CELL BIOLOGY

Brendo V. Jandoc, MD
 TYPES of ORGANISMS

A. Prokaryotes
B. Eukaryotes
C. Viruses
- obligatory cellular parasites
1. Bacteriophages
 COMPARISON of
EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES

A. General Prokaryotic Cell Anatomy

1. Cell Wall
2. Periplasmic Space
3. Plasma Membrane
- selective molecular barrier
- enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
and electron transport
3. Nucleoids
a. Prokaryotic DNA
b. Bacterial Plasmid DNA
4. Ribosomes
 COMPARISON of
EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES

B. General Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy

1. Extracellular Matrix
- combinations of carbohydrates and
proteins
2. Plasma/Cell Membrane

Cell Lysis

3. Organelles
4. Cytoskeleton
 COMPARISON of
EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

A. Functions
- compartmentalize and segregate
- selective barriers
- localize specific enzyme systems
- semisolid-phase in an aqueous environment
- channels and pumps
- specific receptors
- exchange of materials
- gap junctions
- excitation-response coupling
- energy transduction
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

B. Clinical Significance
1. Gross Alterations
2. Specific Component Deficiency or Alteration
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
- lateral diffusion
i. Phospholipids
- most abundant
- asymmetrically distributed
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
i. Phospholipids
ia. Glycerol Lipids
iai. Phosphatidylcholine
- outer face of the bilayer
- Clostridium perfringens toxins and gas
gangrene
 EUKARYOTIC
MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma
Membrane
1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
i. Phospholipids
ib. Amino Phospholipids
- cytoplasmic face
ibi. Phosphatidyl-
ethanolamine
ibii. Phosphatidylserine
- net negative charge
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma

Membrane
1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
i. Phospholipids
ic. Phosphatidylinositol
- transfer of information
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
ii. Sphingolipid
- most variable
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
a. Lipids are Amphipathic Molecules
b. Permeability
i. Lipid-Soluble Compounds
ia. Gases
ib. Lipid-Derived Molecules
ic. Organic Non-Electrolyte Molecules
c. Detergents
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
1. Plasma Membrane Lipids
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
- structural proteins
- antigens
- transport proteins
- receptors
- enzymes
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
- enzymes
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
a. Integral Proteins
- transmembrane
- amphipathic
i. Membrane Channel Proteins
ii. Transporters
iii. Receptors
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
b. Peripheral Proteins
i. Ankyrin
ii. Spectrin
- mechanical support
- skeletal muscle cell dystrophin
- Duchenne’s and Becker’s muscular
dystrophies
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
c. Lipid-Anchored Proteins
i. Glycophosphatidylinositol-glycan (GPI)
Anchor
ia. Prion Protein in Neuronal
Membrane
- Mad Cow and
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Diseases
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
i. Fluid-Mosaic Model by Singer and Nicholson
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
i. Fluid-Mosaic Model by Singer and Nicholson
ia. Membrane Fluidity
- fatty acids are aligned or ordered  stiff
- long chain saturated fatty acids pack closely
and interact strongly  rigid structure
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
i. Fluid-Mosaic Model by Singer and Nicholson
ib. Transition Temperature (Tm) and Membrane Fluidity
- ordered to disordered (melting)
- temperatures above Tm  change in fluidity
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
i. Fluid-Mosaic Model by Singer and Nicholson
ib. Transition Temperature (Tm) and
Membrane Fluidity
- chain length
- fatty acid saturation
- fatty acid unsaturation
- cis double bonds
- number of double bonds
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
ii. Cholesterol
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
ii. Cholesterol
- maintains membrane fluidity
- reduces membrane fluidity by preventing
the movement of fatty acyl
chains
- decreases the ability of phospholipids to
translate and flex
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
ii. Cholesterol
- temperatures <Tm, cholesterol interferes with
the interaction of hydrocarbon tails of
fatty acids  increased fluidity
- temperatures >Tm, cholesterol limits the
disorder because it is more rigid than the
fatty acid hydrocarbon tail  decreased
fluidity
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
iii. Cholesterol and Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the
Membrane
- prevent the hydrophobic chains from packing too
closely together
iiia. Partitioning
iiib. Deformation
iiic. Formation and Fusion with Vesicle
Membranes
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
iv. Membrane Fluidity vs. Function
- increased fluidity
- increased water permeability
- increased lateral mobility of integral
proteins
 EUKARYOTIC
MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma
Membranes
iv. Membrane Fluidity vs. Function
- function of the protein resides in the
hydrophilic segment
- function of the protein resides in the
hydrophobic segment
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

