Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 239–243

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep

Effects of Cydonia oblonga Miller leaf and fruit flavonoids on blood

lipids and anti-oxydant potential in hyperlipidemia rats
Anwar Umar a,b,n,1, Guldiyar Iskandar a,1, Ainiwaer Aikemu c, Wuliya Yiming a,
Wenting Zhou a, Bénedicte Berké b, Bernard Begaud a,b, Nicholas Moore a,b,c,nn
a
Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011 Urumqi, PR China
b
Department of Pharmacology – Université Bordeaux Segalen, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
c
Department of Drug Analysis, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011 Urumqi, PR China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Objective: To study the effects of Cydonia oblonga Miller (COM) total flavonoids (TF) from leaves and fruit
Received 23 July 2014 on the blood lipid and antioxidant potentials using hyperlipidaemic rat models.
Received in revised form Methods: Hyperlipidaemic rat models were created with high-lipid emulsion. Rats were distributed into
6 April 2015
normal controls, hyperlipidaemic models, and daily high (160 mg/kg), medium (80 mg/kg) and low
Accepted 19 April 2015
Available online 28 April 2015
(40 mg/kg) TF from leaves and fruit and simvastatin (5 mg/kg) groups. After four weeks, serum total
cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein
Keywords: cholesterol (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as hepatic
Cydonia oblonga miller superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were
Hyperlipidemic rats
measured.
Blood lipids
Results: Compared with the hyperlipidaemic model group, TF significantly reduced serum TC, TG, LDL-C
Oxygen free radicals
Antioxidant effect (P o0.01), ALT and AST (Po 0.01 or Po 0.05) and increased HDL-C (P o0.05 or P o0.01). TF also reduced
MDA (Po 0.01 or P o0.01).
Conclusion: COM total flavonoids can effectively regulate the metabolism of lipids, and remove oxygen
free radicals. This confirms its potential value in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidaemia.
& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Xinjiang, People's Republic of China (PRC), around Hotan and

Kashgar, is renowned for its large number of centenarians. Uyghur
In traditional Uyghur medicine, the fruit and leaves of Quince men from the region of Hotan have lower blood pressure than
(Cydonia oblonga Mill., COM) are used to treat or prevent hyper- other central Asians (Kawamura et al., 2000; Kawamura et al.,
tension and other cardiovascular diseases (Sadik, 1993; Xinjiang 2003; Sadik, 1993; Wufuer et al., 2004). This may be one of the
Uygur Autonomous Region Health Department (1991)), in addition reasons associated with the longevity of Uyghurs, and so we
to other uses (Aibaidula et al., 2009; Aslan et al., 2010; Yan et al., started a systematic experimental study of the effects of COM
2009). Quinces are also used in traditional Turkish medicine, and its extracts on the main elements of cardiovascular risk: diet-
which shares common cultural roots (Kultur, 2007). Quince fruit induced hyperlipidemia (Abliz et al., 2014), thrombosis, (Zhou
and leaves contain many components with known antioxidant et al., 2014a), and hypertension, where the effects of COM were
activity (Silva et al., 2002a, 2002b, 2004a, 2005a, 2005b; Wojdylo suggestive of an effect on the renin-angiotensin system (Zhou
et al., 2013; Xakir and Aikebaier, 2006). The South-western part of et al., 2014c; Zhou et al., 2014).
Like most fruit and herbals, ripe COM contains many compo-
nents, of which flavonoids are an important part (Silva et al.,
n
Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Xinjiang Medical
2002b, 2004a, 2004c). Flavonoids from other fruit, including
University, 830011 Urumqi, PR China. Tel/fax: þ 86 991 43 62 421. closely related apples, decrease plasma lipids in hypercholester-
nn
Corresponding author at: Nicholas Moore, Department of pharmacology, olaemic rats. (Aprikian et al., 2003; Jaroslawska et al., 2011;
University of Bordeaux Segalen, 33076, Bordeaux, France. Tel.: þ33 557571560; Leontowicz et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2011) We therefore tested
fax: þ33 557574671.
Quince fruit and leaves for flavonoids and related effects.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Umar),
[email protected] (N. Moore). In the present paper we report on the effects of COM flavonoid
1
These two authors contributed equally. extracts on experimental hyperlipidaemia.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.038
0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
240 A. Umar et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 239–243

