Topic Outline

 Introduction
 Radiation Pattern
 Lobes
 Radiation resistance
and Antenna
efficiency
 Directive and Power
Gain
 EIRP
 Power Density
I
N
T
What is Antenna?
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
 Antennas are metallic
structures designed
for radiating or
receiving
electromagnetic/
radio waves.
How a
transmitter
sends radio
waves to a
receiver?
First, Electricity
flowing into the
transmitter
antenna makes
electrons vibrate
up and down it,
producing radio
waves
2. The radio waves travel
through the air at the
speed of light.
3. When the waves arrive
at the receiver antenna,
they make electrons
vibrate inside it. This
produces an electric
current that recreates
the original signal.
WHY ANTENNAS ARE
CONSIDERED AS
PASSIVE DEVICES?
 Passive means the
power radiated by
the transmitting
antenna cannot be
greater than the
power entering from
the transmitter.
Antenna as a reciprocal
passive device
 Antenna is a reciprocal
device in that the
transmit and receive
characteristic and
performance are
identical
 Gain
 Directivity
 Frequency of operation
 Bandwidth
 Radiation resistance
 Efficiency and so on
Transmit Antenna
 Transmit antennas
must capable of
handling high powers
and, therefore, must
be constructed with
materials that can
withstand voltages
and currents, such as
metal tubing.
Receive Antennas
 Receive Antennas,
however, produce
very small voltages
and currents and can
be constructed from
small-diameter wire.
 In many radio
communications
systems, however, the
same antenna is used
for transmitting and
receiving. If this is the
case, the antenna
must be constructed
from heavy-duty
materials
 If one antenna is
used for both
transmitting and
receiving, some
means be used to
prevent the high-
power transmit
signals from being
coupled into the
relatively sensitive
receiver.
What is diplexer?
 Diplexer is a coupling
device that can be
used to direct the
transmit and receive
signals and provide
the necessary
isolation.
How waves travel from
a transmitter to a
receiver?
 The waves travel:
 1) By line of sight;
 2) By ground wave;
 3) Via the
ionosphere.
How to represent the
performance of the
antenna?
 There are several indicators to represent
the performance of the antennas:

 1. Radiation Pattern
 2. Antenna Gain
 3. Total Radiated
Power
 4. Total Isotropic
sensitivity
Radiation Pattern
R  The first step to  Electrical energy flows
A understand/evaluate the through a predefined path
D performance of an in most case built in a
I antenna is to check the copper cable or copper
A radiation pattern of the trace on PCB, but once
T antenna. the energy is converted
I into electromagnetic
O wave, it propagate into
N the air almost in every
P direction.
A
T
T
E
R
N
 Depending on  In some direction, the
how we design the antenna transmit very
antenna, the strong energy and in
direction in the air some direction it
in which transmit small amount of
electromagnetic energy and in some
wave propagate direction it transmit the
varies. medium range of energy
etc. This kind of energy
transmission pattern is
called 'Radiation Pattern'.
 A Radiation  Absolute Radiation
pattern is a polar Pattern- if the radiation
diagram or graph pattern is plotted in
representing field terms of field strength or
strengths or power power density (variable
densities at various distance, fixed power)
angular position  Relative Radiation
relative to the Pattern ( variable power,
antenna. fixed distance)
Absolute Radiation Pattern
Relative Radiation Pattern
Lobes
L
O
B
E Major lobes- the
S primary beam is in
a 90 degrees
direction and is
called Major Lobe
Minor lobe- the
secondary beam.
Normally minor
lobes represent
undesired radiation
or reception.
L
O
B
E Front lobes- Because
S the major lobes
propagates and
receives the most
energy, that lobe is
called front lobe
Side lobe- Lobes
adjacent to the
front lobe are called
side lobes.(the 180°
minor lobe is a side
lobe
L
O
B
E Back lobes-
S lobes in a direction
exactly opposite the
front lobe are called
back lobes
L
O
B
E Front-to back ratio
S The ratio of front lobe
power to the back
power is simply
called front-to back
ratio.
Front-to side ratio
The ratio of front lobe
power to the side
power is simply
called front-to side
ratio.
Near and Far Field
The radiation field that NEAR FIELD refers to
is close to an the field pattern
antenna is not the that is close to the
same as the antenna. It is also
radiation field that known as
is at a great inductive field. It is
distance defined as the
area within a
distance
D= antenna diameter
D2

Near and Far Field
FAR FIELD refers to Power that reaches the
the field pattern far field
that is at great continuous to
distance. It is also radiate outward
known as and is never
radiation field. returned to the
antenna.
During the second half
of the cycle,
power in the near
field is returned to
the antenna.
RADIATION RESISTANCE
AND ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
R &
A A All the power supplied Radiation resistance is
D N
I T to an antenna is an ac antenna
A E not radiated. resistance and is
T N
I N Some of it is converted equal to the ratio
O A to heat and of the power
N E radiated by the
R F
dissipated.
E F antenna to the
S I square of the
I E
S N
current to its
T C feedpoint.
A Y
N
C
E
Radiation resistance is
mathematically
expressed in

