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Impact of Aggregate Gradation and Type on Hot Mix Asphalt Rutting In Egypt

Article · August 2013

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

Impact of Aggregate Gradation and Type on Hot Mix Asphalt

Rutting In Egypt
Manal A. Ahmed* and Mohamed I. E. Attia
*Assistant Professor, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

ABSTRACT
Rutting of flexible pavement is considered a survey that covered all of the USA, rutting due to
one of the major pavement distresses noted around permanent deformation in the HMA layer was found to
the world and in Egypt. Many investigators showed be the most common distress [5].
at about 55 to 80% of rutting occurred in the Rutting phenomena has gained widespread
surface layer. Rutting of asphalt surface layer may attention in Egypt as well as most tropical countries
be due to many causes happened during because of increasing of roads that early suffer from
construction phase and service phase. The main rutting. Gab-Allah [6] found that 22.8% on the average
objectives of this research are to evaluate the impact of the total deduct points of 19 distresses used for
of aggregate gradation and type on hot mix asphalt pavement conditions rating was caused by rutting.
(HMA) rutting potential in Egypt, understand the Many investigators deduced that asphalt surface layer
effect of aggregate properties on Marshall mix has contributed the most amount of the total pavement
properties and evaluate the relation between mix rutting [5-8]. In the study [6], it was showed that about
properties and rutting potential of HMA. 56 to 80% of the total pavement rutting occurred in
Experimental program was designed and asphalt surface layer. Limiting rutting of asphalt
conducted on common asphalt paving mixtures of pavements during the design and construction phases
different aggregate sources and gradations. Samples was the goal of many studies.
prepared at optimum asphalt content, as defined by
Marshall method, were tested using wheel track test II. Effect of Aggregate gradation and type on
and permanent deformation was measured. rutting of HMA
Study results showed that rutting resistance El-Basyouny and Mamlouk 1999 evaluated the
of asphalt paving mixes is affected by the mix effect of aggregate gradation on the rutting potential of
gradation and type of aggregate. Coarser gradation Superpave mixes [10]. They found that both the
(3A) had the highest resistance to rutting for all aggregate gradation and aggregate nominal size
types of aggregate, while open graded mixes (2C) affected the rut depth for pavement section as estimated
had the lowest resistance. Dolomite had the highest by the VESYS-3AM software. Mixtures prepared using
resistance for all types of gradations. Marshall flow aggregate gradation passing below the restricted zone
had the highest linear correlation with rutting, with (on the Superpave gradation chart) had better resistance
coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.74. to rutting as compared to those made from aggregates
with gradation passing through or above the restricted
I. Introduction and Background zone [10,11]. This means that coarser gradations are
The performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is expected to perform better than finer gradation. The
mainly function of the characteristics of its constituents: limitation of this study was that the comparisons were
asphalt binder and aggregate; along with the quality of made based on rut depth predicted by model rather than
the construction process [1-3]. The major distresses in measured rut depth [11].
flexible pavements are rutting, fatigue cracking and low Other researchers evaluated two mixtures
temperature thermal cracking. Rutting, the load-induced made from aggregates with different gradations [11,
permanent deformation of a flexible pavement, is 12]. The aggregate for first mixture had an S-shaped
probably considered the most important distress that gradation that stays below the maximum density line
contributes to the failure of a pavement. It is caused by and passes below the restricted zone. The second
the permanent deformation that develops gradually in mixture was made from aggregate with finer gradation
the longitudinal direction under the wheel paths due to that stayed above the maximum density line and above
high traffic loads associated with high field the restricted zone. Other mixtures with aggregate
temperatures [3]. Depending on the magnitude of the gradations 5 to 20% coarser, as measured on the 4.75
load and the relative strength of the pavement layers, mm sieve, than the fine and coarse mixtures were also
permanent deformation can occur in the subgrade, the evaluated. The mixtures were evaluated for permanent
base, or the upper hot mix asphalt (HMA) layers [4]. In deformation using Asphalt Pavement Analyser

