1 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

CBSE
Study Material
Of
EMPLOYBALITY

CLASS IX
2 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Acknowledgements

Content Developed By-

Communication Skill
Ms Kiran Bhatt , HOD English , Modern School
Ms Urmil Guliani, Teacher of English
Mrs Hemal Handoo, Principal , Hansraj Model School, Delhi

Self Management Skill

Dr Vinita Srivastiva , Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management
Information & Communication Technology Skill by-
Mrs Hemal Handoo, Principal , Hansraj Model School, Delhi
Entrepreneurial Skill
Dr Neeta Agarwal, IGNOU
Green Skill
Dr Manta Mohan , Professor , Amity International Business School ,Amity University, Noida.
3 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Part A Employability Skills (IX)

Duration in Marks
S.No Units
Periods

1. Unit 1: Communication Skills – I 13

2. Unit 2: Self-management Skills – I 07

3. Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills- I 13

10
4. Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills – I 10

5. Unit 5: Green Skills – I 07

Total 50
4 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Unit 1: Communication Skills –I

S.No Learning Outcome Theory Practical Periods

Periods Periods

1. Demonstrate  Methods of communication. 1. Writing pros and cons

knowledge of  Verbal. of written, verbal and
various methods of  Non-verbal. non- verbal
communication.  Visual. communication.
3
2. Listing do’s and don’ts
for avoiding common
body language
mistakes.
2. Identify elements of 1. Meaning of communication 1. Draw a diagram of
Communication 2. Importance of communication cycle
cycle communication skills 2. Role plays on
3. Elements of communication communication
cycle– 3. process related to the
i. sender, sector/job role.
3
ii. ideas,
iii. encoding,
iv. communication channel,
v. receiver,
vi. decoding, and
vii. feedback
3. Identify the factors 1. Perspectives in 1. Group discussion on
affecting our Communication. factors
perspectives in 2. Factors affecting affecting perspectives
Communication perspectives in in
Communication. Communication.
3. Visual perception. 2. Sharing of experiences
4. Language.
on
5. Past experience. 4
6. Prejudices.
factors affecting
7. Feelings.
perspectives.
8. Environment. 3. Sharing experiences
on
factors affecting
communication at
workplace.
4. Demonstrate the Writing skills related to the 1. Demonstration and
knowledge of basic following: practice of writing
writing skills Phrases sentences and
Kinds of sentences paragraphs on topics
3
Parts of sentence related
Parts of speech to the subject.
Use of articles
Construction of a paragraph

Total Duration in Periods 13

5 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Unit 2: Self Management Skills – I

S.No Learning Outcome Theory Practical

Periods Periods Periods

1. Describe the 1. Meaning of self- 1. Identification of self-

meaning and management. management skills
importance of self- 2. Positive results of self- 2. Strength and weakness 3
management. management. analysis.
3. Self-management skills.
3. Identify the factor 1. Factors that help in building 1. Role play exercises on
that helps in self-confidence – social, building self
building self- cultural, and physical factors confidence.
confidence. 2. Self-confidence building tips 2. Use of positive
getting rid of the negative metaphors/words.
4
thoughts, thinking positively, 3. Positive stroking on
staying happy with small wakeup and before
things, staying clean, going bed.
hygienic and smart, chatting 4. Helping others and
with positive people, etc. working for community.

Total Duration in Periods 7

6 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Unit 3: Basic ICT Skills - I

S.No Learning Outcome Theory Practical

Periods Periods Periods

1. Describe the role of 1. Introduction to ICT 1. Discussion on the role

ICT in day-to-day 2. Role and importance of ICT and importance of ICT
life. in personal life and at in personal life and at
Workplace workplace.
3. ICT in our daily life 3
2. Preparing posters /
(examples) collages for showing
4. ICT tools – Mobile, tab, the role of ICT at
radio, TV, email, etc. workplace
2. Identify the various 1. Basic components of 1. Identify and name the
components of computer system. various components of
computer system 2. Hardware and software. computer system.
3. Primary and secondary 2. List few hardware and
memory. software.
4. Input, Output and Storage 3. Identify and name the
3
devices. primary and secondary
memory.
4. Identify the various
Input, Output and
Storage devices.

3. Identify various 1. Various peripheral devices 1. List various peripheral

peripheral devices and their use. devices.
2. Examples of peripherals. 2. Give the examples of
3
peripheral devices.
3. Practice using
peripheral devices.
4. Perform basic 1. Procedure for starting and 1. Start the computer in
Computer shutting down a computer. proper
operations 2. Operating Systems (OS). 2. sequence and get the
3. Types of OS – DOS, initial screen.
Windows, Linux. 3. Identify the installed
4. Desktop of Windows and OS on computer.
Linux. 4. Identify the desktop 2
5. Files and folder. and its various
6. Keyboard and mouse components.
operations. 5. Work with desktop.
7. Common desktop 6. Create file and folder.
operations. 7. Perform keyboard and
mouse operations.
7 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

5. Connect with the 1. Introduction to Internet. 1. Introduce with Internet.

world using Internet 2. Applications of Internet. 2. Explain the applications
and its Applications 3. Internet Browser. of Internet.
4. Websites and webpages. 3. List the various Internet
5. Email applications. Browser.
6. Email accounts. 4. Search the websites.
7. Sending and receiving email. 5. Create Email account.
8. Introduction to social media. 6. Send and receive
9. Blog. email. 2
10. Twitter. 7. Use Social Media for
11. Facebook. education.
12. Youtube. 8. Use Blog.
13. WhatsApp. 9. Use Twitter.
14. Digital India. 10. Use Facebook.
11. Use Youtube.
12. Use WhatsApp.
13. Use Digital India.

Total Duration in Periods 13

8 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills – I

S.No Learning Outcome Theory Practical Periods

( Periods) ( Periods)

1. Identify various 1. Types of businesses – 1. Prepare posters of

types of service, manufacturing, business activities
business activities hybrid. found in cities/
2. Types of businesses found Villages, using pictures.
in our community Business 2. Discuss the various
activities around us. types of activities,
generally adopted
by small businesses in
a local community.
3. Best out of waste. 5
4. Costing of the product
made out of waste.
5. Selling of items made
from waster materials.
6. Prepare list of
businesses that
provides goods and
services in exchange
for money
2. Demonstrate the 1. Meaning of Entrepreneurship 1. Prepare charts showing
knowledge of development. advantages of Group
distinguishing 2. Distinguishing characteristics discussions on role and
characteristics of of entrepreneurship. features of
entrepreneurship Role and rewards entrepreneurship.
entrepreneurship. 2. Lectures/presentations
5
by entrepreneurs on
their experiences and
success stories.
3. Identify core skills of
successful
entrepreneur.

Total Duration in Periods 10

9 CURRICULUM (IX) 2018-19

Unit 5: Green Skills – I

S.No Learning Outcome Theory Practical Periods

Periods Periods

1. Demonstrate the 1. Introduction to environment. 1. Group discussion on

knowledge of the 2. Relationship between hazards of deteriorating
factors influencing society and environment, environment.
natural resource ecosystem and factors 2. Prepare posters
conservation. causing imbalance. showing environment 4
3. Natural resource conservation.
conservation. 3. Discussion on various
4. Environment protection and factors that influence
conservation. our environment.
2. Describe the 1. Definition of green economy 1. Discussion on the
importance of green 2. Importance of green benefits of green skills
economy and green Economy and importance of
skills. green economy.
2. Prepare a Poster
3
showing the
importance of green
economy with the help
of newspaper/
magazine cuttings.

Total Duration in Periods 7

 Worksheet

On the basis of your understanding of communication complete the following sentences with
appropriate words. Choose from the words given in brackets.

1. Communication is the act of ………………………… in which two or more persons are involved. (
talking to each other through signals when you are alone/ sharing ideas, thoughts and
opinions)
2. All human beings communicate with …………….every day in different kinds of situations. (
each other/ friends)
3. Communicating …………….with people at the work place is very important. (nicely/ properly/
clearly)
4. If communication is not done correctly ………….. may not happen properly.( work/ thoughts)
5. While communication with others at the work place we share opinions, …………,………….and
………. with them. ( choose any 3-ideas/ information/ messages/ signals/ feelings)
6. Two people who communicate with each other are called ………….and ………………….(giver/
sender/ receiver/ communicator)
7. An effective communicator is one whose ideas, ……………… and ……………are clear and
understandable. (chose any 2- messages/ opinions/images/facts….)
Worksheet 2.2
Work in pairs. Write a conversation and then perform the roles in front of the whole
class for each of the following situations:
Situation 1- ( for warm up)
Two friends- Simran and Jyoti are discussing a plan for a picnic. Simran is informing
Jyoti about the plan. Jyoti is receiving the ideas and responding. By the end of the
conversation it seems as if Jyoti is confused about the plan.
What has gone wrong in communication between the two?

Situation 2 --- Rashmi, a Housekeeping Manager is talking to Sangeeta her

subordinate, who is in charge of arranging furniture for a conference. Rashmi is
giving instructions to the subordinate about the job she wants done.

What should Rashmi keep in mind while instructing? Clues: time frame for
completion, number of people attending, kind of seating required- (facing the stage
or in round tables), stage arrangements etc.

Present the conversation in 2 ways-

In one situation there is a lot of confusion because of poor communication.

In the second there are clear instructions and the given job of making all the
furniture arrangements is done very well.
 Worksheet 2.3

Look at this conversation between 2 colleagues:

Asha : Whenever I pass by your desk, you seem to be engrossed in work. You are really working hard
these days.
Sunita : (1ndignantly) You mean to say I didn't work hard enough earlier?
Asha : (Apologetically) Oh no! I was just saying how busy you have been in the last few days.
Sunita : (A little tersely) Yes! I have things to finish. (adapted from IGNOU)

Discuss the above dialogue with your partner. Pay attention to the following points-

• What is the first person trying to communicate? Is she being offensive or concerned?

• How does the second person respond? Do you think she is justified in her response?

• What does this conversation convey to you about the communication?

 How do verbal, nonverbal and body language cues assist in communication ?

 How do they act as disturbing factors?

Worksheet 2.4

On the basis of your understanding of the communication cycle complete the following table:

Serial no. Element Brief description

1 sender person who wishes to convey an
idea or message
2 idea -------------
3 encodes --------------
4 ……….. medium through which the idea
is conveyed
5 receiver -----------------
6 ----------- makes sense or meaning of what
is conveyed
7 ………………. responds

Worksheet 2.5

Practice Communicating

In groups do a role- play of the following situations. Make sure that each element of the
communication cycle is clear through the role play. One person in the group can be the presenter to
give a brief on the roles and the situation.
1 It is Diwali time. You plan to throw a party at your home for your friends. You need help
from a close friend in making the arrangements. Convey your requirements and what she
can do.

2 You are Lalita the Head of the IT Department of Arya Public School. You are conversing
with Sarita who is a junior teacher.

Use the following role cards-

Lalita: You want to ensure that all the computers in the lab are in proper working
condition before practical exams begin. Communicate your requirements and instructions
to Sarita.

Sarita: Respond to Lalita’s instructions.

After having the conversations, discuss what you wanted to convey and whether your friend
was able to understand everything clearly. In case you feel things were not communicated
clearly and there were misunderstandings, make improvements and discuss once again.
Identify all the parts of the communication cycle as you do the role plays.

Worksheet 2.6

Make a diagrammatic representation of the communication cycle and lable it.

Worksheet 2.7

PowerPoint Presentation

Make a PowerPoint Presentation on the following aspects of Communication you have learnt in this
lesson-

A) What is communication
B) Its importance in daily life and at the workplace
C) The Communication Cycle
D) Include images and animations wherever possible

Do a presentation for the whole class.

Note: Ask your friends who are computer wizards or the computer teacher for assistance.
 2.1: What is Communication?

Human beings do not live in isolation. They need to interact with other people in all walks of
life. You communicate with your parents and siblings at home. You communicate with your
friends, classmates and teachers daily. As you grow older you start communicating in formal
situations in school, college or at the workplace.

At the workplace, communication is a very important function in order to manage any

organization whether it is small or large. In other words, nothing happens according to plan
until proper communication takes place.

The word communication has been derived from the Latin word commūnicāre ‘to share’,
from “communis” which means common. It involves the imparting or interchange of
thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Thus communication means
sharing of ideas, information and messages. It can be defined as exchange of facts, ideas,
opinions or emotions between two or more persons to create a common ground of
understanding.

Communication involves at least two persons i.e. a sender & a receiver. The sender
develops & transmits a message to the receiver and the receiver receives the message,
makes sense of it and responds or acts accordingly.

Communication is successful only when there is a common understanding between the

sender and receiver. Otherwise the communication is faulty.

Imagine a situation in which you try to communicate a message to your friend. Your friend
does not interpret the message and acts in a very different manner from the way you want
her to. What happens in this situation?
Managers too need to be effective communicators while communicating with their
subordinates & receiving messages from them.

( All worksheets for this lesson are given in a separate word file)

Worksheet 2.1

On the basis of your understanding of communication complete the following sentences

with appropriate words.

Worksheet 2.2
Work in pairs. Write a conversation and then perform the roles in front of the whole class
for each of the following situations.
 Lesson 2.2 Importance of Communication

You have learnt that without communication nothing can happen properly. It is very
important in all walks of life and must be done in such a way that it has the desired result.

You must not say anything to anyone without knowing what you are saying, why you are
saying it and what effect or result you want of your communication. In other words the
what, why and how of communication are most important.

Quite clearly communication must be effective to have the desired result. After all, why
does one say something to another person? Because he wants his thoughts or views to be
heard and understood ( this is known as encoding).
And how does the other person respond? By making sense of what is said (decoding) and
responding appropriately.

All of us can recount situations where we have felt misunderstood or have not been able to
fully comprehend what the other person said. This is because the process of making
meaning is internal to each communicator i.e. the one who says something as well as the
one who listens and makes meaning.

The art of effective communication requires one to reduce the gap between intention
(creation of message) and action to ensure that our messages are understood the way they
were meant in the first place.
It is however important to note that only messages are transmitted; the meanings are
made by the communicators. How wonderful it would be if our very meanings were
transmitted along with our messages to those who we are communicating with! There
would be no miscommunication. But because the meanings are in our heads, minds and
experiences, what is meant is not necessarily what is understood! ( adapted from IGNOU)

Thus it is of utmost importance to communicate in such a way that the receiver of the
message is able to understand what is being conveyed so that the response is as desired or
expected.

