0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views10 pages

Reduction of Casting Defects Using Taguchi Method: Arun Basil Jacob Arunkumar O.N

This document discusses reducing casting defects in a plate cylinder for an offset printing machine using the Taguchi method. Four control parameters were selected - moisture content, green strength, sand particle size, and mould hardness. Experiments were conducted using an orthogonal array in Minitab software. The analysis showed reducing the number of defects by selecting optimal values for the control parameters. Previous studies on reducing casting defects and using design of experiments and simulation techniques were also reviewed. The objectives were to reduce defects in the plate cylinder casting process and find the effectiveness of using Taguchi method.

Uploaded by

tabibkarim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views10 pages

Reduction of Casting Defects Using Taguchi Method: Arun Basil Jacob Arunkumar O.N

This document discusses reducing casting defects in a plate cylinder for an offset printing machine using the Taguchi method. Four control parameters were selected - moisture content, green strength, sand particle size, and mould hardness. Experiments were conducted using an orthogonal array in Minitab software. The analysis showed reducing the number of defects by selecting optimal values for the control parameters. Previous studies on reducing casting defects and using design of experiments and simulation techniques were also reviewed. The objectives were to reduce defects in the plate cylinder casting process and find the effectiveness of using Taguchi method.

Uploaded by

tabibkarim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)

e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,


PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Reduction Of Casting Defects Using Taguchi Method


Arun Basil Jacob1, Arunkumar O.N²
1.
PGStudent, Dept of Mechanical Engg., SNGCE, Kolenchery, Kerala.([email protected]).
2
AssociateProfessor, Dept of Mechanical Engg., SNGCE, Kolenchery, Kerala.([email protected])

Abstract: This paper aims at the reduction of casting defects of a plate cylinder which is used in an offset
printing machine to transfer ink from the inking unit. Four variables are considered which directly affect the
casting of the cylinder. Taguchi method was selected for the optimization of these selected four parameters.
Taguchi method is based on performing evaluation or experiments to test the sensitivity of a set of response
variables to a set of control parameters (or independent variables) by considering experiments in “orthogonal
array” with an aim to attain the optimum setting of the control parameters. Four control parameters were used
to reduce the defects that occur on the plate cylinder.Moisture Content, green strength, sand particle size and
mould hardness were selected as the control parameters. The analysis showed a reduction in the number of
defects when optimum input factor values were selected.
Keywords: Green strength, mould, orthogonal, taguchi

I. Introduction
Metal casting process begins by creating a mold, which is the negative shape of the part required for
manufacturing. The mold is made from a refractory material, for example, sand. The metal is heated in an oven
until it melts, and the molten metal is poured into the mould cavity. The liquid takes the shape of cavity, which
is the shape of the part. It is cooled until it solidifies. Finally, the solidified metal part is removed from the
mould. A large number of metal components are made by casting. One of the most important metal casting
method is the sand casting method.A casting defect is an irregularity in the metal casting process that is
undesired. Some defects can be tolerated while others can be repaired, otherwise they must be eliminated. They
are broken down into mainly into five categories viz gas porosity, shrinkage defects, mold material
defects, pouring metal defects, and metallurgical defects. The removal of all the casting defects from a casting
process is not possible as there are a number of factors affecting it but the optimization of the control parameters
can lead us to achieve better results. This paper tries to reduce the defects in a casting process by optimizing its
control parameters.

II. Objectives
The paper aims at finding a method and using it which can be applied in industry to reduce the defects
that occur during casting process. The optimization is done with the help of taguchi method and usind
MINITAB software.

The objectives of this paper is to


 Reduce the defects in the casting process of a plate cylinder by optimizing the control factors.
 Use taguchi method for optimizing the factors and find its effectiveness.
 Find the reduced defect count with the help of softwares.

III. Literature Review


A detailed literature review was done on studying about the common casting defects, the ways of
reducing it and the software packages used for optimizingthe factors.
R. B. Heddure et alputs forward that the casting defects can be minimized by taking corrective actions
in the tools like pattern, mould making, core making and melting process. The paper presents a systematic
procedure to identify as well as to analyze major casting defects. Defects are responsible for time waste, money
and eventually they affect productivity adversely. The defects need to be diagnosed correctly for appropriate
remedial measures; otherwise new defect may get introduced. The proper classification and identification of
particular defect is basic need to correct and control quality of casting. Keeping rejection to a bare minimum is
essential to improve the yield and increase the effective capacity of the foundry unit and also improve the
productivity. This paper identifies two major defects slag and porosity. There are many reasons to generate