2. Materials and methods poured into the oil phase and evenly mixed before adding distilled
water to 100 ml to produce the emulsion. The emulsion was
2.1. Preparation of total flavonoids of the COM fruit and leaf preserved at 4 1C in a refrigerator. It was thawed in a water bath
before use (Aslan et al., 2010; Ghule et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012).
The fruit and leaves of C. oblonga Mill. (Quince, COM) were
collected in Kargilik, Xinjiang, and placed in a dry and well- 3.1. Animals groups and models.
ventilated room. They were confirmed by Professor Parida Abliz
from the department of bio-pharmacy of Xinjiang Medical Uni- Healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 240720 g)
versity and deposited in the herbarium of the Traditional Chinese were randomly divided into 9 groups of 10 rats: normal control
Medicine Ethnical Herbs Specimen Museum of Xinjiang Medical group, hyperlipidaemia model group, high (160 mg/kg), medium
University under number NO.TCMEHSM2013_100. After being (80 mg/kg) and low dosage (40 mg/kg) of total leaf COM flavo-
crushed into powder, fruit and leaves were extracted separately noids, high (160 mg/kg), medium (80 mg/kg) and low dosage
three times (one hour each time) with 65% alcohol (20 times the (40 mg/kg) of total fruit COM flavonoids, and Simvastatin (5 mg/
powder volume) under 60 1C, ultrasound. The filtered extracts kg). In a first stage, each group except the control group was given
were merged. The ethanol was recycled with a rotary evaporator intragastric high fat emulsion in the morning, 10 mL/kg. The
to collect the COM extract. The extract was further enriched and control group was given the same amount of 0.9% saline, for 21
purified to produce COM total flavonoid4 60%, measured by UV days. After the last administration, all groups were fasted for
spectrophotometry using rutin as reference. (da Silva et al., 2015) twelve hours, after which time blood was taken from vena
Final concentration was 65.36% for leaf extracts and 61.23% for caudalis to measure serum lipids. There was a significant differ-
fruit extracts. ence in serum TC and TG between the control group and the
model group, indicating successful establishment of hyperlipide-
2.2. Experimental animals mia. In the second stage, each group, except the control group, was
given high fat emulsion in the morning (intragastric administra-
Sprague Dawley SPF rats, male, weighing 240720 g, were tion of 10 mL/kg). The control group was given the same amount
provided by animal centre of Xinjiang Medical University, certifi- of 0.9% saline. Every afternoon, the low, medium and high dosage
cate number: SCXK 2003-0001. All animal experiments were groups were given 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg of total
approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (no. IACUC – flavonoids from COM fruit or 40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg
20130129016) of total flavonoids from COM leaves. The simvastatin group was
given 5 mg/kg intragastric simvastatin solution. The second stage
2.3. Reagents of administration lasted for 4 weeks, the rats were weighed on a
weekly basis for modification of administration.
Cholesterol (Amresco, serial number 0391C426), hyocholic salt
(Beijing Ao-box biotechnology Co. Ltd. serial number 20120408), 3.2. Measurement of indices
Tween-80 (Tianjin Fuchen Chemical Reagents Factory, serial num-
ber 20120111), propylene glycol (Tianjin Fuchen Chemical General status: during the experiment, the rats were weighed
Reagents Factory, serial number 20120604), propacil (Shanghai on a weekly basis, and their appetite, behaviour, faeces, hair and
yuanye Bio-technology Co., Ltd, serial number AA0427LG13), total mortality were closely observed.
cholesterol (serial number 20130303), triglyceride (TG, serial After 4 weeks of intragastric administration and 12 h of fasting,
number 20130302), LDL-C (serial number 20130312) (ref) and the rats were weighed. Following anaesthesia with pentobarbital
HDL-C kit (serial number 20130303), ALT (serial number 201306) 1% i.p., blood was taken from the rat's abdominal aorta and placed
and AST kit (EF, serial number 201305) were all products of into centrifuge tubes free of anticoagulant for 10 min at 4 1C before
Shenzhen Mindray biomedical electronic Co.,Ltd. Elisa kit were a 15-minute centrifuge at 3000 r/min. Serum total cholesterol (TC),
used for SOD, MDA, SGH-Px, serial number: 201306, same provi- triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-
der. Simvastatin was purchased from MSD pharmaceutical com- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), alanine aminotransferase
pany, Hangzhou, serial number 121098, state medical permit no. (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined by an
J10980272. automatic biochemistry analyser.
The abdominal cavity was opened and 0.5 g of tissue was
2.4. Equipment removed from the right hepatic lobe. The tissue was placed in a
pre-cooled PBS buffer and made into 10% homogenate at 4 1C,
BS-320 automatic biochemistry analyser (Shenzhen Mindray which was then centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 r/min. Afterwards,
biomedical electronic Co., Ltd.), Coda-KM-00025-00 microplate the clear supernatant liquid was isolated and optical density was
reader, TDL-5 A centrifuge (Shanghai fulgor analytic equipment determined with microplate reader after adjustment of wave
Co.,Ltd.) length and shade selection. The process was handled strictly
according to the instruction in the kit. Hepatic superoxide dis-
mutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialde-
3. Methods hyde (MDA) were measured using an automatic biochemistry
analyser.
High fat emulsion was prepared according to published methods
(Aslan et al., 2010; Ghule et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2012): in brief,
20 g of lard and 10 g of cholesterol were added into a 200 ml 4. Data processing and statistical analysis
beaker, then heated and molten (Abliz et al., 2014; Munshi et al.,
2014; Zanwar et al., 2014). One gram propacil was mixed and SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis, all data of the
thoroughly stirred to use as oil phase; in another 200 ml beaker, experiment were expressed as mean 7sd. One-way ANOVA using
30 ml of distilled water and 2 g of hyocholic salt were added and the Least Squares method were used for comparison between
fully dissolved. Then 10 ml of propylene glycol and 10 ml of Tween- groups. The bilateral P values from the comparisons were con-
80 were blended as water phase; the water phase was slowly sidered statistically significant when P o0.05 or P o0.01.
 A. Umar et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 239–243 241

