NWC 3153L

THE UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE

Joint Military Operations

Reference Guide

NA
S VA
TE
TA

L
WA
U NI T E D S

R COLLEGE
E
TH

VIRIBUS ORIA
CT
MA RI VI

"FORCES/CAPABILITIES HANDBOOK"

July 2011
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
BLANK
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

U.S. Navy ..................................................................................................................... 2

I Mission and Purpose .................................................................................... 2
II Organization and Command Structure ........................................................ 2
III US Navy Concept of Operations ................................................................. 7
IV Capabilities ................................................................................................ 14
V Navy Reserve ............................................................................................. 27
VI Current Challenges .................................................................................... 28

U.S. Army ................................................................................................................... 30

I Introduction................................................................................................ 30
II Operating Structure .................................................................................... 32
III Army Organization .................................................................................... 33
IV Army Commands ....................................................................................... 39
V Army National Guard and Army Reserve ................................................. 57
VI Army Logistical Data ................................................................................ 58
VII Major Army Systems ................................................................................. 61
VIII Army Coordination Issues ......................................................................... 67
IX References.................................................................................................. 69

U.S. Marine Corps ........................................................................................................ 71

I Mission and Purpose .................................................................................. 71
II Organization and Structure ........................................................................ 72
III Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) ................................................ 74
IV Warfighting Doctrine ................................................................................. 81
V Systems and Equipment ............................................................................. 81
VI Service Specific Issues .............................................................................. 82

U.S. Air Force ............................................................................................................... 84

I Air Force Vision..... ................................................................................... 84
II Air Force Mission..... ................................................................................. 84
III Command Structure ................................................................................... 84
IV Major Command Structure..... ................................................................... 86
V Air National Guard ................................................................................ 104
VI The Air and Space Expeditionary Force .................................................. 107
VII Aircraft Capabilities ............................................................................... 108
VIII Space Capabilities .................................................................................. 115

U.S. Coast Guard ........................................................................................................ 117

I Organization ............................................................................................ 117
II Concept of Operations ............................................................................. 117
III General Information................................................................................. 122
IV Coast Guard Forces.................................................................................. 123
Special Operations Forces........................................................................................... 133
I Mission .................................................................................................... 133
II SOCOM Vision ....................................................................................... 133
III Organization ............................................................................................ 134
IV Concept of Operations ............................................................................. 138
V General Information................................................................................. 140

Strategic Lift ............................................................................................................... 148

I Mission, Organization, and Resources .................................................... 148
II Concept of Operations for Strategic Deployment ................................... 161
III Movement in Support of Homeland Defense and Civil Support ............. 163

Operational Command and Control ............................................................................ 164

I Introduction.............................................................................................. 164
II Command Relationships and Levels of Authority................................... 165
III Joint Command Organization .................................................................. 169
IV Multinational Command Organization..... ............................................... 178
V US vs. Alliance Command Relationships .............................................. 182

Appendix A — Services' Insignia .............................................................................. A-1

Appendix B — Conversion Table............................................................................... B-1

Appendix C — Navy Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) Concept .................. C-1

Appendix D — Air and Sea Route Times ............................................................... D-1

 INTRODUCTION

Every student enrolled at the Naval War College is presumed to have a solid
understanding and appreciation of their service's capabilities and limitations, particularly within
their occupational specialty. However, knowledge of the other services' combat organizations,
doctrine, concept of operations, or general information (and perhaps that of other occupational
specialties within your own service) is likely to be less comprehensive. This document provides
basic information about each of the services, SOF, strategic lift, and operational command and
control. Each of these topics will be discussed in greater detail in future sessions.

The format of this document is designed to be succinct yet also present a complete and
accurate description of the subject. Short paragraphs, bullet format, diagrams and appendices are
used to convey general or generic, vice specific, information. Numbers, ranges, sizes and speeds
are either rounded off, cover a broad range of options, or are not discussed at all. The goal is for
you to become familiar with the capabilities that the joint force can provide so that you, the
operational planner, can accomplish your mission objectives. This document can also serve as a
quick reference in your future endeavors.

Finally, in this ever-changing defense environment of budget restraints, base closures, and
force reductions, some of the information contained within may be or become outdated. Seminar
discussions will address the most current information.

1
 U.S. NAVY

I. Mission and Purpose

The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable
of winning wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas. In order to
successfully carry out this broad mission the Navy maintains capability to perform the
following key functions as directed by DOD Directive 5100.01:

 Conduct offensive and defensive operations associated with the maritime domain
including achieving and maintaining sea control, to include subsurface, surface, land,
air, space, and cyberspace.

 Provide power projection through sea-based global strike, to include nuclear and
conventional capabilities; interdiction and interception capabilities; maritime and/or
littoral fires, to include naval surface fires; and close air support for ground forces.

 Conduct ballistic missile defense.

 Conduct ocean, hydro, and river survey and reconstruction.

 Conduct riverine operations.

 Establish, maintain, and defend sea bases in support of naval, amphibious, land, air,
or other joint operations as directed.

 Provide naval expeditionary logistics to enhance the deployment, sustainment, and

redeployment of naval forces and other forces operating within the maritime domain,
to include joint sea bases, and provide sea transport for the Armed Forces other than
that which is organic to the individual Military Services and USSOCOM.

 Provide support for joint space operations to enhance naval operations, in

coordination with the other Military Services, Combatant Commands, and USG
departments and agencies.

 Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing

and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.

II. Organization and Command Structure

The U.S. Navy was founded on 13 October 1775 and the Department of the Navy was
established on 30 April 1798. The Department of the Navy has three principal components:
the Navy Department, consisting of executive offices mostly in Washington, D.C., the
operating forces, including the Marine Corps, the reserve components, and in time of war, the
U.S. Coast Guard (in peace it is a component of the Department of Homeland Security), and

2
the shore establishment. The focus of this chapter is on the Navy operating forces, not to
include the Marine Corps who are addressed in a separate chapter.

Naval Operating Forces (Fleet Forces)

Navy operating forces have a dual chain of command. Administratively, they report to the
Chief of Naval Operations for the execution of their Title 10 responsibilities (man, train,
equip, maintain). All Navy operating units have an administrative chain of command which
runs through the appropriate Type Commander (TYCOM): (Surface Forces (SURFOR), Air
Forces (AIRFOR), Submarine Forces (SUBFOR), Special Warfare (NAVSPECWARCOM),
Expeditionary Forces (Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)), Auxiliary and
sealift forces (Military Sealift Command)). Type Commanders have responsibility for the
training and readiness of their “type” forces to include maintenance, manning, and equipping
as well as the training and assignment of personnel. The following chart presents an
overview of the Title 10 / administrative organization of the Navy operating forces:

US NAVY ADMIN ORGANIZATION

Chief Of Navy Staff

Naval Operations (OPNAV)

Chief of Navy Naval Forces Fleet Forces

Pacific Fleet
Reserve Europe/Africa Command

Fleet Cyber Naval Forces Commander Bureau of

Command Central Navy Installations Personnel
Command

Naval Special Naval Forces

Warfare South
Command

Operationally, Navy forces report to the appropriate Unified Combatant Commanders

through the assigned Navy component commander. As Navy units enter the area of
responsibility (AOR) for a Geographic Combatant Commander, they fall under operational
control (OPCON) of the appropriate numbered fleet commander (via the Navy component

3
commander). The following chart presents an overview of the operational organization of
the Navy operating forces:
OPERATIONAL ORGANIZATION
US
USEUCOM & USCENTCOM USSOUTHCOM
USNORTHCOM USPACOM
USAFRICOM

US Naval Fleet Forces US Naval US Naval

U.S.Pacific
Forces Command Forces Central Forces Southern
Fleet
Europe/Africa (Atlantic Fleet) Command Command

6th USFF 3rd 7th 5th 4th

Fleet DCOM –(FJO) Fleet Fleet Fleet Fleet

USSOCOM USJFCOM USCYBERCOM USSTRATCOM USTRANSCOM

Naval Special Fleet Forces FLTCYBER Fleet Forces Military

Warfare Command COM/ Command Sealift
Command (Atlantic Fleet) 10th Fleet (Atlantic Fleet) Command

Naval Shore Forces

The shore establishment provides support to the operating forces (known as "the fleet") in the
form of: facilities for the repair of machinery and electronics; communications centers;
training areas and simulators; ship and aircraft repair; intelligence and meteorological
support; storage areas for repair parts, fuel, and munitions, and medical / dental facilities.
The following chart illustrates the Navy shore establishment:

4
Operational Organization
The operational level of command for Navy forces is the Numbered Fleet commander. All
operational units operate under the OPCON of the numbered fleet commander within whose
area of operations they are located. The below table identifies the numbered fleets and their
areas of operations:

Fleet Headquartered Area of operations

USFF
DCOM for
Fleet and Norfolk, VA Western Atlantic Ocean
Joint
Operations*
3rd San Diego, CA Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean
4th Mayport, FL Caribbean, Central and South America
5th Manama, Bahrain Middle East (Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf)
Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Southern Indian Ocean
6th Naples, Italy adjacent to Africa, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Baltic,
Barents, Black, Caspian, North Seas.
7th Yokosuka, Japan Western Pacific, Indian Ocean
nd
* USFF combination with 2 Fleet left USFF 3 Star Deputy to run Fleet Functions

Numbered fleet commanders are permanently organized and assigned to a geographic

combatant commander. To command forces at the operational level in the maritime domain,
each numbered fleet has a Maritime Operations Center (MOC). The MOC gives the fleet
commander greater situational awareness on current operations in the maritime domain as
well as the capability to plan military operations to meet operational and strategic objectives
across the spectrum of conflict. The MOC is staffed by the numbered fleet staff and
augmented at time of crisis to give the Fleet Commander the C2 capability to operate as a
CFMCC or JTF commander. PACFLT and USFF also have a MOC. The numbered fleet
staff level and operational chain of command are task oriented below. Naval fleets are
organized into task forces. Each task force is responsible to the Fleet Commander for certain
functions related to the assigned units. The 7th Fleet Task Force organization is illustrated
below:

5
 TYPICAL NUMBERED FLEET ORGANIZATION
(7th Fleet)

Commander
7th Fleet

CTF-70/75 CTF-71 CTF-72 CTF-73

Commander, Commander, Commander, Commander,
Battle Force, Navy Special Patrol & Logistics Group,
7th Fleet Warfare Reconnaissance Force, Western Pacific
(Striking Forces – Unit One (SEALs) 7th Fleet (Logistic/s)
CSGs/SSGs) (Maritime Patrol (P-3s))

CTF-74 CTF-76 CTF-78 CTF-79

Commander, Commander, Commander, Commander,
Submarine Force, Amphibious U.S. Naval Forces, Landing Force,
7th Fleet Force, Korea 7th Fleet
(Submarines/ 7th Fleet (Marine Forces)
TASWC) (Amphibious
(ARG) & Mine
Warfare

As illustrated above, the numbering system for Task Forces subordinated to numbered fleets
is derivative of the number of the fleet (e.g. designations of 7th fleet Task Forces take the
form CTF-7x). Forces are further organized below the task force level as illustrated below
which depicts a typical operational command organization for afloat naval forces. An
individual Carrier Strike Group (CSG) or Amphibious Ready Group (ARG) within a given
fleet constitutes a Task Group (e.g. USS RONALD REAGAN CSG operating in the 5th Fleet
could be designated CTG 50.1). REAGAN CSG units operating together for a specific task,
perhaps the air defense units within the CSG, would receive a separate Task Unit designation
(e.g. REAGAN CSG air defense units could be designated CTU 50.1.2). Individual units
within the CTU are designated as Task Elements (e.g. the commanding officer of the Guided
Missile Destroyer MAHAN operating in the Arabian Gulf could be designated CTE
50.1.2.3). This organizational scheme is scalable to meet many operational situations.

6
 Geographic Combatant Commander Naval Component

Numered Fleet

Task Force
(CTF XX)

Carrier Strike Group #1 Carrier Strike Group #2

(CTG xx.1) (CTG xx.2)

Air Defense Task Unit ASW Task Unit Strike Task Unit
(CTU xx.1.1) (CTU xx.1.2) (CTU xx.2.1)

Task Element Task Element Task Element Task Element

(CTE xx.1.1.1) (CTE xx.1.1.2) (CTE xx.2.1.1) (CTE xx.2.1.2)

The basic fighting units within the Navy are ships, submarines and aircraft squadrons which
are predominantly O-5 level commands. Navy O-6 level “Major Commands” include larger
ships (cruisers (CG), amphibious assault ships (LHD/LHA)), destroyer, amphibious or
submarine squadrons (DESRON/PHIBRON/SUBRON), air wings (Carrier (CVW) or Type)
and aircraft carriers (CVN). Similar type ships (i.e.: destroyers or amphibious ships) are
organized under squadrons (DESRONs or PHIBRONs). Aircraft squadrons are organized
under wings.
 
III. U.S. Navy Concept of Operations

The U.S. Navy is an instrument of national power, employed to prevent conflict and, if
necessary, prevail in war. It is organized, trained and equipped primarily to fight at and from
the sea and to influence events on land. U.S. Navy forces are uniquely suited to overcoming
diplomatic, military, and geographic impediments to access – an increasing challenge in the
contemporary environment – while respecting the sovereign territory of nations. Self-
sustaining, seabased expeditionary forces provide persistent presence by operating forward to
conduct security cooperation, build partnerships, prevent and deter conflict, communicate our
Nation’s intent, respond to crises and, when necessary, facilitate the introduction of
additional naval, joint, or multinational forces, as well as interagency, international, or non-
governmental organizations.

U.S. Navy Expanded Core Capabilities

The U.S. Navy continues the evolution of naval power from the blue-water, war-at-sea focus
of the "Maritime Strategy" (1986), through the littoral emphasis of "… From the Sea" (1992),
and "Forward . . . from the Sea" (1994). Adapting to the changing world environment and
operational requirements, the U.S. Navy began reorganizing itself in 2002 under a new

7
concept entitled "Sea Power 21". Continued development between the Navy and Marine
Corps presented a unified vision for the future entitled, “Naval Operations Concept 2006”
(NOC 06) as a means for developing maritime strategy to meet the evolving challenges of the
21st Century. The Navy and Marine Corps, together with the Coast Guard, explored the ideas
articulated in NOC 06 to refine this strategy, resulting in the follow on publication “A
Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” in 2007. This marked the first time the
Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard had come together to create a unified maritime
strategy. “Naval Operations Concept 2010” (NOC 10) describes when, where and how U.S.
naval forces will contribute to enhancing security, preventing conflict and prevailing in war
in order to guide Maritime Strategy implementation in a manner consistent with national
strategy. NOC 10 describes the ways with which the sea services will achieve the ends
articulated in “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” (CS-21). The
“Cooperative Strategy” six expanded core capabilities which comprise the core of U.S.
maritime power:

Forward Presence
Forward presence defines our forces and facilitates all naval missions, enabling rapid crisis
response when necessary. Global presence enhances security and mitigates instability,
contributing to a more comprehensive form of conflict prevention. Forward presence for
U.S. Navy forces includes:

 Persistent carrier strike group (CSG) and amphibious ready group with embarked
Marine expeditionary unit (ARG/MEU) in the Arabian Gulf/Indian Ocean.

 Constant carrier strike group and ARG/MEU in the Western Pacific provided with
permanently forward deployed forces in Japan.

 Persistent naval presence in the Mediterranean.

 Global Fleet Stations (GFS) to support geographic combatant commanders’ long-term

security cooperation and engagement activities in key worldwide locations such as
SW Asia, SE Asia, Caribbean Basin, Gulf of Guinea, and Horn of Africa. The
“Global Fleet Station Concept of Operations” defines GFS as a highly visible,
positively engaged, persistent sea base of operations from which to interact with
partner nation military and civilian populations and the global maritime community.
The optimal platform for GFS is a shallow draft vessel with surface and vertical lift
capability and space for a variety of detachments and equipment such as an LPD or
LSD.

Maritime Security
Maritime security is a non-doctrinal term that can be defined as those operations conducted
to protect maritime sovereignty and resources, and to counter maritime-related terrorism,
weapons proliferation, transnational crime, piracy, environmental destruction, and illegal
seaborne immigration. Key enabling actions include improving cooperation and mutual
capacity and capability, enhancing collective global awareness, and providing comprehensive
and effective response options to threats in the maritime domain.

8
Global Maritime Partnerships (GMP) represents the overarching framework by which the
United States will develop cooperative relationships with international partners. The
Maritime Operational Threat Response (MOTR) plan addresses the full range of maritime
security threats and establishes the protocols for achieving a coordinated response.
Additionally, the National Fleet policy partners the Navy and Coast Guard towards improved
integration of multi-mission platforms, infrastructure, and personnel between the two
services.

Identifying the full range of maritime threats is essential to increasing security in the
maritime domain and is the primary objective of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). As
part of MDA, U.S. Naval forces in conjunction with outside agencies use the following
options in response to maritime threats:

 Increased Surveillance and Tracking: Vessels of interest are tracked using a wide
variety of military and commercial space-based systems, as well as air, surface, and
underwater sensors.

 Maritime Interception Operations: Defined as “efforts to monitor, query, and

board merchant vessels in international waters to enforce sanctions against other
nations such as those in support of United Nations Security Council Resolutions or
prevent the transport of restricted goods.”

 Law Enforcement Operations: Navy vessels with Coast Guard Law Enforcement
Detachments counter activities in U.S. and international waters such as illegal
immigration or drug trafficking.

 Expanded Maritime Interception Operations: Authorized by the President and

directed by the Secretary of Defense to intercept vessels identified to be transporting
terrorists or terrorist-related material that poses an imminent threat to the United
States and its allies.

Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response

U.S. forces in general and naval forces in particular are increasingly being employed for “soft
power” missions. Possessing organic medical support, strategic and tactical lift, logistics
support, robust communications capabilities and premier planning and coordination tools,
naval forces are ideally suited for humanitarian assistance and disaster response in the
littorals where the preponderance of the world’s population resides. Proactive humanitarian
assistance and disaster response activities enable our naval forces to build partnerships that
serve to increase trust, enhance partner capacities, and provide the opportunity to engage
with a larger set of international partners. The capabilities required to perform this mission
are no longer considered less important than those of combat operations as they enable
accomplishment of select “prevent” as well as “prevail” elements of our national strategy.

Sea Control
Sea control is the essence of seapower and is a necessary ingredient in the successful
accomplishment of all naval missions. It requires control of the surface, subsurface, and

9
airspace and relies upon the naval force maintaining superior capabilities and capacities in all
sea control warfare tasks (to include air defense (AD), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), anti-
submarine warfare (ASW), mine warfare (MIW), intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance (ISR)). Sea control is achieved primarily through the demonstrated use or
credible threat of force. It is established through naval, joint, or combined operations
designed to ensure the use of ocean and littoral areas by one’s own forces and to prevent their
use by the enemy.

By continually operating forward, U.S. naval forces become familiar with the choke points,
sea-lanes, and littorals that comprise strategic maritime geography. Concurrently, they
promote relationships and increase interoperability with international partners while gaining
familiarity with the personalities and behavior patterns of regional actors. Both of these
actions result in improved sea control capability by U.S. and partner navies.

Power Projection
The ability to project power increases in importance as access diminishes. U.S. naval forces
provide proven and superior capability to globally project flexible, scalable, lethal, and
sustainable power.

There are two basic forms of naval power projection: strike operations and amphibious
operations. Strike operations employ ballistic or cruise missiles, aircraft, naval surface fires,
non-kinetic technologies, Marines or naval special warfare teams to attack targets ashore.
Amphibious operations employ a landing force embarked in an amphibious task force to
accomplish a variety of “hard power” and “soft power” tasks.

Among various strike options, aircraft carriers with embarked air wings and sea-based
missile platforms are unique and preeminent capabilities maintained by the U.S. Navy.
Unmatched in providing timely and powerful response options to national leadership, when
major crises occur, the Fleet Response Plan (FRP) provides the capacity to surge and
aggregate up to six carrier strike groups within 30 days and one additional carrier strike
group within 90 days.

Amphibious operations, to include assault, withdrawal, demonstrations, raids and other

activities such as noncombatant evacuations, humanitarian assistance and disaster response in
permissive, uncertain, or hostile environments, continue to be critical in the post Cold War
environment with over 85 instances where these capabilities were applied. Amphibious ships
possess an inherent flexibility across the spectrum of operations due to their wealth of
command and control suites, flight decks, well decks, vertical and surface connectors,
medical facilities, and carrying capacity.

Deterrence
It is our Nation’s long-standing policy to deter aggression by maintaining naval forces
capable of projecting various forms of power throughout the world. These forms include
sea-based nuclear weapons and the forward posturing of credible conventional combat power
in key regions, as well as the ability to surge forces tailored to meet emerging crises. The
self-deploying and self-sustaining nature of naval forces, operating freely at sea unrestricted

10
by diplomatic constraints, allows them to play a primary role in deterrence. The ability to
move credible combat power into position to conduct precision strike or project forces
ashore, without actually doing so, allows national decision-makers to signal U.S. intentions
while keeping their options for action open.

Deployed naval forces are uniquely suited to perform a comprehensive approach to

deterrence. They possess a credible and scalable ability to challenge and retaliate against
state and non-state aggressors using nuclear, conventional, or unconventional means. Their
movement is not limited by diplomatic challenges to access.

In addition to maintaining nuclear and conventional capability advantages, naval forces are
developing capabilities in the emerging areas of space, cyberspace, ballistic missile defense,
and theater security cooperation.