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 1 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

these defects. So it preferably necessary to reduce it as much as possible by appropriate analysis of the defects
which includes the root cause analysis so that actual reasons behind occurring the defects can be find out to
make the corrective action. In this paper use six sigma technique and Shainin tool for identify and analysis
casting defect. Shainin tool works on elimination principle. Final result of this work has to be reducing slag and
porosity defect by taking corrective action. Tool should be identifying the sources of variation clearly. [1]
Saurabh Gupta et al focus on minimizing the defects in Al-Mg alloy castings in green sand casting
process by optimizing the casting process parameters. Several process parameters contribute to these casting
defects. Literature review reveals that moisture content, binder percentage and pouring temperature are among
the most influencing parameters which contribute to the casting defects like sand drop, blow holes, scabs, and
pinholes. In this paper these three process parameters are optimized by using the Taguchi’s design of experiment
method. The Taguchi approach is used to capture the effect of signal-to-noise ratios of the experiments based on
the orthogonal array. Robust design factor values were estimated from the signal-to-noise calculations. [2]
Uday A. Dabade et al combined and used the design of experiments and computer assisted casting
simulation techniques to analyze the sand related and method related defects in green sand casting. An attempt
has been made to obtain the optimal settings of the moulding sand and mould related process parameters of
green sand casting process of the selected ductile iron cast component. The green sand related process
parameters considered are, moisture content, green compression strength, and permeability of moulding sand
and mould hardness (in horizontal direction). In first part of this paper Taguchi based L18 orthogonal array was
used for the experimental purpose and analysis was carried out using Minitab software for analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and analysis of mean (AOM) plot. ANOVA results indicate that the selected process parameters
significantly affect the casting defects and rejection percentage. In the second part, shrinkage porosity analysis is
performed using casting simulation technique by introduction of a new gating system designed, solid model
developed for four cavities mould. Number of iterations using casting simulation software was performed for
mould filling and solidification analysis to reduce the level and intensities of shrinkage porosities in cast
component. With new gating and feeding system design reduction in shrinkage porosity (about 15%) and
improvement in yield (about 5%) is observed. [3]
Udhaya Chandran. R. M. mainly focus on to minimize the casting defects such as, sand drop, sand
blow holes, scabs, pinholes. The optimization technique used for this purpose is taguchi method. The parameters
considered are moisture content (%), green strength(g/cm2 ), mould hardness, sand practical size (AFS).The
Taguchi approach is used to capture the effect of signal to noise ratio of the experiments based on the orthogonal
array used due to optimum conditions are found. The outcome of this paper is that the selected process
parameters continuously affect the casting defects in foundry. The improvement expected in reduction of casting
defects is found to be 47.66 %. [4]
B.R. Jadhav et al puts forward in their paper that it is almost impossible to produce defect free castings.
Occurrence of the defect may involve single or multiple causes. These causes can be minimized through
systematic procedure. The paper represents a procedure to analyze and minimize casting defect, cold shut in
automobile cylinder block of grey cast iron Grade FG150. The paper finds that gaiting systems are not always
responsible for the defect occurrence and the defect reduction by controlling alloy composition and pouring
temperature is done. The seven quality control methodology is used to analyze and reduce defects which
includes check sheet, pareto analysis, cause effect diagram, flow chart, scatter diagram, histogram and control
chart. [5]

IV. Offset Printing


It is a printing process used since 1798.Offset or as the name suggests, originally made use of locks
with areas and lines to be drawn in a greasy substance. The lines and areas had affinity for ink, while the other
areas where respective to water. If the block was jetted, then inked, only the areas and linear drawn in grease
retained the ink, and transferred it to paper. Figure 1 [6] shows the basic working principle of a printing
machine.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 2 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Fig 1:- Offset printing machine


The modern version of lithography makes use of the principle that the same areas of the printing plate
bear the image to be printed are receptive to ink, while the other areas are blank and respective to the veneer ink.
The distinctions are made by chemical or metallic coatings on the metal plate. When map image is imposed
photographically on to the plate, the veneer material is altered removed only in the areas to be linked.
Remaining areas are unchanged and will not be receptive to the ink. Since the veneer is thin, there is virtually no
depth to the image on the plate. The image is transferred, therefore not by pressing it on to the paper. In fact,
most lithographic printing is done by offset press in which the image is transferred from printing plate rubber
blanket cylinder from where the paper picks up the image with suitable pressure from the impression cylinder.
Offset lithography printing is the most widely used process in the commercial printing industry. Its major
application is printing on the paper, thus it is ideal for printing newspaper, books, magazines and all other paper
publications.
There are three main cylinders in an offset lithographic printing unit:-
 Plate cylinder.
 Blanket cylinder
 Impression cylinder