Worksheet 2.3
( in separate file)

Look at this conversation between 2 colleagues:

Asha : Whenever I pass by your desk, you seem to be engrossed in work. You are really
working hard these days.
Sunita : (1ndignantly) You mean to say I didn't work hard enough earlier?
Asha : (Apologetically) Oh no! I was just saying how busy you have been in the last few days.
Sunita : (A little tersely) Yes! I have things to finish. (adapted from IGNOU)

Discuss the above dialogue with your partner. Pay attention to the following points-

 What is the first person trying to communicate? Is she being offensive or concerned?
 How does the second person respond? Do you think she is justified in her response?
 What does this conversation convey to you about the communication?

In reality, Asha wanted to discuss a personal issue with Sunita and was hoping to get
some time to do this. But this need was not articulated. Sunita took offence at the
remarks and failed to understand the reason behind the colleagues' statement.
Whose fault was it? Surely, Asha should have stated clearly that she wanted to know
when Sunita would be free, so she could discuss the matter with her.
All of us can remember situations where we have felt misunderstood or have not
been able to fully comprehend the other person. This is because the process of
making meaning is internal to each communicator. In effective communication it is
essential that our messages are understood the way they were meant in the first
place.

Recapitulation
In this part of the lesson you have learn that in every aspect of life, especially at the
work place, communication plays a very important role. It is successful if the
message is conveyed correctly and also received correctly. Action taken by the
receiver based on the instructions must be as expected by the sender or message
giver. This becomes evident from the response of the message receiver.

Lesson 2.3 : The Communication Process

By now it must be clear that the goal of communication is to convey information. The
understanding of that information —from one person or group to another person or
group- completes the cycle.

This communication process is divided into three basic components: A sender

transmits a message through a channel to the receiver. The figure given below
explains it very clearly through an elaborate model.

The sender first develops an idea, which is composed into a message and then
 transmitted to the other party, who interprets the message and receives meaning.
Developing a message is known as encoding. Interpreting the message is referred to
as decoding.
An important element in the process is the feedback. When two people interact,
communication is rarely one‐way only. When a person receives a message, she
responds to it by giving a reply. Otherwise, the sender can't know whether the other
parties properly interpreted the message or how they reacted to it. This is known as
feedback
Feedback is especially significant in management because a supervisor has to know
how subordinates respond to directives and plans. The manager also needs to know
how work is progressing and how employees feel about the general work situation.

A critical factor in measuring the effectiveness of communication is common

understanding. Understanding exists when all parties involved have a mutual
agreement as to not only the information, but also the meaning of the information.
Effective communication, therefore, occurs when the intended message of the sender
and the interpreted message of the receiver are one and the same.
You can understand the communication process better if you think of it as consisting
of the following parts:

1. T 1. The sender comes up with an idea that he/she wishes to communicate

2. 2. The sender transforms it into a message

3. 3. The sender transmits it

4. T 4. The recipient decodes ( makes meaning) the message

5. 5. The receiver attaches meaning to the message

6. 6. The receiver gives feedback to the sender

Diagrammatic Presentation of The Communication Process

 Worksheet 2.4
On the basis of your understanding of the communication cycle complete the
following table. (see worksheets file)

Worksheet 2.5
Practice Communicating
In groups do a role- play of the following situations. Make sure that each element of the
communication cycle is clear through the role play. One person in the group can be the
presenter to give a brief on the roles and the situation. (see worksheets file)

After having the conversations, discuss what you wanted to convey and whether the
receiver was able to understand everything clearly. In case you feel things were not
communicated clearly and there were misunderstandings, make improvements and discuss
once again.
As you do the role plays, identify all the parts of the communication cycle.

Worksheet 2.6

You have been given the task of making a diagram showing the Communication Cycle for
your class Display Board.

Make a diagrammatic representation of the communication cycle and lable it. You must
search the net to find interesting ways of showing the cycle.
 Worksheet 2.7

Make a PowerPoint Presentation of Communication and the Communication Cycle

Make a PowerPoint Presentation on the following aspects of Communication you have

learnt in this lesson-

A) What is communication
B) Its importance in daily life and at the workplace
C) The Communication Cycle
(Include images and animations wherever possible)

Do a presentation for the whole class.

Note: Ask your friends who are computer wizards or the computer teacher for assistance.

Recapitulation

The cycle of communication can be said to be, complete and communication can take place
successfully only when each aspect is understood. If the person who conveys the idea or
message knows what he wants to convey and conveys it correctly through words and
associated cues half the job is done. But- it is also important for the receiver of the message
to receive the message fully and through feedback or his actions and responses, convey that
the message has been received as conceptualized. All aspects of the cycle are to be given
importance in our communications.
COMMUNICATION
Worksheet 1 Warm up
Option A[A1]
1 Look at Figure 1 given below.
 What are the people doing?
 For e.g. What are people doing in box 1 ?
 What is happening in box 2,3 and 4?
 Is there a common term or one word to describe
the activity which all the people are engaged in ?

Figure 1

[A2] visual to have no labelling

Warm up Option B
2 Show Video : You Tube –German Coast Guard Trainee :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR0lWICH3rY
Discuss what was happening in the video.
What would be the consequences? Why?
How could the situation be saved?

1
COMMUNICATION

3 Game :Dictation
Objective to enable learners to :
 experience a communicative activity
 understand what happens in communication[A3].
 to gain insight into the role of the 2 parties.
Note:This communication exercise is not only for the
listeners but the speakers. We need to communicate and
listen effectively to get the results intended. Hope this
was fun!

--------------------------------------------------

Communication Skills Activity

Adapted from (AHealthTeacher)Seattle, WA USA

PRACTICING COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS:

Ask students tohave a blank page and pen or marker ready.

For the teacher :Phase 1
Ask all students to listen and follow your instructions carefully.
Inform them that they will be replicating a drawing by following
your verbal instructions.
Call the following instructions out loud:

2
COMMUNICATION
1. Draw a circle
2. Draw a triangle inside the circle
3. Draw a square in the corner
4. Sign your name on the paper

Stop and then ask everyone to hold up their picture.Do not show
yours!
You will find that most of the pictures are different in some way.
Inform them that none of their pictures match, so they shall
give it one more try.
Also ask the students why weren't any of their drawings similar?
Some possible answers could be the following:

You asked us to be silent and listen. We couldn't ask any

questions.
The instructions were basic with no detail. The speaker needs to
be specific.
The instructions were quick and straight-forward. We weren't
given the time to think through each instruction.

Next take your students suggestions and and dictate once again.
Ask the students to flip over their paper and start again. Use the
following directions:

The key communication statement to tell the group is: Everyone

heard the same message, yet everyone perceived the message
differently. This is why a great communication skill is to repeat
back what you heard so the person talking can confirm if you
heard it the way they meant it! It's important that the speaker be
specific and detailed too!

3
COMMUNICATION
Phase 2
1. Draw a circle 4 inches in diameter in the center of your
paper.
2. Draw a triangle is inside the circle so that all three corners
are touching the circle.
3. Draw a 1 inch square on the bottom-left corner of your
paper.
4. Sign "your name" as spelled out Y-O-U-R-N-A-M-E on the
bottom-right side of your paper.
Have everyone hold up their papers and hold up yours,
bingo!

Post Activity Discussion:

 Was the person who was dictating successful?
 Were you successful in doing what was required /making
the visual?
 What was the role of the person dictating?
 What was the role of the class?
 What was the purpose of the dictation? Discuss
 Compare and contrast the 2 activities.
 Which one was more successful? Why?
Conclusion :

 This communication exercise is not only for the listeners but

the speakers.
 We need to communicate and listen effectively to get the
results intended.

4
COMMUNICATION
4 Introduction Let us think about communication. When
do we begin to communicate? Think about this very
interesting question. Maybe we would need to go back to
the times of our early childhood or even infancy to realize
how communication is vital and intrinsic to man.
As a child our early efforts at communication may have
been only for the fulfillment of our basic needs:to be fed
when hungry, to be attended to when in pain or when
uncomfortable and so on.

 Gradually these first interactions with the mother,

father and then the family pave the way to speech.
Speech involves the knowledge of language and it is
fascinating to see how the sounds the child makes
evolves into utterances using words and language.
At the same time the child’s world expands and it grows
from family to school. Gradually the child grows into an
individual and his/her circle grows wider as more and
more people come into the ever growing circle.
Pause and reflect on the vast circle of people you
communicate with today! How greatly increased it is in
size, nature and in fact, in all its different aspects!

Here are a few definitions of communication.

Examine and discuss them with your partner.
Do you agree/disagree? Give reasons.

5
COMMUNICATION
 Communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages through verbal and/or non
verbal means-speech(oral
communication),writing (written
communication),signs, signals and behavior.
 At the most basic level, none of us communicate
without the desire for being understood.
A new-born baby's cry indicates to the
mother that the baby may be hungry , wet etc.
 In the simplest term, communication could be
defined as the process of creating meaning
between two or more individual
 Brent defines human communication as the
process through which individuals in
relationships, groups, organizations and societies
create, transmit and use information which
would help them function in society. (Adapted
from Brent, 1988).

6
COMMUNICATION
Communication Skills Class 9 Worksheet 2
Communication through the Ages
 Think about yourself from the time you were
born!
 What are the kinds of communication you have
been engaged in since then?
 At what age do we start communicating
 Is communication essential or intrinsic to Man
Why?
 Do we need to communicate all our lives? Why?
 With your partner list as many ways Man has
communicated over the ages
3 Examine Figures 2 and 3 given below.
What are the different ways in which Man has
communicated over time?. Using the information
given as a take off point prepare a power point
presentation on the topic, ‘Communication through
the Ages’.

7
COMMUNICATION
Remember to research and add the latest
developments in communication today.
OR
Examine Figures 2 and 3 .Discuss with your partner
how there have been many radical changes in
communication over time. With your partner
discuss how communication has evolved and
developed over the ages.
. Figure 2

8
COMMUNICATION

Figure 3
a2ble

9
COMMUNICATION

CS 9 Worksheet 3
1 In Figure 2&3 you learnt how cave paintings and
pictograms were ways in which Man communicated
in ancient times
Discuss the following:
 Do we continue to use Visual communication
today?
 How important is Visual Communication?
2 Examine Figure 4 given below. Discuss with your
partner:
 Describe what is happening in each of the boxes
in the visual?
 Is communication happening?
 Who is communicating and with whom?
 What is the medium being used? Tick the
correct answer
a)verbal
10
COMMUNICATION
b)visual
c) non verbal
Figure 4

[A4]

3Role Play
Student A
 You are Student A. You belong to a small town
and have come to Delhi for some training.
 You have never been out of your small town.
 You will have to travel by metro for your training.
 You speak only your own regional language.
 You have come to your two friends in Delhi for
advice. Tell them about your concerns about
being able to commute by metro.

11
COMMUNICATION
Student B and Student C
 Examine the visuals in Column A . Discuss
among yourselves how best you can help your
friend so that his/her experience of Delhi Metro
is a positive one.

 In Column B discuss what the visual means. Jot

it down in Column B.
 In Column C use the visual for giving suitable
advice to your friend.
Figure 5
s. A B C
n visual what it is/means your advice

1
2

3
4

5
6

12
COMMUNICATION
7

9
1
0
1
1

Let us examine the following definition of visual

communication?
Visual communication is the transmission of
information and ideas using symbols and imagery. It
is one of three main types of communication, along
with verbal communication (speaking) and non-
verbal communication (tone, body language, etc.).
Visual communication includes signs, graphic
designs, films, typography, and countless other
examples.
Discuss with your partner:

13
COMMUNICATION
 Are visual elements an integral part of our
learning: think about your classes ,your textbook
and also examine this specific unit on
communication. Have visuals been used ?In
what ways do they promote learning?
 Is visual communication a good aid to learning
?Why?
 What are the different features of visual
communication? Add these features of visual
communication to the mind map given in Figure
6 below.One has been done for you.
 Check your answers given at the end of the unit.
Figure 6

[A5] power point presentations

14
COMMUNICATION

CS Workshee 4
1 Examine the visual below. How many ways do we
communicate with each other? Label the 2 main types
of communication by labelling sub circles A and B .
2 Circle A is a way of communication. Can you think
of its 3 aspects ? Using the visuals in the sub circles
label them with the specific kind of communication.
Figure 7

[A6]

3 Thus we see there are 3 main kinds of verbal communications

as illustrated in the Figure 8 below.Fill in the blanks in the
figure with the two kinds of verbal communication

Figure 8

15
COMMUNICATION
____
____ visual

verbal

Oral Communicationis the oldest means of

communication, which is most commonly used
as a medium for the exchange of information. It
involves gathering or disseminating
information through spoken words.
Written communication is a formal means of
communication. In this type of communication
the message is drafted with care and formulated
according to certain formats and writing
conventions. It is useful and kept for reference
and legal records.
4
Examine the table given in Figure 9 below
which lists the differences between Oral and
Written communication.
Figure 9
16
COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication Vs Written
Communication
BASIS FOR ORAL WRITTEN
COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT
ION ION ION

Meaning Exchange of Interchange of

ideas, information message, opinions
and message and information
through ________ in written or
words is Oral ___________
Communication. form is Written
Communication.

What is it? Communication Communication

with the help of with the help of
words of _____ _____.

Literacy Not _______at _______for

all. communication.

Transmission of ____ ___________

message

Proof ___record of Proper ____ of

17
COMMUNICATION
BASIS FOR ORAL WRITTEN
COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT
ION ION ION

communication is communication
there. are present.

Feedback ______ feedback Feedback takes

can be given __________

Revision before Not ____ _______

delivering the
message?

Receipt of ____ ___

nonverbal cues

Probability of Very ____ Quite ______

misunderstanding
Adapted from
Surbhi S

Worksheet 5 Non Verbal Communication

18
COMMUNICATION

1 a) Look at Figure10 .What do you think non verbal

communication is about?

b) What are the different aspects of non verbal

communication?Think about its different
components.

c) Using the clues given in the boxes fill in figure 1

below label the three different aspects of non verbal
communication.

Figure 10

19
COMMUNICATION

____
verbal

Do you know?
1 Look at Figure 11 below. It illustrates how body language and the message it conveys differ
from one culture and country to another.
Examine the different aspects of body language and the kind of significance it has in different
countries.
2 After you have finished examining the visual make a list of elements of body language that are
considered desirable/undesirable body language in India .

