TRAINING REPORT

On

CONST. OF GOVT. ITI BASTARA

Submitted to Kurukshetra University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of

B.TECH

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By
GAURAV RANA

Roll. No. 1417994__

DEPTT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHRI KRISHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KURUKSHETRA-136131
AUGUST 2019
 PREFACE
Training is an integral part of B.Tech and each and every student has to undergo the training
for 6 weeks in a company.

This record is concerned about our practical training during the Summer Vacations after the 3rd year. We
have taken our Practical training in …P.K GUPTA& CONSTRUCTION …During this training, we got to
learn many new things about the industry and the current requirements of companies. This training proved to
be a milestone in our knowledge of present industry. Every say and every moment was an experience in
itself, an experience which theoretical study can’t provide.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development
of this work and who influenced my thinking , behavior and acts during the course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. D.D SHARMA worthy Principal for providing me an opportunity to
undergo summer training at P.K GUPTA& CONSTRUCTION.

I am thankful to VISHAL GOYEL. for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the
training for constant inspiration, presence and blessings.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to MS. MANDEEP who provided his valuable suggestions and
precious time in accomplishing my training report.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with whom
I shared my day-to day experience and received lots of suggestions that my quality of work.

GAURAV RANA
1417994
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I, Gaurav Rana, Roll No. 1417994, B.Tech (Semester- VI) of the shri krishan Institute of Engineering &
Technology, kurukshetra) hereby declare that the Training Report entitled “…Govt. ITI….” is an original
work and data provided in the study is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This report has not been
submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree.

Gaurav Rana
(Roll No. 1417994)

Place:
Date:
 INDEX
SECTION CONTENT

Section-1 Introduction
1.1 Types of buildings
1.2 Safety induction
1.3 Site location
1.4 Form work
Section-2 Construction steps of building
2.1 Site clearance
2.2 Surveying and layout
2.3 Excavation
2.4 Foundation
2.5 Concreting
2.6 Wall construction
2.7 Beams & columns construction
2.8 Slab construction
Section-3 Materials& equipment’s
3.1 Materials used at site
3.2 Equipment’s used
Section-4 Quality control
4.1 Quality control in concrete works
4.2 Quality control in reinforcement
Section-5 Contribution
5.1 Reinforcement and casting of slab
5.2 Column reinforcement & concreting
Section-6 Other images
 PROJECT
DETAILS

Project Name: GOVERNMENT ITI scheme launched by GOVERNMENT OF

HARYANA and contract for the construction of this multistoried residential
finished house is awarded to P.K GUPTA & CO.

Scope: Design and construction of Institutional Building including parking, based on R.C.C.
monolithic shear wall concept, using aluminium form work.

■ Construction period – 36 months ■Type of contract – FIXED PRICE

■ Architect- Arinem Consultancy Limited ■Estimated project cost – 100 crores

■ Agency – P.K GUPTA &CONSTRUCTION.

■ Client name –GOVT OF HARYANA

 SECTION-1

INTRODUCTION

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking

for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a
place of living situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and
pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

■ A Peaceful environment.

■ Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

■ General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future,
aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
 1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING:

Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as.

1.1.1- Residential Building

1.1.2-Educational Building

1.1.3-Institutional Building

1.1.4-Industrial Building

1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed room,
kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.

1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:

These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction, education
or recreation.

1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:

These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a
person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes hospital, sanatoria,
jail etc.

1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:

These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated,
assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
 1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION

Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which highlighted the
need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking
simple measures or adopting proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on
safety and health that should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the
workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be
fewer work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is
important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following purposes.

■ Workers safety

■ Construction progress

■ Standard procedure

■ Legal cases

■ Working efficiency

Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety

■ ISO 14001-2004

■ OHSAS 18001-2007

Precautions at site for safety-

■ Wear protective equipment.

■ Do not drink or take drugs while working.

■ Pay attention to personal hygiene.

■ Do not play in the workplace.

■ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

1.2.1 Equipment used for safety at construction site-

Harnesses

Helmet
1.2.2.Possible types of accidents and ill health

■ Construction Site Fall ■Crane Accidents

■ Scaffolding Accidents ■Electrical Accidents

■ Trench Collapses ■Fires and Explosions

■ Welding Accidents ■Cutting Accidents

■ Structure Failure ■Building Collapse

■ Supervisor Negligence ■Punch Press Malfunctions

■ Compressor Accidents ■Exploding Compressor

■ Gas Explosions During Welding ■Run-Over by Operating Equipment

■ Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents

1.3SITE LOCATION

GOVT. ITI BASTARA (Karnal)

1.3.1Advantages of this site

■ Land.

■ Store.

■ Parking space.

■ Transportation facilities.
 1.4-FORM WORK

Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains sufficient
strength to carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required
shape & size.

1.4.1. Significance of formwork

A-Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete construction.

B-Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type of formwork
system.

C-Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.

D-Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive concrete.

E-Accident happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

1.4.2. Safety in using formwork-

A-Components are light in weight for manual holding. B-

Loose or hanging components are minimal.

C-Appropriate use of tools.

D-Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

1.4.3. Types of

formwork- A-Flex

system-

Good company ply is used

A.1Components of flex system-

■ H beam primary or secondary.

■ CT prop.

■ Foue way head.

■ Folding tripod.

■ Assembly wedge clamp.

■ Supporting head.

■ Beam forming head.

■ Quick deck system.

B-Aluform system

Panels with aluminium frame and plywood fitted in it. Used in

raft, shear wall and columns.

Components of aluform system.

■ Alufo panel.

■ Framing clamp.

■ Tie rod.

■ Wig nut.

■ Steel waler.

■ CT prop.

■ Foot adopter.

■ Head adopter.
■ Brackets for safety.

C-Aluminium formwork

Aluminium formwork is widely used by Construction Company at site.

Components of aluminium formwork-

■ Kicker.

■ Rocker.

■ Wall panel.

■ Slab corner.

■ External and internal corner.

■ Prop length.

■ Prop head.

■ Stub pin.

■ Wall tie.

Formwork used at construction site

Fitting of
aluminium panels in
formwork using wig
nut
 SECTION-2

CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

2. 1Site clearance.

2. 2Surveying and layout.

2. 3Excavation.

2. 4Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel.

2. 5Concreting.

2. 6wall construction.

2. 7Beam and Columns.

2. 8Finishing and whitewashing.

2. 1 SITE CLEARANCE

A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground.
These conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also convenants that
are legally binding regulations. These may be setting height of building, prohibit utility of
buildings or ban rooftop network towers etc.

Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house location
a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of occupancy is also
required for some loaning and legal processes.
 2.2 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of surface. It
is also used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.

Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.

A-Total station

B-Auto level

A-Total Station A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying

and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with
an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular
point. By this instrument we can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and also Data
Processing.

Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over
the conventional surveying instruments

1. Field work is carried out very fast.

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for

temperature and pressure are automatically made.

5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

.
 B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevations of various
points

Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the level of ground
to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the
level of particular elevations then casting of slab was performed.

Transferring of surface level to retaining wall

1 – Set the auto level at the building floor level.
2 – Level the instrument.
3 – Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4 – Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a way so that
reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.

2. 3. EXCAVATION

Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil was
transferred using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1-There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.

2-Dewatering should be done before construction work.

3- During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

2. 4. FOUNDATION

Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall. Gravel or
crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely
in the ground.

Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

■ Isolated Footing-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square or
rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used
footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments
and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column
loads, when columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by
two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case
of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing
is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

■ Combined footing-

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be permissible to
extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be eccentric
and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an
alternative design would be to provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior
column close to it.

Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced, heavily loaded
interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very close
to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called “combined footing”.

A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site

ISOLATED FOOTINGS COMBINED FOOTINGS

■ Raft footing or Mat footing-

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when very
heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and
differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are
several types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-
beam types

Raft footings are provided in following cases-

■ When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control
buoyancy.

■ When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

■ When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.

■ Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it

serves as footing as well as floor.
 Detailin
g of raft
footing

2.5 CONCRETING

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment’s are used-

■ Concrete mixer.

■ Mounted concrete pump.

■ Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).

During concreting work following instructions should be followed-

■ There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

■ There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

■ There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

 2.6 WALL CONSTRUCTION

In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half brick
walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a high rise
building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and
provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.

Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction

 2.7 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper
reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending moments.

In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity. In
square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must be used and
spacing should not be more than as per code

IS 456:2000.

Fixed type beam

constructed at site
with positive as well
as negative
reinforcement

Short column
at site
2.8 SLAB

Slabs are of following types-

■ One way slab-

In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio should
be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in shorter
direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

■ Two way slab-

In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer
directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.

■ Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab is as following

■
SECTION-3

MATERIALS

3.1 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE

At the construction site following materials were being used

3.1.1. Cement

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets
i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the
cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone
like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of
cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as-

■ 33 Grades

■ 43 Grades

■ 53 Grades

■ At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.

■ The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

■ The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

3.1.2. Aggregate-

Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.

Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and
become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement
 in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard
materials.

They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.

Types of aggregates:

■ Fine Aggregate

■ Coarse Aggregate

■ Fine aggregate (sand)-

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Function of fine aggregate-

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse
aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.

■ Coarse aggregate-

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse aggregates.

■ At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix design). Fine

aggregate in form of coarse sand.S

3.1.3 Reinforcement

8 mm dia lateral ties 20mm dia longitudional bars

 STEEL BARS PLACED AT SITE

The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion and compression.

■ Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and

week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the
site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated)
bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.

At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement

bars were being used.

The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars. The bars

were of brand TATA TISCON.

■ The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of
thermal expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value.
3.1.4 Fly ash-

At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by burning of
coal in thermal power plants.

The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-

■ It is free of cost.

■ It’s consumption reduces environmental pollution.

■ It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

3.1.5 Admixtures-

Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water
content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete

At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711 (MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS)

admixture was being used to increase workability and to reduce quantity of
water in concrete mix.

Types of admixtures-

■ Accelerators

■ Retarders

■ Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers

■ Air entraining agents

■ Bonding admixtures
3.1.6Other materials-

■ Stone dust

■ Plywood

3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED

3.2.1 Concrete pump

3.2.2 Rotary mixer for transporting

R.M.C. 3.2.3Crane

3.2.4Boom pump (used in construction of retaining wall where transportation of

R.M.C. was very difficult because of excavation

work) 3.2.5Ready Mix Concrete plant

IMAGES OF EQUIPMENTS USED-

SECTION-4

QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply
with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality
characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the
differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions
which will correct any differences.

Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure the
construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products materials, but
also the execution and completion of the works.

■ Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials,
poor design, poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement,
improper concrete mix, excess water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms,
inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor supervision
and above all lack of technical knowledge.

4.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS

Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works, so it
is necessary to test and inspection of concrete work at site.

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting.

■ There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void

reduce the strength of concrete by 20%.
 ■ There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7to10days because it
helps in gaining the strength.

■ Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab

■ There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump,
initial setting time etc.

■ There should be proper portioning of materials while preparing

R.M.C. 4.1.1Quality control works in concreting at site

■ Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.

■ RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.

■ A lab was established for testing.

QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFOREMENT

■ The reinforcement should be provided at designed spacing.

■ Steel bars of designed grade should be used.

■ Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from corrosion.
 SECTION -5

CONTRIBUTION

5 .2 REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB

At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic

construction of concrete slab with beam.

Reinforcement in the slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports in order to
provide negative reinforcement at support in two way slab
REINFORCEMENT IN THE SLAB AT SITE
REINFORCEMENT IN A COLUMN

Lateral ties 8mm dia provided@150mm c/c in a column

Longitudional steel bars of 20mm dia provided in a colum

SECTION-6

Other images of construction site

Reinforcement in beam& column

Reinforcement in Stair
REFRANCE:
Youtube.com.
Google.com

CONCLUSION:
Institutional planning is a complex idea, is to be worked out scientifically. It is a
cooperative affair, undertaken by all the staff members of the school, who realize
their full responsibilities and duties. It success depends on the attitude, training, a
well to face realities and a cooperative spirit among the planners at each level of
educational hierarchy. The plans should be drawn in such way that the
development is maximum and the chance of returns to the investment made are the
greatest within the resources available. Institutional planning is an organized way
of doing things in an institution. It leads to the attainment of objectives through
intelligent utilization of the resources of the institution.