2. Plasma Membrane Proteins
d. Movement of Proteins in Plasma Membranes
iv. Membrane Fluidity vs. Function
ethanol effects on the CNS cell membrane fluidity
affecting integral protein function in
neurotransmission
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
3. The Glycocalyx of the Plasma Membrane
- protects the cell against digestion
- restricts the uptake of hydrophobic compounds
- role in cell-to-cell interactions
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
C. Structure of the Plasma Membrane
3. The Glycocalyx of the Plasma Membrane
a. Membrane Glycoproteins
- branched oligosaccharide chains
- limit movement of glycoproteins
b. Membrane Glycolipids
- as cell recognition molecules
- A, B, or O blood groups
- binding sites for viruses and
bacterial toxins
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

D. Membranes as Asymmetric Structure

- irregular protein distribution
- external carbohydrate
- specific enzymes either outside or inside
- choline-containing phospholipids and
sphingomyelin in the outer layer
- aminophospholipids in the inner layer
- cholesterol more outside than inside
- gap junctions
- tight junctions
- synapses
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane
- membranes as hydrophobic barriers
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma

Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
- low capacity
- bind solute on one side of the
membrane  conformational
change  exposure of solute
binding site on the other side
i. Passive Transporters
- transport downhill to
equilibrium
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the

Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
ii. Active Transporters
- work uphill to concentrate a
solute
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
ii. Active Transporters
iia. Primary Active Transporters
iiai. ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters
- major class
iiaii. Na+-K+ ATPase or Na +-K + Pump
- most important
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
ii. Active Transporters
iia. Primary Active Transporters
iiaii. Na+-K+ ATPase or Na +-K + Pump
iiaiia. Na+ Gradient
 EUKARYOTIC
MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across

the Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
ii. Active Transporters
iib. Secondary Active Pumps
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
iii. Uniporters
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the

Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
iv. Symporters
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the

Plasma Membrane
1. Transport Proteins
a. Carrier Proteins (Transporters)
v. Antiporters
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

1. Transport Proteins
b. Channel Proteins (Ion Channels)
- only work downhill and only to equilibrium
- bulk flow can be very high
- regulated
- can be selective
i. K+ Leak Channels
- most common
- critical role in maintaining membrane
potential
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane
2. Simple Diffusion (Free Diffusion)
a. Mechanism
- molecules in random collisions
- from high concentration to low
concentration
- uncharged compounds
b. Energy Requirement
c. Freely Diffusible
d. Water
- unspecific movement
e. Aquaporins
- permit high rate of water flow from
high water concentration to low
water concentration
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

3. Facilitative Diffusion Through Binding to
Transporter Proteins
a. Mechanism
- specific carrier or transport protein
b. Energy Requirement
c. Result
- down an electrochemical gradient from
high concentration to low
concentration
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

3. Facilitative Diffusion Through Binding to
Transporter Proteins
d. Transporter Proteins
- relatively specific
- can be inhibited
- binding sites
- conformation
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across

the Plasma Membrane
3. Facilitative Diffusion Through
Binding to Transporter
Proteins
d. Transporter Proteins
- saturation kinetics
e. Km
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

3. Facilitative Diffusion Through Binding to
Transporter Proteins

facilitative glucose transport across the plasma

membrane down an electrochemical gradient

insulin increases the content of facilitative glucose

transporters

type 1 DM
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane
4. Gated Channels in Plasma Membranes
a. Mechanism
i. Voltage Changes (voltage-gated
channels)
ii. Binding of a Compound (ligand-
gated channels)
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