Composition and Capability of Major Deployable Elements

Carrier Strike Group (CSG)

The CSG is a flexible, heavy strike group that can operate in any threat environment, in the
littorals or open ocean. CSG capabilities support initial crisis response missions and may be
undertaken in non-permissive environments characterized by multiple threats including, but
not limited to: anti-ship missiles, ballistic missiles, fighter/attack aircraft, electromagnetic
jammers, cruise missile equipped surface combatants, submarines (nuclear and diesel), mines
and terrorist threats. Logistic support ships are controlled as a theater asset (previously one
logistic support ships was attached to each CSG). Typically a carrier strike group will have
(platform details in Section IV capabilities):

1 CSG command staff (one or two star flag led staff)

1 Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) staff (O-6 led staff)
1 Aircraft Carrier (CVN)
1 Carrier Air Wing (CVW) (air wing composition in Section IV Capabilities)
5 surface combatant ships (CG/DDG/FFG/LCS)
 Minimum 3 cruise missile land attack (TLAM) capable ships
 Minimum 4 air/missile defense capable ships
 Minimum 2 helo capable ships with embarked helo detachments
1 cruise missile land attack (TLAM) / ASW submarine (SSN)
1 logistics helo detachment

Amphibious Ready Group / Marine Expeditionary Unit (ARG/MEU)

The ARG/MEU is the routine rotational amphibious force package employed by the Navy
Marine Corps team. The baseline ARG/MEU consists of 3 amphibious ships with naval
support elements and an embarked MEU without an embarked Flag or General led staff. It
may or may not deploy with surface combatants and a submarine depending upon the
mission requirements. In the event a requirement exists for an ARG/MEU to be led by a Flag
or General officer the amphibious force package will be referred to as an Expeditionary

11
Strike Group (ESG). Centered on the flexibility and readiness of a combined MEU and an
ARG, the total ARG/MEU provides operational freedom and expanded warfare capabilities,
not only by land with embarked Marines, but at sea as well. An ARG/MEU consists of the
following (platform details in Section IV capabilities):

1 Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON) Staff (O-6 led staff)

3 Amphibious ships
 1 Amphibious Assault Ship (LHA or LHD)
 1 Amphibious Landing Ship Transport Dock (LPD)
 1 Amphibious Landing Ship Dock (LSD)
Naval Support Elements (NSE)
 1 Assault Craft Unit (ACU) detachment with 1 – 4 displacement landing craft (LCU)
 1 Assault Craft Unit (ACU) detachment with 3 – 6 non-displacement landing craft
(LCAC)
 1 Beachmaster Unit (BMU) detachment
 1 SAR/logistics helo detachment
 1 Tactical Air Control squadron (TACRON) detachment
 1 Fleet Surgical Team (Level II medical capability)
 Nominally, 1 Navy explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) platoon
 1 amphibious construction battalion detachment
Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) (additional details in Marine Corps chapter)
 Command Element (O-6 led MEU staff)
 Ground Combat Element (reinforced battalion landing team)
 Air Combat Element (Composite squadron of fixed and rotary wing aircraft)
 Logistics Combat Element (Combat Logistics Battalion)
Nominally 3 surface combatant ships (Only included in an ESG depending on
resources/mission)
 2 air/missile defense surface combatant ships (CG/DDG)
 1 multi-mission surface combatant ship (CG/DDG/FFG/LCS)
 2 SUW/ASW capable helo detachments (3-4 helos)

Surface Strike Group (SSG)

The SSG is a surface group that can operate independently or in conjunction with other
maritime forces. SSG capabilities support crisis response missions or sustained missions and
may be employed in limited non-permissive environments characterized by multiple threats.
TLAM / standard missile equipped SSGs provide deterrence and immediate contingency
response, while maintaining the ability to conduct maritime security operations and other
tasks. SSGs are primarily designed to be an independent, sea-based, mobile group that will
provide sea control and strike power to support joint and allied forces afloat and ashore. SSG
capabilities include passive surveillance and tracking, passive defense and early warning,
strike operations, sea control, as well as the multi-platform capabilities inherent within the
SSG. When so equipped, SSGs capabilities include maritime ballistic missile defense
(BMD). An SSG composition is tailored to its assigned mission, but a nominal SSG is as
follows:

12
3 surface ships
 2 strike / cruise missile land attack (TLAM) capable surface combatants (CG/DDG)
 1 surface combatant ship or amphibious ship
(CG/DDG/LCS/FFG/LHA/LHD/LPD/LSD)

Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force (NFAF)

The 40 ships of Military Sealift Command's Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force are the supply lines
to U.S. Navy ships at sea. These ships provide virtually everything that Navy ships need,
including fuel, food, ordnance, spare parts, mail and other supplies. NFAF ships enable the
Navy fleet to remain at sea, on station and combat ready for extended periods of time. NFAF
ships also conduct towing, rescue and salvage operations or serve as floating medical
facilities. All NFAF ships are operated by civilian mariners (CIVMARS) under Military
Sealift Fleet Support Command (MSFSC). They provide all of the Navy’s combat logistics
services to the fleet. MSFSC exercises command and control through regional sealift
logistics commands located in Norfolk (SEALOGLANT), San Diego (SEALOGPAC),
Naples (SEALOGEUR), Bahrain (SEALOGCENT) and Far East (Singapore SEALOGFE).
Details on NFAF ships are in section IV.

Future Force

While the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review did not include a specific numerical goal for
Navy ships, in 2006, then CNO ADM Michael Mullin set forth a plan which advocated a 313
ship Navy. This number remains the “target” although as of June 2011 we stand at 285
ships. Regardless of the numerical target, the challenges with maintaining a modern and
capable fleet (ships, submarines and aircraft) in the current budget environment and with the
persistent difficulties on achieving budget targets during project development and
construction are immense. QDR 2010 called for a fleet centered on 10-11 carrier strike
groups. Selected Navy procurement programs include:

 CVN-78 program: CVN-78 (future USS GERALD R. FORD) represents the first
major investment in CVN design since the 1960s. Improvements over CVN-77
include reduced manning with associated reduced total ownership costs and an
increased sortie generation of 25 percent. CVN-78 is scheduled to be commissioned
in 2015. Two ships of this class are currently under construction.

 DDG-51: Fifty six DDG-51 guided missile destroyers have been delivered with six
in various stages of construction. The Navy may continue construction of a flight III
DDG- 51 class to fill the gap in capability until the DDG-1000 technologies become
more mature. Both of these ship classes can perform the TBMD mission. The flight
III ships will have increased length and more VLS strike missile capacity among
other improvements.

 DDG-1000: The Navy's new multi-mission destroyer designed to provide precision

strike and sustained volume fires to support Joint forces inland and conduct
independent attacks against land targets. The DDG-1000 program emphasizes

13
 “sensor-to-shooter” connectivity in order to provide a naval or Joint Task Force
commander the multi-mission flexibility to engage a wide variety of land targets
while simultaneously defeating maritime threats. The lead ship of this class is
scheduled for delivery in 2014. The ultimate number of DDG-1000s is unknown and
could be as low as 2 -3.

 LCS: The littoral combat ship will be optimized for war fighting in the littoral
environment. It will be a theater-based asset designed to counter enemy access-denial
weapons such as diesel-electric-powered submarines, mines, and fast patrol boats.
LCS will include modular mission payloads that provide operational flexibility to
match the threat. LCS units will also be attached to strike groups as required, to
provide enhanced protection when operating near shore. The LCS ships will use the
two crew manning rotation to maximize on station time for each ship. The Navy
plans to acquire 55 littoral combat ships. Of this number, two ships are in
commission and two are under construction.

 F-35 Joint Strike Fighter: The JSF will replace the Navy and USMC’s aging
inventory of F/A-18s and will be capable of meeting all air-to-ground and air-to-air
combat requirements. In a bigger context, the JSF will replace at least 13 different
aircraft for 11 nations. U.S. Navy Initial Operational Capability (IOC) is projected
for 2016 with an inventory eventually totaling 680 aircraft between the Navy and
USMC.

 E-2D Advanced Hawkeye: The E-2D is the newest variant of the E-2 aircraft
platform and is currently in development. It features state-of-the-art radar with a two-
generation leap in capability and upgraded aircraft systems that will improve
supportability and increase readiness. Fleet integration is planned for FY’15 and the
projected inventory is 73 aircraft through 2022.

 P-8A Poseidon: The P-8A is being designed to replace the P-3C Orion as a long-
range anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft capable of broad-area, maritime and
littoral operations. Projected IOC is 2013 with a projected inventory of 117.

 Virginia Class Submarine: With 7 Virginia class submarines currently

commissioned, 11 under contract the total class size is expected to be 30 ships. This
class incorporates several technological improvements allowing decreased manning
and life cycle maintenance cost. The Virginia class is optimized to fight in the
littorals including increased SOF delivery capability.

IV. Capabilities

Listed in block format are a few ship "classes" for review. There may be significant
differences among the ships in each class. However, when dealing with naval forces, one
encounters a series of acronyms designating ship types. These letter designations for

14
warships, adopted by the U.S. Navy around the turn of the century, have since been used
worldwide as universal shorthand for warship types.

Naval Ship Designations

AS Submarine Tender LHD/LHA Amphibious Assault Ship

CVN Carrier (Nuclear Power) LPD Amphibious Transport Dock
CG Guided Missile Cruiser LSD Landing Ship, Dock
DDG Missile (Anti-air) Destroyer MCM Mine Countermeasures Ship
FFG Frigate, Guided Missile T-AE Ammunition Ship
PC Patrol Craft T-AFS Combat Stores Ship
SSN Submarine, Nuclear Attack T-AH Hospital Ship
SSBN Ballistic Missile Submarine T-AKE Dry Cargo/Ammunition Ship
SSGN Guided Missile Submarine T-AO Fleet Oiler
LCC Amphibious Command Ship T-AOE Fast Combat Support Ship
LCS Littoral Combat Ship T-AGOS Ocean Surveillance Ship
T-ATF Fleet Ocean Tug
T-ARS Salvage and Rescue ship

Note: A T-Designation such as T-AE, T-AFS, T-AO, etc. denotes Naval Fleet Auxiliary
Force (NFAF) vessels, owned by the USG and operated by the Military Sealift Command
(MSC) with civil service merchant marine crews and embarked naval detachments. These
vessels are formally known as United States Naval Ships (USNS) and can be identified by
the blue and gold striping on their stacks.

Aircraft Carrier (CVN)

The aircraft carrier is a multipurpose platform. It has the flexibility to base various types of
aircraft in order to conduct anti-air, strike, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare missions
simultaneously. The carriers are capable of over 30 kts and have substantial endurance (16
days of 24hr/day aviation fuel). The embarked air wing helps provide protection to both the
carrier and the escort ships. The carrier has a limited ability to provide underway
replenishment and/or vertical replenishment to support ships in company.

Ship Warfare
Class No. Equipment
type Missions
NIMITZ* CV AIR WING, 2
10 AAW, EW,
92,000 tons reactors produce 280,000
active USW, CCC,
1040 ft shaft horsepower, 4 shafts.
CVN SUW, STW,
134 ft beam NSSMS, CIWS, limited
MIW
30+ kts speed UNREP/VERTREP
(offensive)
5300 crew w/air wing capability
*Also the single ship class nuclear powered ENTERPRISE (CVN65)

15
Carrier Air Wing (CVW)
Typical wing composition on a carrier includes:

VFA / VMFA*(Fighter Attack) 2 Squadrons of 10 FA-18A+/C Hornets 20

VFA (Fighter Attack) 2 Squadrons of 12 FA-18E/F Super Hornets 24
VAW (Early Warning) 1 Squadron of 4 E-2C Hawkeyes 4
VAQ (Electronic Warfare) 1 Sqd of 4 EA-6B Prowlers or 5 EA-18G 4
VRC (Onboard Delivery) 1 Detachment of 2 C-2A COD 2
HSC(SUW/NSW/CSAR/MCM) 1 Squadron of 8 MH-60Ss # 8
HSM(SUW/ASW) 1 Squadron of 11 MH-60Rs % 11
TOTAL 73
* VMFA= Marine Fighter Attack squadron
# MH-60S helos onboard CVN and logistics ship
% MH-60R helos onboard CVN and surface combatants

Flight Deck Operations

The Carrier Air Wing Commander (CAG) 1performs major command functions in directing
and administering the employment of embarked aviation squadrons. There are two common
methods of organizing aircraft launches and recoveries. First, Cyclic Operations, which
consists of several scheduled launch/recovery cycles per flight day. A cycle is normally 1.25
to 1.5 hours long, enabling 7-8 cycles in a 12-hour flying day—producing upwards of 120
sorties. Cyclic operations provide predictability for the flight deck, but are inflexible.
Aircraft cannot be easily launched or recovered outside of prescribed times due to fueling,
rearming, and deck spotting (various aircraft locations on the flight deck) evolutions for the
next cycle. Flexible Deck/Battle Flexible Deck Operations mean that aircraft can land
anytime, not just once a cycle. For warfare commanders, "flex deck" operations mean
greater flexibility to "get an aircraft now.” The downside is that "flex deck" operations
cannot be sustained over an indefinite period of time; the carrier becomes far more
predictable and constrains the number of aircraft available. Aircraft maintenance and flight
deck crew rest requirements remain the controlling factors in either case.

Surface Combatants
Surface combatants are multi-mission platforms that can operate independently, in company
with a carrier, amphibious forces, or in convoy as escorts. Additional missions include
surface fire support, blockade, screening, search and rescue, tracking, ELINT collection,
tactical deception, surveillance, evacuation, harassment and landing force support. Types of
surface combatants include:

 The Ticonderoga Class Cruiser (CG): The 22-ship Ticonderoga class guided
missile cruiser provides the muscle of the surface combatant fleet. The Aegis
Weapon System provides unprecedented defensive capability against high
performance aircraft and cruise missiles. The SPY-1 phased array radar enables it to
control all friendly aircraft units operating in its area and has the capability for
surveillance, detection, and tracking of enemy aircraft and missiles. Recent AEGIS

1
The acronym/term CAG is still utilized to describe the Air Wing Commander and is strictly a holdover from
when the air wing was referred to as Carrier Air Group (CAG).

16
 system upgrades provide coupled with the SM-3 missile provide proven IAMD
capability as demonstrated by USS LAKE ERIE in shooting down a tumbling US
satellite. Towed array sonar and LAMPS MK III helos provide ASW capability.
Tomahawk vertical launch systems provide land attack capability. Ticonderoga class
has hangars for two LAMPS helos and is capable of 30+ knots. Endurance depends
on speed (2500 NM at 30 kts to 8000 NM at 14 kts).

 The Arleigh Burke Class Destroyer (DDG): Like the larger Ticonderoga class
cruisers, 62 ship class DDG-51's combat systems center around the Aegis combat
system and the SPY-lD, multi-function phased array radar. The combination of
Aegis, the Vertical Launching System, an advanced anti-submarine warfare system,
advanced anti-aircraft missiles and Tomahawk, make the Burke class formidable
ships. DDG-51 class ships, if in receipt of system upgrades, possess IAMD
capabilities equivalent to those on the CG-47 class.

 The Oliver Hazard Perry Class Frigate (FFG): Still in the active fleet serving as
escorts as well as conducting drug-interdiction or maritime interception operations.
The Oliver Hazard Perry class consists of 51 ships of which 29 remain in
commission. They were built to escort amphibious readiness groups, underway
replenishment groups and convoys with particular emphasis on Air Defense and
ASW. This class of ship has had its MK 13 guided missile launcher removed and
thus no longer has the ability to launch either the Standard Missile or the Harpoon
Missile. In spite of this, FFGs provide valuable forward presence for security
cooperation, maritime security and many other tasks in support of the Joint Force
commander.

 The Freedom Littoral Combat Ship (LCS): LCS is a fast, agile, focused-mission
platform designed for operation in near-shore environments yet capable of open-
ocean operation. The LCS consists of only two ships that are currently in
commission. The planned 55 ship class is designed to defeat asymmetric “anti-
access” threats such as mines, quiet diesel submarines and fast surface craft. The
LCS-1 Freedom class consists of two different hull-forms: a semi-planning mono-
hull, and an aluminum trimaran – designed and built by two industry teams,
respectively led by Lockheed Martin and General Dynamics. These seaframes will
be outfitted with reconfigurable payloads, called Mission Packages, which can be
changed out quickly. Mission packages are supported by special detachments that
will deploy manned and unmanned vehicles and sensors in support of mine, undersea
and surface warfare missions.

17
 Warfare
Ship Type Class No. Equipment
Missions
2 x 5 in (127 mm) 54
caliber Mark 45 dual
CG-47 TICONDEROGA purpose guns; 2 x 20 mm
Guided Missile 9,600 tons 22 of 27 AAW, EW, Phalanx CIWS Mark 15
Cruiser 567 ft built SUW, CCC, guns; CG-52 on replace
55 ft beam remain in USW, STW, these with 2 x 61-cell Mark
(CG 47 – 51 30+ knots service BMD 41 VLS each armed with a
decommissioned) 388 crew mix of ASROC,
Tomahawk, SM-2 and
ESSM, LAMPS (2)
DDG-51 ARLEIGH BURKE VLS for Tomahawk,
AAW, SUW,
Destroyer 8300 tons ASROC, standard missiles,
57 of 62 USW, STW,
Guided Missile 466 ft Harpoon (canisters), 5"/54
built EW, CCC,
59 ft beam cal gun, CIWS, torpedo
BMD(with
30+ kts tubes, ESM, LAMP (2)
upgrades)
323 crew (DDG-72 and later)
OLIVER HAZARD
PERRY
29 of 51
FFG 4100 tons AAW, SUW,
built 76 mm gun, CIWS,
Frigate 445 ft USW, EW,
remain in LAMPS (2)
45 ft beam CCC
service
29 kts,
200 crew
FREEDOM
3079 tons RAM, 1x57mm gun, 2
LCS 2
378 ft, MIW, ASW, MH60 R/S helicopters or 1
Littoral Combat (55
57 ft beam MIO MH60 R/S and 3 Firescout
Ship planned)
45 kts VTUAV’s.
50 crew

Attack Submarines (SSN)

Attack submarines are designed to seek and destroy enemy submarines and surface ships;
project power ashore with Tomahawk cruise missiles and Special Operation Forces; carry out
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions; support Carrier Strike
Groups; and engage in mine warfare. There are three classes of SSNs now in service. Los
Angeles (SSN 688) class submarines are the backbone of the submarine force with 45 now in
commission. Thirty-one Los Angeles class are equipped with 12 Vertical Launch System
tubes for firing Tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also has three Seawolf class
submarines. The Seawolf class is exceptionally quiet, fast, well-armed, and equipped with
advanced sensors. Though lacking Vertical Launch Systems, the Seawolf class has eight
torpedo tubes, which can also fire Tomahawks, and can hold up to 50 weapons in its torpedo
room. The third ship of the class, USS JIMMY CARTER (SSN 23), has a 100-foot hull
extension called the multi-mission platform. This hull section provides for additional
payload to accommodate advanced technology used to carry out classified research and
development and for enhanced warfighting capabilities. The Navy is now building the next-
generation SSN, the Virginia (SSN 774) class. The Virginia class is tailored to excel in a
wide range of warfighting missions. These include anti-submarine and surface ship warfare;

18
special operation forces; strike; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; carrier and
expeditionary strike group support; and mine warfare. The Virginia class has several
innovations that significantly enhance their warfighting capabilities with an emphasis on
littoral operations.

Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN)

The Navy’s fleet ballistic missile submarines, often referred to as “Boomers,” serve as an
undetectable launch platform for intercontinental missiles. They are designed specifically for
stealth and the precision delivery of nuclear warheads. The 14 Ohio class SSBNs have the
capability to carry up to 24 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with multiple
independently-targeted warheads. The SSBN’s primary weapon is the Trident II D-5 missile.
SSBNs are specifically designed for extended deterrent patrols. To increase their at-sea time,
the Ohio class have three large-diameter logistics hatches that allow sailors to rapidly transfer
supply pallets, equipment replacement modules and machinery components, significantly
reducing the time required for in-port replenishment and maintenance. The Ohio class design
allows the submarines to operate for 15 or more years between major overhauls. On average,
the submarines spend 77 days at sea followed by 35 days in-port for maintenance. Each
SSBN has two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate manning the submarines while on
patrol. This maximizes the SSBN’s strategic availability while maintaining the crew’s
training readiness and morale at high levels.

Guided Missile Submarine (SSGN)

Ohio class guided-missile submarines (SSGN) provide the Navy with an unprecedented
combination of strike and special operation mission capability within a stealthy, clandestine
platform. Armed with tactical missiles and equipped with superior communications
capabilities, SSGNs are capable of directly supporting dozens of Special Operation Forces
(SOF) in America’s global war on terrorism. The SSGN Program Office converted four
SSBNs into SSGNs in a little more than five years at a significantly lower cost than building
a new platform and in less time. Each SSGN is capable of carrying up to 154 Tomahawk or
Tactical Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles. The missiles are loaded in seven-shot
Multiple-All-Up-Round Canisters (MACs) in 22 of 24 missile tubes. These missile tubes can
also accommodate additional stowage canisters for SOF equipment, food, and other
consumables, extending the amount of forward-deployed time for on board SOF. The
missile tubes also promise additional capability to host future payloads such as new types of
missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and unmanned undersea vehicles. Each submarine has
the capacity to host up to 66 SOF personnel at a time. Additional berthing was installed in
the missile compartment to accommodate the added personnel and other measures have been
taken to extend the amount of time that the SOF can spend deployed aboard the SSGNs.
Two lock-out chambers (permanently fixed in the first two missile tubes) allow clandestine
insertion and retrieval of SOF personnel. Both the Dry Deck Shelter (DDS) and the
Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS) can mount atop the lockout chambers, greatly
enhancing the SSGNs’ SOF capabilities. During conversion, each SSGN received the
Common Submarine Radio Room and two High-Data-Rate antennas for significantly
enhanced communication capabilities. These additions allow each SSGN to serve as a
forward-deployed, clandestine Small Combatant Joint Command Center.

