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1 Introduction To Differential Equation: 1.1 Definition and Terminology

1. The document introduces differential equations and defines terminology like general solution and initial value problem (IVP). 2. It provides examples of finding the general solution to differential equations in the form y=emx, including solving y''-49y=0 and y''-y'-2y=0. 3. It also gives examples of solving IVPs, including solving the IVP for x''+x=0 with initial conditions x(π/6)=1/2 and x'(π/6)=0.

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73 views7 pages

1 Introduction To Differential Equation: 1.1 Definition and Terminology

1. The document introduces differential equations and defines terminology like general solution and initial value problem (IVP). 2. It provides examples of finding the general solution to differential equations in the form y=emx, including solving y''-49y=0 and y''-y'-2y=0. 3. It also gives examples of solving IVPs, including solving the IVP for x''+x=0 with initial conditions x(π/6)=1/2 and x'(π/6)=0.

Uploaded by

Lynx101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 Introduction to Differential Equation

1.1 Definition and Terminology


Definition 1.1.1 (General Solution). An n-th order ODE can be written as the following form

y (n) (x) = f (x, y, y 0 (x), y 00 (x), ..., y (n−1) (x)) (1)

has an n-parameter family of solutions. If we can find an solution(implicit or explicit) contain-


ing n arbitrary parameters then it is called the general solution.

For example, a general solution of y (3) (x) = 0 is y(x) = c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 .

Problem 1.1.2. Consider the problem of finding all solutions in the form y = emx of y 00 − 3y 0 +
2y = 0.

Proof. The given ODE is


y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 0 (2)
substitute y = emx , y 0 = memx , and y 00 = m2 emx in equation 2.

∴ y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 0
=⇒ m2 emx − 3memx + 2emx = 0
=⇒ emx (m2 − 3m + 2) = 0
=⇒ (m2 − 3m + 2) = 0 since emx 6= 0
=⇒ (m − 2)(m − 1) = 0
∴ m = 1, 2
The general solution of the given ODE (2) is y(x) = c1 ex + c2 e2x .

Problem 1.1.3. Consider the problem of finding all solutions in the form y = emx of y 00 −49y =
0.

Proof. LTS
Hints: y(x) = c1 e−7x + c2 e7x .

Problem 1.1.4. Consider the problem of finding all solutions in the form y = emx of y 00 − y 0 −
2y = 0.

Proof. LTS
Hints: y(x) = c1 e−x + c2 e2x .

1.2 Initial Value Problem (IVP)


Problem 1.2.1. Let x(t) = c1 cos(t) + c2 sin(t) is a two-parameter family of solutions of the
second-order differential equation(DE) x00 + x = 0. Find a solution of the second-order IVP
consisting of this DE and the given initial conditions,
1
x(π/6) = , x0 (π/6) = 0
2

1
Proof. x(t) = c1 cos(t)
√
+ c2 sin(t) x0 (t) = −c1 sin(t) + c2 cos(t)
3
x(π/6) = 2 ⇒ c1 2 + c2 21√= 12
1

x0 (π/6) = 0 ⇒ −c1 12 + c2 23 = 0 √
3
By solving above equations, we have,√
c 1 = 4
and c2 = 14
The solution of the IVP is, x(t) = 43 cos(t) + 14 sin(t)

Problem 1.2.2. Let x(t) = c1 et + c2 e−t is a two-parameter family of solutions of the second-
order differential equation(DE) x00 − x = 0 . Find a solution of the second-order IVP consisting
of this DE and the given initial conditions,

x(1) = 0, x0 (1) = e

Proof. Left to the student(LTS)

2 First Order Differential Equations


2.2 Separable Variables
Problem 2.2.1. Solve dx + e3x dy = 0 by separation of variables.

Proof. LTS

Problem 2.2.2. Solve 2xdx + (1 − x2 )dy = 0 by separation of variables.

Proof. LTS
dP
Problem 2.2.3. Solve dt
= P − P 2 by separation of variables.

Proof. P dP
−P 2
dP
= dt ⇒ P (1−P )
= dt ⇒ ( P1 + 1−P
1
)dP = dt ⇒ dPP
+ 1−PdP
= dt ⇒ dP
P
− PdP
−1
= dt
P P
Integration both sides, ln | P | − ln | P − 1 |= t + C1 ⇒ ln | P −1 | = t + C1 ⇒ P −1 = Cet

P Cet Cet
⇒ = ∴ P = P (t) =
P −1−P 1 − Cet Cet − 1

dy y 2 −1
Problem 2.2.4. Solve the IVP, dx
= x2 −1
, y(2) = 2

Proof. LTS

2
2.5 Homogeneous Equations
Problem 2.5.1. Solve the DE,
√
−ydx + (x + xy)dy = 0

by an appropriate substitution.

Proof. Let y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu


Therefore,
√
−ydx + (x + xy)dy = 0
√
⇒ −ux dx + (x + ux)(u dx + x du) = 0
3 √
⇒ xu 2 dx + (x2 + x2 u) du = 0
3 √
⇒ xu 2 dx + (x2 + x2 u) du = 0
3 √
⇒ xu 2 dx + x2 (1 + u) du = 0
3 √
⇒ xu 2 dx = −x2 (1 + u) du
√
x 1+ u
⇒ 2 dx = − 3 du
x u2
1 3 1
⇒ dx = −(u− 2 + ) du
x u
Integrating both sides,
−2
⇒ ln |x| = −( √ + ln |u|) + C
u
2
⇒ ln |x| = √ − ln |u| + C
u
2
⇒ ln |x| + ln |u| = √ + C
u

x
⇒ ln |y| = 2 +C
y

x
⇒ ln |y| − C = 2
y
x
⇒ (ln |y| − C)2 = 4
y
⇒ y(ln |y| − C)2 = 4x

Problem 2.5.2. Solve the IVP,


dx
(x2 + 2y 2 ) = xy; y(−1) = 1
dy
by an appropriate substitution.

Proof. LTS

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