Figure 11

20
COMMUNICATION

21
COMMUNICATION
2 This activity is called , ‘Let’s Role Play the situation!’
a)Look at the slip of paper or number allotted to you.In pairs think of a situation to illustrate the point .
For example in square 2 it says,’ Practice using right tone of voice to talk it out with someone.’
b)You could role play this by enacting a situation where Student A realizes his/her fault and is able to set
things right by using the right tone.

c) Also role play the reverse of the situation where Student A is at fault but he/she makes it worse by
using the wrong tone and body language![A7]
Adapted from the Responsive Counsellor

OR
d) You can also use the figure to conduct a Quiz.
(i)Sit in groups.A panel of 2 or 3 students to be Quiz Masters.
(ii) Go through all the situations given below. Discuss the probable
answers.
(iii) Form 2or 3 teams.
(iv) Conduct the Quiz!
Figure 11 a

22
COMMUNICATION

CS 9 Answers
Worksheet 1 Figure 1

23
COMMUNICATION

Worksheet 3 Figure 5
A B C
s.n
visual what it is/means your advice

1 this is the entry you need to

gate insert token/u
card for entry
2 exit you can go o
from here
3 don’t spit metro do’s an
don’ts

4 follow colored these can hel

footprints for even if you ca
different lines read!
5 insert token metro card an
token system

24
COMMUNICATION
6 metro map you can learn
about major l
etc

7 see and read how to use th

the colors visuals and s

8 no photos

9 Metro card how to use

10 women’s only you can use t

–if you are a
woman
11 stairs,escalator how to use th
and lift facilities such as esca
provided and lifts.

25
COMMUNICATION

Worksheet 3 Figure 6

photographs

models

ADD ALL THESE TO ARROWS

Objects, Models, Graphs, Maps,Tables
Photographs,Drawings or diagrams,
chalkboard,whiteboard,

26
COMMUNICATION
charts, graphs, pictures, or illustrations
,handouts,video excerpts
Power Point presentations, Social media

Worksheet 4 Figure 7

Worksheet 4 Figure 8

oral

written visual

verbal

27
COMMUNICATION

Worksheet 4 Figure 9
Oral Communication Vs Written
Communication
BASIS FOR ORAL WRITTEN
COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT
ION ION ION

Meaning Exchange of Interchange of

ideas, information message, opinions
and message and information
through spoken in written or
words is Oral printed form is
Communication. Written
Communication.

What is it? Communication Communication

with the help of with the help of
words of mouth.
written form.

28
COMMUNICATION
BASIS FOR ORAL WRITTEN
COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT
ION ION ION

Literacy Not required at required for

all. communication.

Transmission of fast slow

message

Proof No record of Proper records

communication is of communication
there. are present.

Feedback Immediate Feedback takes

feedback can be
time.
given

Revision before Not possible. possible

delivering the
message?

Receipt of Yes No
nonverbal cues

29
COMMUNICATION
BASIS FOR ORAL WRITTEN
COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT COMMUNICAT
ION ION ION

Probability of Very high Quite low

misunderstanding
Adapted from
Surbhi S

Worksheet 5 Figure 10

body posture Facial expression

30
COMMUNICATION

verbal
eye contact & movements

31
 Basic Computer Operations

Session 1
As we all know that computer is a very useful machine. It is very important to properly start the
computer and after finishing the work, it needs to be properly shut down. If the power of the
computer is switched off, and the files you were working on were not closed, the files and the
operating system may get corrupted.
Using a Computer (Procedure for starting and shutting down a computer)
Starting a Computer
1. Press the Power button of the computer.
2. When you turn on the computer, lights on the keyboard may blink for a while and you may
hear a beep sound. This indicates that the Power-on-self text (POST) has started. POST is a
sequence of tests that determines if the computer hardware like, keyboard, RAM, disk drives,
etc are working correctly. The monitor may display a message, if a component is not
functioning.
3. After the POST, the computer starts the operating system. The process of bringing up the
operating system is called booting. The computer knows how to boot because the instructions
of booting are built into a chip called BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System).
4. When the operating system starts, say Windows 7, Windows welcome screen appears. The
first screen that appears after Windows 7 is successfully loaded is called desktop.
5. Now, you can perform various tasks on the computer.
Shutting down the computer
Before shutting down the computer, you need to save and close all the files and applications. You can
completely turn off the computer, you can make it sleep or hibernate it.
To turn off the computer completely, click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.
If you choose Sleep option, the system uses very little power, the computer starts up faster and you
are back to where you left. You can use sleep option if you going away for a short time. Laptops and
tablets goes to sleep when you close the lid or press the Power button.
If you select Hibernate option, system uses less power than Sleep. When you start the PC again, you
are back to where you left.

Operating System
An operating system is the basic software that controls the computer. It serves as an interface between
the user and the computer.
Some of the functions of Operating system are:
  It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the device,
whether it is busy or not.
 It also checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
 It also controls software resources of the computer.
 t manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in use by
which program and which space is free.
 It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.
 It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
 It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.

Types of Operating Systems

Some commonly used operating systems are:
DOS
DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system for a personal computer. Early computers were
able to run one program at a time. It had a command line interface in which a user has to remember
the commands to run the program and do other operating system tasks. For example, the DOS
command, dir, will display the list of files in the current directory.
Windows
It is an operating system developed by Microsoft. Some popular versions of Windows operating
system are- Windows 98, Windows, 2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10.
Linux
It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and open-source software,
which means it can be modified and redistributed.

Mobile operating Systems

Some popular operating systems that are used in mobile phones are:
Android It is an operating system used in mobile phones and tablets. It is owned and maintained by
Google and is an open-source operating system. The android releases were nicknamed after sweets or
dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Donout (1.6), Éclair (2.0), Frozen Yogurt (2.2), Honeycomb (3.0)
and Jelly Bean (4.1), Kitkat (4.4), marshmallow (6.0),
Symbian It is an operating system used in mobile phones. Symbian was developed and sold by Symbian
Ltd. It is primarily used by Nokia. It is also used by Japanese mobile phone manufacturers for handsets
sold in Japan.
Windows Phone It is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smart phones and pocket
PCs. In February 2010, Microsoft announced the Windows Phone, the successor to Windows Mobile.
 Windows 8.1 is the latest release of this operating system.
iOS It is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for iPhones, iPads, and iPods. It is supported
only by Apple hardware. iOS 9 is the latest release of this operating system.

Session 2
Let us first study about Windows 7 Operating system.
Windows 7 operating system
Windows 7 is an operating system developed by Microsoft and is used on personal computers.
After loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop. From the
desktop, you can access different components of Windows 7.
By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called wallpaper.
Small pictures on the desktop are called icons. These icons represent files, folders, applications, etc.
At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the Taskbar. To the left of the taskbar is the Start
button.
Components of Windows 7 Desktop are shown below:

icons
Computer
icon

Wallpapaer

Recycle Bin

Task bar

Start
button

Fig: Desktop
Let us discuss some special icons on the Desktop – Computer, Documents, My Network Places, and
Recycle Bin.
Computer
It displays all the storage areas of the computer . Through the Computer icon, you can access all
drives, files, and folders on the computer. When you double-click Computer icon, a window shown
below appears on the screen. In the following figure, you can see that hard disk has three partitions-
Local Disk (C:), Local Disk (D:) , and New Volume (F:) . Also a removable DVD Drive (E: ) is there
in the system.

Hard disk
drives

Removable
disk drives
like CD, DVD,
Pen Drive

Fig Computer Window

To view the contents of any item, e.g., a particular hard disk drive partition, double-click its icon.
Documents
This contains area to store files on the computer.
My Network places
It contains information about the interconnected computers.
Recycle Bin
Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin, you can
retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.
Permanently Deleting Files
You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the following ways:
Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then click Empty Recycle Bin.
OR
1. Double-click the Recycle Bin icon.
2. The Recycle Bin window appears.

3. Click Empty the Recycle Bin.

Restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin window

To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore.
 Or
Select the file and click Restore this item

Taskbar
Taskbar is the long horizontal bar present at the bottom of the screen. To the left is the Start button.
Right of the taskbar contains Date/Time. You can also see icons of active applications and some
shortcuts on the Taskbar
The main components of Taskbar are shown in the following figure:

Active Notification
Start button Date/Time icon
Applications Area

Fig Taskbar
Start button It is located on the left of the taskbar. Clicking the Start button opens the Start menu
and provides access to programs and features, like:

Shut Down:- allows the user to turn off the computer

All Programs:- Provides access to all the installed programs and
applications. To start an application, just click it.
Search Box:- This allows the user to search a file or a folder or run
executable files.
Control panel:- This allows the user to change various settings.

Practical
1. Start your computer.
2. Name the operating system on your computer. _____________________.
3. Observe the icons on the desktop. Identify Computer icon, Recycle Bin, Start button, taskbar,
etc.
4. Double-click Computer icon.
5. Write down the partitions of the hard disk.
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
6. Identify removable disks on the computer.
______________
______________
______________
______________
7. Double-click Recycle Bin.
8. Restore any one file.
9. Empty Recycle Bin.
10. Click Start button.
11. Write names of any three programs/applications installed in your computer.
_________________
_________________
_________________
12. Change the Wallpaper using following steps:
a. Click Start  Control panel.
b. Under Appearance and personalization, click Change desktop background.
c. In the window that appears, select the desired picture.
d. Click Save Changes button.
Unit 3 Identify various Peripheral devices

Session 1

Peripheral devices

A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a

computer but does not contribute to the computer's primary function, such as
computing. It helps end users access and use the functionalities of a computer.

For example, a computer mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner.

Different peripheral devices, fall into following three general categories:

1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard

2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive

Input Devices

Keyboard

A keyboard is a device used to enter data directly into the computer. First six
alphabets of first row of alphabet keys contains alphabets Q, W, E, R, T, Y. That is
why it is known as QWERTY keyboard.

Picture of Keyboard

Different types of keyboards are available but keyboards with 101 keys is the most
popular one.

Different types of keys of the keyboard are:

  Alphanumeric keys are used to type alphabets, numbers and special
symbols like $, %, @, A etc.
 Special keys such as Shift, Ctrl, Alt, etc. are used for special functions.
 Function keys such as Fl, F2, F3 etc. are used to give special commands and
these commands may be different for different softwares.

 Cursor Movement keys. These keys are used to move the cursor in a
document. These include the arrow keys, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, etc.

Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is present to the right of the keyboard
and can be used to enter numbers quickly.

Mouse

A mouse is a pointing device and is used to move mouse pointer on a computer

monitor. When you move the mouse on a flat surface, the mouse pointer on the
computer monitor moves in the direction of the mouse’s movement.

Picture of mouse

A computer mouse may be connected to a computer using wire and connected to

PS/2 or USB post. Some of the computer mouse are wireless.

A mouse usually has two buttons with a scroll wheel in the center.

When you move the mouse, the mouse pointer moves in the same direction on the
screen.

Joystick

A Joystick is used to play games on the computer. It consists of a vertical stick that
is moved to control objects on the computer screen.

Picture of Joystick
Light pen

A light pen is a pointing device. It is used to draw directly on the screen. It can also
be used to point to an object or option directly on the computer screen.

Picture of Light pen

Graphics Tablet

A graphic tablet is used to create digital drawings by hand drawing image on a flat
surface called the tablet using a special pen. This special pen is called stylus.

Picture of Graphic Tablet

Scanner

A scanner is a device that is sued to convert text or image into a digital file.
Picture of a scanner

Barcode Reader
A barcode consists of a combination of thick and thin vertical lines found on
products. The bar code identifies the product and the manufacturer. These barcodes
can be read by a device called Barcode reader.
Picture of barcode Reader

Microphone

A microphone is a device used to record your voice and save it in the form of a
digital file in the computer.

Picture of Microphone

Lets Try It

1. Use any Typing tutor software to practice typing and learn using
different keys of the keyboard.

Tux Typing tutor is a software used to teach typing to children and even adults.
Regular practice will help you to increase typing speed and reduce the mistakes
while typing.

Before learning typing, you should learn how to place your fingers properly on the
keyboard.

Before typing we should always place our fingers on the second row of alphabet
keys.
Fig Placing fingers

The figure shown below shows which figure is used for which key.

Fig

a. Start Tux Typing

b. The Tux Typing main window appears (Fig ).
Fig Tux Typing main window

c. Click Lessons. The Lessons mode window appears (Fig ).

Fig Lessons mode window

d. A number of lessons are available. Start from lesson 1 and then try other
lessons.

2. Recording your voice using Sound Recorder in Windows 7.

a. Make sure that microphone is properly attached to the computer.
b. Select Start  All Programs  Accessories  Sound Recorder.
c. The Sound Recorder window appears (Fig )

Fig Sound recorder

d. Click Start Recording button to click start your recording. (Fig )

Fig Recording

e. To finish recording, click Stop Recording button.

f. The Save As dialog box appears ( Fig )

Fig Save As dialog box

 g. Select the drive and folder. Type the filename and click Save button.
3. Go to a grocery shop/ store. Ask the accountant to demonstrate the use of
barcode reader to read the barcode. Note what happens/appears on the
computer screen when he clicks the barcode.

Worksheet

1. A peripheral device can be ___________ or internal.

2. Different categories of peripheral devices are:
_________________
_________________
_________________
3. Name the device used to enter data directly into the computer. _________
4. Name the device used to play games on the computer. _________
5. What is the name given to thick and thin lines on any grocery item called?
Name the device used to read these lines.

_______________________________

_______________________________

Session 2

Output Devices

Computer Monitor

A computer monitor, resembles a TV screen and can display both text and images.
The output displayed on computer screen is called the soft copy.

The size of a computer monitor is measured in diagonal length of the screen.

Computer monitors are available in different sizes, 14 inch, 15 inch, 17 inches, etc.

Picture of computer monitor

Printer

A printer is a device used to print the files stored on the computer on paper. The
output produced on paper is called the hard copy.

Commonly used printers are:

 Dot matrix printer

 Inkjet printer
 Laser printer

Dot matrix printer

It is the most commonly used character printer, i.e, it prints one character at a time.
Most of the dot matrix printers are bidirectional, i.e., they print one line of text
from left to right and then the next line from right to left.

Picture of Dot matrix printer

Inkjet Printer

These printers use a continuous stream of ink drops to print on paper.

Picture of Inkjet printer

Laser Printer
These printers print one page at a time and are very fast.

Picture of laser printer

Plotters

A plotter is a device used to print large size engineering and architectural drawing
on a paper or a polyester film.
Picture of plotter

Speaker

A speaker is a device used to listen sound from the computer.

Picture of speaker

Lets Try It

1. Discuss various input and output devices and their uses.

2. Attach a speaker to your computer and listen to the sound file you created in
the previous session.
3. Identify with the help of your teacher, the type of printer in your computer
lab.
 4. Teacher can open any document on computer and demonstrate to the
students how to take a print out.

Worksheet

1. Name the device used to listen sound from the computer.

2. Name the printer that prints one page at a time.
3. Differentiate between hard copy and soft copy.
4. Name the printer that prints one character at a time.
5. Name the printer that uses a continuous stream of ink drops to print on
paper.