19
 Warfare
Ship Type Class No. Equipment
Missions
OHIO
18,700 tons Strategic
SSBN 24 tubes Trident
560 ft Deterrence,
ballistic 14 missiles,
42 ft beam USW, SUW,
missile 4 torpedo tubes
20+ kts STW
155 crew
OHIO
18,700 tons
SSGN USW, SUW, 154 Vertical Launch
560 ft
guided 4 STW, SOF tubes for Tomahawk
42 ft beam
missile support four torpedo tubes
20+ kts
155 crew
LOS ANGELES
6,900 tons 43 of 55
USW, ISR, Tomahawk, MK48
SSN-688 360 ft built
SUW, STW, torpedoes
attack 33 ft beam remain in
MIW, SOF MK 37 mines
20+ kts service
133 crew
VIRGINIA
7,800 tons Tomahawk, MK48
USW, ISR,
SSN-774 377 ft 7 of 30 torpedoes, mines,
SUW, STW,
attack 34 ft beam built unmanned undersea
MIW, SOF
25+ kts vehicles
113 crew
SEAWOLF
9,150 tons
USW, ISR,
353 ft Tomahawk, MK48
SSN-21 3 SUW, STW,
40 ft beam torpedoes, mines
MIW
25+ kts
133 crew

Amphibious Warfare
Amphibious warships provide flexible and multi-function support to embarked Marines and
support the Marine Corps tenets of Operational Maneuver From the Sea (OMFTS) and Ship
to Objective Maneuver (STOM). Much more than just troop transports, they must be able to
sail in harm’s way and provide a rapid buildup of combat power ashore – via both air and
surface – in the face of opposition. This requirement necessitates inherent survivability and
self-defense capabilities as well as the ability to seamlessly conduct Task Force operations.
Because of their inherent capabilities, these ships have been and will continue to be called
upon to also support humanitarian and other contingency missions on short notice.

The Tarawa class LHAs and Wasp-class LHDs provide the Marine Corps with a means of
ship-to-shore movement by helicopter in addition to movement by landing craft.
LHDs/LHAs have extensive storage capacity and can accommodate Landing Craft Utility
(LCU) and Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC) boats. They embark, maintain and operate
various helos (CH-46, CH-53, AH-1, UH-1, MH-60S), AV-8s and MV-22s from their
aviation space with a typical combat embarkation being 31 aircraft. They carry large

20
numbers of troops (1000+) and robust C2 spaces for the embarked Navy and Marine
command elements. They also have large hospital capability.

The versatile Austin class LPDs provide substantial amphibious lift for Marine troops, and
their vehicles and cargo. Additionally, they serve as the secondary aviation platform for the
ESG. As the new San Antonio class LPDs enter service, Austin class LPDs will be
decommissioned. The ships of the LPD-17 class are a key element of the Navy’s seabase
transformation. Collectively, these ships functionally replace over 41 ships (LPD-4, LSD-36,
LKA-113, and LST-1179 classes of amphibious ships) providing the Navy and Marine Corps
with modern, seabased platforms that are networked, survivable, and built to operate with
21st century transformational platforms, such as the MV-22 Osprey and future means by
which Marines are delivered ashore.

Dock Landing Ships support amphibious operations including landings via Landing Craft Air
Cushion (LCAC), conventional landing craft and helicopters, onto hostile shores. These
ships transport and launch amphibious craft and vehicles with their crews and embarked
personnel in amphibious assault operations. LSD-41 was designed specifically to operate
LCAC vessels. It has the largest capacity for these landing craft (four) of any U.S. Navy
amphibious platform. It will also provide docking and repair services for LCACs and for
conventional landing craft. LSD-49 – 52 were modified as “Cargo Variant” in order to
increase cargo capacity at the expense of landing craft space. The ships differ from LSD-41
– 48 by reducing its well deck size and associated LCAC embarkation capacity (from 4 to 2)
in favor of additional cargo capacity.

Warfare
Ship Type Class No. Equipment
Missions
TARAWA
39,300 tons
6' 25mm MG, CIWS, RAM,
LHA 820 ft
NSSMS, can take LCU or LCAC.
Amphibious 106 ft beam 2 AMW
2 helos, 6 AV-8A. Good medical
Assault Ship 24 kts
capability.
950 crew
1900 troops
WASP
40,500 tons
LHD 844 ft Same as Tarawa, can take AV-
Amphibious 106 ft beam 8 AMW 8B, three LCAC, Outstanding C5I
Assault Ship 22+ kts for AMW. 8/50 cal gun.
1015 crew
1875 troops
WHIDBEY ISLAND (8) &
HARPERS FERRY (4)
LSD 15,800 tons CIWS, helo capable, 4 LCAC
Dock Landing 609 ft capable, LCU also.
12 AMW
Ship 84 ft beam HARPERS FERRY class carriers
(2 variants) 20+ kts only 2 LCAC
340 crew
340 troops

21
 AUSTIN
17,000 tons
LPD-4 CIWS, 3"/50 cal guns,
570 ft
Amphibious large flight deck, large troop
84 ft beam 5 AMW
Transport capacity. All vessels 35+ years
21 kts
Dock old.
388 crew
900 troops
SAN ANTONIO
24,900 tons
684 ft RAM, VLS, CIWS, 50 cal mg, 2
5
LPD-17 105 ft beam AMW LCAC, 2 surgical operating
22+ kts rooms, large flight deck.
360 crew
699 troops
BLUE RIDGE
CIWS, command and control ship
LCC 18,874 tons
for amphib ops, fleet flagships
Amphibious 634 ft
2 AMW, C3 (6th and 7th fleets), helo capable
Command 108 ft beam
except for CH-53.
Ship 23 kts
842 crew
Note: LCAC - 200 tons, 88 ft, 47 ft beam, 70 ton max payload (1 x M1A1 tank); range 200 miles @ 40 kts
(sea state and payload dependent)

Military Sealift Command (MSC) support ships

Military Sealift Command provides critical support to the Fleet with government owned or
contracted vessels manned by contracted or civil service mariners. Most ships have
embarked military detachments. Government owned MSC ships are designated USNS while
contracted vessels are referred to by the appropriate maritime designator (MV-motor vessel;
SS-Steamship; etc). Regardless of their ownership status, all MSC ships fall under the
OPCON of the appropriate military commander and they enjoy sovereign immunity under
international law. MSC ships are organized in 4 major areas:

 Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force (NFAF): Supply lines to U.S. Navy ships at sea.
NFAF ships provide underway replenishment (UNREP) services for fuel, food,
ammunition, spare parts and other supplies to keep the U.S. Navy fleet at sea, on
station and operating at the highest possible tempo. They also have specialized fleet
ocean tugs, rescue-salvage ships, tenders and hospital ships to support fleet
requirements.

 Special Mission Ships (SMS): Military Sealift Command's Special Mission

Program has 25 ships that provide operating platforms and services for a wide variety
of U.S. military and other U.S. government missions. Oceanographic and
hydrographic surveys, underwater surveillance, missile tracking, acoustic surveys,
command and control, and submarine and special warfare support are among the
missions these ships carry out.

22
  Prepositioning ships: Military Sealift Command's Prepositioning Program is an
essential element in the U.S. military's readiness strategy. Afloat prepositioning
strategically places military equipment and supplies aboard ships located in key ocean
areas to ensure rapid availability during a major theater war, a humanitarian operation
or other contingency. MSC's 32 prepositioning ships support the Army, Navy, Air
Force, Marine Corps and Defense Logistics Agency. More information on
prepositioning ships is in the Strategic Lift chapter of this handbook.

 Sealift program: Military Sealift Command's Sealift Program provides high-quality,

efficient and cost-effective ocean transportation for the DOD and other federal
agencies during peacetime and war. More than 90 percent of U.S. war fighters'
equipment and supplies travel by sea. The program manages a mix of government-
owned and long-term-chartered dry cargo ships and tankers, as well as additional
short-term or voyage-chartered ships. More information on the Sealift program is in
the Strategic Lift chapter of this handbook.

Warfare
Ship Type Class No. Equipment
Missions
SUPPLY
Combat (2) MH-60 helos,
48,000 tons
T-AOE Logistics 150,000 barrels oil,
752 ft
Fast Combat 4 (ammo, supply, 1800 tons ammo,
107 ft beam
Support Ship & petroleum 400 tons dry stores,
29 kts
products) 250 tons frozen stores.
670 crew
KILUAUEA
18,088 tons
T-AE (2) MH-60 helos
564 ft Ammunition
Ammunition 4 Deliver ammo via helo or
81 ft beam Replenishment
Ship ship-ship cable
20 kts,
383 crew
HENRY J.
KAISER
42,000 tons Petroleum
T-AO 180,000 barrels fuel, 600 tons
677 ft 14 Product
Fleet Oiler cargo ammo.
97 ft beam Replenishment
20 kts,
80 crew
MARS &
SIRIUIS
T-AFS 48,000 tons Combat Logistics (2) MH-60 helos,
Combat 581 ft 3 (food, stores, & 596,000 cubic feet of store
Stores Ship 79 ft beam repair parts) space
20 kts
110-130 crew
T-AKE LEWIS AND Ammunition and (2) MH-60 helos
Dry Cargo & CLARK 6 stores Delivery via helo or ship-ship
Ammunition 41,000 tons replenishment cable
Ship 689 ft Also Sea Basing 783,000 cubic feet of store

23
 105 ft beam space plus 18,000 bbls of
20 kts fuel.
130 crew

69,000 tons
12 fully-equipped operating
894 ft
rooms, 1,000 bed hospital
105 ft beam 2
facility, digital radiological
17 kts Normally
On-site services, medical laboratory,
T-AH 63 civil service kept in
emergency pharmacy, optometry lab,
Hospital Ship mariners reduced
medical care CAT-scan, two oxygen
956 Naval medical operating
producing plants. Helo deck
staff status.
capable of landing large
258 Naval support
military helicopters.
staff.
Each vessel is equipped with
a ten-ton capacity crane and a
bollard pull of at least 54
tons. A deck grid is fitted aft
which contains one-inch bolt
POWHATAN receptacles spaced 24 inches
2,300 tons apart. This allows for the
T-ATF
240 ft Towing, salvage, bolting down of a wide
Fleet Ocean 4
42 ft beam and recovery variety of portable equipment.
Tugs
15 kts There are two fire pumps
20 crew supplying three fire monitors
with up to 2,200 gallons of
foam per minute. A deep
submergence module can be
embarked to support naval
salvage teams.
Collect, process
and transmit
VICTORIOUS & acoustic data to 2 surveillance towed-array
T-AGOS 5
IMPECCABLE support undersea sensor system (SURTASS)
surveillance
requirements
L.Y. SPEAR
23,000 tons Virtually no defensive
AS
645 ft systems, outstanding at sea
Submarine 2 Repair
85 ft beam repair capability. Can repair
Tender
20 kts surface ships as well.
1325 crew
SAFEGUARD
2-25mm guns, 7.5 ton and 40
3282 tons
ARS* ton booms, hauling force of
255 ft Rescue &
Rescue and 4 150 tons, conducts
51 ft beam Salvage
Salvage Ship firefighting, diving, salvage,
14 kts
and towing operations
100 crew
* One ship of the class has been transferred to MSC – USNS GRASP (T-ARS- 51).

24
Mine Warfare
Naval mines are cheap, reliable and easy to obtain. The “weapons that wait” can pose a
significant threat to any military operation where the transportation and the sustainability of
forces in theater is accomplished by sea. Consider that 93% of provisions for all the armed
services came via sea during Desert Shield/Storm. There are three types of mine
countermeasures operations:

 Mine hunting: Methods to determine where (and just as important where not) mines
are located. It is usually conducted by SONAR or visual means.

 Minesweeping: Active measures to counter mines. Mines may be: contact, acoustic,
magnetic, seismic, pressure or a combination thereof. Sweeping may result in the
neutralization of some mines but can be hazardous to platform and personnel.

 Mine neutralization: Active destruction of known mine(s). Accomplished by the

AN/SLQ-48 submersible vehicle or Navy Mine Countermeasures Explosive
Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams.

A mine countermeasure operation is a slow and labor-intensive ordeal.

Warfare
Ship Type Class No. Equipment
Missions
AVENGER
Two .50 cal mg, AN/SLQ-48
MCM 1050 tons
vehicle, AN/SQQ-30 sonar,
Mine 224 ft 14
MIW AN/SQQ-32. Mechanical,
Countermeasures 39 ft beam
acoustic and influence sweep
Ship 13 kts
gear.
84 crew

Naval Aviation
A critical piece to U.S. Navy power and capability, U.S. Naval aviation sets the U.S. apart
from the rest of the world’s navies. The Carrier Air Wing, with its strike fighters (F/A-18
variants Hornets/Super Hornets), electronic warfare (EA-6B Prowler / EA-18G Growler),
airborne early warning (E-2C/D Hawkeye), Logistics (C-2 Greyhound) and rotary wing
(SH/MH-60 variants) provide the U.S. with unmatched sea control and power projection
capabilities all launched from sovereign U.S. territory in international waters.

Land based naval aviation aircraft fill critical maritime capability needs in the areas of
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), command and control (C2) and logistics.
Maritime patrol aircraft (P-3C/AIP) provide long dwell surveillance with an onboard sensor
and weapons suites designed to detect and destroy enemy ships and submarines. The P-3
AIP Orion, with its full motion video and real-time downlink to troops on the ground and
make it a high demand asset in support of land forces. EP-3 Aires provides multi-
intelligence collection capability. The P-3 airframe is reaching the end of its serviceable
lifespan and will soon be replaced by the multi-mission maritime aircraft (MMA) designated
P-8A Poseidon which is built on a commercial 737 airframe. Logistics needs are filled by a

25
variety of aircraft, but predominantly the C-40A (737 airframe). Almost all Navy air
logistics capability is resident within the Navy reserve.

Aircraft Type
Warfare Missions/Armament & Equipment
Missions
FA-18A+/C STK, CAS, MIW, AAW, ASuW, Air Refueling Tanker (E/F only), SEAD
Hornet Arms
FA-18 E/F Sparrow, Sidewinder, Harpoon, HARM, AMRAAM, Maverick, SLAM ER,
Super Hornet JDAM, JSOW, LGB, MK-80 series bombs, rockets, 20mm cannon, mines,
cluster munitions ,ATFLIR, SHARP (E/F only), AESA radar (E/F only)
Missions
Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD), Electronic Attack
EA-18G
Arms/Equip
Growler
AMRAAM, HARM, ALQ-99 / ALQ-218 jamming /targeting system, AESA
radar.
Missions
SEAD, Electronic Attack
EA-6B Prowler Arms/Equip
HARM, ALQ-99 jamming transmitter and receiver system

Missions
AEW, CCC
E-2C Hawkeye
Equip
AN/APS 145 radar, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC)
Mission
C-2A Carrier onboard delivery to/from carrier
Greyhound Arms
None
Missions
SH-60B
ASW, SAR, ASuW, VERTREP
Seahawk
Arms/Equip
LAMPS III
MK-46/54 torpedo, Hellfire Missile, sonobuoys, and doorgun, APS 124 search
radar, FLIR, ALQ-142 ESM system
Missions
SH-60F
ASW, SAR, VERTREP,
Seahawk
Arms/Equip
MK-46/54 torpedo, doorgun, sonobuoys, dipping sonar
Missions
HH-60H CSAR, VERTREP, ASuW, Naval Special Warfare (NSW)
Seahawk Arms/Equip
FLIR, doorguns, Hellfire missile
Missions
ASW, ASuW, CSAR, VERTREP, NSW, LOG
MH-60R Arms/Equip
Seahawk Hellfire, Mk-54 torpedo, doorgun, surface search radar, FLIR, dipping sonar,
sonobouys. ALQ-210 ESM system

26
 MH-53E Sea Mission
Dragon Airborne mine countermeasure (AMCM), VERTREP, assault support
Arms/Equip
Mk 105 magnetic minesweeping sled, side scan sonar, mechanical
minesweeping system, doorguns
Missions
MH-60S ASuW, VERTREP, LOG, CSAR, MEDEVAC, SPECWAR, AMCM
Seahawk Arms/Equip
FLIR, Hellfire, doorguns
Missions
ASW, ASuW, MIW, C2W, CCC, ISR
P-3C Orion Arms
MK-80 series bombs, Mk-54 torpedo, mines, rockets, Harpoon, Maverick,
SLAM ER, sonobuoys, cluster munitions
Missions
SIGINT, Multi-Intelligence
EP-3E Aries II
Equip
AN/APX-134 BIG LOOK radar, COMM / IFF / ESM / IR suites
Missions
ASW, ASuW, MIW, C2W, CCC, ISR
Arms
P-8A Poseidon Torpedoes, cruise missiles, bombs, mines

Missions
Strategic airborne command post and communication relay platform
E-6B Mercury
Equip
(Modified 707)
Automatic Launch Control System (ALCS)
C-9B Skytrain
(mod DC-9)
C-40A Clipper
Mission
(Boeing 737-
Transport and worldwide airlift for senior leadership / dignitaries
700)
C-12 Huron
Arms:
(King Air)
None
C-37A/B
(Gulfstream V /
Gulfstream550)
 
V. Navy Reserve 

Mission
The mission of the Navy Reserve is to provide mission-capable units and individuals to the
Navy, Marine Corps team throughout the full operations from peace to war.

The Navy Reserve consists of the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve and the Retired
Reserve numbering over 690,000 men and women. The Ready Reserve consists of
approximately 11,000 Full Time Support (FTS), 55,000 Selected Reserve (SELRES), and

27
36,415 Individual Ready Reserve personnel. The Selected Reserve, or SELRES, is the
Navy's primary source of immediate mobilization manpower and represents those Reservists
who are paid, either as weekend drillers, or who serve as Full Time Support (FTS) on active
duty status in the training and administration of the Navy Reserve Force program. The Navy
Reserve represents 20% of total Navy assets and is a significant force multiplier necessary
for the Navy to meet its global commitments.

Organization
The United States Navy Reserve is organized into two general types of units:

Commissioned Units
Reserve units, with organic equipment such as aviation squadrons, Naval Reserve Force
(NRF) ships, cargo handling battalions, mobile inshore undersea warfare units, and mobile
construction battalions. These units are tasked to deliver a complete operational entity to the
operating force and are commanded by either Active or Reserve component officers and
staffed primarily by Selected Reserve Personnel. Naval Reserve Force ships are under
operational control of the Commanders -in-Chief, Atlantic or Pacific Fleet, while those
designated as Reserve Frigate Training ships come under the operational control of
Commander, Surface Group Six, who is assigned to Commander, Naval Reserve Force.
Thirty two percent of all Selected Reserve personnel are assigned to commissioned units.

Augmentation Units
Augmentation units are units that augment active component units with trained personnel.
Such units are tailored to augment designated ships, special warfare commands, intelligence
staffs, etc. Their function is to allow for peak operations for an indefinite period of time.
They also provide surge capability, and then sustain the high level of activity to support
deployed forces.

Naval Reserve Organization

Chief of Naval Operations
CONGRESS

Fleet CDRs

SECNAV
OPNAV

Chief of Commander
Navy Reserve
One CDR(3-Star) Navy Reserve Force

Navy Reserve Naval Air Force Reserve/Deputy

Forces Command/Deputy Commander Naval Air Force
Commander Navy Reserve Force

28
VI. Current Challenges

Foremost among the Navy’s force development challenges is shipbuilding. The competing
demands of continuous, distributed forward presence and episodic re-aggregation for major
operations are the primary planning considerations influencing naval force structure. The
current low rate of ship construction will constrain the future size of the fleet in the near
term. The future fleet of 313 ships achieves the right balance in order to ensure expected
missions are met but not overlapped. Fundamental to this future force is a “family” of ships
with multi-mission capability, utilizing a modular and open-architecture system that provides
flexibility and adaptability to fight in diverse environments against a variety of possible
enemies. It also allows for more growth potential with less technical and fiscal risk.
Shipbuilding is a long lead-time endeavor that is continually impacted by international
events, revisions to national policy, fiscal considerations, ongoing operational experience and
technological innovation.

Perhaps the biggest challenge the Navy faces is the balance between maintaining current
operational readiness while developing and funding the initiatives to improve and ultimately
replace the equipment we have in the fleet today. The fleet is aging and there is real and
growing tension between maintaining near-term readiness and supporting future
modernization and recapitalization.

29
 U.S. ARMY2

I. Introduction

Mission
The Army exists to serve the American people, to protect vital national interests, and to
fulfill national military responsibilities. Our mission is enduring: to provide necessary forces
and capabilities to the Combatant Commanders in support of the National Security and
Defense Strategies. The Army is also charged with providing logistics and support to enable
the other Services to accomplish their missions. The Army organizes, trains, and equips
Soldiers who, as vital members of their units, conduct prompt, sustained combat on land as
well as stability operations, when required.

Title 10 USC
In general, the Army within the Department of the Army, includes land combat and service
forces and such aviation and water transport as may be organic therein. It shall be organized,
trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained combat incident to operations on
land. It is responsible for the preparation of land forces necessary for the effective
prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned and, in accordance with integrated joint
mobilization plans, for the expansion of the peacetime components of the Army to meet the
needs of war.

FM 1, The Army, June 2005

The Army is the primary landpower arm of our Nation’s Armed Forces. As part of the joint
force, the Army supports and defends America’s Constitution and way of life against all
enemies, foreign and domestic. The Army protects national security interests, including
forces, possessions, citizens, allies, and friends. It prepares for and delivers decisive action in
all operations. Above all, the Army provides combatant commands with versatile land forces
ready to fight and win the Nation’s wars.