The plate cylinders are positioned in such a way that it can quickly and accurately locate the printing
plate, by means of front and rear clamps which grip two ends of the plates and provide tension around the
cylinder. Offset or blanket cylinders are manufactured with considerable care and at first sight appear to be an
exclusive item. Many printers engaged is general printing use blankets in the medium range of hardness for all
purpose quite successfully.During the run of most jobs, the blanket will be cleaned periodically, and this should
be carried out in a mechanized manner. As there is almost certainly will be an accumulation of flat form the
paper on blanket of coating form such stoke. This must be removed by first washing the blanket with a swab
soaked in water, and then followed by a through washing with swab soaked in a good quality blanket wash the
procedure must to wash an area and immediately dry it with another swab. This prevents the blanket wash form
evaporating too quickly and leaving behind residue of ink in a thin film. This thin film can quickly develop to
form glaze over whole surface of the blanket which results in a poorly printed sheet, as the image is formed on a
glazed surface instead of the rubber and is not picked up and transferred properly .The periodic cleaning of the
blanket with methyl ethyl ketone will help in removing glaze, which is also caused by the natural oxidation of
the rubber. The impression cylinder carries the sheet through the nip, where the ink is finally transferred under
the pressure to the printing stock. This is the moment of truth where the smallest dots, the finest lines, the
lightest tints and heaviest solid are laid upon the paper. The slightest variation in pressure, packing, inking,
clamping will be recorded at this juncture.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 3 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

In this paper the casting defects of the plate cylinder is minimized by the taguchi method.

V. Taguchi Method
Taguchi method is based on performing evaluation or experiments to test the sensitivity of a set of
response variables to a set of control parameters (or independent variables) by considering experiments in
orthogonal array with an aim to attain the optimum setting of the control parameters. Orthogonal arrays provide
a best set of well balanced (minimum) experiments. Table 4.1 shows eighteen standard orthogonal arrays along
with the number of columns at different levels for these arrays. An array name indicates the number of rows
and columns it has, and also the number of levels in each of the columns. For example array L 4(23) has four
rows and three “2 level” columns. Similarly the array L18(2137) has 18 rows; one “2 level” column; and seven
“3 level” columns. Thus, there are eight columns in the array L18. The number of rows of an orthogonal array
represents the requisite number of experiments. The number of rows must be at least equal to the degrees of the
freedom associated with the factors i.e. the control variables. In general, the number of degrees of freedom
associated with a factor (control variable) is equal to the number of levels for that factor minus one. For
example, a case study has one factor (A) with “2 levels” (A), and five factors (B, C, D, E, F) each with “3
level”. Table 1 depicts the degrees of freedom calculated for this case. The number of columns of an array
represents the maximum number of factors that can be studied using that array. [7]
Table 1:- Standard orthogonal arrays

5.1 Signal To Noise (S/N) Ratio


Generally, a process to be optimized has several control factors (process parameters) which directly
decide the target or desired value of the output. The optimization then involves determining the best levels of the
control factor so that the output is at the target value. Such a problem is called as a "STATIC PROBLEM". This
can be best explained using a P-Diagram (Figure 2). "P" stands for Process or Product. The noise is shown to be
present in the process but should have no effect on the output. This is the primary aim of the Taguchi
experiments - to minimize the variations in output even though noise is present in the process. The process is
then said to have become robust.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 4 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Fig 2:- P- Diagram for static problems

There are three forms of signal to noise (S/N) ratio that are of common interest for optimization of
static problems.

5.1.1 Smaller The Better


This is expressed as
𝑛 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔10 [Mean of sum of squares of measured data](1)
This is usually the chosen S/N ratio for all the undesirable characteristics like “defects” for which the ideal value
is zero. When an ideal value is finite and its maximum or minimum value is defined (like the maximum purity is
100% or the maximum temperature is 92 K or the minimum time for making a telephone connection is 1 sec)
then the difference between the measured data and the ideal value is expected to be as small as possible.

5.1.2 Larger The Better


This is expressed as
𝑛 = −10𝐿𝑜𝑔10 [Mean of sum of squares of reciprocal of measured data] (2)
This is often converted to smaller-the-better by taking the reciprocal of the measured data and next, taking the
S/N ratio as in the smaller-the-better case.