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

(Georgia rut tester) [11, 12]. They concluded that the  Crushed Dolomite from “Ataka” quarry, Suez
finer gradation had better resistance to permanent Governorate and
deformation.  Crushed Limestone from “Tora” quarry, Cairo
Carpenter and Enockson concluded that Governorate.
majority of the rutting problem can be attributed to The properties of these types of aggregate were
aggregate gradation based on evaluating 32 overlay evaluated. Table (1) shows these tests results. Siliceous
projects in Illinois, USA [11, 13]. Oliver et al. reported sand was used as a fine aggregate in all designed
that aggregate gradation has a significant influence on asphalt concrete mixes, it had a specific gravity 2.65
rutting resistance based on field and laboratory study on gm/cm3. The Limestone powder passing sieve No.50
several mixtures in Australia [11, 14]. was used as a mineral filler in all designed mixes. This
Other researchers have reached different Limestone powder is free from any impurities such as
conclusions. Brown and Cross [15] indicated that silt or clay. It is non-plastic material and has a specific
aggregate properties have little effect on rutting when gravity of 2.75 gm/cm3. One source of asphalt was used
voids are less than 2.5%. For percentage of voids in this study (Suez asphalt cement), it has a penetration
greater than 2.5, Brown and Cross claimed that, it is the of 68 at 25° C, softening point 52o C, kinematic
fine aggregate angularity and not the gradation that has viscosity 374 centistokes at 135° C.
a significant influence on rutting resistance [11, 15]. Four gradations (according to Egyptian
Barksdale reported that permanent deformation in dense Specification) [17] of aggregate were used in preparing
graded asphalt concrete was not sensitive to gradation the hot mix asphalt samples, this included:
of aggregates [11]. Data from the 2000 National Center  3A: Coarse gradation
for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track indicated  5A: Fine gradation
that fine and coarse gradations had the same rut  2C: Open gradation
resistance [1].  4C: Dense gradation (currently most used
Quadis and Shweily found that unconditioned gradation in Egyptian surface mixes)
HMA specimens prepared using Basalt aggregate had Figure 1 present the gradation of all of the four
better resistance to creep compared to those prepared gradations used in the study. Figure 2 summarize the
using Limestone. However, after conditioning under experimental design of this research.
water, mixes prepared using Basalt were less resistant The mix design was performed using Marshall
to creep compared to those prepared using Limestone design method because it is the current method of mix
aggregate [16]. design in the General Authority of Roads, Bridges, and
Land Transportation (GARBLT) specification in Egypt.
III. Problem Statement and Research The optimum asphalt content is defined following
Objectives asphalt institute method (2) as the average of 3 values
Aggregate presents major portion of asphalt (asphalt content at 4% air voids, asphalt content at
concrete. It was found that researchers have come to maximum stability and asphalt content at maximum
different conclusions with regard to the effect of density).
aggregate gradation on resistance to rutting of asphalt Rutting resistance of the designed mixes was
mixtures. evaluated by wheel tracking test [18]. The samples of
The main objectives of this research are to: wheel tracking test were prepared to have asphalt
 Evaluate the impact of aggregate gradation and contents and maximum unit weights equal to optimum
type on Marshall mix properties of hot mix asphalt asphalt content and maximum unit weight of Marshal
(HMA). mix design. The wheel tracking machine consisted of
 Evaluate the impact of aggregate gradation and loaded rubber-tired wheel, with a diameter of 20 cm
type on the rutting potential of HMA in Egypt. and 5 cm width. The applied load was 53.5 kg. The
 Investigate the relation between Marshall mix wheel is rigidly restrained over a movable table. The
design criteria and HMA rutting. table moved over a distance of 25.5 cm at a rate of 42
passes per minute. The total test time was 60 minutes
IV. Experimental Program (total of 42*60 = 2520 pass).
Three types of aggregate that are typically
used to produce hot mix asphalt in Egypt were used in
this study. They are:
 Crushed Basalt from “Km. 102, kena-Safaga
highway,

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

Table 1: Properties of Coarse Aggregate Materials.

Results Specification
Test Name Limits
Basalt Dolomite Lime stone
Bulk specific gravity 2.93 2.605 3.183 -
Saturated surface dry specific gravity 2.699 2.643 2.339 -
Apparent specific gravity 2.711 2.705 2.588 -
Los Angeles abrasion 100 revolutions (%) 4 5.5 10  10
Los Angeles abrasion 500 revolutions (%) 16 25.5 40  40
Water absorption (%) 0.25 1.45 5 5
Stripping (%) 95 95 95 95

100

80
% passing

60

40

20

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size, mm
5A (Fine) 3A (Coarse) 4C (Dense)
2C (Open) max den (19 mm) max den (25 mm)
Figure 1: Aggregate gradation used in the study