4. Gated Channels in Plasma Membranes
a. Mechanism
iii. Regulatory Change in the Intracellular Domain
(phosphorylation-gated and pressure-gated
channels)
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

E. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

4. Gated Channels in Plasma Membranes

phosphorylation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane

conductance regulator domain by cholera A toxin
 channel stays open  Cl- and H2O flow into
intestinal lumen  dehydration
EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

F. G-Protein Coupled Receptors

1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- most important class of cell
membrane receptors
- coupled to trimeric GTP-
binding proteins
a. Inactive Receptor
b. Stimulated Receptor
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

F. G-Protein Coupled Receptors

1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
b. Stimulated Receptor
- target proteins activated depending on types of
G protein involved
i. Gs - stimulatory G protein
ii. Gi - inhibitory G protein
iii. Gq - activates phospholipase C (PLC)
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES
F. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

G. Vesicular Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

1. Endocytosis
a. Phagocytosis
- vesicle forms around
particulate matter
(whole bacterial cells)
b. Pinocytosis
- vesicle forms around fluid
containing dispersed
molecules
 EUKARYOTIC
MEMBRANES

G. Vesicular Transport across the Plasma

Membrane
1. Endocytosis
c. Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis
- internalization of membrane-bound
receptors
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

G. Vesicular Transport across the Plasma Membrane

1. Endocytosis
d. Potocytosis
- endocytosis via caveolae with a unique
lipid and protein composition

folate transported into cells by caveolae

2. Exocytosis
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

H. Homeostasis
1. Body Water Compartments
- 60% of lean body mass
a. ICF - 2/3 of total water
- internal environment
b. ECF
- 1/3 of total water
- delivery system
 EUKARYOTIC MEMBRANES

H. Homeostasis
2. Ionic Composition of the Fluid Compartments
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
A. Nucleus
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

A. Nucleus
1. Functions
2. Structure
a. Nuclear Envelop
- dynamic
i. Outer Nuclear Membrane
- continuous with the RER
ii. Inner Nuclear Membrane
iii. Perinuclear Space
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

A. Nucleus
2. Structure
b. Nuclear Pores
i. Functions
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
A. Nucleus
2. Structure
b. Nuclear Pores
ii. Specificity and Direction of Travel
Through the Nuclear Pore
- dictated by binding proteins
iia. Importins
- proteins transported into the
nucleus
iib. Exportins
- RNAs transported from the
nucleus to the
cytoplasm
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

A. Nucleus
2. Structure
c. Nuclear Lamina
- nucleoplasmic side of inner
nuclear membrane
- fibrous network made of
lamins
d. Mitosis
- phosphorylation of lamins 
nuclear envelop
breakdown
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

A. Nucleus
2. Structure
e. Chromatin
- nucleoprotein complex composed of
- DNA
- histones
- other proteins
f. Nucleolus
- synthesis of most of the rRNA
- size directly reflects the cell’s synthetic
activity
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

1. Functions
- lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
and steroids synthesis
- separation of proteins that go
to the cytosol from
those that are secreted
or go to other
organelles
- assembly of proteins into
correct tertiary and
quarternary structure
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

2. Structure
- highly convoluted
- single membrane
- form a closed sac
- continuous with the outer nuclear
membrane
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

3. Two Types
a. Rough ER
- protein synthesis
- in cells that secrete
proteins
- attached ribosomes
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

3. Two Types
b. Smooth ER
- transitional ER
- in cells specializing in lipid
metabolism
- hepatocyte smooth ER contain
cytochrome P450 enzymes
- fine tubules continuous with
rough ER
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

B. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

3. Two Types
c. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- in muscle
- release of calcium on excitation 
muscle contraction
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
1. Functions
- modify protein
- sort and distribute proteins to
- lysosomes (tags lysosomal-
targeted proteins)
- secretory vesicles
- plasma membrane
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
2. Structure
- Golgi stack or dictyosome
a. Three Compartments
i. Cis-Golgi Network
- often convex
- faces the nucleus
ii. Medial Golgi Stacks
iii. Trans Golgi Network
- often faces the
plasma
membrane
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
2. Structure
b. Three Vesicles
- transport proteins to
and from the
Golgi
i. Coatomer-Coated COP
I Vesicles
ii. Coatomer-Coated COP
II Vesicles
iii. Clathrin-Coated
Vesicles
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
2. Structure
c. vesicle-SNARES
- proteins contained by vesicle membranes
d. Additional Proteins Required for Fusion of the
Vesicle with the Target Membrane
i. Rab (monomeric G protein)
ii. SNAP (soluble NSF attachment proteins)
iii. NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor)
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
2. Structure
c. vesicle-SNARES
d. Additional Proteins
Required for
Fusion of the
Vesicle with the
Target Membrane
i. Rab
ii. SNAP
iii. NSF
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

C. Golgi Complex
2. Structure
e. Exocytotic Vesicles

insulin is synthesized as
proinsulin incorporated into
secretory vesicles

vesicles contain protease that

cleaves proinsulin into the A,
B, and C chains
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes
1. Functions
- intracellular digestion
- recycling and elimination of unwanted
material
- destruction of infectious bacteria and
yeast
- recovery from injury
- involution of tissues during development
- tissue remodelling
- normal turnover of cells and organelles
2. Structure
- single membrane
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes
3. Lysosomal Acid Hydrolases (Digestive Enzymes)
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

- genetic defects

1. Tay-Sach’s Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis)

- b-N-acetylhexosaminidase deficiency
(breaks down ganglioside GM2 to
ganglioside GM3)
- severe neurologic problems
- early death in children
- autosomal recessive
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

2. I-Cell Disease or Mucolipidosis II
- deficiency in large number of lysosomal
enzymes  lysosomes contain large
amount of undegraded glycolipids
and glycosaminoglycans
- severe neurologic damage
- bone deformities
3. Pompe’s Disease
- accumulation of glycogen particles in
lysosomes
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes
4. Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Autophagy
a. Endosomes
- digestive vesicles
b. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
D. Lysosomes
4. Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Autophagy
c. Phagocytosis and Autophagy (Self-Eating)
- gouty arthritis
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

D. Lysosomes
5. Chloroquine
- antimalarial and amebicidal
- inactivate lysosomal enzymes by neutralizing
the lumen of the lysosome  inhibition of
the parasites’ lysosomal hydrolases
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

E. Peroxisomes
1. Functions
- oxidative reactions using molecular
oxygen  produce H2O2
- oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
- conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
- synthesis of ether lipids (plasmalogens)
- contain enzymes that degrade amino
acids and fatty acids 
formation of H2O2
- contain large amount of catalase
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
E. Peroxisomes
2. Structure
- similar structure and size to lysosomes
- single membrane
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

E. Peroxisomes

Peroxisomal Diseases

Adrenoleukodystrophy
- mutation that decreases content of a
transporter in the peroxisomal
membrane

Zellweger’s Syndrome
- failure to complete synthesis of
peroxisomes
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

F. Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
- eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes
- attached to a single mRNA
- polysomes
- monosomes
G. Mitochondria
- replicate independently
- enzymes
- fuel oxidation
- electron transport chain
- oxidative phosphorylation
 EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES
G. Mitochondria
1. Structure
a. Inner Membrane
- invaginations or folds
- contain
- electron transport
chain
- ATP synthase
b. Outer Membrane
- porins
- permeable
c. Mitochondrial Matrix
- most of the enzymes for the
TCA cycle
- other pathways for oxidation
- mtDNA and ribosomes
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
G. Mitochondria
2. Replication
- by division
- most mitochondrial enzymes and proteins are
encoded by nuclear DNA and synthesized
on cytoplasmic ribosomes
a. mtDNA
- encodes only 13 different subunits of
proteins involved in oxidative
phosphorylation
- genetic code differs from the that of
chromosomal DNA
- maternally inherited
b. mtRNA
- most of comes from mtDNA
 EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

G. Mitochondria

Mitochondial Diseases
Mutations in mtDNA  genetic diseases
that affect skeletal muscle, neuronal, and
renal tissues