5. Results and fruit had substantially lower serum AST (P o0.05). All dosage
groups of total flavonoids had lower ALT, and the effects of high
5.1. General status dosage group of leaves and medium and high dosage group of fruit
were especially noticeable. (P o0.01)
There was no noticeable difference in weight or habitus
between treatment groups. The model group exhibited signs of 5.5. Effects on the metabolism of oxygen free radicals
diarrhoea and appetite loss.
compared to the control group, serum SOD and GSH-Px in the
5.2. Changes of lipid contents on the 20th day hyperlipidemic model group were significantly lower (P o0.01),
while MDA was considerably higher (P o0.01); Compared with the
6 rats from the control group and 2 rats from each of the hyperlipidemic model group, serum SOD and GSH-Px in medium
treatment groups were randomly picked after 20 days and the and high dose total flavonoids rose significantly (P o0.05 or
changes of TC and TG were determined. Compared with the Po 0.01), while levels of MDA in all dosage groups dropped
control group, levels of TC and TG rose substantially (P o0.01). considerably. (P o0.01) (see Table 4).
The result indicated that the establishment of a rat models was
successful (see Table 1).
6. Discussion
5.3. Serum TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations
Hyperlipidemia is an important cause of cerebral and cardio-
vascular disease (Fert-Bober and Sokolove, 2014; Gao et al., 2014;
Compared with the control group, the serum TC, TG and LDL-C
Kim et al., 2014). Early prevention and treatment of hyperlipide-
levels of model rats increased considerably (P o0.01), while level
mia is important to reduce the occurrence of cerebral and
of HDL-C significantly lowered (P o0.01); after treatment, the high
cardiovascular diseases (Montori et al., 2014; Sniderman et al.,
dosage group of COM leaves and all three dosage groups of COM
2014). Hyperlipidemia is also involved in non-alcoholic steato-
fruit had significantly lower levels of TC; all dosages groups of
hepatitis (NASH), coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes,
COM leaves and high dosage group of the fruit had considerably
etc., all common life-restricting diseases. Research has indicated
lower levels of TG; levels of LDL-C were reduced by high dosage
that every 10% drop in the serum cholesterol can lower the
group of COM leaves and medium and high dosage group of COM
mortality rate of coronary heart disease patients by 13%, and total
fruit (P o0.01), while levels of HDL-C were increased in all
case fatality rate by 10% (Dhoble et al., 2014; Iversen et al., 2009;
treatment groups. (P o0.05 or P o0.01) (see Table 2).
Lee et al., 2014; Qiu et al., 2011). Regular use of a lipid-lowering
agent can have health benefits at the population level. C. oblonga is
5.4. Effects on rat serum ALT and AST
commonly used in Xinjiang, both as a cooking ingredient, and as a
traditional medicine. In the latter situation, it is used to prevent
As shown in Table 3, ALT and AST were significantly higher in
and treat cardiovascular disease. We have already shown that COM
the model group than in the control group. Compared to the
can lower blood pressure, presumably through an interaction with
model group, high total flavonoids dosage groups of COM leaves
the renin-angiotensin system (Zhou et al., 2014c; Zhou et al.,
2014), and that it interacts with blood platelets and thrombotic
Table 1
Serum lipids in rats during model establishment.
events. (Zhou et al., 2014a) The third aspect of the exploration of a
traditional medicine used for cardiovascular prevention is evi-
Group n TC (mmol/L) TG (mmol/L) dently the effect on lipids. We have shown that crude COM leaf
extracts reduced lipid concentrations in a rat model of hyperlipi-
Control group 6 1.157 0.46 0.34 70.19
demia (Abliz et al., 2014). In the present paper we wished to study
Model group 6 5.157 0.78n 0.49 70.05n
the effects of the flavonoids from the leaves and fruit, on the same
TC: total cholesterol rat model.
TG: triglycerides The experimental hyperlipidaemic was induced by daily admin-
n
Po 0.01 compared with the control group. sitration of high fat emulsion, using chleolate into the emulsion to