Session 3

Storage Devices

CDs/DVDs

Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile disc (DVD) are optical media that is used
to record data from computer. Data can then be read from the CD. To read data
from the CD, we need to have a CD Drive in our computer.

There are two variations of CD-

 CD-R and
 CD-RW

In CD-R, data once recorded can be read only and cannot be erased. In CD-RW,
previously recorded data can be erased and new data can be recorded.

Both CD and DVD look same in appearance but DVDs can hold much more data
than CDs.

To read data from the DVD, we need to have a DVD drive in our computer system.
We can read a CD using DVD drive but we cannot read a DVD using CD drive.
A CD can store upto 700 MB of data whereas a DVD can store 4.7 GB of data.

Picture of CD and DVD

Pen Drive/Flash Drive

A pen drive is a very small and portable device used to store data from a computer.
It can also be used to access and transfer data. Pen drives are available in various
capacities- 1 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, etc.

Picture of Pen Drive

External hard disk

An external hard drive is a storage device located outside of a computer that is

connected through a USB cable or wireless connection. An external hard disc has a
high storage capacity compared to flash drives and are mostly used to take backup
of computer files and other important data. External hard disk of capacity upto
1TB and 2TB are available.

Picture of external hard disk

Let’s Try It

1. Discuss the need of secondary storage devices.

2. Discuss use of various secondary storage devices.
3. Insert a CD in CD/DVD drive in your computer system. Teacher should
demonstrate how to view the contents of the CD/DVD?
4. Open Paintbrush software. Draw any figure using tools available in
Paintbrush. With the help of your teacher, save the file in your pen drive.

Worksheet

1. Name any two external storage devices.

2. Which has more capacity- CD or DVD?
3. If you have to take your project from home to school in a digital form, which
storage device is best suited for this purpose/
4. What is the use of external hard disk?
5. Which device has more storage capacity?
a. 16 GB pen drive or a CD
b. 16 GB pen drive or 1 TB hard disk
Unit 1 – Role of ICT

Session 1

Introduction to ICT

ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology which deals with the
use of electronic media like computer, smart phone, ipad, etc. to store process, and
retrieve data or information.

Role and Importance of ICT

ICT applications are found in every field – education, health, business, design,
manufacturing, science, environment.

ICT in education

ICT for education refers to the development of information and communications

technology specifically for teaching/learning purposes.

ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning process. ICT, to some extent,
has replaced traditional chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards,

Students are also using their own smart phones or other devices for learning during
class time.

The concept of “flipped classroom” is becoming popular in many countries where

students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more
interactive exercises.

Using ICT tools can lead to

 higher order thinking skills

 provide creative and individualized options for students to express their
understandings
 Students are better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in
society and the workplace.

Some of the advantages of ICT in education are:

  Complex topics can be easily explained to the students with the help of
pictures, videos, presentations, etc.
 Images and videos used for teaching improves the retention memory of the
students.
 Practical demonstration can be given to the students .
 If the teaching process in the class is interactive, it will make the lesson
more enjoyable.
 An e-learning program allows students to learn at their own pace, at any
convenient time, and from any place.

ICT in Healthcare

ICT plays an important role in healthcare. Some of the uses of ICT in health care
are:

 Through the right communication media, a doctor can easily deliver

treatment and care to the patient who is located far away. Doctor can also
continuously monitor the patient’s history, diagnostic report, and track the
current health condition. The Doctor can also interact with patient,
recommend to take medical examination and prescribe medicine.
 Using the ICT tool or a suitable communication system, government can
make efforts to create awareness among the public about the communicable
diseases, prevention measures and various current diagnostic & etc.
 ICT in healthcare research helps to find the possible prevention measures to
eradicate and reduce the spread of diseases.
 Through ICT, the traditional healthcare systems can be eliminated and new
models can be formed for effective quality care.
 Hospitals can use different electronic media to store medical data. This helps
to retrieve the information easily. This data can be transferred to the patient
or to the Doctors for consultation.
 MRI, CT-scan, ultrasound are done in hospitals, diagnostic centres, to
diagnose the diseases.
 Life support systems are provided to the patients
 You can search information on any disease, medicines, etc. on the internet.
 ICT in Governance

ICT in governance means using Internet, other electronic media buy the central
and state governments, by local administrative bodies to improve the efficiency,
transparency, efficiency of the government.

ICT in governance can be help:

 Deliver government services efficiently

 E-governance sites enable people to perform various tasks such as filling
a form, applying for passport, paying bills, property tax, etc. even sitting
at home.

ICT in Business

ICT in business can be used for the following purposes:

 Keep records of the stock

 Prepare accounts and balance sheets
 Maintain database of staff and customers
 E-commerce enables people to buy and sell products online. This service
is available 24 x 7.
 E-banking facility helps to make banking transactions at any time of the
day .

Impact of ICT on society

ICT has affected the society in both positive and negative way. We have already
discussed the use of ICT in various fields.

ICT has divided the society into two groups:

1. Persons who can do their personal and professional work efficiently. They
are efficient in using services like, e-banking, e-learning, e-governance sites,
etc.
2. People who do not have access to a computer and internet. They also do not
have knowledge to use facilities available on the internet.
 This has resulted in digital divide, which refers to the gap between people who
have access to latest information technologies, like, computer, smart phones,
internet, ipad, etc. and have knowledge to use them and people who do not have
access to use these devices.

Lets Try It

Discuss the role of ICT in different fields.

Worksheet

1. Name any three latest information technologies.

2. What do you mean by digital divide?
3. How is ICT helpful in education?
4. What is the use of ICT in business?
5. What is the role of ICT in e-governance?

Session 2

ICT Tools

ICT tools are devices that are used in Information and communication technology.
For example, computer, smart phone, radio, television, ipad, tablets, etc.

Some of these are discussed below:

Mobile

Mobile phones are the easiest and simplest way of communication. It is small in
size, lightweight and portable. You can stay in touch with your friends, relatives,
anytime and anywhere.

Mobile phones are useful in studies. Students can access the internet on their
mobile phones and get knowledge on any topic.

You can even create documents, make presentations, etc on your smart phones as
you do on your computer.
 Picture of smart phone

Tablets

Tablets are small personal computers with a touch screen. Tablets allow user to
input data and instructions through keyboard or mouse. Learning software called
apps can be downloaded onto tablets. You can also watch videos relevant to your
subject.

Figure of tablet

Radio

Radio is the oldest tool used to provide entertainment and information to people.
You can listen to music, radio shows, etc. on radio.

Picture of radio

TV

Television is another important ICT tool. You can watch music, view programs,
etc. on television.

Picture of Television

Newspaper

Newspaper is another most important ICT tool. News related to all the issues ,
national, international, sports, space, etc, are printed in newspapers.
Email

Email is the most common way of communication in today’s world. It is the

official way of communication. Some of the advantages of using email are:

 You don’t have to pay anything extra for sending or receiving email. You
just pay for the internet connection.
 You can send bulk mails
 The receiver may not be online when you send the email.
 You can send documents, presentations, images, videos, etc. as an
attachment to email.
 When you send an email, it reaches, the receiver at any part of the world in
few seconds.

Interactive White Boards (Smart Boards)

These boards a allow to project computer . Also handwritten notes can be taken on
the board and saved for later use.

Picture of smart board

E-readers

E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form. E-
readers are portable, have a long battery life.

Picture of e-reader

Lets try it
 1. Discuss the role and importance of ICT in personal life and at workplace.
2. Discuss use of various ICT tools.

Worksheet

1. Name any three ICT tools.

2. Name the electronic device that can hold hundreds of books in digital
form.
3. Mention any three advantages of email.
4. Mention use of tablets.

Session 3

Prepare poster or collage to show the role of ICT at workplace

Session 1
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

A computer is an electronic device that has devices to enter data, store data and
process raw facts and figures according to the given instructions and give the
desired result on an output device.

Data: Data refers to raw facts and figures. For example, 123, “English”, etc.
Information: Information refers to processed data. For example, total marks and
percentage of a student

A computer system comprises the following components:

 Computer hardware – Physical parts of a computer such as Input

devices, output devices, central processing unit and storage devices are
called computer hardware.
 Computer software – Software are the programs or applications that run
on computer. For example, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, Operating
systems, etc.

Computer hardware

The physical components of a computer system are called hardware. A

computer basically consists of following physical components:

 Input unit
 Processing unit
 Storage unit
 Auxiliary storage
 Output unit
Input devices

Input devices are used for entering data or instructions into the computer.

Keyboard is the most commonly used input device.

Another most important device that is commonly used is the mouse. It is a

pointing device that is used to point to an object or menu option on the
computer screen.

Scanners are another important hardware devices that are used to convert a
picture or text in a book or page in a digital form.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer system.

Functions of Central Processing Unit are:

 It controls the sequence of operations within the computer

 It gives commands to other parts of the computer
 It controls the use of main memory for storing data and instructions
It consists of the following main units:

 Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)

 Control Unit (CU)
 Main Memory Unit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

All the calculations and comparisons are done in this unit.

The ALU performs all the following arithmetic operations:

+ (addition)

- (subtraction)

*(multiplication)

/(Division)

^(Exponent)

The ALU also performs the following logical operations:

< (less than)

<(greater than)

<= (less than or equal to)

>= (greater than or equal to)

<> (not equal to)

Control Unit

The control unit controls the flow of data from the input devices to memory
and from memory to output devices. It does not process the data.

When the processing begins, the first instruction of the program is selected
and fed into the control section of the primary storage area. It is then
interpreted there and then the signals are sent to other components to
perform the necessary action.
The next instruction, is then selected, interpreted, and executed. This is
continued till all the instructions are processed.

Registers

These are temporary storage areas found in CPU of modern computers.

Lets Try It

1. Identify various components of a computer system.

2. List few hardware devices.
3. List names of few softwares.

Worksheet

1. Give full form of het following:

a. ALU
b. CU
c. CPU
2. Name the unit of computer that controls the flow of data from input
device to memory.
3. Name logical operations that can be performed in ALU.
4. Identify the following arithmetic operations:
a. *
b. ^
c. /
5. Which unit of computer is called the brain of the computer?
6. Identify as hardware or software.
Monitor
MS Word
Operating system
Mouse
Keyboard
MS PowerPoint
7. Differentiate between hardware and software.
8. What is the difference between data and information/
9. Name the unit of computer where arithmetic operations are performed.
10. Name any three input devices.
 Session 2

Storage Unit

The storage unit consists of the following components:

 Primary storage
 Temporary Storage

Primary Storage

The primary storage is also called the primary memory. It is directly accessible
by the CPU. It can be:

 RAM (Random Access Memory)

 ROM (Read Only Memory)

Functions of primary memory are:

 Here data is fed and held until it is ready to be accessed.

 It is used to hold the data being processed and the intermediate results of
processing.
 It holds the result of the processing.
 It holds the processing instructions.

Memory Units

Units of computer memory are:- Bit (Binary Digit), Byte (Kilobyte,

Megabyte, GigaByte, TeraByte, PetaByte, ExaByte, ZettaByte, YottaByte)

The elementary unit of memory is a bit. A group of 4 bits is called a nibble

and a group of 8 bits is called a byte.

One byte is the minimum space required to store one character.

1 Byte = 8 bits

One kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes

One Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB = 1024 x 1024 bytes

One Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB =1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

One Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

One petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB=1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024 bytes

One ExaByte (EB)=1024 PB=1024 x 1024 x1024 x 1024 x 1024 x 1024

bytes

One ZettaByte (ZB)=1024 EB)= 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x1024 x 1024 x 1024 x
1024 bytes

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is used to hold active information of data and instructions. Information

in RAM is stored in random order, that is why it is known as Random
Access Memory.

It is a temporary memory. When power supply is switched off, the

information stored in RAM is lost, so it is also known as volatile memory.

It is also known as read/write memory as information can be read from RAM

and also written onto it. Information stored in RAM may be erased or written
over.

Read-Only memory (ROM)

ROM is a part of computer’s main memory. It is used to store the

instructions provided by the manufacturer to check basic hardware and to
load operating system from appropriate storage device.

The storage of data and instructions in ROM is permanent until it is written

over.

The contents of the ROM are not lost when power supply is switched off.
That is why, ROM is called non-volatile memory.

Secondary Storage

Since the computer’s main memory stores the data and information
temporarily, the secondary memory is used. Secondary memory is sued to
store bulk of information.
The information stored in secondary memory is not lost, so it is also a non-
volatile memory.

Secondary storage devices include hard disk, CD, DVDs, Pen drive , etc.

Output Unit

The output unit comprises of devices such as Monitor, Printer, speaker, etc.
to display information to the user.

Lets Try It

1. Name few secondary storage devices.

2. Name a few external storage devices.

Worksheet

1. Give full form of the following:

a. RAM
b. ROM
2. Which memory- RAM or ROM is called the volatile memory and why?
3. Name the parts of primary memory.
4. What is one byte?
5. Complete the following:
a. 1 KB= ___________Bytes
b. 1 GB = _____________ bytes
6. Arrange in increasing order of storage capacity.
TB, MB, GB, KB, Byte
7. Name the memory which is also known as read/write memory.
8. Name few output devices.
9. Write three functions of primary memory.
10.Name the elementary unit of memory.

Session 3

Software

Software is a set of computer programs that perform a particular task.

Following are the categories of softwares:

Software

System Utility Application

Software Software Software

Operating Language General Customized

System Processors Purpose Software

Compiler Assembler Interpreter

System Software

System software is a set of one or more programs designed to control the

operation of a computer system.

Operating systems and language processors come under the category of

system software.

Operating System

Operating system is a master control program that runs the computer. When
the computer is switched on, operating system is the first program loaded
into the computer’s memory.

Examples of operating system are Windows, UNIX, MS-DOS, Mac OS,

Solaris, etc.

Language Processors

A computer understands instructions in the form of machine code, i.e., 0 and

1. The programs are written in English like high level language called source
code. The source code must be converted into machine language in order to
be executed. The translator program that is used to convert source program
written in high level language to machine code is called language processor.
The program translated into machine code is called the object program.

Language processor is of three types:

1. Assembler:- It is a program that translates an assembly language program

into machine language.
2. Compiler:-It is a program that translates a high-level language program
into machine language. For example C++ compiler.
3. Interpreter:-It is a program that translates a high-level language into
machine language program line by line. For example, Visual basic
Interpreter.

Application Software

Application software is a computer program that is designed to perform a

certain type of work. This type of software pertains to one specific
application. For example, software written to calculate salary of the school
employees cannot be used to prepare school result.

Application softwares can be classified as General purpose software and

Specific purpose application software.