5.1.3 Nominal The Best


This is expressed as
Square of mean
n = −10Log10 (3)
Variance

This case arises when a specified value is the most desired, meaning that neither a smaller nor a larger
value is desired. From the above cases it is clear that we have to take the smaller the better approach to reduce
the defects.
Steps employed for taguchi method
1) Select the design matrix and perform the experiments
2) Calculation of factor effects
3) Selecting optimum factor levels
4) Developing the additive model for factor effects
5) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
6) Interpretation of ANOVA table.
7) Prediction of η under optimum conditions

VI. Optimization Of Factors Levels


From detailed study the four factors which can control almost all the defects was found. These factors
were called control variables as it controls the output results. The four control variables selected for obtaining
optimum output were
1) Moisture Content (%)
2) Green Strength (g/𝑐𝑚2 )
3) Sand Particle Size (AFS)
4) Mould Hardness (Number)
The selected four factors were tested at three levels.
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 5 |Page
(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Table 2:- Level of the control variables


Parameters Level 1 Level Level
2 3

Moisture content (%) 3.2 3.8 4.3

Green 1200 1400 1800


Strength(g/𝑐𝑚2 )

Sand Particle 50 52 54
size(AFS)

Mould hardness (nu) 50 60 75

The study is associated with four factors with each at three levels. Table 1 indicates that the best
suitable orthogonal array is L9.Table 3 shows the design matrix for L9 array for four factors A, B, C and D. Next
conduct all the nine experiments and observe the surface defect counts per unit area. The arrangement of the
factors in L9 array in MINITAB software is given in Table 4.
Table 3:- L9 array arrangement

The arrangement of the factors in arrays is represented in the table below. The software used for this
purpose is the MINITAB statistical tool.

Table 4:- Arrangement of the data in L9 orthogonal array

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 6 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

For the given arrangement of the percentage rejection of parts due to defects were taken into account.
Here we have to minimize the number of rejections due to defects, so “smaller the better” approach is used here.
The observed rejections are shown in table 5.

Table 5:- Experimentally observed defects

The S/N ratio found using the smaller the best approach is shown in table 6.
Table 6:- S/N ratio

The effect of a factor level is defined as the deviation it causes from the overall mean. Hence as a first
step, calculate the overall mean value of η for the experimental region defined by the factor levels.The overall
mean 𝑚 is given by
1 9 1
𝑚= 𝑖=1 𝜂𝑖 = (𝜂1 + 𝜂2 + ⋯ + 𝜂9 )(1)
9 9
From the equation given𝑚 = -14.416
The effect of the moisture content at level A (at experiments 1, 2 and 3) is calculated as the difference
1
of the average S/N ratio for these experiments (m ) and the overall mean. The same is given as
A1
The effect of moisture content at :
1
LevelA = 𝑚𝐴1 − 𝑚 = 3 𝜂1 + 𝜂2 + 𝜂3 − 𝑚(2)
1
1
Level A = 𝑚𝐴2 − 𝑚 = 3 𝜂3 + 𝜂4 + 𝜂5 − 𝑚(3)
2
1
Level A = 𝑚𝐴3 − 𝑚 = 3 𝜂6 + 𝜂7 + 𝜂8 − 𝑚(4)
3
Using the S/N ratio data available in Table 6the average of each level of the four factors is calculated
and listed in Table 7. These average values are shown in Figure 3. They are separate effect of each factor and
are commonly called main effects.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 7 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Table 7:- Average η for different factor levels

Once the average η for different factor levels are found the S/N vs. factor level was plotted (Table 8).

Figure 3:- S/N vs. factor level plot

Our goal in this experiment is to minimize the surface defect counts to improve the quality of the
silicon wafers produced through the chemical vapor deposition process. Since –log depicts a monotonic
decreasing function [equation 1] we should maximize η. Hence the optimum level for a factor is the level that
gives the highest value of η in the experimental region. From Figure 3and the Table 7, it is observed that the
optimum settings for moisture content, green strength, sand particle size and mold hardness are A3 B1 C2 D1.
Hence we can conclude that the settings A3 B1 C2 D1 can give the highest η or the lowest surface defect count.
Different factors affect the surface defects formation to a different degree. The relative magnitude of the
factor effects are listed in Table 7. A better feel for the relative effect of the different factors is obtained by the
decomposition of variance, which is commonly called as analysis of variance (ANOVA). This is obtained first by
computing the sum of squares
Total sum of squares = 9𝑖=1(𝜂𝑖 − 𝑚)2 = 45.24𝑑𝐵2 (5)
Sum of squares due to factor A
2
= [(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐴1) × 𝑚𝐴1 − 𝑚 ] + [(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐴2) ×
2 2
𝑚𝐴2 − 𝑚 ] + [(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐴3) × 𝑚𝐴3 − 𝑚 ](6)
From the equation 6 the sum of squares of each factor is calculated and found out to be:
1) Moisture content (%) = 6.121
2) Green strength (g/𝑐𝑚2 ) = 0.331
3) Sand particle size (AFS) = 35.026
4) Mould hardness = 3.075
The ANOVA table is tabulated and the F values are found out
Table 8:- Anova table