Table 2
Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and LDL-C after 4 weeks (Mean 7 sd, n ¼10).

Groups Dose TC TG LDL-C HDL-C

(mg/kg) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L) (mmol/L)

Control – 1.29 7 0.15 0.39 70.04 0.48 70.10 4.29 7 0.54

Hyperlipidaemia – 6.127 1.96 0.52 70.07 6.25 72.93 2.40 7 0.22
Simvastatin 5 3.917 0.54nn 0.22 70.07nn 5.59 71.88 4.417 0.84nn
LCTF-L 40 5.50 7 1.47 0.23 70.08nn 6.26 72.08 4.377 0.79nn
MCTF-L 80 5.767 1.53 0.21 70.03nn 5.68 72.04 4.617 0.56nn
HCTF-L 160 3.59 7 1.58nn 0.18 70.03 2.26 70.67nn 4.157 0.49nn
LCTF-F 40 4.747 0.94nn 0.47 70.07 5.15 71.58 3.107 0.28n
MCTF-F 80 2.767 0.44nn 0.45 70.09 2.41 70.57nn 3.39 7 0.57nn
HCTF-F 160 2.577 0.38nn 0.39 70.11nn 2.42 70.55nn 3.247 0.59nn

LCTF: low dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids.

MCTF: medium dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids.
HCTF: high dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids.
L: leaves.
F: fruit.
n
Po 0.05 compared with the hyperlipidaemia model group.
nn
Po 0.01 compared with the hyperlipidaemia model group.
242 A. Umar et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 239–243

Table 3 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-Px are two essential

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and AST/ ALT antioxidants, which can remove the free oxygen radicals produced
after 4 weeks (mean7 sd, n¼ 10).
by metabolism in physiological states and protect cells. The
Group Dose AST ALT ALT/AST activity of SOD and GSH-Px indirectly reflects the abilities to
(mg/kg) (U/L) (U/L) eliminate free oxygen radicals. MDA is a product of the oxidation
of unsaturated fatty acid induced by free radicals, the contents of
Control – 88.03 7 6.42 34.56 73.26 0.38 7 0.01 which could indirectly reflect the extent of oxidation of body fat
Hyperlipidaemia – 111.26 7 9.12 55.3375.22 0.50 7 0.07
Simvastatin 5 108.55 7 8.40 51.43 79.11 0.47 7 0.08
(Liu and Ng, 2000). In this study as expected COM total flavonoids
LCTF-L 40 114.88 7 8.43 47.36 74.18n 0.41 7 0.04n improved the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in hepatic tissues,
MCTF-L 80 112.687 9.46 47.56 76.05n 0.39 7 0.06n inhibited the generation of MDA and improved the antioxygenic
HCTF-L 160 99.28 7 12.56n 43.18 77.84nn 0.44 7 0.08n potentials of the hepatic tissue, which is consistent with hepatic
LCTF-F 40 117.08 7 11.47 38.56 75.79nn 0.32 7 0.05nn
protection.
MCTF-F 80 114.28 7 9.33 36.73 74.21nn 0.34 7 0.05nn
HCTF-F 160 99.767 4.74n 36.73 74.31nn 0.36 7 0.04nn In conclusion, Cydonia total flavonoids (fruit and leaves) could
regulate the blood lipid metabolism in rats while removing the
LCTF: low dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids oxygen free radicals and improving the antioxygenic potentials.
MCTF: medium dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids
HCTF: high dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids
L: leaves
F: fruit Acknowledgement
n
Po 0.05 compared with the hyperlipidaemia model group.
nn
Po 0.01 compared with the hyperlipidaemia model group. This research work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No. 81260490).