Prad
Rr  2
I
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY- It
is the ratio of the
power radiated by an
antenna to the sum of
Prad
the power radiated and  x100
the power dissipated or Pin
the ratio of the power
Pin  Prad  Pd
radiated by the antenna
to the total input
power. Mathematically,
antenna efficiency is
In terms of resistance and
current, antenna
efficiency is

Rrad
 x100
Rrad  Re

Re= effective antenna

resistance(ohms)
Rr=radiated resistance (ohms)
ANTENNA GAIN
A
N 'Antenna Gain' is a
T misleading term
E
N because:
N 1. When we hear the term
A
'Gain', we usually think
G 'this device would
A
I
amplify a signal to make
N it bigger energy'. But
this is not true for
Antenna. Most of
Antenna is 'passive
device' which does not
amplify anything.
2. When we think about
Gain, the higher the
gain is, the higher the
total amount of energy
coming out of the
device is. But this may
not be the true in
Antenna case. Higher
gain in Antenna may
mean "Higher energy
transmitted in a certain
direction', but it may
not mean 'Total
amount of energy
coming out of the
device'.
 Following is a rule of thumb
propagation pattern for
typical Gain values. As you see,
as Antenna gain increases the
direction of propagation gets
more and more focused, it
does not mean that the total
transmission energy (the area
surrounded by the ovals) gets
higher.
DIRECTIVE GAIN & POWER
GAIN
DIRECTIVE GAIN is the
ratio of the power P
D
density radiated in a Pref
particular direction to
the power density
radiated to the same P= power density at some
point by a reference point with a given
antenna, assuming antenna(W/m 2)

both antennas are Pref= power density at the

radiating the same same point with a
amount of power reference
antenna(W/m2)
POWER GAIN It is the same
as directive gain except
that the total power fed
to the antenna is used . It
is assumed that the given
Ap  D
antenna and the reference
antenna have the same
input power and that the
reference antenna is
lossless (n=100%) . Power
gain is mathematically
expressed in
Effective Isotropic Radiated
Power (EIRP)
Effective isotropic radiated
power (EIRP) is defined as
an equivalent transmit
power and is expressed
mathematically as
EIRP  Prad Dt (watts )
Prad= Total radiated power
(watts)
Dt= transmit antenna derective
gain (unitless)
EIRP can be rewritten using
antenna input power gain
as

EIRP  Pin At (watts )

Prad= Total antenna input

power (watts)
At= transmit antenna power
gain (unitless)
Power Density
To determine the power
density at a given point
distance R from a transmit
antenna.
Pin At
Pdensity 
4R 2

Or in terms of directive gain

Prad Dt
Pdensity 
4R 2
Example:#1
 For a transmit
antenna with a
power gain of 10 and
an input power of
100 Watts.
Determine the
 (a). EIRP in watts,
dBm, and dBW
 (b). Power density at
a point 10km from
the transmit antenna.
 Answer:
A.EIRP  Pin At
(a.1).1000W
(a.2).60dBm
(a.3).30dBW

Pin At 100W (10)

B.) Pdensity    0.796 W / m 2

4R 2 4 (10) 2
Example:#2
 An antenna with a
radiation resistance
of 75 ohms and a
loss resistance of 5
ohms, receives a 150
watts of power from
a transmitter.
Determine the
antenna efficiency.
Answer:
75
a. x100  93.75%
75  5
Please prepare 1 whole sheet
of bondpaper.
4 Questions prepared.
Problem#1
 For a transmit
antenna with a
radiation resistance
Rr= of 75 ohms, an
ohmic resistance is
10 ohms, a directive
gain D=20, and an
input power Pin=
150W. Determine
the radiated power
in dBµ.
Answer:

.Prad  Pin
Prad  (.9)(150W )  90W
W
Prad ( dBm)  10 log 
1W
Problem#2 ( from Wave
propagation topic)
1. For a radiated power
of 20kW, determine
the voltage intensity
at a distance 20km
from the source.
Answer:

E  ? mV / m
Problem#3
 The signal field strength 10 km from
the yagi antenna in the optimum
direction is 20mV/m, and 180
degrees from the optimum direction
at the same distance the field
strength is reduced to 5mV/m. What
is the front to back ratio of the
antenna in dB?
Answer:

F 20
   20 log  12.04dB
B 5
Problem#4
 A transmitter supplied 125 watts of
power to an antenna with an
efficiency of 95%. What is the power
density measured at a distance of
30km from the antenna in the
direction of maximum radiation?
Assume the transmission line is
lossless and perfectly matched.
Answer:

EIRP
P  10.5nW / m2
4R 2
THANK YOU!!!

Engr. Jenadel
DL.
Antipolo