The Army’s contribution to joint operations is landpower. Landpower is the ability-by threat,
force, or occupation-to promptly gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources, and
people. Landpower includes the ability to:

 Impose the Nation’s will on adversaries-by force if necessary-in diverse and complex
terrain.
 Establish and maintain a stable environment that sets the conditions for a lasting
peace.
 Address the consequences of catastrophic events-both natural and man-made-to
restore infrastructure and reestablish basic civil services.
 Support and provide a base from which forces can influence and dominate the air and
sea dimensions of the joint operational area.

2
 Originally published as "Army Employment Data", June 2011, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks,
Pennsylvania revised by John A. Bonin, COL USA (Retired), Concepts and Doctrine Office. Minor edits and
formatting changes to the text have been made for this Naval War College publication.

30
While the Army is an integral part of the joint force, the value of its contributions depends on
its ability to exercise landpower. Ultimately, Army force’s ability to control land resources,
and people through a sustained presence makes permanent the advantages gained by joint
forces.

U.S. Army Posture Statement 2011

In the past decade, America’s Army has been challenged and prevailed in some of the most
daunting tasks in the history of our military. Soldiers from the Active Army, Army National
Guard and Army Reserve demonstrate indelible spirit, sacrifice and sheer determination in
protecting our national interests and supporting our friends and allies around the world.

In the coming years, our top priorities will be to maintain our combat edge while we
reconstitute the force for other missions and build resilience in our people. The Army has
made significant progress in restoring balance through the four imperatives we identified in
2007- sustain, prepare, reset, and transform. We are on track to achieve a sustainable
deployment tempo for our forces and restore balance to the Army beginning in FY 12. We
successfully completed combat operations in Iraq, transitioning from Operation Iraqi
Freedom to Operation New Dawn while executing one of the largest wartime retrogrades in
the Nation’s history. Operation New Dawn marks the beginning of a new mission for our
Army while demonstrating our ongoing commitment to the government and people of Iraq.
Concurrently, we surged Soldiers to Afghanistan in support of a new strategic direction in
this vital theater. Even with all we have done, there is still much work to do.

The war is not over yet, and we remain in an era of persistent conflict facing an uncertain and
increasingly complex strategic environment. Hybrid threats made up of conventional,
irregular, criminal and terrorist capabilities will continue to test our forces.
These threats will avoid our strengths and attack us asymmetrically. Therefore, we must
continue to organize our formations, update our doctrine and prepare our forces for the full
spectrum of operations.

Additionally we remain aware of the difficult economic conditions at home. These

conditions will drive our efforts to transform our generating force into an innovative and
adaptive organization. We must adapt our institutions to effectively generate trained and
ready forces for Full Spectrum Operations, while seeking ways to improve efficiency and
reduce overhead expenditures that demonstrate wise stewardship of our taxpayers’ dollars.
With the continued support of the American people and Congress, we remain committed to
the readiness and well being of our Soldiers, Civilians and Family members. As the Strength
of the Nation, the American Soldier is the centerpiece of everything we do.

The Army is achieving its goals to restore balance in fiscal year 2011. We will be
transitioning to a period where we must reconstitute the force for other missions; build
resilience in our Soldiers, Families and Civilians and diligently maintain our combat edge.
We are modernizing the force for the future by developing and fielding versatile, affordable,
survivable and networked equipment to ensure Soldiers maintain a decisive advantage over
any enemy they might face.

31
With the trust and confidence of the American public and the support of Congress with
appropriate resources, America’s Army will remain the Strength of the Nation.

II. Operating Structure

Operational Themes
An operational theme describes the character of the dominant major operation being
conducted at any time within a land force commander’s area of operations. The operational
theme helps convey the nature of the major operation to the force to facilitate common
understanding of how the commander broadly intends to operate. Army forces conduct
major operations to defeat an enemy and to establish conditions necessary to achieve the
national strategic end state. Conflict intensity varies over time and among locations;
therefore, it is difficult to precisely describe a major operation’s character. In fact, the
character of most major operations is likely to evolve. All major operations comprise
many smaller operations conducted simultaneously. These also may vary with time.
Nevertheless, it is possible to establish a theme for each major operation, one that
distinguishes it from other operations with different characteristics. Major combat
operations, for instance, differ distinctly from counterinsurgency operations; both differ from
peace operations. Different themes usually demand different approaches and force packages,
although some activities are common to all.

Operational Concept
The operational concept frames how Army forces, operating as part of a joint force, conduct
operations. The Army’s operational concept is full spectrum operations: Army forces
combine offensive, defensive, and stability (or civil support if assisting domestically)
operations simultaneously as part of an interdependent joint force to seize, retain, and exploit
the initiative, accepting prudent risk to create opportunities to achieve decisive results. They
employ synchronized action—lethal and nonlethal—proportional to the mission and
informed by a thorough understanding of all variables of the operational environment.
Mission command that conveys intent and an appreciation of all aspects of the situation
guides the adaptive use of Army forces.

Full spectrum operations require continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive,

defensive, and stability (or civil support) tasks. The operational concept addresses more than
combat between armed opponents. Army forces conduct operations in the midst of
populations. This requires Army forces to defeat the enemy and simultaneously shape civil
conditions. Offensive and defensive tasks defeat enemy forces; stability tasks shape civil
conditions.

Stability tasks typically dominate peace operations, peacetime military engagement, and
some limited interventions. For example, foreign humanitarian assistance operations involve
primarily stability tasks with minor defensive tasks and no offensive element. The emphasis
on different elements of full spectrum operations changes with echelon, time, and location.
In an operation dominated by stability, part of the force might be conducting simultaneous
offensive and defensive tasks.

32
Within the United States and its territories, operations combine the elements of civil support
(instead of stability), defense, and offense in support of civil authority. Army forces operate
using mutually supporting lethal and nonlethal capabilities. In most domestic operations,
Army forces perform only civil support tasks. However, an extreme emergency, such as an
attack by a hostile foreign power, may require simultaneous combinations of offensive,
defensive, and civil support tasks. Within the United States, civil support operations may be
the only activity actually conducted. In short, no single element is always more important
than the others. Rather, simultaneous combinations of the elements, which commanders
constantly adapt to conditions, are the key to successful land operations.

III. Army Organization

There are two branches to the U.S. military chain of command. Subject to the authority,
direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense and the provisions of Title 10 United States
Code, the Department of the Army operates under administrative command of the Secretary
of the Army with the advice of the Chief of Staff. In carrying out its functions as prescribed

33
in DOD Directive 5100.1, the U.S. Army reorganized in February 2006 into three Army
Commands (TRADOC, FORSCOM, and AMC), nine other commands that are Army Service
Component Commands (ASCC) of unified or subunified combatant commands, and eleven
direct reporting units.

Army Service Component Command / Theater Army

The Theater Army is the Army Service Component Command (ASCC) of a geographic
combatant command in a theater has both operational and support responsibilities.

 The ASCC is responsible to a regional unified combatant commander (and selected

subunified commanders) for the operational employment of assigned and attached
Army forces.
 The ASCC support responsibility is to organize, equip, train, maintain, and
logistically sustain Army forces.
 The organization of an ASCC is not fixed, but tailored to meet theater requirements.
 The commander of the ASCC (COMASCC) may be designated as the Joint or
Coalition Forces Land Component Command (J/CFLCC).
 The COMASCC is normally assigned territorial control over the joint security area
and may be designated the Joint Security Coordinator (JSC).
 Assigned and attached Army forces in a theater are placed under the operational
control of the unified commander who normally exercises this authority through the
COMASCC.

34
  The COMASCC is primarily concerned with long-range strategic and operational
planning and prepares a land operations plan to support the unified command’s
theater campaign plan. The land operations plan is interdependent and requires
detailed coordination with the plans of other Service components.
 Maneuver of large land-force formations by the COMASCC emphasizes offensive
operations involving deep attack into the enemy rear or along his vulnerable flanks.
Defensive and retrograde operations are conducted to protect critical areas, forces and
resources, and as economy-of-force operations
 The COMASCC may be required to provide Army support to other services under
Executive Agent Responsibilities as directed by the CCDR.
 During Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 3rd Army/ARCENT totaled over 300,000 Army
personnel, of which some 38,000 were in the Support Command and over 33,000 in
Echelon Above Corps (EAC) troops for a seven division force. This resulted in a
“divisional slice” of some 45,000. Of this total, 37,692 were ARNG, and 35,158 were
USAR.
 For Operation IRAQI FREEDOM in 2003, ARCENT served as the CFLCC with over
200,000 USA, 62,000 USMC and some 26,000 coalition forces. Of these 56,000 were
EAC troops.
 There are currently six Theater Armies/ASCCs: USARPAC, USAREUR/ 7th Army,
USARSO/ 6th Army, 3d Army/ARCENT, and US Army North & 5th Army all being
reorganized under TOE 51600G; and 8th Army retained temporarily under the legacy
TOE 51001.

The theater army will be the theater-level headquarters for each CCDR. The theater army
consolidates most functions performed by current Corps and Army Service Component
Command (ASCC) into a single operational echelon. The theater army commander performs
the administrative control (ADCON) functions and tasks of the Army force (ARFOR)
commander when the theater army is under combatant command (command authority)
(COCOM) of a CCDR. It supports Army, joint, and multinational forces deployed to JOAs
the CCDR establishes. In major combat operations, where the CCDR is the JFC, the theater
army commander may become the joint force land component commander (JFLCC) and
exercise operational control over committed land forces. When required for smaller
contingencies, the theater army can provide a JTF-capable headquarters to control forces
within a JOA.

Army Service Components

U.S. Unified Commands and Army Components. Most Unified Commands consist of Army,
Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps components. The Army HQs assigned as the ASCC of
its respective Unified Command are shown below. Note that Eighth US Army is the ASCC
for United States Forces Korea, a sub-unified command. The US Army Strategic Command
is an element of the US Army Space and Missile Defense Command as well as being the
Army component of the US Strategic Command (now also responsible for space). These
HQs are trained and equipped to support combatant command warfighting missions.

35
Theater Army Organization
The CCDR will tailor the theater army to meet the needs of joint forces in the theater. The
theater army structure provides the commander with flexibility to adapt the command and
control system to meet requirements. Each theater army will have a headquarters with
deployable command posts and will be assigned a mix of forces to support the theater. While
the type and size of the forces may vary considerably between combatant commands, the
theater army normally controls theater sustainment, signal (network operations—NETOPS),
intelligence, medical, and civil affairs capabilities. These subordinate elements may range in
size from a brigade to a full theater command, depending on theater requirements. As the
ASCC, the theater army commander exercises ADCON of all Army forces in the AOR. The
ASCC also integrates Army forces into the execution of regional security cooperation plans
and provides Army support to joint forces, interagency elements, and multinational forces, as
directed by the CCDR. For major combat operations or theater war, the theater Army may
provide the JFLCC headquarters. At the same time, the theater army will continue to
perform the ASCC functions.

36
Characteristics of the Theater Army are as follows:

 Army Service Component Commander (ASCC) for their respective GCC.

 Provides Army support to Joint, Service, Multinational and Interagency.
 Executes most Administrative Control responsibilities.
 Can serve as a Joint Task Force (JTF) Headquarters with augmentation.
 Can serve as the Joint Force Land Component Commander for major combat
operations where the CCDR is the Joint Force Commander (JFC).
 Each tailored to the Geographic Combatant Commander’s Area of
Responsibility.

37
The Theater army is an integrated, functionally organized land force headquarters. Three
broad design concepts underlie the Army organization:

 Regionally focused, globally networked organization. The theater army is not

“pooled” headquarters. It remains the senior Army headquarters for the theater and
does not deploy to another theater.

 Expeditionary Army and Joint Operations. Second, the theater army design
recognizes that the full capability required for protracted major combat operations is
too expensive to maintain full capability in every AOR on a standing basis. However,
the theater army design does provide enough capability to enable the initial phase of
an operation, while providing a flexible platform for Army and joint augmentation in
the event of expansion to a major campaign. Key also is that the theater army is not
just a supporting headquarters, but is also capable of complex operations, and fully
capable of serving as a JTF for lesser contingencies, or the JFLCC for CCDR – level
major operations.

 Regional Army Support and ADCON. Third, the theater army must provide
administrative control (ADCON) over all Army forces assigned to the theater and
control Army support to joint, interagency, and multinational elements as directed by
the CCDR. The latter is a continuous task performed by the Army, regardless of
whether it is also controlling land forces in a major operation.

38
IV. Army Commands

U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)

Headquartered at Fort Monroe, Virginia TRADOC recruits, trains and educates the Army’s
soldiers; develops leaders; supports training in units; develops doctrine; establishes
standards; and builds the future Army. TRADOC’s major subordinate units include US
Army Accessions Command, headquartered at Fort Monroe; Combined Arms Command
(CAC), headquartered at Fort Leavenworth; Combined Arms Support Command
(CASCOM), headquartered at Fort Lee; the TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) at Fort
Leavenworth; and the Army Requirements and Capabilities Integration Center at Fort
Monroe. Additionally, TRADOC operates 33 schools on 16 installations, including, among
others, 17 branch schools and centers, the Army Logistics Management College; the Army
Management Staff College, the Command and General Staff College, and the Army War
College.

U. S. Army Material Command (AMC)

Headquartered at Fort Belvoir, Virginia AMC provides technology, acquisition support, and
logistics to the Army, the other services, and U.S. allies. “If a soldier shoots it, drives it, flies
it, wears it, or eats it, AMC provides it.” The command’s missions range from research and
development of weapon systems to maintenance and distribution of spare parts. AMC
operates research, development, and engineering centers, the Army Research Laboratory,
depots, arsenals, ammunition plants, and other facilities, and maintains the Army’s

39
prepositioned stocks on land and afloat. The command is also the Department of Defense
executive agent for chemical weapons and conventional ammunition. AMC operates
facilities in 149 locations worldwide and has about 50,000 military and civilian employees.
Major Subordinates include: Army Sustainment Command, Army Contracting Command,
and the U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (USASDDC).

U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)

Mission
 Responsible for mobilization planning and combat readiness of assigned active Army
and USAR units and training supervision of Army National Guard during peacetime.

Organization
 Army Command and Army Service Component of U.S. Joint Forces Command
FORSCOM commands assigned active Army units in CONUS and, when federalized,
Army National Guard units. Commands U.S. Army Reserve Command and Army
Reserve units in CONUS, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands.

The major subordinate commands of FORSCOM are: 1st Army (Training, Readiness, and
Mobilization Command-TRMCOM), three Army corps, and eight Army Divisions. Major
subordinate commands and locations:

TRMCOM Corps
First Army Fort Gillem, GA
I Fort Lewis, WA
III Fort Hood, TX
XVIII Fort Bragg, NC

Other Commands
32d Air and Missile Defense Command Ft. Bliss, TX
20th Support Command (CBRNE) Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

Other Army Service Component Commands

U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR)/Seventh US Army

Mission
 Responsible for defense of U.S. interests in Europe and Africa.
 Maintain a combat ready force to support NATO commitments.
 Maintain trained and ready forces for deployment on contingency operations in
support of US European Command (EUCOM) and U.S. Africa Command
(AFRICOM) missions.

Organization
 Army Service Component Command for EUCOM and AFRICOM.
 Commands US Army units in Germany, Italy, England, and the Netherlands.

40
  Currently includes V Corps, 1st Armored Division (-), Southern European Task Force
(with the173d Airborne Brigade (Separate)), 170th Armored Brigade, 2d Stryker
Cavalry Regiment, 21st Theater Support Command, and 5th Signal Command and
other units.

U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC)

Mission
 Serve as the Army Service Component Command to Combatant Commander, U.S.
Pacific Command (USPACOM) less the geographical area of Korea.
 Command and support assigned and attached active Army and USAR units,
installations, and activities in Alaska, Hawaii, Japan, and in possessions and trust
territories administered by the USPACOM.
 USARPAC Commander has also been designated as commander JTF-Homeland
Defense for all military installations and critical infrastructure throughout the Hawaii
and U.S. territories in the Pacific.
 Oversee, evaluate, and support the Army National Guard in Hawaii, Alaska, and
Guam.
 Maintain a trained and ready force for employment in the Pacific theater or
worldwide.

Organization
 Subordinate Units: 25th Infantry Division; U.S. Army Alaska; U.S. Army Japan and I
Corps (Forward); 8th Theater Sustainment Command, 94th Army Air and Missile
Defense Command, 18th Medical Command;196th Infantry Brigade (Training Support
Pacific); and 9th U. S. Army Regional Support Command (USAR).

Eighth US Army (EUSA)

Mission
 Provide forces to the Combined Forces Command/U.S. Forces Korea to deter
aggression against the Republic of Korea (ROK) and, should deterrence fail, to defeat
that aggression.

Organization
 Army Service component command of U.S. Forces Korea whose ground and aviation
forces come under operational control of the Combined Forces Command in
wartime.
 Major subordinate units: 2nd Infantry Division (-); 35th ADA Bde, and the 19th
Support Command (Expeditionary).
 Components of the US Forces Korea which also includes U.S. Air Forces, Korea (7th
Air Force), and US Naval Forces Korea.
 Command assigned USAR units.

41
U.S. Army South (USARSO)/Sixth Army

Mission
 Command and control Army Forces in the US Southern Command.
 Provide theater support for US Army Forces and Headquarters SOUTHCOM as
directed by USCOMSOUTH.
 Provide support to JTF Bravo in Honduras and the Joint Detainee Operations Group
at GITMO in Cuba.
 Plans, programs, and provides U.S. Army support for SOUTHCOM’s regional
security strategy.

Organization
 Multi-component Headquarters serving as the Army Service component of
SOUTHCOM.
 Organized around major subordinate elements which consist of forward stationed
aviation and signal units, as well as Army units in GITMO.
 USARSO HQ is at Ft Sam Houston, Texas.

U.S. Army North (ARNORTH)/ Fifth Army

Mission
 Command and control Army Forces for U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM).
 Responsible to NORTHCOM for planning the land defense of Continental United
States (CONUS) and the combined Canada - United States defense of Canada as the
Joint functional land component command of NORTHCOM.
 Provides support to civil authorities in domestic emergencies.
 Provides support to federal, state, and local law enforcers in Homeland Security.

Organization
 Multi-component Headquarters serving as the Army Service component of
NORTHCOM.
 Organized around major subordinate elements which consist of a forward stationed
staff in Colorado and Defense Coordination Officers in each FEMA Region.
 ARNORTH HQ/5th Army is at Ft Sam Houston, Texas.
 JTF-Civil Support and JTF-North are subordinated to ARNORTH by NORTHCOM.

U.S. Army Central Command (USARCENT)/ Third US Army

Mission
 Develop and coordinate requirements, plans and participation of US Forces in
regional exercises and contingencies.
 Provide Command and Control of assigned and attached U.S. Army forces in the
CENTCOM area.
 Be prepared to deploy worldwide in support of JCS contingencies.

42
Organization
 Designated U.S. Army Forces Central Command (ARCENT) as the Army Service
component command of U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM).
 Under the combatant command (COCOM) of CENTCOM.
 Command and control of assigned and attached U.S. Army forces in wartime as in
Operation Desert Storm.
 Permanent subordinates
o 1st Support Command (Theater)-Ft. Bragg, NC
o TF Sinai, ASG-Kuwait, and ASG-Qatar.
 Operational Headquarters.
 Multinational Corps Iraq (ARFOR-Iraq).
 Coalition Joint Task Force 101 (ARFOR-Afghanistan).

U.S. Army Strategic Command (ARSTRAT) and Space and Missile Defense Command
(USASMDC)

Mission
 Command Defense Satellite Communications System Operation Centers and manage
joint tactical use.
 Conduct planning as the “User” of Army Strategic Ballistic Missile Defense.
 Execute operational demonstrations of the Army Space Exploitation Demonstration
Program.

Organization
 As a major subordinate command of USASMDC, the U.S. Army Space Command
(USARSPACE) is the Army component of US Strategic Command
(USSTRATCOM).
 Subordinate elements in Germany, Okinawa, Hawaii, California, Maryland, and
Virginia.
 The 1st Space Brigade provides Army Space Support Teams, Space Electronic
Warfare Detachments, and JTAGS Detachments to Army Service Components.
 The 100th National Missile Defense Brigade HQ (Army National Guard) in Colorado
and the 49th Missile Defense Battalion at Ft Greely, Alaska for command and control
of the Ground Based Mid-Course Defense (GMD) System with initial capability of
ten missiles.

U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC)

Mission
 Provide trained and ready Special Forces, Ranger, Special Operations Aviation,
Psychological Operations and Civil Affairs Forces to Regional Combatant
Commanders, Joint Task Force Commanders, and US Ambassadors and their country
teams.

43
  Responsible for development of unique special operations doctrine, tactics,
techniques, procedures, and materiel in coordination with SOCOM, TRADOC, and
AMC.
 Responsible for coordinating and deployment of security assistance teams to support
friendly nations.

Organization
 Army component command of US Special Operations Command (SOCOM)
responsible for all continental US-based Army Special Operations Forces (Active,
Army Reserve, and National Guard).
 Major subordinate commands: US Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center
and School; USA Special Forces Command, 95th Civil Affairs Brigade, 4th
Psychological Operations Group, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, 75th
Ranger Regiment, and US Army Special Operations Sustainment Brigade.

U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)

Mission
 Responsible for global traffic management, operation of worldwide water ports and
Department of Defense transportation engineering.

Organization
 A jointly-staffed Army Service component command of the US Transportation
Command (TRANSCOM) with its HQ at Alexandria, VA.
 SDDC is under the ADCON of AMC.
 Subordinate units:
o 595th Transportation Group- Ash Shuaiba, Kuwait
o 597th Transportation Group- Ft Eustis, VA
o 98th Transportation Group-Rotterdam, NL
o 599th Transportation Group-Hawaii
o Six USAR Terminal Brigades and four USAR Deployment Support Brigades.