Effect of aggegate type and gradation

Aggregate type
Basalt Dolomite Lime Stone
Aggregate
gradation

Same as Same as
3A* 5A* 2C* 4C*
Basalt basalt

*: Gradation Type according to Egyptian Specification

Figure 2: Summary of Experimental Design

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

V. Results and Analysis VTM value was for gradation 2C (open graded) for all
Effect of Aggregate Properties on Marshall Test aggregate types.
Results All mixes had higher stability than the
The results of Marshall test are presented in minimum acceptable value (1200 Ib.) for mixes
Figure 3. Results indicated that optimum asphalt subjected to medium traffic according to [2]. Mixes
content (OAC) is different due to aggregate type. The subjected to high traffic level should have a minimum
lower OAC was achieved by Basalt mixes ranging from stability of 1800 lb. [2]. All mixes presented in this
4.28 to 5.08%. The Dolomite mixes achieved OAC research achieved the Marshall stability of 1800 lb.
ranging from 4.48 to 5.94%. The highest OAC was except Basalt mixes with open or coarse graded 2C and
achieved by Limestone ranging between (7.74 to 3A and Dolomite mixes with open gradation 2C.
8.75%), as presented in Figure 3(a). This can be The highest value of stability was achieved by
explained by the difference in the absorption capacity Limestone aggregate with gradation 4C and the lowest
of each aggregate type. For the same aggregate source, value was achieved by Basalt aggregate of gradation
dense gradation consistently had the lowest OAC, this 2C, as presented in Figure 3(c). The main problem with
can be explained by the low air available for the asphalt Marshall stability is that some researchers reported that
to fill. Marshall stability is not related to field performance
Air void (voids in total mix, VTM) at optimum [19].
asphalt content was dependent on the gradation but for Flow values were within the acceptable range
all mixes it was within the Egyptian specification limits (0.08-0.16 in). Basalt mix of gradation 2C had the
(2 to 6%), as presented in Figure 3 (b). The highest highest value of flow and Dolomite of gradation 3A had
the lowest value, as presented in Figure 3(d).

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

A) Optimum Asphalt Content B) Air voids

10
Optimum Asphalt Content, % 6

8 5

VTM, %
6
4
4
3
2
2
0 Basalt Dolomite Limestone
Basalt Dolomite Limestone Gradation Type
Gradation Type
5A (fine) 3A (coarse) 5A (fine) 3A (coarse)
4c (Dense) 2c (open) 4c (Dense) 2c (open)

C) Stability D) Flow
3000 16

2500 14
Flow, .01 in
Stability, lb

2000 12

1500 10

1000 8
Basalt Dolomite Limestone Basalt Dolomite Limestone
Gradation Type Gradation Type
5A (fine) 3A (coarse) 5A (fine) 3A (coarse)
4c (Dense) 2c (open) 4c (Dense) 2c (open)
Figure 3 Effect of aggregate type and gradation on mix properties

VI. Effect of Aggregate Properties Effect of Aggregate Gradation:

on Wheel Tracking Test Results Figure 4 present the effect of aggregate
Samples at OAC for all mixes were tested in gradation for each aggregate source used in this study.
wheel tracking test (WTT) to study the effects of Results show that the coarser gradation 3A had
aggregate types and gradation on the rutting the highest RR and the open grade 2C had the lowest
characteristics of asphalt mixes. The results of WTT are RR for all aggregate types. This agrees with the
presented in Figures (4 and 5). Permanent deformation findings of other researchers [10, 20] who
occurred to WWT spacemen were taken as good recommended the use of continuously coarse graded
indicator for rutting resistance (RR). mix to reduce rutting susceptibility of asphalt concrete.
The ranking of the different gradation was dependent
on the aggregate source.
For Basalt mixes, gradation 3A had the highest
RR followed by 4C, 5A then 2C, as presented in Figure

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

4(a). For Dolomite the gradation with highest RR was

3A followed by 4C, 5A then 2C, as presented in Figure Effects of Aggregate type:
4(b). For Lime stone mixes both gradations (3A and Figure 5 presents the effect of aggregate type
5A) were very similar in their behavior and (2C and for each gradation on RR. For all types of gradations,
4C) were very similar in their behavior, as presented in Dolomite mixes had the highest RR, as presented in
Figure 4(c). Figure 5. For fine gradation 5A, the difference

between different sources was clear. Basalt presented in Figure 5 (b and c). For open graded mixes,
source had the lowest RR followed by lime stone then no clear difference can be seen between all sources of
Dolomite, as presented in Figure 5(a). aggregate, as presented in Figure 5(d). Based on this it
For both dense graded mixes 4C and can be concluded that the RR is dependent on both
coarse graded mixes 3A, no clear difference can be aggregate type and aggregate gradation.
found between Basalt and lime stone mixes, as
a) Basalt
7
6
Deformation, mm

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
No. of Loading Passes

5A (Fine) 3A (Coarse) 4C (Dense) 2C (Open)

b) Dolomite
6
5
Deformation, mm

4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
No. of Loading Passes

5A (Fine) 3A (Coarse) 4C (Dense) 2C (Open)

c) Lime Stone
7
6
Deformation, mm

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
No. Of Loading Passes

5A (Fine) 3A (Coarse) 4C (Dense) 2C (Open)

Figure 4 Effect of aggregate gradation on rutting resistance.