General purpose application software includes word processing software,

like, Microsoft Word., spreadsheet software, like, Microsoft Excel, etc.

Specific Purpose Application software

Specific purpose application software are the softwares that perform a

particular task. Examples of specific purpose application software are
Accounting management software, Reservation system, Payroll system, etc.

Utility Program

A utility program is used to perform maintenance work on a system or on the

components of the computer.

Examples of Utility program are;- anti-virus software, file management

programs, etc.

Antivirus software:- This program helps in detecting and removing viruses.

For example, Norton antivirus, McAffee virus scan, etc.

File management tools:-These tools help in storing, searching, and sorting

files and folders on the system. For example, Windows Explorer.
 Compression:- This program helps in compression of large files so that they
take less storage space. For example, WinZip.

Disk Management Tools:- These programs include

 Disk Cleaner:-This utility scans for the files that have not
been used since long. These files may be occupying large
amount of space. It prompts the user to delete such files to
create more disk space.
 Disk Defragmenter:-It rearranges the files and free space on
the computer so that files are stored in contiguous and free
space is consolidated in one contiguous block. This speeds
up the disk access.
 Backup:- backup means making a duplicate of the files and
data stored on the computer. This program is used to take
backup copy of the data. In case the original data is lost, the
backed up data can be used.

Lets Try It

1. Identify and name application software(s) installed in your computer.

2. Identify and name anti-virus software installed in your computer.
3. Identify few Utility softwares in your computer system.
4. Discuss different types of softwares.

Worksheet

1. What is the difference between system software and application

software?
2. Name any three disk management tools.
3. Name the program that rearranges the files and folders in the computer
system.
4. Give example of file management tool.
5. Name the types of language processors.
 Basic Computer Operations

Session 1
As we all know that computer is a very useful machine. It is very important to properly start the
computer and after finishing the work, it needs to be properly shut down. If the power of the
computer is switched off, and the files you were working on were not closed, the files and the
operating system may get corrupted.
Using a Computer (Procedure for starting and shutting down a computer)
Starting a Computer
1. Press the Power button of the computer.
2. When you turn on the computer, lights on the keyboard may blink for a while and you may
hear a beep sound. This indicates that the Power-on-self text (POST) has started. POST is a
sequence of tests that determines if the computer hardware like, keyboard, RAM, disk drives,
etc are working correctly. The monitor may display a message, if a component is not
functioning.
3. After the POST, the computer starts the operating system. The process of bringing up the
operating system is called booting. The computer knows how to boot because the instructions
of booting are built into a chip called BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System).
4. When the operating system starts, say Windows 7, Windows welcome screen appears. The
first screen that appears after Windows 7 is successfully loaded is called desktop.
5. Now, you can perform various tasks on the computer.
Shutting down the computer
Before shutting down the computer, you need to save and close all the files and applications. You can
completely turn off the computer, you can make it sleep or hibernate it.
To turn off the computer completely, click the Start button, and then click Shut Down.
If you choose Sleep option, the system uses very little power, the computer starts up faster and you
are back to where you left. You can use sleep option if you going away for a short time. Laptops and
tablets goes to sleep when you close the lid or press the Power button.
If you select Hibernate option, system uses less power than Sleep. When you start the PC again, you
are back to where you left.

Operating System
An operating system is the basic software that controls the computer. It serves as an interface between
the user and the computer.
Some of the functions of Operating system are:
  It manages all the devices of a computer and keeps track of the status of the device,
whether it is busy or not.
 It also checks whether the device is functioning properly or not.
 It also controls software resources of the computer.
 t manages the computer memory and keeps track of which memory space is in use by
which program and which space is free.
 It manages the structure of the files and directories on a computer system.
 It keeps track of the amount of disk space used by a specific file.
 It allows you to create, copy, move and delete files.

Types of Operating Systems

Some commonly used operating systems are:
DOS
DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system for a personal computer. Early computers were
able to run one program at a time. It had a command line interface in which a user has to remember
the commands to run the program and do other operating system tasks. For example, the DOS
command, dir, will display the list of files in the current directory.
Windows
It is an operating system developed by Microsoft. Some popular versions of Windows operating
system are- Windows 98, Windows, 2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10.
Linux
It is an operating system designed for personal computers. It is a free and open-source software,
which means it can be modified and redistributed.

Mobile operating Systems

Some popular operating systems that are used in mobile phones are:
Android It is an operating system used in mobile phones and tablets. It is owned and maintained by
Google and is an open-source operating system. The android releases were nicknamed after sweets or
dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Donout (1.6), Éclair (2.0), Frozen Yogurt (2.2), Honeycomb (3.0)
and Jelly Bean (4.1), Kitkat (4.4), marshmallow (6.0),
Symbian It is an operating system used in mobile phones. Symbian was developed and sold by Symbian
Ltd. It is primarily used by Nokia. It is also used by Japanese mobile phone manufacturers for handsets
sold in Japan.
Windows Phone It is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for smart phones and pocket
PCs. In February 2010, Microsoft announced the Windows Phone, the successor to Windows Mobile.
 Windows 8.1 is the latest release of this operating system.
iOS It is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for iPhones, iPads, and iPods. It is supported
only by Apple hardware. iOS 9 is the latest release of this operating system.

Session 2
Let us first study about Windows 7 Operating system.
Windows 7 operating system
Windows 7 is an operating system developed by Microsoft and is used on personal computers.
After loading Windows 7, the first screen that appears on the monitor is called desktop. From the
desktop, you can access different components of Windows 7.
By default, Windows 7 has a picture for the desktop background. This is called wallpaper.
Small pictures on the desktop are called icons. These icons represent files, folders, applications, etc.
At the bottom of the desktop is a long bar called the Taskbar. To the left of the taskbar is the Start
button.
Components of Windows 7 Desktop are shown below:

icons
Computer
icon

Wallpapaer

Recycle Bin

Task bar

Start
button

Fig: Desktop
Let us discuss some special icons on the Desktop – Computer, Documents, My Network Places, and
Recycle Bin.
Computer
It displays all the storage areas of the computer . Through the Computer icon, you can access all
drives, files, and folders on the computer. When you double-click Computer icon, a window shown
below appears on the screen. In the following figure, you can see that hard disk has three partitions-
Local Disk (C:), Local Disk (D:) , and New Volume (F:) . Also a removable DVD Drive (E: ) is there
in the system.

Hard disk
drives

Removable
disk drives
like CD, DVD,
Pen Drive

Fig Computer Window

To view the contents of any item, e.g., a particular hard disk drive partition, double-click its icon.
Documents
This contains area to store files on the computer.
My Network places
It contains information about the interconnected computers.
Recycle Bin
Files and folders deleted by the user are stored in the Recycle Bin. From Recycle Bin, you can
retrieve files or folders deleted by mistake.
Permanently Deleting Files
You can permanently delete the contents of the Recycle Bin in any one of the following ways:
Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and then click Empty Recycle Bin.
OR
1. Double-click the Recycle Bin icon.
2. The Recycle Bin window appears.

3. Click Empty the Recycle Bin.

Restore Files/Folder from Recycle Bin window

To recover a file from the Recycle Bin, right-click the file, and then click Restore.
 Or
Select the file and click Restore this item

Taskbar
Taskbar is the long horizontal bar present at the bottom of the screen. To the left is the Start button.
Right of the taskbar contains Date/Time. You can also see icons of active applications and some
shortcuts on the Taskbar
The main components of Taskbar are shown in the following figure:

Active Notification
Start button Date/Time icon
Applications Area

Fig Taskbar
Start button It is located on the left of the taskbar. Clicking the Start button opens the Start menu
and provides access to programs and features, like:

Shut Down:- allows the user to turn off the computer

All Programs:- Provides access to all the installed programs and
applications. To start an application, just click it.
Search Box:- This allows the user to search a file or a folder or run
executable files.
Control panel:- This allows the user to change various settings.

Practical
1. Start your computer.
2. Name the operating system on your computer. _____________________.
3. Observe the icons on the desktop. Identify Computer icon, Recycle Bin, Start button, taskbar,
etc.
4. Double-click Computer icon.
5. Write down the partitions of the hard disk.
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
6. Identify removable disks on the computer.
______________
______________
______________
______________
7. Double-click Recycle Bin.
8. Restore any one file.
9. Empty Recycle Bin.
10. Click Start button.
11. Write names of any three programs/applications installed in your computer.
_________________
_________________
_________________
12. Change the Wallpaper using following steps:
a. Click Start  Control panel.
b. Under Appearance and personalization, click Change desktop background.
c. In the window that appears, select the desired picture.
d. Click Save Changes button.
Unit 3 Identify various Peripheral devices

Session 1

Peripheral devices

A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a

computer but does not contribute to the computer's primary function, such as
computing. It helps end users access and use the functionalities of a computer.

For example, a computer mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer and scanner.

Different peripheral devices, fall into following three general categories:

1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard

2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive

Input Devices

Keyboard

A keyboard is a device used to enter data directly into the computer. First six
alphabets of first row of alphabet keys contains alphabets Q, W, E, R, T, Y. That is
why it is known as QWERTY keyboard.

Picture of Keyboard

Different types of keyboards are available but keyboards with 101 keys is the most
popular one.

Different types of keys of the keyboard are:

  Alphanumeric keys are used to type alphabets, numbers and special
symbols like $, %, @, A etc.
 Special keys such as Shift, Ctrl, Alt, etc. are used for special functions.
 Function keys such as Fl, F2, F3 etc. are used to give special commands and
these commands may be different for different softwares.

 Cursor Movement keys. These keys are used to move the cursor in a
document. These include the arrow keys, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, etc.

Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is present to the right of the keyboard
and can be used to enter numbers quickly.

Mouse

A mouse is a pointing device and is used to move mouse pointer on a computer

monitor. When you move the mouse on a flat surface, the mouse pointer on the
computer monitor moves in the direction of the mouse’s movement.

Picture of mouse

A computer mouse may be connected to a computer using wire and connected to

PS/2 or USB post. Some of the computer mouse are wireless.

A mouse usually has two buttons with a scroll wheel in the center.

When you move the mouse, the mouse pointer moves in the same direction on the
screen.

Joystick

A Joystick is used to play games on the computer. It consists of a vertical stick that
is moved to control objects on the computer screen.

Picture of Joystick
Light pen

A light pen is a pointing device. It is used to draw directly on the screen. It can also
be used to point to an object or option directly on the computer screen.

Picture of Light pen

Graphics Tablet

A graphic tablet is used to create digital drawings by hand drawing image on a flat
surface called the tablet using a special pen. This special pen is called stylus.

Picture of Graphic Tablet

Scanner

A scanner is a device that is sued to convert text or image into a digital file.
Picture of a scanner

Barcode Reader
A barcode consists of a combination of thick and thin vertical lines found on
products. The bar code identifies the product and the manufacturer. These barcodes
can be read by a device called Barcode reader.
Picture of barcode Reader

Microphone

A microphone is a device used to record your voice and save it in the form of a
digital file in the computer.

Picture of Microphone

Lets Try It

1. Use any Typing tutor software to practice typing and learn using
different keys of the keyboard.

Tux Typing tutor is a software used to teach typing to children and even adults.
Regular practice will help you to increase typing speed and reduce the mistakes
while typing.

Before learning typing, you should learn how to place your fingers properly on the
keyboard.

Before typing we should always place our fingers on the second row of alphabet
keys.
Fig Placing fingers

The figure shown below shows which figure is used for which key.

Fig

a. Start Tux Typing

b. The Tux Typing main window appears (Fig ).
Fig Tux Typing main window

c. Click Lessons. The Lessons mode window appears (Fig ).

Fig Lessons mode window

d. A number of lessons are available. Start from lesson 1 and then try other
lessons.

2. Recording your voice using Sound Recorder in Windows 7.

a. Make sure that microphone is properly attached to the computer.
b. Select Start  All Programs  Accessories  Sound Recorder.
c. The Sound Recorder window appears (Fig )

Fig Sound recorder

d. Click Start Recording button to click start your recording. (Fig )

Fig Recording

e. To finish recording, click Stop Recording button.

f. The Save As dialog box appears ( Fig )

Fig Save As dialog box

 g. Select the drive and folder. Type the filename and click Save button.
3. Go to a grocery shop/ store. Ask the accountant to demonstrate the use of
barcode reader to read the barcode. Note what happens/appears on the
computer screen when he clicks the barcode.

Worksheet

1. A peripheral device can be ___________ or internal.

2. Different categories of peripheral devices are:
_________________
_________________
_________________
3. Name the device used to enter data directly into the computer. _________
4. Name the device used to play games on the computer. _________
5. What is the name given to thick and thin lines on any grocery item called?
Name the device used to read these lines.

_______________________________

_______________________________

Session 2

Output Devices

Computer Monitor

A computer monitor, resembles a TV screen and can display both text and images.
The output displayed on computer screen is called the soft copy.

The size of a computer monitor is measured in diagonal length of the screen.

Computer monitors are available in different sizes, 14 inch, 15 inch, 17 inches, etc.

Picture of computer monitor

Printer

A printer is a device used to print the files stored on the computer on paper. The
output produced on paper is called the hard copy.

Commonly used printers are:

 Dot matrix printer

 Inkjet printer
 Laser printer

Dot matrix printer

It is the most commonly used character printer, i.e, it prints one character at a time.
Most of the dot matrix printers are bidirectional, i.e., they print one line of text
from left to right and then the next line from right to left.

Picture of Dot matrix printer

Inkjet Printer

These printers use a continuous stream of ink drops to print on paper.

Picture of Inkjet printer

Laser Printer
These printers print one page at a time and are very fast.

Picture of laser printer

Plotters

A plotter is a device used to print large size engineering and architectural drawing
on a paper or a polyester film.
Picture of plotter

Speaker

A speaker is a device used to listen sound from the computer.

Picture of speaker

Lets Try It

1. Discuss various input and output devices and their uses.

2. Attach a speaker to your computer and listen to the sound file you created in
the previous session.
3. Identify with the help of your teacher, the type of printer in your computer
lab.
 4. Teacher can open any document on computer and demonstrate to the
students how to take a print out.

Worksheet

1. Name the device used to listen sound from the computer.

2. Name the printer that prints one page at a time.
3. Differentiate between hard copy and soft copy.
4. Name the printer that prints one character at a time.
5. Name the printer that uses a continuous stream of ink drops to print on
paper.

Session 3

Storage Devices

CDs/DVDs

Compact Disc (CD) and Digital Versatile disc (DVD) are optical media that is used
to record data from computer. Data can then be read from the CD. To read data
from the CD, we need to have a CD Drive in our computer.

There are two variations of CD-

 CD-R and
 CD-RW

In CD-R, data once recorded can be read only and cannot be erased. In CD-RW,
previously recorded data can be erased and new data can be recorded.