U.S. Army Direct Reporting Units

As part of the October 2007 reorganization, the Secretary of the Army designated several
other Army activities as Direct Reporting Units. Three of these with significant subordinate
units are:

Network Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM)/9th Signal Command

Ft. Huachuca, AZ is a direct reporting unit to the Army CIO/G6 and is responsible for
worldwide theater signal support and for two deployable brigades in the United States.
 7th Signal Command-CONUS
o 21st Theater Strategic Signal Brigade- Ft Detrick, MD
o 93rd Signal Brigade-Ft Eustis, VA
o 106th Signal Brigade-Ft Sam Houston, TX
 5th Signal Command -Germany
o 2nd Theater Strategic Signal Brigade

44
 o 7th Theater Tactical Signal Brigade
o 1st Theater Tactical Signal Brigade-Korea
o 516th Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Hawaii
o 160th Theater Strategic Signal Brigade-Kuwait
 11th Theater Tactical Signal Bde – Ft. Huachuca, AZ
 35th Theater Tactical Signal Bde –Ft. Gordon, GA

U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM)

A direct reporting unit under the Army G2 with its HQ at Ft. Belvoir, VA., INSCOM
provides national strategic and theater strategic intelligence support.
Its major units are:
 1st Information Operations Command (Land)- Ft Belvoir, VA
 National Ground Intelligence Center
o (2nd Intelligence Center)- Ft Belvoir, VA
 66 Military Intelligence Brigade-Darmstadt, GE
th

 116th Military Intelligence Group (SIGINT)- Ft Gordon, GA

 470th Military Intelligence Brigade- San Antonio, TX
 500th Military Intelligence Brigade- Hawaii
 501st Military Intelligence Brigade- Seoul, ROK
 513th Military Intelligence Brigade- Ft Gordon, GA
 704th Military Intelligence Brigade- Ft Meade, MD

902nd Military Intelligence Group (CI)- Ft Meade, MD

US Army Reserve Command (USARC)

At the top of the US Army Reserve’s chain of command is a three-star General with two
distinct roles. The first is Chief, Army Reserve (CAR). The CAR reports to the Chief of
Staff of the Army and represents the Army Reserve in policy and planning discussions with
the Army, the Department of Defense and Congress. The CAR is responsible for all Army
Reserve Soldiers, even those who report directly to the Army. The General’s second role is
Commanding General (CG) of the U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC). The CG of
USARC also reports to the CSA, but is responsible for the staffing, training and readiness of
most Army Reserve units in the continental United States and Puerto Rico. In this role, the
CG, USARC coordinates directly with Army Forces Command. The Chief, Army Reserve
(CAR) has a staff of functional advisors who develop and execute Army Reserve plans,
policies and programs, plus administer Army Reserve personnel, operations and funding.
These advisors are part of OCAR, which is located in the Pentagon in Washington, DC.
USARC commands all Army Reserve units and is currently located at Ft McPherson, GA.
USARC is responsible for the staffing, training, management and deployment of USAR units
to ensure their readiness for Army missions.

Army Level Commands/Brigades: Theater Enabling Capabilities

In the Modular Force, a mix of functional supporting brigades and units will be assigned to
commands at the Army-level. For example, theater aviation brigades will be assigned to a
Theater Aviation Command to provide requisite capabilities for theater troops, primarily
fixed-wing, cargo, and MEDEVAC support. Sustainment brigades may be attached or
OPCON to a division or corps, or may be retained under the Sustainment Command

45
(Theater) along with other theater-level QM, port opening, aviation maintenance, and AMC
provided assets. Normally a theater army will be augmented by a theater-level Medical
Deployment Support Command and several medical brigades.

For protective assets, the Army may allocate functional brigades from theater-level Engineer,
MP, and Air and Missile Defense Commands to the division/corps to carry out a particular
task or retained under the theater army to support the force as a whole. For example, in
addition to a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade [MEB], a division might receive a military
police brigade to control displaced civilian and handle detainees or an engineer brigade to
provide additional engineering support. A MEB might also be attached directly to the theater
army for duty as the Joint Security Coordinator of the joint security area (JSA). Army Air
and Missile Defense Brigades will normally be retained at theater level as well as the forward
HQ of the 20th CBRNE Command and EOD Groups and chemical defense brigades.

Command and control organizations for the ASCC include Civil Affairs units
(command/brigades) and information superiority units such as a Signal Command (Theater)
that provides network operations support, a theater MI Brigade, an Information Operations
Group, and MISO units. Army Space teams, Army Liaison Teams, and a Battlefield
Coordination Detachment also contribute to providing information superiority.

Army Corps
The modular corps does not have any “corps” troops habitually assigned or attached. It, like
the modular division HQ, will share flexible combinations of multi-functional and single
functional brigades as needed by the operational situation.

By their very nature, corps will always fight as part of a joint force, working in very close
cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and/or Marine Corps. Similarly, the nature of
current world politics and U.S. treaty commitments will mean that corps will normally fight
as part of multinational combined forces in any mid- to high-intensity theater. Corps may
also serve as an intermediate Army HQ between division and theater army. In a contingency
operation, a corps headquarters may function as the land component headquarters of a joint
task force or as the joint task force headquarters. In such cases, the corps will have the
responsibility for both operational (campaign) and tactical execution.

Corps size may vary with the task organization. Historically, for Operation Just Cause in
Panama in 1989, XVIII Corps as JTF-South had only 12,000 troops, while for Desert
Shield/Desert Storm, XVIII Corps serving as an Army intermediate HQ had some 118,000
troops. In the same operation, VII Corps had over 142,000 troops with four U.S. and one
British division. For Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, V Corps had some 130,000 troops.
There are currently four corps: I, III, V, and XVIII. Three of these will convert to new
modular corps design being developed. V Corps is planned to become an operational
command post of USAREUR/7th Army. The Modular Corps HQ will be organized as:

46
Characteristics of the Army Corps:
 Operational-level, Army command and control headquarters. In order of priority, it
operates as a JTF, JFLCC, or Tactical HQ.
 Capable of serving as JTF or JFLCC HQ when properly augmented.
 Command and control of Army, Joint, and/or coalition forces.
 World-wide deployable to support CCDR requirements.
 May be employed in support of full spectrum operations (Small Scale Contingency
through MCO).
 May provide training readiness oversight of CONUS-based Army forces and/or Army
forces deployed within a specified JOA.

47
Divisions
Prior to Modularity, divisions were the Army’s standard combined arms organizations
tailored IAW conditions of METT-TC. They were capable of performing tactical missions
and were largely self-sustaining. Divisions were the basic units of maneuver at the tactical
level and performed major tactical operations for the corps. Divisions occasionally could
function as operational-level headquarters, and could conduct sustained battles, engagements,
and stability and reconstruction operations. The corps normally had two to five divisions of
any type and combination. Armored, mechanized infantry, light infantry, airborne, air
assault, and integrated divisions were in the U.S. Army force structure. Each type of division
had its own unique capabilities and limitations. Under modularity, all division HQs are now
self-contained HQs capable of commanding and controlling flexible combinations of all
BCTs and support brigades.

48
The Army Division will be composed of a tailored group of supporting brigades and
maneuver BCTs for each specific mission. Characteristics of the Army Division are as
follows:

 In order of priority, operates as a Tactical HQ, ARFOR, JFLC, JTF.

 Employs land forces as part of a Joint, Interagency, Multinational force.
 Can serve as a Joint Task Force (JTF) Headquarters with augmentation.
 Can serve as the Joint Force Land Component Commander (JFLCC) with
augmentation (Marine).
 Capable of rapid deployment with early entry command post capability.

49
Modular Brigade Combat Teams
As part of the Chief of Staff’s initiatives, the Army will convert to a new modular BCT
structure. All existing ground maneuver brigades (active and National Guard) except for the
3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment will eventually be converted to one of three designs: Heavy,
Infantry, or Stryker. Shown below are the approved designs.

Army Brigade Combat Teams

50
A mix of brigades supports the division and the BCTs. These brigades include a
multifunctional aviation brigade, a battlefield surveillance brigade (BFSB), a Maneuver
Enhancement Brigade (MEB), a fires brigade, and a sustainment brigade. These brigades
will be organized as combined arms units intended to support BCTs and carry out specific
tasks in support of echelons above BCT.

Unlike BCTs, multifunctional support brigades will not be fixed organizations. Support
brigades are designed around a base of organic elements to which a mix of additional
capabilities is added, based on the campaign or major operation. To make the brigades both
tailorable and effective, the brigade headquarters includes the necessary expertise to control
many different capabilities. Each brigade base also includes signal and sustainment
capabilities.

In addition to multifunctional support brigades, a wide variety of functional brigades will

remain in the Army structure primarily as theater-level troops, but also capable of
employment under corps/divisions. See chart below for numbers of units by type in the
Modular Force.

51
 Theater 6 ARNORTH (5th), ARSOUTH (6th), USARPAC/EUSA, ARCENT (3rd), USAREUR (7th), USARAF
Army
4 2 5 13 2 4 1 4 3 2
2/0/2 0/1/1 3/1/1 4/2/7 0/0/2 2/0/2 1/0/0 0/0/4 2/1/0 0/1/1
Theater
40 SC(T) Avn TSC ESC
ENG
MDSC
CBRNE CA
AAMDC
MP
Theater CMD CMD CMD CMD
CMD
Cmd/Bdes 14/6/20
8
3 4 2 9
8/0/0
1/0/2 0/2/2 2/0/0 1/0/8
PSYOP IO CID CA
MIB Grps Grps Grps Bdes
Functional
Brigades/ 151 16 11 3 7 13 3 14 4 12* 42
Groups 47/44/60 5/7/4 5/3/3 1/1/1 5/2/0 10/2/1 2/1/0 4/0/10 1/0/3 2/9/1 0/17/25
ENG MP CHEM ADA SIG EOD MED QM AVN RSG

3 18
Corps/Div 21 3/0/0 Corps 10/8/0 Division
13/8/0

19 13 32 10 23
Multi-
11/8/0 6/7/0 14/9/9 4/6/0 4/16/3
Functional
Support 97 CAB x Fires Sustain BfSB MEB
Brigades
39/46/12

BCT 76 43 INF 24 HVY 7 SBCT 1 1

17/7/0 6/1/0 1/0/0
ACR 1/0/0 EBCT
23/20/0 BCT BCT BCT
48/28/0

Total Increased Army Operating Force: 404.4K/ 320.7K/145.5K//870.6K

Legend: AC/ARNG/USAR * Includes: Theater Avn Bdes (1/4/1); Airfield Ops Comds (1/1/0); and Avn Maint Groups (0/4/0)

The composition and density of systems below represent a base structure comparison
between a Marine Corps Expeditionary Force and an Army Division configured with three
BCTs. A MEF is designed for short duration operations ashore to set conditions for
sustained Army land combat operations. An Army Division is designed to conduct sustained
land combat operations when resourced with theater enablers. A Marine Corps MEF requires
Army combat logistics, signals and intelligence enabler capabilities to sustain enduring land
combat operations.

Comparison of Notional MEF & Modular Division

Total Personnel

MEF Division (3 HBCT, 1 IBCT, 1 SBCT)

DISMOUNTED 50,000 36,500
RIFLE SQUAD MEMBERS 3,159 2,673

Major Equipment

MEF Division
MBT 58 174
AAV 233 0

52
 LAV-25/STRYKER 60 196
MGS(105) 0 27
BFV 0 273
ASV/M1117 0 66
105T 0 16
155T 72 18
155SP 0 80
MLRS/HIMARS 18 54
TOW 112 21
JAVELIN 72 350
60mm MORTAR 81 12
81mm MORTAR 80 26
120mm MORTAR 0 72
4-6 MAN RECON TMS 27 29

Aviation/Missiles

MEF Division
AV-8 64 0
F-18A/C 48 0
F-18D 24 0
EA-6/EF-18G 6 0
KC-130 12 0
AH-64 0 48
AH-1 36 0
ARH-70/OH-58D 0 20
MV-22/CH-46 or CH-47 64 (MV-22/CH-46) 12 (CH-47)
CH-53 32 0
HH/UH-60 0 58
UH-1 18 0
SUASs 72 195
Pioneer/Shadow 12 49
Warrior/Predator 0 12
STINGER 45 0
SLAMRAM 0 12
PATRIOT 0 24
LAV-AD 8 0

Modular Force Command Relationships Down To BCT (AC only)

The following outlines the planned command relationships and stationing plan down to
brigade-level by FY13. Army Commands and Army Service Component Commands are in
bold.

53
 US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) - Ft Bragg, NC

I Corps- Ft Lewis, WA
 3 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCT), 2d Infantry Division
 17th Fires Bde
 201st BFSB
 2nd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
 593rd Sust Bde
 42nd MP Bde
 555th Eng Bde
 62nd Med Bde
III Corps- Ft Hood, TX
 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment
 504th BFSB
 36th Eng Bde
 89th MP Bde
 1st Med Bde
 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
 Sust Bde (TBD)
XVIII Airborne Corps- Ft Bragg, NC
 525th BFSB
 16th MP Bde
 20th Eng Bde
 44th Med Bde
1st Infantry Division- Ft Riley, KS
 2 Heavy BCTs, 1 CAB(-) at Ft Riley, KS
 Infantry BCT at Ft Riley, KS
 3rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) -Ft Knox, KY
 1st Sust Bde at Ft Riley, KS
 3rd Brigade (IBCT) at Ft Knox, KY.
 75th Fires Bde at Ft Sill
 4th MEB at Ft Leonard Wood, MO
1st Cavalry Division Ft Hood, TX
 4 Heavy BCTs , 1 CAB
 41st Fires Bde
 4th Sustainment Bde
st
1 Armored Division- Ft Bliss, TX
 2 Heavy BCTs, 2 IBCTs, 1 CAB
 172nd HBCT to Bliss from Germany FY 12.
 170th HBCT to WSMR from Germany FY13.
 212th Fires Bde
 15th Sust Bde
 Army Evaluation Task Force (5th BCT, 1st AD)

54
3rd Infantry Division- Ft Stewart, GA
 2 Heavy BCTs, 2 IBCTs, 1 CAB at Ft. Stewart.
 3d Brigade (HBCT) at Ft Benning, GA
 3rd Sust Bde at Ft. Stewart.
th
4 Infantry Division -Ft Carson, CO
 3 Heavy BCTs; 2 IBCTs
 43rd Sust Bde
 214th Fires Bde at Ft Sill, OK
 1st Sq, 6th Cav (+), 1st CAB
th
10 Mountain Division- Ft Drum, NY
 3 Infantry BCTs, 1 CAB at Ft Drum, NY
 4th Brigade (IBCT) at Ft Polk, LA
 10th Sust Bde
 2nd MEB
 7th Sust Bde at Ft Eustis, VA
nd
82 Airborne Division- Ft Bragg, NC
 4 Airborne IBCTs, 1 CAB
 82nd Sust Bde
 18th Fires Bde
101st Airborne Division- Ft Campbell, KY
 4 Infantry BCTs, 2 CABs at Ft Campbell
 101st Sust Bde.
 49th QM Grp at Ft Lee, VA
th
20 Support Command (CBRNE)- Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
 48th Chem Bde- Ft Hood, TX
 52nd EOD Group-Ft Campbell, KY
 71st EOD Group-Ft. Carson, CO
32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command-Ft Bliss, TX
 11th ADA Bde at Ft Bliss, TX
 69th ADA Bde at Ft Hood, TX
 108th ADA Bde at Ft Bragg, NC
 31st ADA Bde at Ft Sill, OK
NTC - Ft Irwin, CA
 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (OPFOR) (HBCT [-])
JRTC- Ft Polk, LA
 1st MEB
 205th BfSB

Central Command

Army Forces Central Command (ARCENT) and 3rd Army- Shaw AFB, SC
1st Theater Sustainment Command-Ft Bragg, NC

55
 European Command

U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) and 7th Army-Germany

Eastern European Task Force
2d Cavalry Regiment (SBCT)-Germany.
170th and 172d HBCTs
173d Airborne Brigade-Italy/Germany
21st Theater Sustainment Command –Germany
 16th Sust Bde
30th Medical Command
12th CAB
18th MP Bde
18th Eng Bde
357th ADA Detachment

Africa Command

U.S. Army Africa [Southern European Task Force (SETAF)]-Italy

Pacific Command

U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) & 8th US Army-Hawaii

I Corps (Fwd)/U.S. Army Japan –Japan

 25th Infantry Division/U.S. Army Hawaii- Hawaii
o 3rd Infantry Brigade (IBCT)- Hawaii
o 2nd Infantry Brigade (SBCT)- Hawaii
o CAB (-) Hawaii
 USARPAC (-)/U.S. Army Alaska
o 1st Infantry Brigade, 25th (SBCT)
o 4th Airborne Brigade, 25th (IBCT)
o Aviation TF 49
o 3rd MEB
 8th Theater Sustainment Command- Hawaii
o 45th Sust Bde- Hawaii
 94th Army Air & Missile Defense Command- Hawaii
 130th Engineer Brigade
 8th MP Brigade (until FY 2013)
 18th Medical Command- Hawaii

UN Command and US Forces Korea

 Operational Command Post, 8th US Army-Korea
o 2nd Infantry Division (-)
 1st Brigade, 2nd Division
 CAB

56
  19th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)
 501st Sust Bde
o 35th ADA Brigade
o 65th Medical Bde

For planning purposes, the following assumptions are reasonable. The Army currently has
45 active component Brigades and 28 Reserve Component Brigades. The Army will have 15
BCTs deployed at any given time, with five BCTs postured to deploy as to meet backfill
rotational requirements. This leaves 25 BCTs available to meet strategic contingency
requirements, however, the readiness levels of these BCTs varies significantly. A reasonable
assumption is that two BCTs may be ready to deploy within 30 days and an additional three
may deploy in 120 days.

Army Force Generation Model (ARFORGEN). At any given time, the Army will have one
third of its forces deployed, one third being reconstituted and another third of its forces
preparing to deploy. The Army currently has about 40% deployed with the remaining 60%
in some state of reconstitution and readiness.

V. Army National Guard and Army Reserve

Organizations
The Army relies heavily on the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. The Army in
FY09 consists of 1,078,000 of which 530,000 are Regular Army (49%). The National Guard
has 358,000 (33%) and the Army Reserve has 190,000 (18%). Of this total force, some
795,000 reside in the deployable (MTOE) field Army, 32,000 are in special operating forces,
while over 188,000 are in general support (TDA) activities and some 63,000 active duty are
in individual personnel accounts. The Army Reserve Components are planned to provide
37% of the BCTs, 54% of non-BCT artillery, 62% of the sustainment units above BCT, 69%
of the protective, ISR, and C2 units above BCT; as well as 88% of the Civil Affairs Forces.

Roles, Missions, and Functions

Army National Guard

The Army National Guard has federal, state and community functions. It is directly
accessible to the National Command Authority and is responsive to state governors as well.
Its Federal function is to support U.S. national security objectives by providing trained and
equipped units for prompt mobilization in the event of national emergency or war. Its state
functions are to protect life and property and to preserve the peace, order and public safety.
Its community function is to participate in local, state and national programs that add value to
America. The Army National Guard is changing its focus from reinforcing a forward-
deployed Army during global conflict to a force that is prepared for the complete operational
spectrum. Federalized Army National Guard units pass immediately and directly under the
command of the CONUS Army in the area in which their mobilization stations are located.

After Modular Force restructuring, the Army National Guard will consist of eight modular
division headquarters and twenty-eight Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs) as well as six theater-

57
level commands and 78 support brigades/groups. These structure changes will result in the
guard combat maneuver elements consisting of one SBCT, twenty IBCTs, and seven HBCTs.

Army Reserve
The Army Reserve is a federal force whose function is to provide trained units and qualified
individuals for active duty in time of war or national emergency and at such other times as
the national security requires. The Army Reserve has extensive civil affairs, engineer,
medical, training, and transportation assets that are well suited for domestic and humanitarian
missions. The Army Reserve’s capability in its primary support function is enhanced by the
civilian experience and unique skills of its soldiers. The Army Reserve is also converting to
the Modular designs and developing 10 Army Reserve Expeditionary Packages (AREPs) as
vertical slices of the USAR for contingency planning. The Army Reserve will provide some
eighteen theater-level commands and 67 support brigades/groups.

VI. Army Logistical Data

Army Power Projection Program (AP3) Action Plan

The Army Power Projection Program (AP3) seeks the capabilities required to achieve a
paradigm shift, where “deploy equals employ,” to fully support the Combatant and Joint
Force Commanders in a dynamic new strategic environment. In order to accomplish this
goal, the AP3 has several elements:

58
  Improved sealift to include Theater support vessels and investigating Shallow draft,
high speed ships.
 Improved Army infrastructure at selected bases.
 Enhanced deployment training and better automation.
 Continued R & D into heavy lift vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.
 Convert to modular designs and Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS) 2012
recommended endstate.

Army Prepositioned Stocks (APS) Program (FM 3-35.1)

APS constitutes one leg of the Strategic Mobility Triad. The primary purposes of APS are to
reduce the initial amount of strategic lift required to support a predominately CONUS-based
force projection Army, and to sustain the Soldier until sea lines of communication (SLOC)
are established. Accordingly APS are located at several land based locations, as well as
aboard ships, to quickly project power to contingency areas. The four categories of APS are:

 Prepositioned Unit Sets. Equipment, configured into unit sets (to include authorized
stockage list [ASL], prescribed load list [PLL], and unit basic load [UBL]), is
positioned ashore and afloat in order to reduce deployment response times by meeting
the Army’s Global Prepositioning Strategy requirements to provide simultaneous
support to more than one contingency in more than one theater.