Table 4
References
Markers of oxidative stress after 4 weeks (mean 7 sd, n¼ 10).

Group Dose SOD MDA GSH-PX Abliz, A., Aji, Q., Abdusalam, E., Sun, X., Abdurahman, A., Zhou, W., Moore, N., Umar,
(mg/kg) (U/L) (nmol/L) (pmol/L) A., 2014. Effect of Cydonia oblonga Mill. leaf extract on serum lipids and liver
function in a rat model of hyperlipidaemia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 151, 970–974.
Control – 228.0 7 17.1 4.32 7 0.38 41.7 7 3.53 Aibaidula, G., Maimaiti, G., Simayi, A., Abbas, A., 2009. Antibacterial effect of flavone
Hyperlipidaemia – 199.0 7 8.99 6.85 7 0.98 35.17 1.28 extract from Xinjiang Cydonia oblonga Mill. Food Sci. 30, 134–136.
Aprikian, O., Duclos, V., Guyot, S., Besson, C., Manach, C., Bernalier, A., Morand, C.,
Simvastatin 5 213.9 7 13.5n 4.46 7 0.35nn 38.2 7 3.49n
Remesy, C., Demigne, C., 2003. Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple
LCTF-L 40 204.27 10.8 4.42 7 0.38nn 37.0 7 2.39
concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations
MCTF-L 80 212.5 7 15.0n 3.95 7 0.45nn 38.9 7 1.43nn and plasma lipids in rats. J. Nutr. 133, 1860–1865.
HCTF-L 160 223.4 7 7.72nn 3.487 0.69nn 42.4 7 3.13nn Aslan, M., Orhan, N., Orhan, D.D., Ergun, F., 2010. Hypoglycemic activity and
LCTF-F 40 201.0 7 14.9 4.82 7 0.56nn 36.9 7 3.25 antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey
MCTF-F 80 208.8 7 10.7n 3.32 7 0.54nn 38.17 1.99n for diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 128, 384–389.
HCTF-F 160 222.5 7 7.39nn 3.56 7 0.56nn 39.7 7 2.97nn da Silva, L.A., Pezzini, B.R., Soares, L., 2015. Spectrophotometric determination of
the total flavonoid content in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves.
SOD: superoxide dismutase, MDA: malondialdehyde, GSH-Px: glutathion perox- Pharmacogn. Mag. 11, 96–101.
idase. Dhoble, A., Lahr, B.D., Allison, T.G., Kopecky, S.L., 2014. Cardiopulmonary fitness and
LCTF: low dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids. heart rate recovery as predictors of mortality in a referral population. J. Am.
MCTF: medium dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids. Heart Assoc. 3, e000559.
HCTF: high dosage of Cydonia oblonga Mill. total flavonoids. Fert-Bober, J., Sokolove, J., 2014. Proteomics of citrullination in cardiovascular
disease. Proteomics Clin. Appl.
L: leaves.
Gao, M., Zhao, D., Schouteden, S., Sorci-Thomas, M.G., VanVeldhoven, P.P., Egger-
F: fruit.
mont, K., Liu, G., Verfaillie, C.M., Feng, Y., 2014. Regulation of high-density
n
Po 0.05 compared with the model group. lipoprotein on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in atherosclerosis requires
nn
Po 0.01 compared with the model group. scavenger receptor type BI expression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34,
1900–1909.
Ghule, B.V., Ghante, M.H., Saoji, A.N., Yeole, P.G., 2009. Antihyperlipidemic effect of
increase absorption of cholesterol, and an antithyroid drug (pro-
the methanolic extract from Lagenaria siceraria Stand. fruit in hyperlipidemic
pylthiouracil). As a result of the intervention, serum TC, TG and LDL- rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124, 333–337.
C were significantly higher in the model group than in control Hu, Y.J., Zhang, J.C., Wang, L., Chen, L., 2011. Regulation of lipid metabolism and
