwaZ¡ Kiv nq| ‡h ‡`‡k ïaygvÎ GKRvwZ I GK a‡g©i ‡jvK evm K‡i
‡mLv‡b G c«_v M«nY‡hvM¨| wKš‘ fvi‡Z wewfbœ RvwZi evm, ‡KD
msL¨vMwiô, ‡KD msL¨vjNy Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ RvwZ‡f` I ag©‡f` we`¨gvb|
GgZve¯’vq hy³ wbe©vPb c«eZ©b Ki‡j Kydj ‡`Lv w`‡Z eva¨| G c«_v
c«eZ©b Ki‡j msL¨vMwiô Rvwn¸wji Øviv msL¨vjNy‡`i ¯^v_© c``wjZ n‡e|
Zv‡Z RvwZ we‡Øl I ag© we‡Øl c«ej AvKvi aviY Ki‡e| Gi R‡b¨
miKvi‡KB `vqx n‡Z n‡eÓ|

Zvi G hyw³c~Y© c«¯Íve gymwjg mgv‡Ri R‡b¨ GK wPšÍvi Øvi Db¥y³ K‡i Ges
Zvi G c«¯Íve djeZx nq QvweŸk eQi ci| 1906 mv‡ji 1jv A‡±vei AvMv Lv‡bi
‡bZ…‡Z¡ fvi‡Zi wewkó 36 Rb gymjgv‡bi GKwU c«wZwbwa`j fvi‡Zi Mfb©i
‡Rbv‡ij jW© wg‡›Ui Kv‡Q c…_K wbe©vPb c«_vi `vex‡Z GKwU ¯§viKwjwc
‡ck K‡i|

4.4.2 bIqve Avãyj jwZdt

4.4.3 ‰mq` Avgxi Avjxt

4.4.4 bIqve LvRv mwjgyjøvnt

4.4.5 wc«Ý AvMv Lvbt

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4.4.6 Lvb evnv`yi AvnmvbDjøvnt

4.4.7 beve wfLviyj g~jKt

4.4.8 beve gnwmb Dj g~jKt

4.4.9 nvwKg AvRgj Lvbt

wPwKrmK, ivRbxwZwe` I ¯^vaxbZv msM«vgx nvwKg AvRgj Lvb (1868-1927)

fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡M«m, wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM Ges wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ KwgwUi
c«avb nIqv GKgvÎ e¨w³| 1906 mv‡j wmgjvq fvi‡Zi fvBmi‡qi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Kiv gymwjg
`‡j wZwb ‡bZ…Z¡ ‡`b| c«wZwbwa`j KZ©…K wjwLZ ‡g‡gv‡iÛvg fvBmiq‡K
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| c‡ii eQi 1906 mv‡ji 30 A‡±vei XvKvq wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi
c«wZôvq wZwb Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| A‡bK gymwjg ‡bZv ‡M«ßv‡ii gy‡LvgywL n‡j
wZwb mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ MvÜxi w`‡K AM«mi nb Ges Gi gva¨‡g wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b
gnvZ¥v MvÜx Ges Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg ‡bZv ‡hgb Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, gvIjvbv gynv¤§`
Avwj, gvIjvbv kIKZ Avwj‡K HK¨e× K‡ib|

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 cÂg Aa¨vq

5.1 mvims‡ÿct

1906 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i XvKvq gymwjg jxM c«wZôvi cUf~wg 1885 mv‡j fviZxq
RvZxq Ks‡M«m c«wZôvi mgq n‡Z wPýZ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| miKv‡ii m‡½ ¶gZvi
Askx`vwiZ¡ Ges fvi‡Z c«wZwbwaZ¡gyjK miKvi c«wZôvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K Abyc«vwYZ
Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z wn›`y m¤£všÍ ‡k«wY Ks‡M«m c«wZôv
K‡iwQj| gymwjg m¤ú«`v‡qi m‡e©v”P m¤§vwbZ ‡bZv m¨vi ‰mq` Avng` Lvb
gymwjg m¤ú«`v‡qi ¯^v‡_© fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i Ks‡M«‡m ‡hvM bv w`‡Z ûuwkqvi K‡i
w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb AvjxM‡o GKwU K‡jR c«wZôv K‡i Zvui Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| m¨vi
‰mq` Avng` Ges Zvui g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ gymjgvb ‡bZvivI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb ‡h, GKwU
cðvrc` RvwZ wn‡m‡e gymjgvbMY we«wUk‡`i c«wZ we‡ivwaZvi cwie‡Z©
AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡gB AwaKZi my‡hvM-myweav ‡c‡Z cv‡i| gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S
Bs‡iwR wk¶v Rbwc«q K‡i ‡Zvjvi Rb¨ wZwb Zvui Abymvix‡`i me©kw³ wb‡qv‡Mi
wb‡`©k ‡`b| G Dcjwä Ges AbyeZ©x mwµqZv ÔAvjxMo Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ
jvf K‡i|

G wPšÍvi Abymi‡Y bIqve Avãyj jwZd, ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤£všÍ
gymjgvbMY gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ Bs‡iwR wk¶v c«mv‡ii Rb¨ mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb
c«wZôv K‡ib| Gfv‡e ‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUvivwi ‡mvmvBwU (1863), ‡m›U«vj
‡gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb (1877), BDbvB‡UW BwÛqvb ‡cwU«qwUK
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb (1888) Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK ¯’vbxq AvÄygvb M‡o I‡V| G¸wj ivRbxwZi
‡P‡qI mvgvwRK cybR©vMiYg~jK Kv‡R AwaKZi mwµq wQj|

fvi‡Zi gymwjg ‡bZ…e…›` gymjgvb m¤ú«`v‡qi wk¶vmsµvšÍ mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv

Ges miKv‡ii c«wZ AvbyMZ¨ c«Pvi Kivi Rb¨ eQ‡i GKevi AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e mfvq
wgwjZ n‡Zv| Ks‡M«‡mi c…ô‡cvlKZvq e½f‡½i (1905) weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ we‡¶vf Ges
¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi ‡c«¶vc‡U Ggwb GK mfv (me©fviZxq gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§jb) 1906
mv‡j XvKvi kvnev‡M AbywôZ nq| BwZc~‡e© gymjgvb ‡bZv‡`i GKwU c«wZwbwa`j
gymjgvb m¤ú«`v‡qi we‡kl mgm¨vewj Zy‡j aivi Rb¨ wmgjvq Mfb©i ‡Rbv‡ij jW©

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wg‡›Uvi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| e½f‡½i ‡Mvuovmg_©K XvKvi bIqve LvRv mwjgyjøvn
Ks‡M«m mg_©K‡`i e½f½ we‡ivax we‡¶vf ‡gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU ivR‰bwZK
`j MV‡bi c«‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb
G mfvq GKwU ivR‰bwZK g MV‡bi c«¯Íve K‡ib| mfvi mfvcwZ bIqve wfKvi-Dj-
gyjK c«¯ÍvewU mg_©b K‡ib Ges Gfv‡e me© fviZxq gymwjg jxM m…wó nq|

5.1 Dcmsnvit

we«wUk fvi‡Zi kvmbZvwš¿K I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ¨ 1906 mv‡ji 30

wW‡m¤^i gymwjg jxM c«wZôv GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv | GwUB wQj fviZ‡l©i
gymjgvb‡`i c«_g ivR‰bwZK msMVb | Dwbk kZ‡Ki ïiæ ‡_‡KB wewfbœ Kvi‡Y
we‡klZ Ks‡M«‡mi wn›`y‡Nulv bxwZi Rb¨ gymjgvbMb wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿
Avevmf~wg M‡o ‡Zvjvi c«‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i | GiB avivevwnKZvq gymwjg
‡bZ…e…›` wewfbœ `vwe-`vIqv wb‡q we«wUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kivi
wPšÍv -fvebv K‡i |

1885 wLª÷v‡ã fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡MÖm MwVZ n‡jI †ewkifvM gymwjg †bZv G‡Z Ask
MÖnY K‡ibwb| 1905 wLª÷v‡ã e½f‡½i †NvlYvi d‡j Ae‡nwjZ cðv`c` evsjvi gymjgvb‡`i
g‡a¨ Avkvi mÂvi nq| wKš‘ Ks‡MÖm Ges wn›`y †bZ…e„›` e½f‡½i Pig we‡ivwaZv ïiæ
K‡i| d‡j gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ Zxeª weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq Ges Zviv Ks‡MÖm †_‡K
Av‡iv `~‡i m‡i hvq| wn›`y-gymjgvb `yB m¤cÖv‡qi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ evo‡Z _v‡K| GB
Ae¯’vq gymjgvb‡`i HK¨e×fv‡e `vwe Av`v‡qi Rb¨ GKwU msMVb Riæwi wQj|
Aciw`‡K 1906 wLª÷v‡ã weªwUk miKvi bZzbfv‡e kvmb ms¯‹vi Pvjy Kivi welqwU
we‡ePbvq Av‡b| Gme Kvi‡Y, wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_©i cÖ‡qvR‡b gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨
ivRbxwZ‡Z mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi AvMÖn †`Lv †`q| 1906 wLª÷v‡ã 1 A‡±vei AvMv
Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 35 m`m¨ wewkó gymwjg cÖwZwbwa `j wmgjvq, eo jvU jW©
wg‡›Uvi m‡½ †`Lv K‡ib| †mLv‡b eo jv‡Ui Kv‡Q gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© iÿv msµvšÍ
GKwU `vwebvgv †ck Kiv nq| GB mvÿvrKv‡ii ci gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` Zuv‡`i `vwe-
`vIqv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib|
1906 wLª÷v‡ãi wW‡m¤^‡ii 30 Zvwi‡L XvKvq AbywôZ nq ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg
GWy‡Kkb Kbdv‡iÝÕ| m‡¤§jb †k‡l bIqve wfLviæj gyjK& -Gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gymwjg
†bZv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU ivR‰bwZK mfv AbywôZ nq| GB mfvq beve mwjgyjøvn

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ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib|
cÖ¯ÍvewU mg_©b K‡ib nvwKg AvRgj Lvb, Rvdi Avjx Lvb, gyn¤§` Avjx cÖgyL
†bZ…e„›`| GB cÖ¯Ív‡ei cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 1906 wLª÷v‡ãi 31 wW‡m¤^i XvKvi kvnev‡M
MwVZ nq ÔwbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j| Gfv‡e gymjgvb‡`i
wbR¯^ ivR‰bwZK msMVb wn‡m‡e gymwjg jxM cÖwZwôZ nq|

MÖš’cwÄ

1| ‡kLi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, cjvwk †_‡K cvwU©kb, nvq`ivev` Iwi‡q›U jsg¨vb, 2004|

2| mywgZ miKvi, AvaywbK fviZ 1885-1947, †K wc evMPx A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvbx, KwjKvZv|

3| W. Avey ‡gvt ‡`‡jvqvi ‡nv‡mb, evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm (1905-1971)|

4| wmivRyj Bmjvg ‡PŠayix, Òm~Pbv ‡hLv‡b cZbI ‡mLv‡bB wKš‘ ‡KbÓ, Kv‡ji KÉ,
25 Rvbyqvwi, 2019|

5| 1905 mv‡j e½f½ I c~e©e‡½ c«wZwµqv, gybZvwmi gvgyb|

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