Both CD and DVD look same in appearance but DVDs can hold much more data
than CDs.

To read data from the DVD, we need to have a DVD drive in our computer system.
We can read a CD using DVD drive but we cannot read a DVD using CD drive.
A CD can store upto 700 MB of data whereas a DVD can store 4.7 GB of data.

Picture of CD and DVD

Pen Drive/Flash Drive

A pen drive is a very small and portable device used to store data from a computer.
It can also be used to access and transfer data. Pen drives are available in various
capacities- 1 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, etc.

Picture of Pen Drive

External hard disk

An external hard drive is a storage device located outside of a computer that is

connected through a USB cable or wireless connection. An external hard disc has a
high storage capacity compared to flash drives and are mostly used to take backup
of computer files and other important data. External hard disk of capacity upto
1TB and 2TB are available.

Picture of external hard disk

Let’s Try It

1. Discuss the need of secondary storage devices.

2. Discuss use of various secondary storage devices.
3. Insert a CD in CD/DVD drive in your computer system. Teacher should
demonstrate how to view the contents of the CD/DVD?
4. Open Paintbrush software. Draw any figure using tools available in
Paintbrush. With the help of your teacher, save the file in your pen drive.

Worksheet

1. Name any two external storage devices.

2. Which has more capacity- CD or DVD?
3. If you have to take your project from home to school in a digital form, which
storage device is best suited for this purpose/
4. What is the use of external hard disk?
5. Which device has more storage capacity?
a. 16 GB pen drive or a CD
b. 16 GB pen drive or 1 TB hard disk
Unit 5 – Internet and its Applications

Internet is a network of networks. It is an interconnection between several

computers of different types belonging to various networks all over the world. The
Internet is a medium of communication and exchange of information.

Exploring information on the web is called web surfing.

Some common terms related to Internet

WWW (World Wide Web)

WWW stands for world wide web is a network of world wide computers.
Web site

A web site is a collection of two or more related web pages. Web pages of a web
site are linked together through hyperlinks.

Web page

An individual page of a web site is called a web page. It is written in a special

computer language called HTML (Hyper text markup Language).

There are two types of web pages:

 Static web pages

 Dynamic web pages

Static web page is a web page in which all the information is presented to the user
exactly as it is stored. For example, any tutorial web site.

Dynamic web page is a web page which shows different content each time you
visit the page. For example, shopping web sites.

Home Page

The first web page of a website is called the home page.

Protocol
Protocol is a set of rules to be followed while communicating or transferring data
on internet.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): This protocol defines the rules to be
followed while transferring the information. The information may be in the form of
text, images, videos, etc.

This is the most commonly used protocol over world wide web.

HTTPs is the secured version of http. It ensures better protection against data theft.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Each web page has a unique address which identifies its location on the network.
This unique address is called the URL.

The URL has two parts:

 Protocol identifier: It identifies the name of the protocol used.

 Resource name: It specifies the complete address to the resource on the
Internet.

For example,

http://www.mywebsite.com

here, http is the protocol

www.mywebsite .com is the resource name

Web Browser

A web browser is a program that is used to view the web sites. It acts as an
interface between the web server and the world wide web. Some commonly used
web browser are – Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge,
opera, etc.

A web browser performs the following tasks:

 1. It connects to the web server and sends a request for the information.
2. It displays the information on the computer.

Applications of Internet

Various services provided by internet are:

 Email
 Chatting
 Video conferencing
 Social networking
 E-learning
 E-shopping
 E-reservation
 E-banking, etc.

E-mail (Electronic mail)

E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is a message in an electronic form that is sent
or received from one computer to another. Some of the advantages of e-mail are:

 It is fast and easy to use.

 It is the fastest means of communication. A message can reach any part of
the world in a fraction of a second.
 You can send text message, pictures, sound messages across the globe.
 Message can consist of few lines or more. It is not charge by weight.
 You don’t have to pay anything extra for the sending or receiving the email.
You just pay for the internet connection.
 You need not be on your computer or online to receive the e-mail.
 E-mails are eco-friendly as no paper is used.
 You can also send bulk messages to a large number of people at the same
time.

To send or receive email messages, you first need to open your email account and
have your email address.
Email address

An email address has two main parts:

 User name
 Host name

These two parts are separated by @ symbol.

For example, consider the following email address:

[email protected]

In the above email address, myemail is the user name and gmail.com is the host
name.

Email program

An email program enables you to send and receive email messages. Some of the
popular email programs are:

Gmail.com

Yahoo.com

Rediff.com

To send an email, you first open your email account. Then click Compose option.
The following window opens.
Some of the options while composing an email are:

To This option allows you to write the email address of the person you want to
send the message to.

Cc It stands for carbon copy. This option allows you to send the same message to
several persons at the same time and every recipient will know all the recipients of
this mail. The multiple email addresses are separated by semicolon.

BCc It stands for Blind Carbon copy. This option allows you to send the same
message to several persons at the same time but a recipient will not know who the
other recipients of this message are.

Subject This option allows you to write in few words about the content of the
message.

Attachment This icon helps you to attach files such as, documents, presentations,
images, videos, etc with your email message.

Introduction to Social media

Social media refers to different online communications channels that are
dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and
collaboration.

Blog

A blog is a website which is maintained by an individual. The person who creates

and maintains the blog is called the blogger.

Twitter

Twitter is a social networking service that allows you to send short messages to
communicate with your friends or followers. You can send short messages of upto
140 characters, which are called tweets. Twitter is sued by people to inform others
about the latest happenings in their lives.

Facebook

Facebook, founded by Mark Zuckerberg, is the most popular social networking

site. To use Facebook, you need to first create an account. Then add other users as
friends. You can then exchange messages, pictures, etc. with your friends on the
Facebook.

Companies also setup their own Facebook pages to connect and communicate with
customers and clients.

Youtube

You tube allows people to watch and share self-created videos.

Companies are also using You tube to launch and advertise their product.

WhatsApp

WhatsApp is a free messenger app for smartphones. WhatsApp uses internet to

send text messages, pictures, audio or video. You can make audio and video call to
any person having WhatsApp in their smartphone, in any part of the world. You
don’t have to pay anything extra for sending message or making calls. You just pay
for the internet connection.
Digital India
Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in 2015, to ensure that the
Government's services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online
infrastructure. It also aims at increasing Internet connectivity and making the country digitally
empowered in the field of technology.

Lets Try It

1. Discuss various applications of Internet.

2. List names of various Internet browsers
3. Demonstrate how to search information on a website.
4. Demonstrate how to create an email account, compose and send a message
and also open the received message.
5. Discuss various social media.
 Self-Management Skills – I

na kashchit kasyachin_mitram, na kashchit kasyachidripuḥ |

vyavahāréṇa jāyante, mitrāṇi ripavastathā ||
No one is anyone's friend, no one is anyone's enemy.
Friends and enemies are born by your conduct.
Hitopadéshaḥ (Mitralābhaḥ 72)

Self-Management refers to management of or by oneself; taking of responsibility for one's own behavior
and well-being. It also means managing yourself with the people and resources around you. It aims at
conducting oneself for the greater good of the individual, family and the society. A Self-managed person
not only manages himself well but also behaves responsibly towards people around. Self- Management is
needed by everyone around us and it is needed in all stages and walks of life. Self-managed person is like
a tree who is taking care of itself and is also helping others to lead a comfortable life.

The reasons behind promotion of self-management are as follows:

1. We do not want the individual to be dependent on anybody else, when life poses dilemmas or
difficult situations.
2. Self-management instills self-confidence in individual to deal with his or her life and develop
ways to tackle his or her own problems.
3. Self-management provides a long term and sustainable mechanism of handling personal life.

Knowledge

Manners Intention

Self-
Management
Deeds
Habits

Fig 1: Exhibitors of Self-Management

Self-management is exhibited by our habits, manners, knowledge, intentions and our deeds. Good habits
like brushing teeth, taking bath, eating balanced diet and getting up and sleeping at right time every day,
helps us maintain good health and physique. Good manners like being kind and friendly, helping others,
being a good listener, respecting, sharing, saying please and thank you, are key to maintaining good
relations with others. Being responsible for knowledge acquisition and learning increases self-esteem and
develops an inquisitive mindset and curious approach. Good intentions guide us to do the right things.
They help us identify the right path and right approach to handle situations. A good deed done to help
others is worth more than a million good words spoken. All these elements together exhibit, how well an
individual manages himself.

Positive results of self-management

Parents, teachers and guardians are not always along the child to guide him/ her. In that case principles of
self-management guide the individual day in and day out, on how to respond to the environmental forces.
These environmental forces for students can be the class schedule, assignments, competitions, exams,
different students and their behavior etc. Students can sail through various situations in life comfortable
by taking following benefits from self-management…

Self- monitor

Self- Self-
evaluation reinforcement

 It guides individuals to self-monitor their conduct and behavior

Students, once become aware that they are responsible for their behavior, they become pro-active.
o Prepares individual to complete the task independently.
o Instills ownership to the task and the consequences amongst individuals.
 It helps in self-evaluation
Self-management makes individuals realize that they need to do course correction by themselves
if they do not get desired goals. Once the goals are achieved as desired, it also motivates
individuals.
o Helps in setting individual goals
o Directs evaluation of performance, objective resetting and enhances self-esteem.
 It leads to self – reinforcement of positive behavior
 Self-management reinforces appropriate behavior of students as per the time, situation and people
involved. It motivates individuals to take up right things and refrains from getting indulged into
negative things, keeping long term consequences in focus.
o Enforces self-learning for goal achievement
o Self-reliance is enhanced and which reinforces the behavior.

Self-management skills

Following are the self-management skills that individuals should possess to enjoy the fruits of self-
management.

 Self Confidence
It refers to trusting one capabilities and potentialities to achieve the necessary goals, objectives
and challenges in life and being worthy of leading a happy life.
o Initiating a new activity, like writing a blog can boost your confidence
 Stress Management
It refers to a state of psychological tension and discomfort originating from unforeseen, difficult,
confusing and challenging situations.
o Doing homework well in time, will give you more free time which you can enjoy without
the shadow of homework hanging on you.
 Independent Working
This typically means is when an individual is assigned a task(s), he/she takes ownership and
doesn't require constant assistance or supervision to complete that task(s).
o Preparing for a test, a competition or learning something new on your own shall help
enhance self-reliance.
 Team Player
A person who conforms well with norms of a team and contributes to the attainment of the
common goals in an efficient and effective way is called as a team player.
o While doing a group project, you can develop your team work skills as well as you can
learn from someone else
 Time Management
It is conscious effort to prioritize task according to the time at hand to increase productivity,
efficiency and effectiveness.
o While studying, you need to plan for sports and relaxation activities. Proper time
management for all of them will leave you with more positive energy.
 Self-Motivation
Motivation is defined as a driving force responsible to do something. The students who are
motivated to achieve their academic goal, their future is much better than others.
o Making lists and study notes in advance
 Personality management
General neatness, grooming, appropriate dressing, apt verbal and non-verbal communication are
components of good personality.
o Dressing in a prim proper way for school, friend’s place or for playground creates good
and favorable impression.
SELF-CONFIDENCE

Realistic belief and trust of an individual in one’s own judgement, capabilities and worthiness is self-
confidence.

Factors that help in building self confidence

 Social
Interactions with family and social environment, like friends, relatives, teachers and media
influences self-confidence of individuals. Development of confidence on self is a process which
results from the experiences of individuals while interacting with others.
 Cultural
Cultural factors comprise of values, beliefs and customs. Indians give higher importance to
family values, believe in the philosophy of “Vasudhev Kutumbhkam” and follow custom of
celebrating Diwali. Conforming to cultural values, beliefs and customs enhances self-confidence.
 Physical
Physical self-efficacy, physical activity and social physique anxiety are found to be influencing
self-confidence of individuals. Physical activity is found to be directly related to self-confidence.
Physical self-efficacy refers to physical potential to complete a given task. Social physique
anxiety is a concern amongst individuals about perceived evaluation of one’s physical self by the
society.

Self-confidence building tips

Mind is like a fertile land, if you do not plant good thoughts there, weeds are bound to grow.

 Getting rid of negative thoughts

Going away from negative thoughts takes individuals closer to a peaceful positive mind. To travel
away from negative thoughts, individuals need to involve themselves in an activity – take a walk,
draw, sing, dance, chat, watch, read or talk.
 Thinking positively
Positive thinking brings brain to a peaceful stance and increases productivity and performance.
When individuals start thinking positively, they feel happy from within and their self-confidence
boosts up.
 Staying happy with small things
An individual who is full of gratitude for every small blessing in his life feels contended. Being
thankful towards people and the world, instills confidence in individuals.
 Staying clean, hygienic and smart
Personal hygiene is the first key to a confident person. Keeping hair, teeth, fingers, body and skin
clean and well maintained is an easy and effective way to be at best.

 Chatting with positive people

 Interacting with positive people brings forth a fresh and progressive perspective to life. People in
similar stages of life go through similar issues. Some positively handle these situations, and
interacting with them shall help boost confidence.

Lets’ do it
Hands on exercises to understand the concept better
2 sessions

Session A. Identification of self-management Skills(Strength and Weakness Analysis)

Strengths Weakness Steps taken to overcome Steps planned for

weakness overcoming
weakeness

Session B. Skit on building self confidence

a. Using positive metaphors/words

b. Positive stroking on wake up and before going to bed
c. Helping others and working for community
Suggested topics:
a) The day my mother/ parents/teacher felt proud of me
b) One beautiful/memorable day of my life
 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

Introduction
A basic question arises as to who can be a successful entrepreneur? What are the skills
required by an individual to make him/her a successful entrepreneur? To answer this question
it is important to understand the concept of entrepreneurship. If someone wants to start a
business it becomes essential for that individual to possess specific skills like creativity,
leadership attributes, social skill etc. But before we see in detail the skills an entrepreneur
should possess, let us first understand the concept of a business. Whole idea here is to
understand the sources of business and its relationship with entrepreneurship.

What is a Business?
A business can be understood through different means but the basic features of any business
are remain the same and they are as follows:

1. Business is a trade-related activity.

2. It involves the purchase and sale of goods or services.
3. Business is done to earn profits and therefore it is referred to as a source of income.
4. Business is mainly run to maximise profits by creating value for customers through
goods or services.

TYPES OF BUSINESS
There are different types of business engaged in different sectors of the economy. Broadly
they can be classified as follows (AccountingVerse, 2018):

1. Service:
These are the businesses which deal in providing of services e.g. banking,
transportation, accounting, education, healthcare, insurance etc.