 Operational Project Stocks. Operational project (OPROJ) stocks are materiel above
normal table of organization and equipment, table of distribution and allowances, and
common table of allowance authorizations tailored to key strategic capabilities
essential to the Army’s ability to execute its force projection strategy. OPROJ stocks
are designed to support one or more Army operations, plans or contingencies.

 Army War Reserve Sustainment Stocks. The Army procures sustainment stocks in
peacetime to meet increased wartime requirements. They consist of major and
secondary materiel designated to satisfy the Army’s wartime sustainment
requirements. They provide minimum essential support to combat operations and
post-mobilization training beyond the capabilities of peacetime stocks, industry, and
host nation support (HNS). Army War Reserve Sustainment stocks are prepositioned
in or near a theater of operations to be used until wartime production and supply lines
can be established. These include stocks of major end items to sustain the operation
by replacing combat losses as well as consumable items to replace supplies consumed
in the operation.

 War Reserve Stocks for Allies. War Reserve Stocks for Allies (WRSA), a program
directed by the Office of the SECDEF ensures U.S. preparedness to assist designated
allies in case of war. WRSA assets are prepositioned in the appropriate theater and
owned and financed by the United States. They are released to the proper Army
component commander for transfer to the supported multinational force under
provisions in the Foreign Assistance Act and under existing country-to-country
memorandums of agreement.

59
APS are positioned and contain categories of stocks as follows:

 APS-1 (CONUS). Operational project stocks, sustainment stocks, and ammunition.

 APS-2 (Europe). Prepositioned sets, operational project stocks, ammunition, and
WRSA.
 APS-3 (Afloat). Prepositioned sets, ammunition, operational project stocks and
sustainment stocks.
 APS-4 (Pacific and Northeast Asia). Prepositioned sets, operational projects stocks,
sustainment stocks, ammunition, and watercraft.
 APS-5 (Southwest Asia). Prepositioned sets, operational project stocks, sustainment
stocks, ammunition, and watercraft.

As a result of sustained combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, the Army’s APS stocks
are limited. The Army is reconstituting its APS stockage levels, but this will take time to
achieve.

Typical lift and consumption planning factors for Army units.

Logistic Requirements for Committed Army Forces

UNIT Class III (Fuel) Class V (Ammo) All Others

Heavy Division 500,000 Gals/Day 2500 T/Day 350 T/Day
Light Division 65,000 Gals/Day 1000 T/Day 200 T/Day
Air Assault Division 300,000 Gals/ Day 1500 T/Day 350 T/Day
Fires Brigade 30,000 Gals/Day 2600 T/Day 40 T/Day
HBCT 150,000 Gals/Day 800 T/Day 90 T/Day
ACR 250,000 Gals/Day 270 T/Day 66 T/Day
Corps (5 Divisions) 2,400,000 Gals/Day 15,750 T/Day 2000 T/Day

Army Airlift and Sealift Requirements (Selected Units)

UNIT Airlift Sorties* Sealift Available

Times**
Ranger/Airborne Airfield 8 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs
Seizure TF
Abn Bde TF for Strategic 93 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs
Bde Assault
Heavy IRC (4M1A1, 4M2) 8 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs

AH-64 Co. (8 ea) 4 C17 N/A N + 18 Hrs

MLRS Battery (6 Lncrs) 10 C5 N/A N + 24 Hrs

Patriot Battery (8 Lncrs) 9 C5 N/A N + 24 Hrs

CA BN Task Force 30 C17 N/A N + 48 Hrs

AH-64 BN (24 ea) 15 C17 N/A N + 48 Hrs

60
 ABN Div (-DRB) 500 C-17, 47 C5, N/A N + 72 Hrs
21 CRAF
INFANTRY BCT 75 C-17 N/A N + 96 Hrs

Light Inf Div 375 C17 N/A N + 96 Hrs

Stryker BCT 350 C17 10 TSVs N + 96 Hrs

Heavy Division 77 CRAF 2 FSS, C + 30 Days

5 LMSR
Air Assault Div 70 CRAF 4 LMSR C + 30 Days

Notes: *Airlift based on numbers of aircraft needed to move entire unit in one lift. CRAF
sorties based on average of 222 PAX per sortie
**Availability for air movement is hours after notification (N) to begin air movement, travel
time not included. For sealift, it is days to arrive at Tactical Assembly Areas (TAA) after
beginning deployment.

VII. Major Army Systems

Wheeled Vehicles

Wheeled Tactical Weight No of Radius Speed Gap

Armament Range (m)
Vehicles (lbs) Rounds (km) (mph) Crossing
STRYKER ICV 62 (on road) Vertical 23”
38,000 330
14 per Mot Inf Co 45 (off road) Gap 78”
105mm 4000 18
STRYKER MGS 62 (on road) Vertical 23”
49,000 .50 cal 1200-1600 400 330
3 per Plt in Mot Inf Co 45 (off road) Gap 78”
Coaxial 7.62 1000 3,400

STRYKER Recce Veh External Remotely 1200-1600 2000 62 (on road) Vertical 23”
4 per Sct Plt 38,000 fired .50 cal 330
45 (off road) Gap 78”
12 per Trp in RSTA Sq
2000 430
40mm GL
Armored Security
Turreted 40mm GL 2000 840
Vehicle M1117 65 (on road) Vertical 24”
30,000 440
6 per MP Plt in HBCT; 45 (off road) Gap 60”
.50 cal MG 1200-1600 800
12 per MP

61
 Tracked Vehicles

Vehicle Unit Size Weapons Max eff Carried Fuel Fuel Cruising Max Obs
range (meters) on veh Consumption capacity range Speed negotiation
(gal/hr) (gal) (miles) (mph)
M1A1 MBT 14 per tank 120 mm 3500 40 Idle Avg: 10.80 505 289 Hwy: 41.5 Vertical
ABRAMS company Cdr .50 cnl MG 1,200-1,600 (900) 1,000 Cross country: Cross step:
70 Tons 9 per ARMD (or 7.62 MG) 56.6 country: 3' 6"
CAV TRP Coax 7.62 MG 900 10,000 Secondary roads: 30 Trench
Loader 7.62 MG 900 14,000 28 crossing
Smoke GL 30 24 width: 9'
Thermal 2,000+
M2 IFV 14 per Mech TOW 3,750 7 Idle avg: 6.4 175 300 Hwy: 41 Vertical
BRADLEY Infantry 25-mm chain gun APDS: 1,700a 225 675 Cross country: Cross step: 3'
32 Tons Company HEL-T: 3,100b total: 900 18 country: Trench
Coax 7.62 MG 900 2,340 Secondary roads: 30 crossing
Smoke GL 30 16 8.6 Water: width:
Thermal 2,000+ 4.5 8' 4"

M3 CFV 3 per Bn SCTs TOW 3,750 12 Idle avg: 6.4 175 300 Hwy: 41 Vertical
BRADLEY 13 per CAV TRP 25-mm chain gun APDS: 1,700a 425, 1,280 Cross country: Cross step: 3'
32 Tons HEL-T: 3,000b total: 1,705 18 country: Trench
Coax 7.62 MG 900 4,610 Secondary roads: 30 crossing
Smoke GL 30 16 8.6 Water: width:
Thermal 2000+ 4.5 8' 4"
a
Tracer burnout, otherwise 2,700 meters.
b
Range at which impact is observable and at which round self-destructs. Tracer burnout occurs at 2,500 meters.

62
 Army Aviation

Average
Endurance Maximum
Type Aircraft Weapon System (1) Range (m) Speed (2) Fire Control
(hr:min) Load
(knots)
AH-64A (3) Hellfire (16 each) 8,000 1:45 140 TADS/FLIR
Apache Hydra 70 Rockets 76 8,800 3:15 (4)
30-mm Cannon 1,200 3,000

AH-64D (3) Millimeter wave

Hellfire (16 each) 8,000 1:45 140
Apache Longbow Radar For 256 TGTS
Hydra 70 Rockets 76 8,800 3:15 (4) 32x FLIR
30-mm Cannon 1,200 3,000
8,000 lbs
UH-60L/M M60 D(2) 7.62 1100 2:00 120 or 1-Inf
Squad
6-
HH-60L/M MEDEVAC
LITTERS
BLACK HAWK
CH-47D/F M60 D(2) 7.62 3:00 140 20,000 or
1-Inf
CHINOOK
Platoon
OH-58D(5) Hellfire (4 maximum) 8,000 2:00 90 Mast MTD SIGHT
KIOWA Hydra 70 Rockets (14) 8,800 with
WARRIOR 50-cal Machine Gun (1) 2,000 Thermal Imaging
Stinger (4 maximum) 5,000 Low Light TV
Laser Rangefinder/
Designator
RAH-70 ARAPAHO Armed Hellfire
Nose mounted Adv
Recon Helicopter Hydra 2.75 Rockets 2-scouts
sight with FLIR
Under development 50-cal Machine Gun
UH-72A LAKOTA Light 3300 lbs, 8
Utility Helicopter N/A N/A 2:50 145 pass. or 2 N/A
[Garrison Use Only] litters

NOTES:
1. Can be armed with any system or combination if maximum rounds are reduced.
2. Low-level flight for planning route to and from target and/or LZ area. Nap of the earth (NOE) flight speed averages 35 knots (65 kph).
3. AH-64 is capable of operating in limited visibility and at night.
4. When fitted with one auxiliary 230-gallon fuel tank.
5. Kiowa Warrior is an armed version of the OH-58D. It can be fitted with a combination of weapons, but it only has two wpns pylons

63
 Anti-Armor Missiles

Guidance Rounds Range

Missile Prime Mover Weight (lbs)
Linkage Aboard (Meters)
M2 IFV 7
M3 CFV 12 3,750 max
TOW 40 (round only) Wire
HMWWV 6 65 min
Stryker 6
Laser-
16
AH-64 Atk Hel designated
100 (round 4
Hellfire OH-58D (Radar 7,000+ max
only) 8
RAH-70 designated on
AH-64D)
Individual Infrared
Javelin 49 lbs 6 2,000
Soldier Imaging

Field Artillery

Rds on Rds Bulk Time to Max Rate of Sustained

Range Weight Weapons
Weapon Veh/Prime Loaded on Emplace Fire (No. rds Fire Rds
(meters) (lbs) per Unit
Mover Resupply (min) first 3 min) per Hour
11,400
105-mm how
40 150 14,600 4,100 3 18 180 IBCT 16
towed M119
(RAP)
HBCT 16
155-mm how 24,000
Corps Bn
M109A6 39 203 30,000 64,000 1.3 12 60
18 Fires Bn
(PALADIN) (RAP)
18
18,000 SBCT or
155-mm how
28 161 30,000 15,800 5 12 Variable Fired Bde
towed M198
(RAP) Bn 18
MLRS (M
18
270) 227mm 12 96 30 km+ 54,000 2-20 12 12
Fires Bn 18
Rocket
HIMARS
(FMTV 5T) Fires Bn 18
6 54 30 km+ 30,000 15 6 6
227mm FFCSF
Rocket
XM 501 Non-
2,850
Line of Sight
15 40 km 162 lbs FFCS BCT
Launch
each
System

64
 MLRS Family of Munitions

Munition Range (km) Targets

Fielded
Personnel, Light Armor and
M26 Rocket DPICM 10 - 32.5
Soft Vehicles/Materiel
Personnel and Soft Vehicles/
ATACMS Block I DPICM 25 - 165
Materiel
In Production
Personnel and Soft Vehicles/
ATACMS Block IA 70 - 300
Materiel
In Development
Personnel, Light Armor and
GPS Guided MLRS DPICM 15 -70+
Soft Vehicles/Materiel
GMLRS Unitary variant (200 lb) 15-70+ For use when DPICM not suitable
Personnel, equipment,
ATACMS-Quick Reaction Unitary (470 lbs) 270 km
hardened facilities
ATACMS Penetrator Hardened sites in Korea.

Air Defense Weapons

Number
Range Weight Type
Air Defense System Launchers Guidance Rds on Launcher
(km) (lbs) Warhead
per Unit
PAC II: 4
PATRIOT air msls per lncr
Btry 6 lncrs
defense 120 3,740 Command HE
Bn 24 lncrs
missile PAC III: 16
msls per lncr
Proportional
Avenger Air
navigation: 8 msls
Defense System 4 34.9 Bn 36 HE
Uses passive .50 cal mg
(HMMV MTD)
IR homing
Comp Bn
EADS
Btry -12
SLAMRAM 30km Radar 5 msls
Man AMD
(HMMV MTD)
Bn -24
Command: from
THAAD
Army, Aegis, or
PLS TRK Chasis Btry - 3 Hit-To-Kill KV
100+km USAF sensors
1 Phalanx 20mm self- 8
14,000 + AN/TPQ-36
Counter Rocket, Land Based destructing
3km Firefinder and
Artillery, Mortar System explosive round
Lightweight Counter
(C-RAM)
Mortar Radar

65
 Air Defense Systems

System Prime Mover Range Allocation

Sentinel Radar HMMWV 40km 2 per Division
AN/MPQ-64 AMD Det;
7 per Comp
AMD Bn; 8-MAMD
AN/PPS-15 GSR Man packed and vehicle Pers: 1.5 3: IBCT
Veh: 3
Joint Elevated Networked Sensor 71m AEROSTAT (Helium filled) LOS to 250km 1 SuR and 1 PTIR
(JLENS) Acft & CMS: 30KM+ Per battery
Pers: 13 km
Veh: 20 km

Long Range Surveillance Aircraft, vehicle, foot 150 km 15: BfSB

Teams 6: IBCT
AN/USD-9 GUARDRAIL RC-12D LOS = 450 km 12: AEB
Common Sensor (GRCS) Station time: 5.5 hours
LOS data link: 150 km
Ground-Based Common HVY: Electronic Fighting LOS: 40 km 2: BCT; 6: BfSB
Sensor (GBCS)-Prophet Vehicle (EFVS)
AN/MLQ-38 LT: HMMWV
AN/MLQ-39
Unmanned aerial vehicle-RQ-7B Length: 11 ft 125 km 1 baseline =
Tactical (TUAV) Wing span: 14ft Station time: 5-7 hours 4 aircraft
"Shadow" Dry weight: 375 lbs platforms
Max speed: 118 kn 2 GCS
Height: 5 ft 2 GDT
Payloads: Color CCD FLIR 4 RVT
Max altitude: 19,000 ft (1 per Bde)
Operating altitude: 8-10,000 ft
Unmanned aerial vehicle-RQ-5A Wing span: 29.2 ft 125 km on GCS platforms
short-range (UAV-SR) Dry weight: 1,200 lbs 50 km on LRS 4 ADR
"HUNTER" Max speed: 106 kn 75 km on ADR 3 GCS/MPS
Height: 5.4 ft 2 GDT
Payload: FLIR 4 RVT
Max altitude: 15,000 ft 1 LRS
Operating altitude: 15,000 ft
Multi-Purpose MQ-5B 34’ wingspan, 20,000’ ceiling, 21 hrs endurance Replacing existing
HUNTER 280 lbs of ord RQ-5As
(Viper/BLU 108).
RQ-8A RAVEN Hand launched I system per Bn
RQ-11B RAVEN 3 acft to a system
Extended Range-Multipurpose Length: 28 ft 40+ hrs 12 per CAB ER-MP
MQ-1C Warrior Wingspan: 56 ft Co
Payload: 800 lb EO/IR & SAR/MTI
Max Speed: 130 kn 4 Hellfire Msls
Ceiling: 25,000+
Weapons Locating Radars HMMWV towed .9 to 24 km 1 Q36: IBCT;
AN/TPQ-36 MTT towed 3-50 km 1 Q36,1 Q37:
AN/TPQ-37 HBCT, SBCT
4 Q37: Fires Bde

66
VIII. Army Coordination Issues

Achieving Information Superiority

The ASCC commander is also charged with achieving information superiority. Information
superiority is the combination of information management, knowledge management,
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; along with information operations. As the
Army has numerous and diverse elements (NETOPS Commands/Brigades, Intelligence
Brigades, PSYOP battalions, Army space units, and Information Operations Groups among
them) in a theater all contributing to one or more of these efforts, coordination is a challenge.
In the absence of a single commander, the ASCC Chief of Staff may be charged with
coordinating these elements through his primary staffs with the G7, Information Engagement
Officer, coordinating PAO and PSYOP influence operations.

Air and Missile Defense

Theater Missile Defense (TMD) is similar but distinct from Air Defense. Operations to
protect the force from missile threats are fundamentally different from those taken to defend
from the counterair threat. TMD threats require unique and highly responsive command and
control structures that are separate from the TACS. The Army seeks to integrate with the
other components in TMD, but not to be degraded through subordination by forming an
Army Air and Missile Defense Command. While an Army organization, its functions
support the joint force. These functions include establishing an AAMDC LNO at the
JFACC’s Air Ops Center that will assist in integrating land-based TMD, advising on use of
land-based air defense, and providing planning assistance. Recently, the 32d AAMDC
operated in this manner as part of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. New Army operated
systems such as Joint Elevated Networked Sensor (JLENS) and the Counter-Rocket,
Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) provide additional capabilities. (FM 3-01.12).

Civil Affairs and MISO

The Army previously placed all of its CA & MISO units under USASOC. Now only AC CA
& MISO units remain under USASOC. USAR CA & MISO units from USACAPOC
intended to support conventional Army and Marine units are under US Army Reserve
Command direct control. CA and MISO units will normally be aligned with a specific
theater army for priority employment, but still remain worldwide deployable. Specific
command relationships will need to be further defined. Having all conventional support
CA/MISO units in the USAR may be insufficient and additional AC CA units may be
needed. In addition, the type and amount of CA & PSYOP support for the Marines needs to
be considered. In addition, the Navy has formed Maritime CA Groups for duty in ports and
the USMC has formed three 42 man CA Dets, one for each MEF.

Deep Strikes
The ARFOR/JFLCC needs to have a forward boundary sufficiently far in front of the FLOT
to enable it to shape and influence the ground battle. In addition, it should not be too far
forward to unduly constrain the JFACC's overall interdiction effort. The JFC establishes the
forward boundaries of surface components to support the overall theater plan. Within his
AO, the ARFOR/JFLCC is the supported commander and designates the target priorities,
effects, and timing. Due to their characteristics, Army attack helicopters are well suited to

67
conduct Close Combat Attack in proximity of friendly ground forces. Forward of the
Forward Surface Control Limit (FSCL), but short of the forward boundary, the JFACC may
be the Coordinating Authority for operational fires due to the assets he controls. The
ARFOR/JFLCC will have a Fire Support Cell (FSC) to plan and monitor these operational
fires. These may be precision strikes conducted primarily by Fires Brigades or even Mobile
Strikes conducted primarily by Aviation Brigades. (JP 3-09, JP 3-09.3, FM 3-93, CFLCC/3d
U. S. Army/ARCENT Operational Fires SOP).

Detainee Operations
During the course of military operations, U. S. and coalition forces must be prepared to
detain enemy personnel no longer willing or able to continue to fight, and other personnel
based upon established detention criteria to include non-traditional combatants. U.S. and
coalition personnel must be prepared to maintain, protect, and account for all categories of
potential detainees. A chief of detainee operations, normally the senior Army MP officer
from a Military Police Command or Brigade, will be appointed by the joint force commander
who will be responsible for the humane treatment and all aspects of detainee operations to
include detention facilities, interrogations, and reporting requirements (JP 3-63).

JFLCC Integration of Assets

A Joint Forces Land Component Commander (JFLCC) should be established to exercise
control of all ground forces and their doctrinal direct support assets (to include Army rotary
wing and unmanned aircraft and ATACMS or USMC Aviation) when employed for
sustained land operations. The Army needs to operate a discrete portion of Unmanned Aerial
Systems (UAS) to provide for its dedicated requirements. Marines ashore for sustained
periods should be placed OPCON or TACON to the JFLCC. Marines embarked should
remain under the control of the Maritime Component. Likewise the JFLCC should command
all ground based air/missile defense assets for the JFC. For a major conflict, a MEF
operating as part of a JFLCC will require augmenting Army MLRS or SP cannon artillery.
The Marines can provide a Force Artillery HQ to control these assets. On a task basis, the
JFLCC may be required to relinquish control of some of these assets to support another
component, but they revert back as the task is completed. Marine Air will always remain
under the command of the MAGTF Commander for direct support air sorties. Any sorties in
excess of MAGTF direct support requirements will be provided to the joint force commander
for re-tasking by the JFACC.

Joint Logistics
The Army's logistical concepts for theater level are evolving to a Sustainment Command
(Theater) [TSC] that may also be tasked as the joint theater-level support organization. The
TSC will be a modular headquarters that will serve as the ASCC or the JFLCC’s single point
of contact for the execution of theater–level support functions of personnel, transportation,
finance, and contracting support. The other service components can be expected to
contribute appropriate sustainment forces. Examples from the Naval Expeditionary Combat
Command could include Navy Construction Battalions (SEABEES), Expeditionary Logistics
units or Fleet Hospitals ashore. Air Force units may include contingency response, aerial
port, or engineering units (RED HORSE). In addition, a Marine Logistics Command, if

68
formed, will coordinate for logistical support of employed Marine Forces (FM 4-93.4,
Theater Sustainment Command).