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

a) 5A (Fine) b) 3A (Coarse)
7 5
6
Deformation, mm

Deformation, mm
4
5
4 3

3 2
2
1
1
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
No. of Loading Passes No. of Loading Passes
Basalt Dolomite Lime Stone Basalt Dolomite Lime Stone

c) 4C (Dense) d) 2C (open)
6 7

5 6
Deformation, mm

Deformation, mm

5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 0 1000 2000 3000
No. of Loading Passes No. of Loading Passes
Basalt Dolomite Lime Stone Basalt Dolomite Lime Stone

Figure 5 Effect of Aggregate source on Rutting

VII. Relation between mix parameters and Marshall stability agrees with earlier conclusion in the
rutting literature that Marshall stability is not related to
The last stage of the current research was to pavement performance (19). Increasing air voids caused
evaluate the relation between Marshall mix parameters increase in rutting, however the correlation was poor as
and total rutting resulting from WTT. The results are R2 was only 0.32, as presented in Figure 6(c). The
presented in Figure 6. Figure 6 shows that Marshall suitability of using (Marshall stability/Marshall Flow)
flow had the highest linear correlation with rutting, with as a predicator of rutting was evaluated. Results are
coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.74, as presented shown in Figure 6(d), and the relation had R2 of 0.54,
in Figure 6(b). Marshall Stability had the lowest linear which was lower than the R2 found for the relation
correlation with rutting, with R2 of 0.21, as presented in between Marshall flow and rutting.
Figure 6(a). The low correlation between rutting and

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

a) Marshall stability Vs. rutting b) Marshall flow Vs. rutting

7 7 y = 0.708x - 3.367
R² = 0.737
6 6

5 5
Rutting, mm

Rutting, mm
y = -0.001x + 7.005
4 R² = 0.21 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 8 10 12 14 16
Stability, lb Flow, .01 in

c) Air voids Vs. rutting d) Marshall (stability/flow) Vs

7 7 rutting
y = 0.751x + 1.277
6 R² = 0.374 6

5 5
Rutting, mm

Rutting, mm

4 4 y = -0.000x + 7.588
R² = 0.519
3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 10000 20000 30000
Flow, .01 in Stability/Flow, (lb/in)
Figure 6 Relation between Marshall mix parameters and rutting

VIII. Summary and Conclusions Marshall method, were tested using wheel track test and
Aggregate presents major portion of asphalt permanent deformation was measured.
concrete and it is responsible for the strength of the Study results and their analysis showed that all
mix. The main objectives of this research were to mixes had higher stability than the minimum acceptable
evaluate the impact of aggregate gradation and type on value for mixes subjected to medium traffic. However,
Marshall properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) and the for heavy traffic, all mixes presented in this research
effect of these properties on the rutting potential of achieved the minimum Marshall stability except Basalt
HMA in Egypt and evaluate the relation between mix mixes with open or coarse gradations (2C and 3A) and
properties and rutting potential of HMA. Dolomite mixes with open gradation 2C.
Experimental program was designed and The highest value of stability was achieved by
conducted on common asphalt paving mixtures of Limestone aggregate with gradation 4C and the lowest
different aggregate sources and gradations. Samples value was achieved by Basalt aggregate of gradation
prepared at optimum asphalt content, as defined by 2C. Flow values were within the acceptable range
(0.08-0.16 in). Basalt mix of gradation 2C had the

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 Manal A. Ahmed and Mohamed I. E. Attia / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.

highest value of flow and Dolomite of gradation 3A had [7] El-Hamrawy, S. A. (2000). Rutting
the lowest value. Determination in Flexible Pavements
Rutting resistance of asphalt paving mixes is (Experimental and Theoritical Study).
affected by the mix gradation and type of aggregate. Proceeding, Mansoura Third International
Coarser gradation 3A had the lowest rutting for all Engineering Conference, Vol. (1) El-
types of aggregate, while open graded mixes 2C had the Mansoura, Egypt.
highest permanent deformation. Dolomite had the [8] Bahgat, A. and Zahw, M. A. (1993). Effect of
lowest rutting for all types of gradations. Dolomite Chemical and Physical Properties of Asphalt
mixes of coarse gradation 3A had the lowest rutting and Cements Upon the Rutting Resistance of
lowest Marshall flow. Marshall flow had the highest Asphaltic Concrete Mixes. 1st IRF Spainian
linear correlation with rutting, with coefficient of Highway Conference, Madrid, pp. 383-391.
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0.21. National Study of Rutting of Asphalt
Pavements in Saudi Arabia. 6th Conference of
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