2. Manufacturing:
These are the businesses which deal in the production of goods. Production of goods
requires the conversion of raw material, labour, capital and other resources into the
finished goods. These finished goods are then offered to the end-consumers e.g.
Apparels and accessories, automobiles, spare parts etc.

3. Merchandising:
These are the businesses that do not produce the goods themselves but purchase the
goods for selling it to end-consumers. They act as the link between the producers and
consumers. Some examples of such businesses are retail stores, departmental stores
and distributors.

4. Hybrid:
 Hybrid businesses are the mix of two or more types of businesses. They are engaged
in service as well as manufacturing business. They neither offer pure intangible nor
pure tangible commodities. For example in the case of restaurants, they offer services
in the form of a dining experience and food served is the product.
The features of different types of businesses are given in table 1.

Table 1: Features of different types of businesses

Services Manufacturing Merchandising

Prime Activity Provision of service Production of goods Buying and selling
of goods
Inventory No inventory. Three forms of Only finished goods
inventory – Raw
material, Work-in-
progress and
Finished goods
End-products Intangible Physical goods Physical goods
(Tangible) (Tangible)
Labour Skilled professionals Skilled and unskilled Sales person
and Experts labourers
Location Close to clients Where labour and Close to end-
raw material cost is consumers
low
Customer demand Provides services as Produce goods based Sell the goods
per the demands of on demand forecast produced
the clients
(Source: Compiled from different sources)

Activity 1
1. Identify the various types of activities adopted by the businesses in your locality.

2. How does the activities adopted by service businesses differ from those adopted by
manufacturing businesses?
FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Business organisations are classified under different forms based on their type of ownership
as shown in Figure-1.

Figure 1: Forms of business organisations

1. Sole proprietorship:
A sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organisation with only a single owner.
It does not require any registration and can be opened without any legal formalities.

Advantages of Sole proprietorship (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009)

• Easy Formulation
• Full control
• Quick Decisions
• Flexible Management
• Profits

Disadvantages of Sole proprietorship (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009)

• Unlimited liability
• Limited resources
• Lack of stability

2. Partnership:
A partnership firm is a business entity owned and operated by two or more individuals for the
purpose of earning profits. A partnership firm is governed under the Indian Partnership Act,
1932 which states that “Partnership is the relation between persons who have agreed to share
the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all” (Partnership Act).
This relationship should be voluntary. Each individual in the firm is called “Partner” and
collectively it is called as “Firm”.
Advantages of partnership (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009)

• Resources
• Flexible Management
• Decision making.
• Risk-sharing
• Formulation

Disadvantages of partnership (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009)

• Dissolution
• Conflicts
• Implied Authority
• Unlimited Liability
• Minor

3. Joint Hindu Family Business

It is a form of a business entity owned and operated by the members of a joint Hindu family.
It is governed by ‘Hindu Law’ and is only prevalent in India. It is also known as ‘Hindu
Undivided Family Business’ or HUF – business. (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009). There are two
forms of Joint Hindu family business – ‘Mitakshara system’ which is applicable to the whole
country except Bengal and Assam where ‘Dayabhaga System’ is prevalent. Under Mitakshara
system, any male member born in the family acquires the right of ownership in the ancestral
property whereas in Dayabhaga system a son can get the rights only after the death of his/her
father (Basu, 2010). A family where all members are descendants of a common ancestor is
called a Hindu undivided family. It includes the male members, their wives and unmarried
daughters.

Advantages of HUF (Basu, 2010)

• Stability: Business is not dissolved in case of death of Karta and next senior-most
coparcener takes the place of Karta.
• Existence: No registration is required for a HUF business as it arises by the status of its
member.
• Minor: Even minors can be coparceners as a person acquires the membership in joint
Hindu family business by mere birth into the family.
• Limited Liability of coparceners: Coparceners of a joint Hindu family business are only
held liable for the debts of business up to the limit of their share in the ancestral property.
Their personal assets are not charged against the liabilities of the business.

Disadvantages of HUF (Basu, 2010)

• Unlimited Liability of Karta: Karta is personally responsible for the debts of business in
case the assets of the business are insufficient. His/her personal assets can be used to
repay the debts.
• Implied Authority: In case of a joint Hindu family business, Karta has the implied
authority to bind all members for his/her act. Thus, they have to face the impact of his/her
wrongdoings.
• Female Members: Female members of the family have restricted rights in the ownership
of the business. They are not treated at par with their male counterparts. They can get the
ownership only under certain circumstances. However, under the Dayabhaga system, they
have more rights as compared to Mitakshara system where they can get the rights on the
death of male coparcener.

4. Cooperative Society:
According to the Indian Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, “Co-operative society is a society
which has the objective of promoting the economic interests of its members in accordance
with cooperative principles. It is a voluntary organisation of individuals to promote a
common interest. The minimum number of persons required to form a cooperative society is
10. Cooperative societies can get themselves registered with the Registrar of Co-operative
Societies in the State where their registered office is situated (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009).
However, registration is not mandatory but a registered society has more benefits than an
unregistered society. A co-operative society enjoys the status of a separate legal entity and
has perpetual succession and a common seal. A registered co-operative society enjoys the
benefits of tax-exemption (Basu, 2010).

Advantages of Co-operative society (Tulsian& Pandey, 2009)

• Stability: A co-operative society has a separate identity from its members and therefore
has no impact on its working by entry or exit of any member. It has a perpetual life.
• Limited liability: The liabilities of the members are limited to the extent of the capital
contributed by them. No charge is made against their personal wealth.
• Open – membership: Any person can be the member of the society provided s/he shares
the common objectives and subscribe to the shares.
• Easy formulation: Setting up of a co-operative society is easy as any 10 individuals can
voluntarily form the society and get it registered.
• Social service: Such societies are formed for providing monetary as well as non-
monetary help to its members.

Disadvantages of co-operative society (Tulsian & Pandey, 2009)

• Inefficient Management: The management of business affairs of the society lacks

efficiency as the members of the managing committee may not have business experience.
• Absences of Motivation: Members lack the motive to carry the business efficiently and
effectively as there is no direct relationship between efforts and rewards.
• Conflict among members: There might be a possibility that groups are formed between
the members. This leads to a problem when personal interests take over the common
interest of the society.
5. Joint-Stock Company
A Joint-Stock company is a form of voluntary association governed under The Companies
Act, 2013. As per The Companies Act, 2013, “Company means a company formed and
registered under this/her Act or an existing company. An existing company means a
company formed and registered under any of the previous Companies Acts.” Hence, it can be
noted that the registration of the company is mandatory. A company is an organisation of the
individuals or a group of individuals to undertake some industrial, trading or commercial
activity with a motive for earning profits (Basu, 2010). Company’s capital is fixed under its
Memorandum of Association and is divided into a number of shares. A company has a
separate legal entity, perpetual life and a common seal. The liabilities of the members of the
company can be – i) Limited by shares ii) Limited by guarantee or iii) Unlimited (Tulsian &
Pandey, 2009).

There are two kinds of companies – Private Company and Public Company. A private
company is a company whose shares are non-transferable and are not issued to the general
public. A public company is a company which is not a private company. In public companies,
shares are transferable and issued to the general public through invitation. The minimum
number of members for a private company is 2 and maximum number is 200 persons whereas
in public company, a minimum number of members are 7 people and there is no limit for
maximum members (COMPANIES ACT, 2013).

Advantages of a company

• Pool of resources: A company can tap on a large number of resources due to its form. It
can raise funds either by issuing more shares or by issuing more debentures and hence
can invest more in acquiring resources.
• Limited Liability: The liability of the shareholders is limited to the number of shares
subscribed by them or by the amount of guarantee given by them.
• Transferability of shares: In the case of public companies, members can transfer their
shares to others which provide liquidity to an investment made by members.
• Stability: A company has a perpetual life and its existence is not affected by the death or
insolvency of any members.
• Future growth: A company has better opportunities for expansion and growth because of
a large amount of financial as well as non-financial resources.
• Effective management: Companies are led by the individuals who have immense
experience in running a business and are highly qualified.

Disadvantages of company

• Complex Formulation: Setting-up a company is not an easy job. It requires time and
efforts. There are a number of compliances which have to be completed before a
company is incorporated.
• Rigidity: A company has to function on the exact lines of the objectives decided in its
memorandum of association and article of association. Hence, in order to deviate from the
path, it has to take consent from its shareholders in its General Meetings.
• Government interventions: Since the interest of a large number of people is vested the
company, their functioning is monitored by the government.
• Decision making: Companies have different levels of management working in a single
organisation. This/her creates a hierarchy of communication which often delays the
decision

ENTREPRENEUR
The word “entrepreneur” is derived from the French verb ‘enterprendre’ which means ‘to
undertake’ (Khanka, 2012). The term entrepreneur is used to define a person who undertakes
risk to start a business of his/her own. If the business fails, s/he assumes all the risks and if
the business is a success then he reaps all the benefits.

Peter Drucker says “Entrepreneur is one who always searches for change, responds to it and
exploits it as an opportunity. Innovation is a specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by
which they exploit change as an opportunity for different business or service.” (Gordon &
Natarajan, 2017)

The meaning of the term entrepreneur has evolved over a period of time. The earliest concept
of an entrepreneur was about risk-taking which later evolved to entrepreneurs been seen as
organizers. Entrepreneurs were considered as organizers because of the efforts they put in
coordinating, organizing and supervising their business ventures. The present-day concept
depicts entrepreneurs as innovators. They are seen as somebody who brings something new
to the market. They commercialize breakthrough innovations. Therefore, it can be said that an
entrepreneur is the one creates something new, organizes production and handle uncertainties
and risk involved in running the business (Khanka, 2012).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The process of creating business enterprises is called entrepreneurship (Charantimath, 2016).
It is the act of establishing and managing a new enterprise while undertaking various risks
and rewards associated with it (Khanka, 2012). It involves the way in which an entrepreneur
thinks and acts. One of the main aspects of entrepreneurship is to master the art of planning
the business (Desai, 2016). Figure 1 depicts the concept of entrepreneurship as given by
Desai (2016).

Figure 2: Concept of Entrepreneurship

The two elements of entrepreneurship are ‘Innovation’ and ‘Risk-bearing’ (Khanka, 2012).

a. Innovation: Innovation is the act of introducing something new. It can be a new

product, service or a process. Innovation is considered a necessary condition for being
an entrepreneur. Every entrepreneur must add something new in order to achieve
success. They should innovate to meet the changing demands of their customers in a
better manner.

b. Risk-bearing: Starting something new always involves risks and uncertainties. The
reason for this/her is that the new business may incur profits or losses. It can also be
because of the shortage of supplies for production or excessive cost incurred.
Sometimes, entrepreneurs miscalculate the demand for their products which can lead
to losses. Risk and uncertainties can also be because of external factors like
competitors, market crash etc.
The term entrepreneur and entrepreneurship are often used interchangeably but they tend to
differ conceptually which is shown in table 1.

Table 1: Difference between Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship
Person Process
Organiser Organisation
Innovator Innovation
Risk- bearer Risk-bearing
Motivator Motivation
Creator Creation
Visualiser Vision
Leader Leadership
Imitator Imitation
(Source: Khanka, 2012)

TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS
At present, there are a large number of entrepreneurs spread all over the world. These
entrepreneurs have been classified into different types based on the qualities and work culture
they adopt. Although there are various classifications, the most popular has been given by
Clarence Danhof (1949). He provided this classification based on a study of American
agriculture. As per his/her classifications, there are four types of entrepreneurs:
1. Innovative entrepreneurs: These are the entrepreneurs who take the route of innovation
for their enterprise. They believes in creating a new product, adding to an existing
 product, introducing a new process or technique or create a new market for his/her
product or service. Innovation is the process of commercializing a new invention.
Entrepreneurship involves innovation and not invention.

2. Imitative or Adoptive entrepreneurs: These are the entrepreneurs who adopt the
already introduced innovations of the innovative entrepreneurs. They do not innovate
anything themselves but they imitate successful innovations. Such type of entrepreneur is
found in developing countries where resources are scarce to innovate things on their
own.

3. Fabian entrepreneurs: These are the entrepreneurs who prefer to change things only in
circumstances when they are incurring losses. They do not like facing risks and resist
changing anything about their business. They will only adopt new things when they are
sure that by not doing so they will suffer loss.

4. Drone entrepreneurs: These are the entrepreneurs who will not change under any
circumstances even if they are incurring losses. They follow the traditional methods of
business and do not adapt at all.

Activity 2
1. Identify the famous entrepreneurs of the present time and study their
entrepreneurial journey.

2. Think about an idea which could lead to a future enterprise.

ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT
Effective management of an enterprise is the most important role of an entrepreneur. Poor
management may lead to failure of the business. Thus, managing an enterprise requires
policies on four major areas (Desai, 2016).

i. Need for an environment which is suitable for innovation and adaptable to changes.
ii. Systematic measurement of performance of the business and finding ways to improve
performance.
iii. Well-built organizational structure with the focus on policies for staffing and
compensation and reward structure.
iv. Innovation does not take the focus away from the existing business model. Innovation
should be in line with existing business.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Entrepreneurship development is the process of strengthening the entrepreneurs by over
viewing their entrepreneurial journey. It involves training the entrepreneurs in order to
improve their skills and knowledge which in turn will enable the entrepreneurs to run their
business effectively and efficiently.
The main objectives of Entrepreneurship development are (Charantimath, 2016):

 Creating a business environment which is suitable for entrepreneurship.

 Adjusting the rules and policies for helping new enterprises established in the
dynamic economy.
 Providing incentives, tax benefits and subsidies to new enterprises.
 Increasing the rate of investments in research and development.
 Providing financial assistance from institutions
 Aiding in the availability of technology or raw material
 Educating the entrepreneurs about the process of entrepreneurship
 Training the entrepreneurs for developing the required skills for running the business.
 Ensuring the infrastructure is adequate for entrepreneurial activities
 Developing the motivational needs of entrepreneurs so as to maintain the quality of
entrepreneurial activities.
 Helping the entrepreneurs in learning the skills required for managing the enterprise.
 Helping the entrepreneur in creating a business plan
 Providing incubation to new ideas.
Figure 3 gives the concept of entrepreneurship development.

Figure 3: Concept of entrepreneurship development

PHASES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT
The process of entrepreneurial development is divided into 3 phases which are as follows:
Stimulatory phase, Support phase and Sustenance phase (Charantimath, 2016).

1. Stimulatory phase
This phase involves generating interest and awareness among the potential
entrepreneurs. It is called stimulatory phase because it includes activities which
stimulate the individual’s need for being an entrepreneur.
2. Support phase
This phase is all about supporting the new enterprises in their establishment. Various
activities such as registration of enterprises; development of the product prototype;
arrangement of finance, land, shed, power, and common facility centre; offering
management consultancy services, and marketing support; guidance for selecting
plant and machinery; and getting approvals and licenses comprise this phase.

