ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

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Previous Versions
 Unnamed (1.0 + 1.1) (Alpha, Beta)
 Cupcake (1.5)
 Donut (1.6) – Quick Search Box
 Éclair (2.1) – High Density Displays, Traffic + Navigation
 Froyo (2.2) – Voice Control, Hotspot, Speed
 Gingerbread (2.3) – Simpler, Battery Life, More apps
 Honeycomb (3.0) – Flexible interface, tablets
 Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) - Customization
 Jelly Bean (4.1) – Google Now, actionable notifications
 KitKat (4.4) – “Ok Google”, voice control variety
 Lollipop (5.0) – fluid tactile screens
 Marshmallow (6.0) – battery life, app permissions, UI
 Nougat(7.0)- ability to display multiple apps on-screen at once in a split-screen view, support for inline replies to
notifications
 Oreo(8.0)- Do two things at once , improve battery life, auto fill

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What is Android?

 Android is an open-source software stack for mobile devices

 Is a platform which consist of
 Operating system
 Middleware
 Key application

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 Key
Application

Middle ware

Operating
System

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 Libc:c standard library
 SSL: Secure Socket Layer

 Surface Manager:
responsible for
composing different
drawing surfaces onto the
screen.
 OpenGL|ES : 3D Image Engine
 SGL : 2D image Engine.
 Hence we can combine 3D and 2D graphics in the same application.
 Media Framework : Core part of the android multimedia.
MPEG4,H264,MP3,AAC…..

 FreeType: To render the fonts.

 WebKit:open source browser engine. Helps to work well on small screen.
 SQLite: Embedded Database

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Linux Kernel

 Any electronic device which consist of two things

 Hardwar component
 software component.
 There is a middle layer between s/w and h/w component that interact
hardware component with software component , that middle layer is nothing
but an OS.
 In android system that OS is Linux kernel.

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Linux Kernel

 The main functionality of this OS is:

 Memory management
 Resource management
 Drivers management
 Power management.

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Linux Kernel

 Built on top of Linux kernel Advantages:

 Portability (i.e. easy to compile on different
hardware architectures)
 Security (e.g. secure multi-process environment)
 Power Management
 ART relies on the kernel for threads and memory
management
 Manufacturers build on top of a reliable kernel
 Each application has its own User ID (UID)
 Sandbox

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Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

 Java API’s is use to HAL to interact with the Hardware

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Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
 Android HAL allows the Android application/framework to communicate with
the hardware specific device drivers.
 Android HAL (in abstract) bridges the gap between hardware and software.
 Android application/framework communicates with the underlying hardware
through Java APIs not by system calls.
 But the Linux has the ability to handle only systems calls from application.
 Thus we need a glue layer between the android framework and linux system.
 For Android application, HAL provides API’s through which service can place a
request to device.
 And HAL uses functions provided by the lower layer Linux system to serve the
request from the android framework.
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ART Android Runtime

 Java Virtual Machine implementation

 Optimized for memory-constrained devices
 Faster than Oracle JVM
 ART optional from 4.4, mandatory from 5.0
 Starting from Android 5.0,
 ART is used instead of Dalvik
 Designed to run multiple VM on low end devices
 Runs DEX bytecode

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 Dalvik VM
• All applications written in Java are converted to the dalvik executable
.dex
• Every android app runs its own process, with its own instance of the dalvik
virtual machine
• Not a traditional JVM, but a custom VM designed to run multiple instances
efficiently on a single device
• VM uses linux kernel to handle low-level functionality incl. security,
threading, process and memory management

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Dalvik Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java Java
Source Source
Code Code
Java Java
Compiler Compiler
Java Byte Java Byte
Code Code
.class file .class file
Dex
Compiler
Dalvik Byte
Code
.dex

Java ByteCode Dalvik Executable

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Dalvik Virtual Machine (VM)
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Dalvik Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java Java
Source Source
Code Code
Java Java
Compiler Compiler
Java Byte Java Byte
Code Code
.class file .class file
Dex
Compiler
Dalvik Byte
Code
.dex

Java ByteCode Dalvik Executable

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Android RunTime
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Android Runtime ART

 Option to use DVM/ ART

 DVM interpreted at run time
 ART- Compiled to Native Code
 ART- Much Faster than DVM

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Native Libraries

 Graphics (Surface Manager)

 Multimedia (Media Framework)
 Database DBMS (SQLite)
 Font Management (FreeType)
 WebKit
 C libraries
 OpenMAX AL
(open media acceleration Application Layer)

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Native Library
 If we writing a code in java programming language .we need to import some
java libraries like:
 Java.io.*
 Java.net.*
 By using java we can’t interact with some low level media components.
 Like displaying graphics , which is not possible in java.
 For this purpose we need some native methods, by using these methods the
java code is going to interact with some other programming languages , that
languages is called native libraries

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Native Library

 Example:
 In android we display graphics by using OpenGL ES(Open Graphic library for
Embedded Systems )which is one of the native library .
 The java code is going to interact with OpenGL ES code to display graphics

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Android NDK

 Enables C/C++ coding

 Useful if you want to interact/extend with some native libraries
 Performance
 Reuse your C/C++ libraries
 JAVA APIs are provided for most used libraries
 NDK can be installed as an Android Studio plugin

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Application Framework

 What is responsibility of App. Framework

 It make easy to develop any application
 It provides readymade libraries.
 You don’t need write a huge amount of code.
 Provide a manger class for different purpose like Bluetooth manger, wife manager,
location manager,

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Android Application/ System App.

By using Java ,C/C++ .net we can develop android application

 Java (sdk = system development kit)

 C/C++ (NDK= native development kit)
 .net (Mono android framework)
 KOTLIN
Google is adding Kotlin as an official programming language for Android
development

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