Implicated in aging
 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
1. Structure
- made of actin  actin filaments
a. Actin Filaments
- control cell shape and
movement
 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
1. Structure
a. Actin Filaments
i. F-Actin
- polymerized state  filamentous form
- composed of helical arrangement of globular
G-actin subunits
- dynamic
- form the thin filaments (microfilaments) in
the cell
 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
1. Structure
a. Actin Filaments
ii. G-Actin
- unpolymerized state  actin is a globular
protein
- contains bound ATP or ADP that holds the
actin fold into a closed conformation
- new subunits of G-actin containing ATP
continuously combine with the
assembled F-actin polymer
 EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
1. Structure
a. Actin Filaments
iii. Short Actin Filaments
- bind to the cross-linking protein spectrin to form
the cortical actin skeleton network
iv. Long Actin Filaments
- combine with thick filaments, composed of the
protein myosin, to produce muscle
contraction
EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
2. Function

actin + myosin + ATP  contractile force

 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

A. Microfilaments
3. Drugs That Affect Microfilaments
a. Cytochalasin B
- inhibits microfilament assembly
b. Phalloidin
- inhibit depolymerization of actin
filaments
c. a-Amanitin
 EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

B. Intermediate Filaments
1. Structure
- fibrous protein polymers that provide
structural support scaffolding
- long, rod-like a-helical molecules
- thicker than actin filament
- thinner than microtubules
 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

B. Intermediate Filaments
1. Structure
EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

B. Intermediate Filaments
2. Major Classes
 EUKARYOTIC
CYTOSKELETON

B. Intermediate Filaments
3. Functions
- structural
- cell-to-cell attachment
- stabilize the epithelium
 EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

B. Intermediate Filaments

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

- skin blisters in response to a very slight
mechanical stress
- mutations
- keratin of the basal layer of the
epidermis
- plektin
- weakened keratin cytoskeleton results
in cytolysis when stress is
applied
EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

C. Microtubules
1. Structure
- cylindrical
- made tubulin (a, b)
a. Microtubule-Associated Proteins
(MAPs)
- component of regulation of
microtubule assembly
and disassembly
- can determine cell shape and
polarity
EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON
C. Microtubules
1. Structure
b. Three Tubulin Polypeptides
a
b
g
i. a, b Dimers
- polymerize to form most
microtubules
ii. g-Tubulin
- found only in the centrosome
 EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON
C. Microtubules
2. Functions
- intracellular and extracellular movement
- with dynein  generate contractile force
(beating of cilia and flagella)
- form tracts on which intracellular vesicles and
organelles move

Fluid or mucus is propelled over the surface of

ciliated epithelial cells by the coordinated beating
of cilia

A sperm cell swims by means of a flagellum

EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

C. Microtubules
3. Effects of Antimitotic Drugs on Microtubules
- block microtubule assembly (polymerization)
or disassembly (depolymerization)
a. Drugs That Inhibit Microtubule Assembly
i. Vinblastine
ii. Vincristine
iii. Podophyllotoxin
iv. Colchicine
EUKARYOTIC CYTOSKELETON

C. Microtubules
3. Effects of Antimitotic Drugs on
Microtubules
a. Drugs That Inhibit Microtubule Assembly
iv. Colchicine
- blocks microtubule
polymerization 
inhibition of
phagocytosis of
uric acid crystals by
WBCs
b. Taxanes
- inhibits microtubule disassembly
 CELL SHAPE and MOTILITY

A. Cytoskeleton
- cell shape and surface structures
B. Microvilli
C. Motile Cilia
1. Axoneme
- at the core of motile cilia
2. Dynein
- motor domain
D. Non-Motile or Primary Cilia
- for signalling during development and in the
adult
E. Flagella
 CELL SHAPE and MOTILITY
F. Cell Motility
1. How the Actin Cytoskeleton is Remodelled
Determines the Mode of Migration
a. Filopodia
- remodelled in one dimension
 long actin filament
 leading edge of
plasma membrane
pushed forward as
spikes
b. Lamellipodia
- remodelled in two dimensions
 cross-linked actin
microfilaments 
broad flat skirt
c. Pseudopodia
The CELL