3. Sustenance phase:
This phase helps the enterprises to grow after they have been established. It helps in
continuous and efficient functioning of enterprises within a society. It includes
activities such as modernization, diversification, expansion, getting additional
finance, and research and development support to help an enterprise survive, develop
and grow.Figure 4 shows different phases of entrepreneurial development.

Figure 4: Phases of Entrepreneurial Development

(Source: Charantimath, 2016)

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES
Various entrepreneurship development initiates have been started to stimulate, support and
sustain the young enterprises. A few of the initiatives adopted by the Government of India to
help the entrepreneurs are (GES 2017):
• Start-up India
• Make in India
• Atal Innovation Mission
• Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
• Jan Dhan – Aadhar –Mobile (JAM)
• Digital India
• Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
• Stand-up India
• Department of Science and Technology (DST)
• Trade-related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
• Pradhan MantriKaushalVikasYojana (PMKVY)
• National Skill Development Mission
• Science for Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED)

ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS
Any person can be an entrepreneur but it takes a lot of efforts in becoming a successful
entrepreneur. A successful entrepreneur possesses or should possess a certain set of qualities
which makes him/her different from other entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur must be a ‘Doer’
and not merely a ‘Dreamer’. The basic quality which every entrepreneur must have is the
willingness to do hard work. Every entrepreneur functions in his/her own unique way but the
following qualities are found common in all successful entrepreneurs (Khanka, 2012; Gordon
& Natarajan, 2017):

1. Hard-Work: In order to be successful, an entrepreneur must be very hard working.

Successful entrepreneurs adapt to the habit of hard work from a very early stage.
2. Need for Achievement: Entrepreneurs should have a strong need for achievements. They
should be motivated to reach higher goals. This need for achievement is the reason for
other qualities. This motivates an entrepreneur in surpassing obstacles, suppress anxiety,
repair misfortunes and develop a successful business plan.
3. Highly Optimistic: Successful entrepreneurs should have a positive approach to life.
They should not be afraid of any adverse situations in business. They should think
optimistically about the future of the business.

4. Independence: Successful entrepreneurs like to function at their own will and rules.
They dislike being guided by others. They do not prefer working for others and are the
masters of their own.

5. Foresight: An entrepreneur should have a good foresight to predict the future of the
business. He should have the vision to foresee changes in future environment likes
changes in consumer preferences, technological developments, changes in government
policies and act on them within time.

6. Organising abilities: Running a business requires procurement of resources form

different people. Thus, an entrepreneur must possess good organizing abilities to
accumulate various resources and ensure smooth business operations.

7. Innovative: An innovation is an integral part of entrepreneurship. Thus, in order to

achieve success, entrepreneurs should be able to innovate. Innovation is the answer to the
dynamic needs of customers and in order to satisfy those an entrepreneur keeps on
researching new things.

8. Perseverance: Successful entrepreneurs never quit his/her venture even if s/he fails.
They keep on finding ways to succeed. They show perseverance in their pursuit. They
never give up easily.

9. Team Spirit: Efforts put in by the team results in synergy. A successful entrepreneur
always knows the value of team-work and knows the way through which s/he can obtain
maximum synergy. They must know how to work in teams as collective efforts ensure
success.

10. Risk – takers: Entrepreneurship involves risk and uncertainties. In order to succeed in
the entrepreneurial venture one must be habitual of facing risks.

11. Energetic: Entrepreneurs should possess a high level of energy as they have to put in
more hard work and time for making their venture a success.

12. Networking: A successful entrepreneur should create his/her network of potential

investors, suppliers, customers, and creditors. He should also maintain good relations
with employees and society at large.

13. Communication skills: An Entrepreneur should have good communication skills so that
he can put his/her views and ideas with clarity and precision.
 14. Leadership: A good entrepreneur must be a leader. Running a business successfully is an
outcome of an efficient teamwork. To be successful, an entrepreneur should be able to
lead his/her team in a right way.

15. Persuasion: Entrepreneurs should develop powers of persuasion to convince other people
about their idea, investing funds, buying the products or service and in their
competencies.

16. Problem-solving: Entrepreneurs should be able to identify problems beforehand and find
the best possible solution to overcome the problem.

17. Self-confidence: An entrepreneur should have a strong belief in his/her abilities. He must
not deviate from his/her decisions too early in case success is delayed rather he must trust
his/her competencies and hard work.

18. Adaptability: Business environment has been evolving rapidly. Thus, in order to ensure
the success of a venture, entrepreneurs should be able to adapt to the changes in the
environment. They should be flexible with their way of working.

Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

Economic development is one of the most important agenda of a country. Economic
development means the development of agriculture and industry in the country leading to a
rise in GDP. Human resources are the key for economic development but they can function
on their own. Thus, there arises the role for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in the frame
of economics (Gordon & Natarajan, 2017).

Economic development has been divided into four phases of development – Agrarian society,
early industrialization, mature industrialization and service economy. All of these depict
different entrepreneurial activities are shown in table2.

Table 2: Entrepreneurship and Economic development

Agrarian Early Mature Service

industrialization industrialization
Level of entrepreneurial Low Medium Medium High
activity
Small Business Formation Low High Medium Low
Entrepreneurship and Nil Low Medium High
Innovation
(Source: MS-93: Management of Small and Medium Enterprises, IGNOU, 2017)
Entrepreneurs adopt the following roles for the purpose of economic development:

1. Coordinating role:
 An entrepreneur has to coordinate the various factors for production. It involves
selection of the best possible combination of factors.

2. Agent’s role:
Entrepreneurs are perceived as ‘Agents of Change’. They identify the opportunities,
establish enterprises and build-up industries which in turn lead to overall development
of the economy.

3. Innovator’s Role:
Entrepreneurs as innovators bring new products or service to the market or improve
existing products or services. They act as market leaders and play the role of
pioneers. Innovation in the industry results in higher production efficiency which has
led to an increase in employment and income levels.

4. Risk assumption role:

A risk is involved in every venture. The economic reward of risk bearing is profit.
Entrepreneurs retain some amount of the profits earned and put it back in business.
This ultimately leads to the capital formation which is necessary for economic
development. Therefore, by assuming risk entrepreneurs contribute to the economy.

5. Imitating role:
In developing nations, entrepreneurs usually imitate or adopt the innovations done by
the entrepreneurs of the developed nations. By doing so, they adapt these innovations
to the local conditions and hence overcome the entrepreneurial ills.

6. Capital formation role:

Entrepreneurs enable the formation of capital by mobilising the idle savings for the
purpose of carrying on business. The mobilisation of wealth leads to an increase in
capital of company and development of assets. This helps in carrying on trade and
development of the economy.

7. Balancing role:
Entrepreneurs provide for the regional developments by starting small-scale
industries. India needs the decentralized structures to remove regional imbalances in
the economic development.

8. Status transformation role:

Entrepreneurs generate employment, income and wealth which improves the overall
standard of living in the society. Improved standard of living leads to economic
development as it reduces the disparity in income.

9. Employment Generation role:

Establishment of business enterprises leads to the generation of employment
opportunities as various human resource professionals are needed to run the business
 effectively. Thus, entrepreneurship leads to the reduction in unemployment levels
which is a known cause for hindrance in the development of the economy.

Rewards of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship comes with its own rewards. It is associated with the ‘Self-Actualisation’
need of the ‘Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation’ proposed by Abraham Maslow. It is a
form of self-employment and hence comes with flexibility and independence. The following
rewards are associated with entrepreneurship (Khanka, 2012):

1. Independence: Entrepreneurship enables one to be his/her own master. It allows one

to achieve what is important to him/her. Entrepreneurs know that they are the reason
for their success.

2. Make a difference: Entrepreneurs often create their business ventures on

opportunities which they think is different from what others are doing. Thus,
entrepreneurship leads to the provision of new and distinguished ideas to the society
which may hold some value to them.

3. Self-Actualisation: Entrepreneurs are empowered by the sense of owning and

controlling a business. They know that the only limitation they have is their own
creativity, enthusiasm and vision. A person undertakes entrepreneurship to fulfil
his/her need for self-expression.

4. Contribution to society: Entrepreneurs often contribute to the society in the form of

creating jobs, utilizing idle resources, reducing regional imbalances, promoting equal
income distribution and by improving the overall standard of living.

5. More profits: Research has shown that entrepreneurs earn more income in the form
of profit as compared what they would have been earning if they would have taken
wage employment.

SUMMARY
There are several business enterprise operations all around us. These businesses could be
service, manufacturing, merchandising or hybrid businesses. Business isalso divided on the
basis of their type of ownership. They are classified as – Sole proprietorship, Partnership,
Joint Hindu family business, Co-operative society and Joint Stock Company.

Entrepreneurs are the individuals involved in the process of creation of business enterprises
while undertaking risks. The whole idea of entrepreneurship is driven by innovation and
uncertainties. Underdeveloped countries usually have adoptive entrepreneurs who imitate the
innovations from developed nations. Entrepreneurs need to be trained in order to turn their
enterprises into success. Entrepreneurship development is the concept of developing and
training the entrepreneurs and creating a favourable environment for their growth. The whole
process of development is bifurcated into three phases – Stimulatory, Support and
Sustenance.

An entrepreneur must have a certain set of traits to achieve success. These competencies are
hard-working, perseverance, persuasion, self-confidence, persistence, innovative,
communicator, leader, flexible, independent, foresight, motivation, organizer, risk-taker,
energetic and optimism. Entrepreneurship not only benefits the individual but plays crucial
role in development of overall economy of the country.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Which form of business organisation is better than the other?
2. Discuss how economy of the nation is affected by the entrepreneurial activities.
3. Discuss different types of entrepreneurs existing in present times.
4. Discuss the growth of entrepreneurship in India.
5. What are the different skills an entrepreneur should possess to be a successful
entrepreneur?

REFERENCES
Basu, C. R. (2010). Business organisation and management (4th ed.). New Delhi: McGraw
Hill.

Benge, V. A. (2018, June 29). What Are the Differences Between a Merchandising Company
& a Manufacturing Company? Retrieved October 1, 2018, from
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-merchandising-company-
manufacturing-company-21423.html

Charantimath, P. M. (2016). Entrepreneurship development and small business enterprises.

Chennai: Pearson.

Desai, V. (2011). ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.

In Entrepreneurship Management(1st ed., pp. 4-17). Mumbai: Him/heralaya Publishing
House.

Desai, V. (2016). Introduction. In Business Planning and Entrepreneurial Management(1st

ed., pp. 1-7). Mumbai: Him/heralaya Publishing House.

Gordon, E., & Natarajan, K. (2017). Entrepreneur. In Entrepreneurship Development(6th ed.,

pp. 1-21). Him/heralaya Publishing House.
Khanka, S. S. (2012). Entrepreneur. In Entrepreneurial Development(2012 ed., pp. 3-35).
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50). S.Chand& Company.

Linton, I. (2018, June 28). Five Differences Between Service and Manufacturing
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differences-between-service-manufacturing-organizations-19073.html
MS-93: Management of small and medium enterprises, IGNOU (2017), New Delhi
Tulsian, P. C., & Pandey, V. (2009). Forms and Formation of Business Enterprises.
In Business organisation and management(2nd ed., pp. 5.1-5.50). Pearson Education.

Types of Businesses and Forms of Business Organizations - AccountingVerse. (n.d.).

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basics/types-of-businesses.html

Vogt, C. (2016, October 26). The Difference in a Merchandise Based Business Vs. a Service
Based Business. Retrieved October 1, 2018, from
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business-10525.html
Main Sectors of the Green Economy

 E-waste management
 Green transportation
 Renewal energy
 Green construction
 Water management

Green economy’s objective is to reduce environmental risks and ecological

scarcities that aim for sustainable development, without degrading the
environment. To achieve efficiency in energy usage, to development of new
environmental dependent business sectors such as food and tourism

The term “Green economy” was first coined in 1989, by a pioneering committee
in a report entitled ‘Blueprint for a Green economy ‘for the UK government, the
committee consisted of environment economists ( Pearce, mark,
Markendy,Barbier 1989)
Green economy is not just about wind turbine or solar farms, its next industrial
revolution. Green Economy provides opportunities for the environmental goods
and services Aims at achieving efficiency in resources, e.g. green homes will be
powered by new energy systems, other examples are ; development of ‘Green
Index’ and Green finance etc.

Main Sectors of Green Economy

E-waste Management:

E waste comprises of discarded electronic devices. Which can be reused, resale,

salvaged, or recycled or disposed.
Green Transport:

Green transport refers to making efficient and effective use of resources,

modification of transport structure and making healthier travel choices. Green
transport factors in climatic and environmental impact globally. Green transport is
also termed as Smart transportation that supports and enhances walkable
urbanization. It reduces congestion, reduces our dependency on cars and foreign
oil, green transport is safer and less costly and helps save our planet.

smart cycle

Renewable energy:

Energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally

replenished on a human timescale, sunlight, wind tide, rain waves, geo thermal
heat.

Green construction:

Green construction is also referred as sustainable building; includes both the

structure and processes that are environmental friendly, responsible and resource
efficient through the building lifecycle i.e. from design, operation, maintenance
renovation and demolition.

Water Management:

Water management is also referred as optimization of water usage. It’s

management of water resources under a set of policies and regulation. Water
once an abundant natural resource is becoming a valuable resource, due to
draughts and over use.
Policy initiatives for Greening Economy in India

Stakeholders of Green Economy

Key stakeholders and partner Organizations are ;

 Government
 Environmental protection and Natural resources committee.
 Economic policy committee.
 Agriculture Committee
 Ministry of environment
 Ministry of Energy and natural resources.
 Ministry of Economic and natural Resources

International organization

 International Centre for environmental research.

 Economic vision, the union for Sustainable Development.

Role of Government in Greening Economy

Government has important role for setting policies that serve, advance and
protect the public’s interest in transitioning towards an energy system that is
more sustainable from both a supply and environmental standpoint. Government
can play crucial role in helping to plug gaps by conducting research.
Private Agencies:

Amongst the many stakeholders involved in city development, the Private Sector
plays important part. In fact cities and private sector need each other; private
sector is required to develop alternative cities, create wealth and employment
and increase revenue resources through transparent and accountable taxation.

Private sector is a key player in strengthening city governance; private sector has
innovation potential to develop solutions that fit the new urban challenges.

The government focusses on the need for participative governance at local level
looking for private partnership at all levels of cities development process, from
planning and budgeting to implementing and monitoring.