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 8 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

Factor DOF Sum of Mean Fvalue


squares square

C. Sand 2 35.026 17.563


particle size

A. Moisture content
2 6.121 3.121 17.142

D. Mould 2 3.075 1.538 3.045


hardness

B. Green 2 0.331 0.165


strength

Total 8 45.245

Error 4 4.0946 1.025

In the present case-study, the degrees of freedom for the error will be zero. Hence an approximate
estimate of the error sum of squares is obtained by pooling the sum of squares corresponding to the factors
having the lowest mean square. As a rule of thumb, the sum of squares corresponding to the bottom half of the
factors (as defined by lower mean square) are used to estimate the error sum of squares. In the present example,
the factors D and B are used to estimate the error sum of squares. Together they account for four degrees of
freedom and their sum of squares is 4.095.
The major inferences from the ANOVA table are given in this section. Referring to the sum of squares
in Table 8, the factor C makes the largest contribution to the total sum of squares [(35.026/45.245) x 100 =
77%]. The factor A makes the next largest contribution (13.53 %) to the total sum of squares, whereas the
factors B and D together make only 9.657 % contribution. The larger the contribution of a particular factor to
the total sum of squares, the larger the ability is of that factor to influence η. Moreover, the larger the F-value,
the larger will be the factor effect in comparison to the error mean square or the error variance.
In the present case, the optimum condition or the optimum level of factors is A3 B1 C2 D1. The value of η under
the optimum condition is predicted using the additive model as
𝜂𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝑚 + 𝑚𝐶2 − 𝑚 + 𝑚𝐴3 − 𝑚 = −10.633(7)
Since the sum of squares due to the factors B and D are small as well as used to estimate the error
variance, these terms are not included in equation 7. The mean square count at the optimum condition is
calculated as
−𝜂 𝑜𝑝𝑡
y = 10 10 = 101.0633 =11.569(8)
The corresponding root-mean square rejectioncount is
𝑦 = 3.40 %(9)
From the results it can be seen that by selecting the found out factor levels the rejection percentage can
be kept at 3.40%.

VII. Conclusions
Casting defects were studied to find out the factors causing it. The reduction of defects was done by
optimizing the control variables or factors affecting the output. Taguchi method was the best available method
to optimize the factors and together with the help of analysis of variance the optimum control factors were found
out. Sand particle size and moisture content account for the main reason for controlling defects. The percentage
rejection of the plate cylinders can be reduced to 3.40 % which is a significant improvement in this case.
Taguchi method is thus a cost effective method which can be used in industry to reduce the wastage of cast parts
with the existing industry resources.

References
[1]. R. B. Heddure and M. T. Telsang“Casting defect reduction using shainin tool in CI Foundry – a case study”, International Journal of
Mechanical And Production Engineering.(2014) ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 2, Issue- 6.
[2]. Saurabh Gupta and N.M. Suri “ Optimization of process parameters to minimize the defects in al-alloy casting ” International
Journal For Technological Research In Engineering (2015), ISSN : 2347 – 4718, Volume 2, Issue 9.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 9 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
PP 01-10
www.iosrjournals.org

[3]. Uday A. Dabade and Rahul C. Bhedasgaonkar “Casting Defect Analysis using Design of Experiments (DoE) and Computer Aided
Casting Simulation Technique” Forty Sixth CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems (2013) Procedia, Elsevier CIRP 7, page
616 – 621
[4]. Udhaya Chandran. R. M. “Optimization of process parameters to minimize the casting defects” International Journal of Advances in
Engineering Science and Technology (2013), ISSN: 2319-1120.
[5]. B.R. Jadhav and Santosh J Jadhav “INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF COLD SHUT CASTING DEFECT AND DEFECT
REDUCTION BY USING 7 QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Resea rch and
Studies (2012), ISSN2249–8974
[6]. www.conquestgraphics.com/services/printing-offset
[7]. Prof Amitava De“Design for Reliability and Quality” Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Module 5,Lecture4.

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Management 10 |Page


(ICETEM-2016)

You might also like