Joint Security Coordinator

As the ARFOR/JFLCC normally commands the most personnel in the Joint Security Area,
the JFC may designate the ARFOR/JFLCC or one of his subordinates as the JSC.
Previously, the commander of the Theater Support Command as the largest activity in the
JSA, could become the JSC. An AAMDC may be designated as was the 32d in Operation
IRAQI FREEDOM. Alternatively, a Maneuver Enhancement Brigade or an Operational
Protection Command may be designated. The JSC is responsible for the multi-dimensional
protection of all forces in the JSA and may require dedicated security forces for this function.
A joint security force may be formed from Army MPs, Air Force security forces, Marine
Rear Operations Group (MROG) security units, and naval coastal warfare, riverine boat units
or expeditionary security elements. (JP 3-10)

Targeting and BDA Process

The ARFOR/JFLCC needs to be able to request additional fire support from other
components to support the conduct of land operations in accordance with the JFC's overall
guidance. The ARFOR/JFLCC uses the Battlefield Coordination Detachment as ground
force liaison with the C/JFACC. A Joint Fires Element (JFE) as part of the J3 can provide
staff coordination. Additionally, the JFLCC needs to have access to Battlefield Damage
Assessment (BDA) assets in order to make targeting recommendations. As many of these
ISR platforms belong to other components, the JFLCC needs a BDA request system. A Joint
Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB), preferably under the deputy Combatant Commander,
with authority to recommend targeting priorities at the macro level is a method of providing
that support. (See JP 3-09 and JP 3-60.)

Stability and Reconstruction Operations

Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have highlighted organizational and doctrinal
voids in the US military for the conduct of several types of operations. The Secretary of
Defense has issued a DOD Directive 3000.05 on Stability and Reconstruction Operations
(S&RO) that establishes the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy as his Executive Agent
for all S & RO matters. In addition, the Army has elevated stability to one of the three types
of operations, along with offense and defense, to be conducted overseas. The Army has
reorganized and rebalanced its forces in order to provide more capability and capacity in S &
RO. The insurgency in Afghanistan and Iraq has also refocused the Army on
counterinsurgency operations. The Army has produced Field Manual 3-24,
Counterinsurgency Operations, 15 DEC 2006 and FM 3-07, Stability Operations 6 DEC
2008. The challenge will be providing the Army personnel for the numerous Military
Assistance Training Teams required to support indigenous forces, both during major
operations as well as during peacetime engagement, without detriment to the rest of the
Army.

IX. References

Army Campaign Plan, 2008, 16 Jun 2008, Department of the Army G3/5/7.

69
AR 10-87, Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting
Units, Department of the Army, October 2007.
Army Prepositioned Stocks Strategy 2012, Department of the Army G3/5/7, 23 June 2005.
Army Transformation Roadmap, September 2006.
Bell, Burwell B. and Thomas P. Galvin, “In Defense of Service Component Commands,”
Joint Forces Quarterly 37 (April 2005): 96-104.
Bonin, John A. "Joint Forces Land Component Commander Primer,” Version 4.0, USAWC,
June 2005.
Department of the Army, Grow the Army (GTA) Stationing, Information Brief, 18 December
2007.
Department of the Army, U.S. Army Posture Statement, February 2008.
Department of Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992.
Field Manual 1, The Army, June 2005.
Field Manual 3-0, Operations, 27 February 2008.
Field Manual Interim 3-0.1, The Army Modular Force, 28 January 2008.
Field Manual 3-31, Joint Force Land Component Commander Handbook, 13 December
2001.
Field Manual 3-31.1 (90-31), Army and Marine Corps Integration in Joint Operations
(AMCI), November 2001.
Field Manual 3-90, Tactics, July 2001.
Field Manual Interim 3-91, Division Operations, Draft, February 2006.
Field Manual 3-93, The Army in Theater Operations, Post DRAG, July 2005.
Field Manual 3-93.1, Army Service Component Command Headquarters. Final Draft. 15
August 2006.
Field Manual 4-93.4, Theater Support Command, Final Draft, 18 January 2008.
Fontenot, Gregory, et. al. On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Ft
Leavenworth, KS, 2004.
Grow the Army (GTA) Stationing, Information Brief, 18 December 2007, Department of the
Army.
JFLCC Commander’s Guidebook, USAWC, February 2006.
Joint Pub, 3-31, Command and Control for Joint Land Operations, 31 March 2004.
Profile of the U.S. Army 2008, a Reference Handbook Association of the U. S. Army, 2008.
US Army Forces Command Modular Force C2 Pamphlet, 19 December 2007.

70
 U.S. MARINE CORPS

I. Mission and Purpose

Organized as an expeditionary “force in readiness,” the Marine Corps provides the nation
with a responsive force that can conduct operations across the full spectrum of conflict.

Title 10 of the U.S. Code states the following missions of the U.S. Marine Corps:

 Seize or defend advanced naval bases;

 Conduct land operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign;

 Provide detachments for service on vessels of the Navy and naval stations and
bases; and

 Perform other duties as the President may direct.

Additionally, the Marine Corps will:

 Develop, in coordination with the Army and the Air Force, those phases of
amphibious operations that pertain to the tactics, technique, and equipment used
by landing forces; and,

 Expand peacetime components of the Marine Corps to meet the needs of war.

In implementing the current security strategy, the Marine Corps performs a variety of
missions across the full spectrum of conflict; however, it focuses primarily on two missions:
assuring littoral access and responding to crises.

To meet its directed missions in the current uncertain and dangerous security environment,
Marine forces train to six core competencies. The Marine Corps views the following core
competencies as the fundamental contribution that the service makes to the nation’s defense:

 Conduct persistent forward naval engagement and be prepared to respond as the

Nation’s force in readiness;

 Employ integrated combined arms across the range of military operations and
operate as part of a joint or multinational force;

 Provide forces and specialized detachments for service aboard naval ships, on
stations, and for operations ashore;

71
  Conduct joint forcible-entry operations from the sea and develop amphibious
landing force capabilities and doctrine;

 Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other

challenging environments; and,

 Lead joint and multinational operations and enable interagency activities.

II. Organization and Structure

The Marine Corps is organized into four major components:

 Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps (HQMC). HQMC consists of the

Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC) and those staff agencies that advise and
assist him in discharging his responsibilities prescribed by law and higher
authority. The CMC is a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and is directly
responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the total performance of the Marine
Corps including the administration, discipline, internal organization, training,
requirements, efficiency and readiness of the service.

 Operating Forces. Viewed as the heart of the Marine Corps, the operating forces
comprise the forward-presence, crisis-response, and fighting power that the
Marine Corps provides to U.S. unified combatant commanders. Codified in
public law, the Marine Corps’ minimum peacetime structure consists of “…not
less than three combat divisions and three aircraft wings, and such other land
combat, aviation and other services as may be organic therein…” In addition, the
Marine Corps maintains a fourth Marine division and aircraft wing in its reserve
component.

The Marine Corps maintains a service component headquarters with each unified
geographic combatant command (GCC); however, the preponderance of the
Marine Corps’ operating forces are assigned to one of the following three
combatant commands: U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM), U.S. Pacific
Command (USPACOM), and U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).
The following are the Marine Corps service component headquarters:

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM). Located

in Norfolk, Virginia, and commanded by a three-star general.
Commander, MARFORCOM, provides II Marine Expeditionary Force
(MEF) and activated Marine Forces Reserve units to the Commander,
USJFCOM. Commander, MARFORCOM also serves as Commander,
U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Europe.

72
 o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC). Located at
Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii, and commanded by a three-star general.
Commander, MARFORPAC, provides I and III MEFs to Commander,
USPACOM.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command

(MARSOC). Located at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, and
commanded by a two-star general. Commander, MARSOC, provides
assigned forces to Commander, USSOCOM.

o Other Service Component Commands. The Marine Corps

maintains a service component headquarters with U.S. Central
Command, U.S. European Command, U.S. Southern Command, U.S.
Africa Command, and U.S. Northern Command. Marine forces are
apportioned, but not assigned to these unified geographic commands.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Africa Command (MARFORAF). A

three-star headquarters located in Stuttgart, Germany.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Central Command (MARCENT). A

three-star headquarters located in Tampa, Florida. Commander,
MARCENT, also serves as Commanding General, I MEF, located at
Camp Pendleton, California.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, European Command (MARFOREUR).

A three-star headquarters located in Stuttgart, Germany.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Southern Command

(MARFORSOUTH). A two-star headquarters located in Miami,
Florida.

o U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Northern Command

(MARFORNORTH). A three-star headquarters located in New
Orleans, Louisiana. Commander, MARFORNORTH, also serves as
Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve (MARFORRES).

 Marine Corps Reserve. The United States Marine Corps Reserve is responsible
for providing trained units and qualified individuals to be mobilized for active
duty in time of war, national emergency, or contingency operations, and provide
personnel and operational tempo relief for active component forces in peacetime.
The Marine Reserve, like the active forces, consists of a combined arms force

73
 with balanced ground, aviation, and combat service support units. The Marine
Reserve is organized under the Commander, MARFORRES headquartered in
New Orleans, Louisiana.

 Supporting Establishment. The Marine Corps supporting establishment consists

of personnel, bases, and activities that support the Marine Corps operating forces.
The supporting establishment also includes:

o Marine Corps Recruiting Command

o Marine Corps Combat Development Command

o Marine Corps Systems Command

o Training activities and formal schools

III. Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF)

Marine operating forces organize as a MAGTF. The MAGTF is a balanced, air-ground

combined arms task organization under a single commander, structured to accomplish a
specific mission or a number of missions across the full spectrum of conflict.

Capability
MAGTFs are flexible, task-organized forces that are capable of responding rapidly to a broad
range of combat, crisis, and conflict situations. MAGTFs vary in size and capability
according to the mission, threat, and operating environment. The MAGTF is primarily
organized and equipped to conduct amphibious operations as part of naval expeditionary
forces. MAGTFs are also capable of sustained combat or peace operations ashore.
Regardless of size, MAGTFs are "expeditionary" forces. An expeditionary force is a
capability, vice a structure. Any size MAGTF could be referred to as a Marine
expeditionary capability.

Structure
Each MAGTF, regardless of size or mission, has the same basic structure. A MAGTF
consists of four core elements: Command (CE), Aviation (ACE), Ground (GCE), and
Logistics Combat Element (LCE). No one element of the MAGTF is necessarily more
important than the others; the ACE, GCE or LCE could be the MAGTF main effort
depending on the mission. (See Figure 1)

74
 Command Element
(CE)

Ground Combat Aviation Combat Logistics Combat

Element Element Element
(GCE) (ACE) (LCE)
Figure 1: Four Core Elements of all MAGTF’s

Four Core Elements of a MAGTF:

 Command Element (CE). The CE contains the MAGTF headquarters and

other units that provide intelligence, communication, and administrative
support. The CE is scalable and task organized to provide the command,
control and joint interoperability necessary for effective planning and
execution of operations.

 Ground Combat Element (GCE). The GCE is task organized to conduct

ground operations to support the MAGTF mission. This element includes
infantry, artillery, reconnaissance, armor, light armor, assault amphibian,
engineer, and other forces, as needed. The GCE varies in size and
composition.

 Aviation Combat Element (ACE). The ACE conducts offensive and

defensive air operations and is task organized to perform those functions of
Marine aviation required to support the MAGTF mission.

 Logistics Combat Element (LCE). The LCE is task organized to provide the
full range of combat service support functions and capabilities necessary to
maintain the continued readiness and sustainability of the MAGTF as a whole.
The LCE varies in size and composition.

Types of MAGTFS
There are four basic MAGTF organizations: Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), Marine
Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), and Special Purpose
MAGTFs (SPMAGTF).

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)

The MEF is the largest standing MAGTF and the principal Marine Corps war fighting
organization. It is capable of missions across the full spectrum of conflict through
amphibious and sustained operations ashore in any environment.

75
Each MEF consists of:

 MEF Headquarters Group (CE)

 Marine Division (GCE)

 Marine Aircraft Wing (ACE)

 Marine Logistics Group (LCE)

The three standing MEFs, (I, II and III MEF) provide a pool of capabilities and combat
power from which all smaller MAGTFs are formed. Each MEF is commanded by either a
Lieutenant General or Major General and consists of 20,000 to 90,000 personnel. Because of
a limited number of platforms, the Navy / Marine Corps team is currently incapable of
deploying an entire MEF on U.S. Navy amphibious shipping. Consequently, A MEF
normally deploys on a combination of amphibious, Military Sealift Command (MSC) and
Maritime Pre-positioned Force (MPF) vessels, as well as Air Mobility Command (AMC) air
transport. A MEF deploys with 60 days of supplies for sustained operations ashore. (See
Figure 2)

Marine Expeditionary Force

(MEF)
Command Element

Marine Division Marine Aircraft Wing Marine Logistics Group

(MARDIV) (MAW) (MLG)
(Ground Combat (Aviation Combat (Logistics Combat
Element) Element ) Element)

Figure 2: MEF

I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF)

Headquartered at Camp Pendleton, California; units located in California and Arizona:

 1st Marine Division (1st MARDIV) - Camp Pendleton, California

 3d Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW) - Miramar San Diego, California

 1st Marine Logistics Group (1st MLG) – Camp Pendleton, California

II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF)

Headquartered at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; units located in North and South Carolina:

 2nd Marine Division (2nd MARDIV) - Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

76
  2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW) - Cherry Point, North Carolina

 2nd Marine Logistics Group (2nd MLG) - Camp Lejeune, North Carolina

III Marine Expeditionary Force (III MEF)

Headquartered in Okinawa, Japan; units located in Hawaii and Japan:

 3d Marine Division (3rd MARDIV) - Okinawa, Japan

 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW) - Okinawa, Japan

 3d Marine Logistics Group (3rd MLG) - Okinawa, Japan

Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)

The MEB is a medium sized MAGTF that is task organized to respond to a full range of
crises, from forcible entry to humanitarian assistance. MEBs are not standing organizations;
they form only when needed. The most recent example of this was the activation of MEB-
Afghanistan (MEB-A) for service in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.

Each MEB consists of:

 MEB Headquarters Element (CE)

 Marine Regiment (Regimental Landing Team or Regimental Combat Team)
(GCE)
 Composite Marine Aircraft Group (ACE)
 Combat Logistics Regiment (LCE)

A MEB is commanded by a Brigadier General or Major General and consists of 3,000 to

20,000 (nominally 16,500) personnel. It generally deploys on U.S. Navy amphibious ships
with support from MSC and MPF vessels and AMC. The MEB deploys with 30 days of
supplies for sustained operations ashore. (See Figure 3)

Marine Expeditionary Brigade

(MEB)
Command Element

Marine Regiment Marine Aircraft Group Combat Logistics Regiment

(RLT or RCT) (MAG) (CLR)
(Ground Combat Element) (Aviation Combat Element) (Logistics Combat Element)

Figure 3: MEB

77
Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)
The MEU is the standard forward deployed Marine expeditionary organization. A MEU is
task organized to be a forward deployed presence and designed to be the “first on the scene”
force.

Each MEU consists of:

 MEU Headquarters Element (CE)

 Battalion Landing Team (GCE)

 Composite Marine Squadron (Rotary and fixed wing aircraft (ACE)

 Combat Logistics Battalion (LCE)

A MEU is commanded by a Colonel and consists of 1,500 to 3,000 personnel. MEUs

typically deploy for six-months aboard U.S. Navy amphibious ships. They deploy with 15
days of supplies for sustained operations ashore. At any given time, three MEUs are
continuously deployed around the globe.

A MEU is capable of a wide range of small scale contingencies, to include:

 Amphibious raids/limited objective attacks

 Noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO)

 Security operations /Counter-Intelligence operations

 Tactical recovery of aircraft and/or personnel (TRAP)

 Humanitarian/civic action operations

Before deployment, a MEU undergoes an intensive six-month training program, focusing on

its conventional and maritime special operations missions. The training culminates with a
thorough evaluation and certification. In addition to possessing conventional capabilities, a
MEU, when augmented with a Marine Special Operations Company (MSOC) provided by
MARSOC, may be designated as a MEU (Special Operations Capable) or MEU(SOC). (See
Figure 4)

78
 Marine Expeditionary Unit
(MEU)
Command Element

Battalion Landing Team Marine Air Squadron Combat Logistics Battalion

(BLT) (Fixed & Rotary wing) (CLB)
(Ground Combat Element) (Aviation Combat Element) (Logistics Combat Element)

Figure 4: MEU

Special Purpose Marine Air/Ground Task Force (SPMAGTF)

The SPMAGTF is a non-standing MAGTF temporarily formed to conduct a specific mission.
It is normally formed when a standing MAGTF is unavailable or inappropriate. Their
designation derives from the mission they are assigned, the location in which they will
operate, or the name of the operation in which they will participate. These MAGTFs vary in
size and composition based on the individual mission. As with the MEU, the SPMAGTF
may be the forward element of a larger MAGTF. Some recent examples of deployed
SPMAGTFs are SPMAGTF Los Angeles, SPMAGTF Somalia and SPMAGTF Katrina.

MAGTF SIZE ELEMENT

GCE ACE LCE
(Largest to Smallest)
Marine Aircraft Marine Logistics
Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Division
Wing Group
(MEF) (MARDIV)
(MAW) (MLG)
Marine Aircraft Combat Logistics
Marine Expeditionary Brigade Marine Regiment
Group Regiment
(MEB) (RLT or RCT)
(MAG) (CLR)
Battalion Landing Combat Logistics
Marine Expeditionary Unit Reinforced
Team Battalion
Helicopter/Fixed
(MEU) Wing Squadron
(BLT) (CLB)
Special Purpose MAGTF Elements of a Elements of a Elements of a

(SPMAGTF) MARDIV MAW MLG

Figure 5: MAGTF Organization & General Sizing

The previously described MAGTFs provide a range of capabilities to support naval, unified
combatant commanders, and national requirements. These MAGTFs are joined by other

79
unique Marine capabilities to help the Marine Corps deal with a full range of conventional
and unconventional threats and assignments. Listed below are a few of these other unique
capabilities.

Global Response Forces (GRF)

Marine Corps GRFs are standing contingency forces that can respond rapidly to emerging
crises anywhere in the world. MARFORPAC and MARFORCOM maintain GRFs in
continuous states of readiness, enabling the Marine Corps to provide GCCs with the
appropriate GRF as soon as the NCA directs. Marine GRFs provide great versatility: they
can be immediately employed from U.S. Navy amphibious ships, fly into a crisis area and
marry-up with equipment from the MPF or conduct security and enabling functions as the
lead element of a MAGTF. Additionally, the Chemical and Biological Incident Response
Force (CBIRF) – a unique Marine Corps capability – maintains a high state of readiness to
respond to asymmetric enemy action at home or abroad.

Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF)

The MPF is a strategic power-projection capability that combines the lift capacity, flexibility,
and responsiveness of surface ships with the speed of strategic airlift. Strategically
positioned around the globe, the Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS) of the MPF provide
the GCCs with persistent forward presence and rapid crisis response. The MPF is sometimes
referred to as the “fifth element of the MAGTF” because of the vital contribution is makes to
the deployment of Marine Corps operating forces.

The MPF is organized into three Maritime Prepositioning Ship Squadrons (MPSRON):
MPSRON-1, based in the Mediterranean; MPSRON-2, based in the Indian Ocean; and
MPSRON-3, based in the Western Pacific. Each interoperable MPSRON is designed to
couple with a Fly-In Echelon (FIE) to support the rapid closure of a Marine Expeditionary
Brigade (MEB). In addition to force closure, each MPSRON can sustain a MEB-size force
for 30 days.

When needed, an MPSRON moves to the crisis region and offloads either in port or in-
stream off-shore. Offloaded equipment and supplies are then married up with Marines and
sailors arriving at nearby airfields. The end result is a combat-ready MAGTF rapidly
established ashore, using minimal reception facilities. The MAGTF combat capability
provided by MPF supports GCC military operations that defeat adversaries and win wars, but
has also supported regional crises that require rapid and effective humanitarian assistance and
disaster relief.

Marine Special Operations Command (MARSOC)

Although the notion of a Marine “special forces” contribution to the U.S. Special Operations
Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the
1980s, the Marine Corps resisted it. After a three-year development period, the Marine
Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,600-Marine unit to USSOCOM.

MARSOC, as the U.S. Marine Corps service component of USSOCOM, trains, organizes,
equips, and when directed by CDRUSSOCOM, deploys task organized, scalable, and

80
responsive U.S. Marine Corps special operations forces worldwide in support of combatant
commanders and other agencies.

IV. Warfighting Doctrine

Marine Corps warfighting doctrine is based on maneuver warfare. Maneuver seeks to shatter
enemy cohesion through a series of rapid, violent, and unexpected actions. Operational
mobility, surprise, speed, and flexibility allow MAGTFs to pit their strengths against enemy
vulnerabilities.

V. Systems and Equipment

Combat Vehicles Description

AAV Troop carrier: 18 troops, 3 crew or 10k cargo. Comes in C2 variant
and a recovery vehicle variant. Water 8+ MPH, land 45+ MPH,
Amphibious Assault
Range (land) 300 miles.
Vehicle
LAV Serves as assault and recon vehicle. Provides tactical mobility.
Amphibious (for river crossings), 6 MPH water, 62 MPH land.
Light Armored
Crew of three, 4 troops. May come as anyone of three variants; C2,
Vehicle logistics, and recovery. Equipped with 25 mm cannon. TOW,
mortar (81 mm), air defense and logistics variants.
M1A1 A stabilized 120mm main gun, powerful 1,500 hp turbine engine,
and special armor, make the M1A1 particularly suitable for
Abrams Tank
attacking or defending against armor forces. Equipped with 50 cal
and 7.62 MGs; Speed - 41.5 mph; Weight - 67.6 tons; Crew - 4
M198 Howitzer The M198 is a 155mm medium-towed artillery piece. Sustained
rate of fire - 1 rd/minute, max rate - 4 rds/minute; Range – 18,150
M777 Howitzer
meters (30K with rocket assist); Crew: 11-15 men. By 2010, the
M777 155mm howitzer will replace the M198. The M777 is 5,000
lbs lighter, and thus more expeditionary. Firing ranges are similar;
however, the M777’s more advanced fire direction system will
improve firing precision, speed, and flexibility.