group (Po0.05), and HDL-C noticeably lower (Po0.05), confirming vascular endothelial function by soft capsule of yindan xinnaotong in hyperli-
pidemia rats. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae 21, 162–164.
the establishment of the model. After administration of COM Iversen, A., Jensen, J.S., Scharling, H., Schnohr, P., 2009. Hypercholesterolaemia and
flavonoids, serum TC, TG and LDL-C dropped to different extents, risk of coronary heart disease in the elderly: impact of age: the copenhagen city
while HDL-C went up, indicating that total flavonoids of COM fruit heart study. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 20, 139–144.
Jaroslawska, J., Juskiewicz, J., Wroblewska, M., Jurgonski, A., Krol, B., Zdunczyk, Z.,
and leaves could regulate the lipid in hyperlipidemic rats. 2011. Polyphenol-rich strawberry pomace reduces serum and liver lipids and
When there is damage, necrosis or degeneration of hepatic alters gastrointestinal metabolite formation in fructose-fed rats. J. Nutr. 141,
cells, ALT is released into the bloodstream, which causes an 1777–1783.
Kawamura, H., Jumabay, M., Mitsubayashi, H., Izumi, Y., Soma, M., Ozawa, Y.,
increase in serum ALT. Serum ALT is one of the most sensitive Rehemudula, D., Mahmut, M., Mu, Y., Aisa, M., Cheng, Z.H., Wang, S.Z., 2000. 24-
indexes in examining hepatic injury. AST Concentrations are hour blood pressure in Uygur, Kazakh and Han elderly subjects in China.
highest in cardiac muscles, followed by liver. When the liver is Hypertens. Res.: Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hypertens. 23, 177–185.
Kawamura, H., Ozawa, Y., Jumabay, M., Mitsubayashi, H., Izumi, Y., Mahmut, M.,
compromised, AST concentrations in serum increase significantly Ming, M.Y., Aisa, M., Cheng, Z.H., Wang, S.Z., 2003. Time-series analysis of
(Hu et al., 2011). Concentrations of serum ALT and AST rose systolic blood pressure variation in thirty-three Uygur centenarians in China.
significantly, indicating liver damage in hyperlipaemic rats. Com- Hypertens. Res.: Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hypertens. 26, 597–601.
Kim, S.H., Chung, J.H., Kwon, B.J., Song, S.W., Choi, W.S., 2014. The associations of
paring with the model groups, medium and high dosage of total
epicardial adipose tissue with coronary artery disease and coronary athero-
flavonoids in COM leaves and high dosage of total flavonoids in sclerosis. Int. Heart J. 55, 197–203.
fruit lowered AST, and all dosage groups ALT, especially for high Kultur, S., 2007. Medicinal plants used in Kirklareli province (Turkey). J. Ethno-
doses of leavf flavonoids and medium and high doses of fruit pharmacol. 111, 341–364.
Lee, Y.H., Lee, S.G., Lee, M.H., Kim, J.H., Lee, B.W., Kang, E.S., Lee, H.C., Cha, B.S., 2014.
flavonoids, indicating reduced lipid induced liver injury. The effect, Serum cholesterol concentration and prevalence, awareness, treatment, and
especially on ALT, was noticeably greater than that of simvastatin. control of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the Korea National Health
 A. Umar et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 169 (2015) 239–243 243

and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2010: beyond the tip of the iceberg. J. Sniderman, A.D., Toth, P.P., Thanassoulis, G., Pencina, M.J., Furberg, C.D., 2014.
Am. Heart Assoc. 3, 446. Taking a longer term view of cardiovascular risk: the causal exposure paradigm.
Leontowicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Leontowicz, H., Krzeminski, R., Lojek, A., Katrich, E., BMJ 348, g3047.
Ciz, M., Martin-Belloso, O., Soliva-Fortuny, R., Haruenkit, R., Trakhtenberg, S., Wang, T., Zhao, Y., Han, C., Boakye-Yiadom, L., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., W., 2011.
2003. Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and Regulation effects of Crataegus pinnatifida leaf on glucose and lipids metabo-
antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. J. Agric. Food lism. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 4987–4994.
Chem. 51, 5780–5785. Wojdylo, A., Oszmianski, J., Bielicki, P., 2013. Polyphenolic composition, antioxidant
Liu, F., Ng, T.B., 2000. Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of selected activity, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of quince (Cydonia oblonga
medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 66, 725–735. Miller) varieties. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 61, 2762–2772.
Montori, V.M., Brito, J.P., Ting, H.H., 2014. Guidelines for cardiovascular risk Wufuer, M., Fang, M.W., Cheng, Z.H., Qiu, C.C., 2004. Polymorphism of angiotensin
assessment and cholesterol treatment. JAMA 311, 2236. converting enzyme gene and natural longevity in the Xinjiang Uygur people: an
Munshi, R.P., Joshi, S.G., Rane, B.N., 2014. Development of an experimental diet association study. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 84, 1603–1606.
model in rats to study hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, markers for Xakir, X., Aikebaier, M., 2006. Biological activities of tannins in quince(Cydonia
coronary heart disease. Indian J. Pharmacol. 46, 270–276. oblanga Miller) in Xinjiang. Lett. Biotechnol. 17, 840.
Qiu, H.X., Chen, D., Liu, Y.J., Wu, X.Q., Ren, R.Q., Cheng, Q., 2011. Study on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Health Department, 1991. Uygur Medicine
antiatheroscloresis effects of daidai flavones dropping pills on hyperlipidemia
Standard (On the books). Xinjiang Science and Health, Urumqi.
rats. Chin. J. Mod. Appl. Pharm. 28, 597–601.
Yan, W., Rozi, H., Mahmut, P., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of crude alkaloid extract
Sadik, R., 1993. Uyghur Studies Commonly Used Herbs. Xinjiang Science and
from cydonia oblonga mill fruit. Food Sci. 30, 147–149.
Technology Publishing House, Urumqi.
Zanwar, A.A., Hegde, M.V., Rojatkar, S.R., Sonawane, K.B., Rajamohanan, P.R.,
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Ferreres, F., Domingues, A.L., Seabra, R.M., Ferreira, M.A.,
Bodhankar, S.L., 2014. Isolation, characterization and antihyperlipidemic activ-
2002a. Phenolic profile of quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga Miller) (pulp and peel).
ity of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in poloxamer-407-induced experimental
J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 4615–4618.
hyperlipidemia. Pharm. Biol. 52, 1094–1103.
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M., Oliveira, M.B., Ferreira, M.A.,
Zhao, J.M., Zhu, J.H., Qin, W.Y., Qi, Y., Li, G.X., 2012. Study of hyperlipidemia model in
2005a. Composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) seeds: phenolics,
organic acids and free amino acids. Nat. Prod. Res. 19, 275–281. rats on different fat emulsion. Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Med. 28, 177–180.
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Martins, R.C., Valentao, P., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M., Zhou, W., Abdurahman, A., Umar, A., Iskander, G., Abdusalam, E., Berke, B., Begaud,
Ferreira, M.A., 2005b. Quince (Cydonia oblonga miller) fruit characterization B., Moore, N., 2014a. Effects of Cydonia oblonga Miller extracts on blood
using principal component analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 111–122. hemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis in mice, and experimental thrombosis
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Mendes, G.C., Seabra, R.M., Ferreira, M.A., 2002b. Study of in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 154, 163–169.
the organic acids composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit and jam. Zhou, W., Abdusalam, E., Abliz, P., Reyim, N., Tian, S., Aji, Q., Issak, M., Iskandar, G.,
J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 2313–2317. Moore, N., Umar, A., 2014c. Effect of Cydonia oblonga Mill. fruit and leaf extracts
Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Valentao, P., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M., Ferreira, M.A., on blood pressure and blood rheology in renal hypertensive rats.
2004a. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam: J. Ethnopharmacol. 152, 464–469.
antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 4705–4712. Zhou, W.T., Abdurahman, A., Abdusalam, E., Yiming, W., Abliz, P., Aji, Q., Issak, M.,
Silva, B.M., Casal, S., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R.M., Oliveira, M.B., Ferreira, M.A., 2004c. Iskandar, G., Moore, N., Umar, A., 2014. Effect of Cydonia oblonga Mill. leaf
Free amino acid composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp and extracts or captopril on blood pressure and related biomarkers in renal
peel) and jam. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 1201–1206. hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 153, 635–640.