81
 Aircraft Warfare Missions
AV-8B Harrier 630 MPH, Ferry range 2100 NM. V/STOL aircraft, short or
vertical launch capability. Ordnance load 16,500 lbs. Night
operating capability.
F/A-18 Speed - supersonic; Ferry Range - 2,000 NM (2300 miles),
Armament – carries an assortment of air-to-air and air-to-ground
weapons, including Sparrows, Sidewinders, AMRAAMs,
Harpoons, and Maverick missiles; GBU / CBU bombs; Night
operating capable.
EA-6B Max Speed - .99 Mach; Cruise Speed - .72 Mach; Range – 850
NM (978 miles), unlimited with aerial refueling; Armament –
ALQ 99 Tactical Jamming System; USQ-113 Communications
Jammer, High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM); Mission -
Airborne Electronic Warfare (EW)
CH-53E Speed – 150 Kts (173 MPH); Range – 540 NM (621 miles) w/o
refueling, unlimited with aerial refueling; Crew – 4; Payload – 55
troops, or 70k lb cargo; Mission – cargo movement primary, troop
assault secondary
V-22 Osprey 275 MPH cruise, 300 MPH dash, 24 Troops or 12 litters, cargo
capacity: 10k internal, 15k external. Has potential SOF
application.
AH-1W Sea Cobra 190 kts, range 256 NM, crew of two. 20 mm nose gun turret, 2.75"
and 5.0" rockets, Hellfire and TOW missiles, Sidewinder and
Sidearm missiles.
UH-1N Huey 121 kts, range 172 NM. 8-10 troops or 6 litters may be armed if
required.

VI. Service Specific Issues

The Marine Corps is undergoing a “return to the sea.” Some have argued that since October
2001, the Marine Corps has turned into a “second land army” for the United States because
of its experience with sustained combat operations ashore in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
Marine leadership has acknowledged that there is some truth to this position; however, they
are quick to add that this should be a source of pride. If the Marine Corps has acted as a
second land army, it is because that it what the country has asked it to do. Nonetheless, there
is a concern that sustained counterinsurgency operations ashore have led to a decrease in
experience in combined arms and amphibious operations. Consequently, the Marine Corps is
currently scrutinizing its training, doctrine, equipment and personnel management policies to

82
ensure that they will produce a middleweight force light enough to leverage amphibious
shipping, yet heavy enough to accomplish assigned missions.

The Marine Corps supports a robust amphibious shipping capability in the U.S. Navy. The
dual demands of sustained forward presence and sufficient lift for the assault echelons of two
MEBs result in a requirement for 38 ships; however, fiscal constraints have led the Marine
Corps and Navy to agree to accept risk with 33 amphibious ships. Both services are also
exploring options for employing Marines from a wider variety of ships.

The Marine Corps remains committed to maintaining a forcible entry capability. Some
interpreted the cancellation of the problematic Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV)
program as a signal that the Marine Corps accepted that it would no longer have the capacity
to project power in a non-permissive environment. However, recently CMC stated his
commitment to both maintaining the Marine Corps’ forcible entry capability and an enhanced
program to replace the aging Amphibious Assault Vehicle fleet.

The Marine Corps will soon experience manpower reductions. In the last decade, demands
from continuous forward deployment and sustained combat operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan led to an increase in end-strength to 202,000 Marines. Supporting operations in
Afghanistan still remains the Marine Corps’ top priority; however, the service is planning
manpower reduction after the conclusion of Marine Corps operations in Afghanistan. In its
effort to reduce force structure to 186,000, the Marine Corps has chosen to preserve its
capability to conduct operations across the full spectrum of conflict but accept risk in its
capacity to conduct simultaneous major combat operations and campaigns. Force structure
changes will include:

 Consolidation of a MARFOR with a MEF headquarters;

 13% reduction of ground forces;

 16% reduction of fixed-wing tactical aviation squadrons;

 9% reduction in logistics units; and,

 13% reduction of civilian work force.

83
 U.S. AIR FORCE3

I. Air Force Vision

The United States Air Force will be a trusted and reliable joint partner with our sister services
known for integrity in all of our activities, including supporting the joint mission first and
foremost. We will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the
combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to
the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and
Power for the nation.

II. Air Force Mission

The mission of the United States Air Force is to fly, fight and win...in air, space and
cyberspace.

III. Command Structure

The ten major commands, 30 field operating agencies, three direct reporting units and their
subordinate elements constitute the field organization that carries out the Air Force mission.
In addition, there are two Reserve components: the Air Force Reserve, which is also a major
command, and the Air National Guard.

Major commands are organized on a functional basis in the United States and a geographic
basis overseas. They organize, administer, equip and train their subordinate elements for the
accomplishment of assigned missions. In descending order of command, elements of major
commands include numbered air forces, wings, groups, squadrons and flights.

Most units of the Air Force are assigned to a specific major command, led by a general
officer. MAJCOMs may be subdivided into numbered Air Forces, with each NAF
responsible for one or more wings or independent groups.

The basic unit for generating and employing combat capability is the wing, which has always
been the Air Force’s prime war-fighting instrument. Wings are responsible for carrying out
specific missions, and usually maintain an Air Force base. Wings may be commanded by a
general officer or a colonel. There are different types of wings, based on objective:
operational, air base, or specialized mission. A wing may have several squadrons in more
than one dependent group. Composite wings operate more than one kind of aircraft, and may
be configured as self-contained units designated for quick air intervention anywhere in the
world.

A group is a large Air Force formation usually composed of four or more squadrons and the
bases from which they operate. Wings typically contain an operations group, a maintenance
group, a support group, and a medical group.

3
This data is extracted from the 2010 U.S. Air Force Almanac, the U.S. Air Force Website at www.af.mil,
www.afrc.mil. www.angaf.mil.

84
The majority of individual officers and Airmen are assigned to a squadron, which may be
composed of several flights.
Field operating agencies and direct reporting units are other Air Force subdivisions and
report directly to Headquarters U.S. Air Force (HAF). They are assigned a specialized
mission, restricted in scope when compared to the mission of a major command. Field
operating agencies carry out field activities under the operational control of a HAF functional
manager. Direct reporting units are not under the operational control of a Headquarters U.S.
Air Force functional manager because of a unique mission, legal requirements or other
factors.

USAF Air and Space Inventory (Types)

Fighter/Attack: A-10, F-15, F-15E, F-16, F-22A

Bomber: B-1, B-2, B-52

Transport: C-5, C-9, C-12, C-17, C-20, C-21, C-32, C-37, C-38, C-40, C-130, LC-130, VC-
25

Theater Airlift: C-130

85
Tankers: HC-130, KC-10, KC-135

Special Operations: AC-130, CV-22, MC-130

Reconnaissance / Battle Management / C3I: E-3, E-4, E-8, EC-130, MC-12, MQ-1, MQ-9,
OC-135, RC-26, RC-135, RQ-4, U-2, WC-130

Helicopter: HH-60, H-1

Trainer: T-1, T-6, T-38, T-41, T-43, T-51, Gliders, UV-18

Strategic Missile: Minuteman III, Peacekeeper

Satellites: Meteorological, Communication, Global Positioning, Missile Warning

IV. Major Command Structure

Air Combat Command

Air Combat Command (ACC) was established June 1, 1992. Headquarters ACC is at
Langley Air Force Base, VA. ACC is the primary force provider of combat airpower to
America’s warfighting commands. To support global implementation of national security
strategy, ACC operates fighter, bomber, reconnaissance, battle-management, and electronic-
combat aircraft. It also provides command, control, communications and intelligence
systems, and conducts global information operations.

As a force provider, ACC organizes, trains, equips and maintains combat-ready forces for
rapid deployment and employment while ensuring strategic air defense forces are ready to
meet the challenges of peacetime air sovereignty and wartime air defense. ACC numbered
air forces provide the air component to U.S. Central, Southern and Northern Commands,
with Headquarters ACC serving as the air component to Joint Forces Command. ACC also
augments forces to U.S. European, Pacific and Strategic Command.

Personnel and Resources

More than 67,000 active-duty members and 13,500 civilians make up ACC’s workforce.
When mobilized, more than 50,000 members of the Air National Guard and Air Force
Reserve, along with about 675 aircraft, are assigned to ACC. In total, ACC and ACC-gained
units fly more than 1,800 aircraft.

Organization
ACC's forces are organized under a direct reporting unit, two numbered air forces and one
Air Force Reserve numbered air force. The command operates 13 major installations and
supports tenant units on numerous non-ACC bases around the globe. ACC also has
responsibility for inland search and rescue in the 48 contiguous states. The ACC commander
is the component commander of U.S. Air Forces - Joint Forces Command and U.S. Strategic
Command.

86
Numbered Air Forces
First Air Force, or Air Forces Northern, with headquarters at Tyndall AFB, FL, has
responsibility for ensuring the air sovereignty and air defense of the continental United
States, U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. As the continental United States Region, or
CONR, for the North American Aerospace Defense Command, or NORAD, First
AF (AFNORTH) provides air defense in the form of airspace surveillance and airspace
control. First AF is also the designated air component for U.S. Northern Command.

AFNORTH rapidly responds to non-military threats under the Defense Support to Civil
Authorities, or DSCA, mission. The organization assists civilian agencies before and during
emergencies, natural or man-made disasters, and other DOD-approved activities. Operating
with the 601st Air and Space Operations Center, the Air Force Rescue Coordination
Center serves as the U.S. inland search and rescue coordinator and is the single agency
responsible for coordinating on-land federal searches. These search and rescue operations
can be conducted anywhere in the 48 states, Mexico and Canada. The Civil Air Patrol is a
significant partner in search and rescue and other DSCA missions.

Other First Air Force (AFNORTH) units include the 601st Air and Space Operations Center,
the 702nd Computer Support Squadron and the Air Force Rescue Coordination Center at
Tyndall AFB, the Northeast Air Defense Sector in Rome, NY; the Western Air Defense
Sector at McChord AFB, WA; Det. 1, First AF, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and the 722nd
Air Defense Squadron, North Bay, Canada.

Aligned wings:
119th Fighter Wing, Hector Field, Fargo, ND: MQ-1, C-21
Det. 1, 119th Fighter Wing, Langley AFB, VA: F-16C
120th Fighter Wing, Great Falls International Airport, MT: F-16
125th Fighter Wing, Jacksonville IAP, FL: F-15
Det. 1, 125th Fighter Wing, Homestead Air Reserve Station, FL
142nd Fighter Wing, Portland IAP, OR: F-15
144th Fighter Wing, Fresno Air National Guard Base, CA: F-16
Det. 1, 144th Fighter Wing, March Air Reserve Base, CA
147th Fighter Wing, Ellington ANG Base, TX: MQ-1, C-26
148th Fighter Wing, Duluth IAP, MN: F-16
158th Fighter Wing, Burlington IAP, VT: F-16
177th Fighter Wing, Atlantic City IAP, NJ: F-16
101st Information Operations Flight, Salt Lake City IAP, UT

Ninth Air Force, with headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base, SC, controls ACC fighter
forces based on the East Coast of the United States, and serves as the air component for a 20-
nation area within the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility.

Other Ninth Air Force units include: 33rd Fighter Wing (F-15C/D), Eglin AFB, FL; 18th Air
Support Operations Group, Pope AFB, NC; 820th Security Forces Group, Moody AFB, GA;
and 823rd RED HORSE Squadron, Hurlburt Field, FL.

87
Bases
Langley AFB, VA – Headquarters Air Combat Command, 1st Fighter Wing: F-22
Moody AFB, GA – 23rd Wing: A-10C, HC-130P, HH-60G
Seymour-Johnson AFB, NC – 4th Fighter Wing: F-15E. (The 23rd Fighter Group at Pope
AFB (A-10/OA-10) is part of the 4th Fighter Wing.)
Shaw AFB, SC – Headquarters 9th Air Force; 20th Fighter Wing: F-16C/D

Tenth Air Force, located at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, Fort Worth, TX, directs
the activities of more than 13,300 reservists and 900 civilians located at 28 installations
throughout the United States.

The mission of the Tenth Air Force is to exercise command supervision of its assigned
Reserve units to ensure they maintain the highest combat capability to augment active forces
in support of national objectives. Tenth Air Force currently commands Air Force Reserve
Command units gained by five other major commands, including Air Combat Command.
ACC-gained units consist of six fighter wings, three air rescue units, one bomber squadron,
one combat operations squadron, and one airborne warning and control group when
mobilized.

Twelfth Air Force, with headquarters at Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ, controls ACC’s
conventional fighter and bomber forces based in the western United States and has the
warfighting responsibility for U.S. Southern Command as well as the U.S. Southern Air
Forces.

Other 12th Air Force units include: 388th Fighter Wing (F-16C/D), Hill AFB, UT; 1st Air
Support Operations Group, Fort Lewis, WA; and 820th RED HORSE Squadron, Nellis AFB,
NV.

Bases
Beale AFB, CA – 9th Reconnaissance Wing: U-2, MC-12 , T-38, RQ-4B
Creech AFB, NV – 432nd Wing: MQ-1, MQ-9
Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ – Headquarters 12th Air Force; 355th Wing: A/OA-10
Dyess AFB, TX – 7th Bomb Wing: B-1
Ellsworth AFB, SD – 28th Bomb Wing: B-1
Hill AFB, UT – 388th Fighter Wing: F-16C/D
Holloman AFB, NM – 49th Fighter Wing: F-22, MQ-1, MQ-9, T-38
Mountain Home AFB, ID – 366th Fighter Wing: F-15C/D/E, F-16D, F-16C/J, and the Air
Expeditionary Force Battlelab
Offutt AFB, NB – 55th Wing: E-4B, EC-130, OC-135B, RC-135S/U/V/W, TC-135S/W,
WC-135C/W
Tinker AFB, OK – 552nd Air Control Wing: E3-B/C

Direct Reporting Unit

U.S. Air Force Warfare Center, at Nellis AFB, NV, conducts the Air Force’s advanced
weapons and tactics training, manages advanced pilot training and is responsible for the
operational test and evaluation of ACC’s combat weapons systems. The UAV Battlelab and

88
the Command and Control Training and Innovation Group located at Hurlburt Field, FL are
assigned to the center.

Under the Air Warfare Center is the 57th Wing (A-10, F-15C/D/E, F-16C/D, HH-60G and
RQ-1A/B Predator unmanned aircraft system), 99th Air Base Wing, 98th Range Wing, U.S.
Air Force Air-Ground Operations School, U.S. Air Force Weapons School, U.S. Air Force
Air Demonstration Squadron (the Thunderbirds), and the 414th Combat Training Squadron
(Red Flag).

The 53rd Wing at Eglin AFB, FL is also assigned to the Air Warfare Center. The 53rd
Wing’s subordinate units include the 53rd Test and Evaluation Group (A-10, F-15A/C/E, F-
16C/D, F-22, B-1, B-2, B-52, HH-60G, RQ-1 and RQ-4) at Nellis, the 53rd Electronic
Warfare Group at Eglin, and the 53rd Weapons Evaluation Group (E-9) at Tyndall AFB, FL.
The 53rd Test Management Group at Eglin coordinates the wing's test process, directing
resources and priorities within the wing nationwide.

Air Education and Training Command

Air Education and Training Command (AETC), has its headquarters at Randolph Air Force
Base near San Antonio, TX.

Mission
AETC's mission is to develop America's Airmen today ... for tomorrow.

Personnel and Resources

More than 56,000 active duty members, 4,000 Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve
personnel, and 14,000 civilian personnel make up AETC. The command also has more than
11,700 contractors assigned. AETC is responsible for approximately 1,500 aircraft.

Organization
The command includes Air Force Recruiting Service, two numbered air forces and the Air
University.

Air Force Recruiting Service

AETC's mission begins with the Air Force Recruiting Service, with headquarters at Randolph
AFB, Texas. AFRS comprises three regional groups and 24 squadrons with more than 1,200
recruiters assigned throughout the United States, England, Germany, Japan, Puerto Rico and
Guam. The AFRS mission is to recruit quality men and women with the right skills, at the
right time, in the right numbers to sustain the combat capability of the U.S. Air Force. The
Air Force brings in nearly 30,000 active duty enlisted accessions each year. The command is
responsible for accessing 100 percent of the enlisted force, 90 percent of the service's
medical officers, approximately 25 percent of the line officers (through Officer Training
School) and 100 percent of Air Force chaplains.

2nd Air Force: Basic, Technical and Expeditionary Training

Second Air Force, with headquarters at Keesler AFB, Miss., is responsible for conducting

89
basic military and non-flying technical training for Air Force, joint and coalition enlisted
members and support officers. Second Air Force also oversees Airmen training for Joint
Sourcing Solutions taskings.

19th Air Force: Flying Training

Nineteenth Air Force, with headquarters at Randolph AFB, conducts AETC's flying training
and is responsible for training aircrews and air battle managers. AETC conducts cadet
airmanship programs at the United States Air Force Academy for more than 2,500 cadets per
year.

In addition to pilot training, 19th Air Force provides Combat Systems Officer, or CSO,
training. CSO training is conducted at Randolph AFB and NAS Pensacola, Fla. CSO
training combines portions of navigator and electronic warfare training to produce an aviator
skilled in advanced navigation systems, electronic warfare and weapons employment.

Nineteenth Air Force also provides follow-on training for most Air Force aircrew in their
assigned aircraft.

Air University: Education

Air University, with headquarters at Maxwell AFB, Ala., conducts professional military
education, or PME, graduate education and professional continuing education for officers,
enlisted members and civilians throughout their careers.

AETC promotes values of civic responsibility among the civilian community through two
Air University-sponsored programs. The Civil Air Patrol is a private, non-profit organization
providing aerospace education, a cadet program and emergency services. The Air Force
Junior ROTC program promotes citizenship values in young high school students at more
than 790 locations worldwide.

Medical Services
The Air Force's two largest medical facilities belong to AETC. Wilford Hall Medical Center
at Lackland AFB and Keesler Medical Center at Keesler AFB provide most of the Air
Force's graduate medical and dental education, as well as enlisted medical training.

Security Assistance Training

AETC is the executive agent for all Air Force sponsored international training and education.
The command implements and approves Air Force sponsored security assistance training,
monitors the progress of training and the welfare of USAF-sponsored international students,
and provides guidance for implementation of the DOD Informational Program. Each year
AETC members train or facilitate training for more than 4,400 students from more than 130
countries attending flying, technical, medical and professional education and training.

Air Force Material Command

With headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Air Force Materiel Command

90
conducts research, development, test and evaluation, and provides acquisition management
services and logistics support necessary to keep Air Force weapon systems ready for war.
AFMC delivers war-winning expeditionary capabilities to the warfighter through
development and transition of technology, professional acquisition management, exacting
test and evaluation, and world-class sustainment of all Air Force weapon systems. From
cradle-to-grave, AFMC provides the work force and infrastructure necessary to ensure the
United States remains the world's most respected Air and Space Force.

Goals
● Continue to strengthen the nuclear enterprise
● Implement effective and efficient integrated life cycle management to support the
warfighter
● Support the Air Force by recruiting, training and retaining a high-performing work
force
● Nurture and protect our people and families
● Be good stewards of government resources

Vision
War-winning capabilities -- on time, on cost.

People and Resources

AFMC employs a highly professional and skilled command work force of more than 79,000
military and civilian employees.

Organization
AFMC fulfills its mission of equipping the Air Force with the best weapon systems through
the Air Force Research Laboratory and several unique centers which are responsible for the
"cradle-to-grave" oversight for aircraft, electronic systems, missiles and munitions. For
instance, weapon systems, such as aircraft and missiles, are developed and acquired through
three product centers, using science and technology from the laboratory research sites. The
systems are then tested at AFMC's two test centers. Over the system's lifetime, it may be
serviced, upgraded or repaired at the three air logistics centers. The command's specialized
units perform many other development and logistics functions, including scientific research
and the retirement or sale of older systems.

The AFMC headquarters is a major unit located at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. There are
10 AFMC host bases: Arnold AFB, Tenn.; Brooks City-Base, Texas; Edwards AFB, Calif.;
Eglin AFB, Fla.; Hanscom AFB, Mass.; Hill AFB, Utah; Kirtland AFB, N.M.; Robins AFB,
Ga.; Tinker AFB, Okla.; and Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. In addition, the command
operates associate units on several non-AFMC bases.

Air Force Space Command

Air Force Space Command, created Sept. 1, 1982, is a major command with headquarters at
Peterson Air Force Base, Co. AFSPC provides military focused space and cyberspace
capabilities with a global perspective to the joint warfighting team.

91
Mission
AFSPC's mission is to provide an integrated constellation of space and cyberspace
capabilities at the speed of need.

Vision
The leading source of emerging and integrated space and cyberspace capabilities to deliver
responsive, assured and decisive power to America and its warfighting commands.

The organization has five strategic priorities:

Guarantee a safe, credible, ready nuclear deterrent force with perfection as the
standard
Deliver assured combat power to the joint fight
Forge a battle-ready team by attracting, developing and retaining America's best
Modernize and sustain AFSPC's enduring missions and mature emerging missions
Re-engineer acquisitions to deliver capability at the speed of need

People
Approximately 47,000 professionals, assigned to 88 locations worldwide and deployed to an
additional 35 global locations, perform the AFSPC missions.

Organization
Fourteenth Air Force is located at Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Fourteenth Air Force manages
the generation and employment of space forces to support U.S. Strategic Command and
North American Aerospace Defense Command operational plans and missions.

Twenty-fourth Air Force is located at Lackland AFB, Texas. Twenty-fourth Air Force is
the Air Force's warfighting organization that establishes, operates, maintains and defends Air
Force networks to assure our missions while presenting a full spectrum of cyber capabilities
to combatant commanders.

The Space and Missile Systems Center at Los Angeles AFB, Calif., designs and acquires
all Air Force and most Department of Defense space systems. It oversees launches,
completes on-orbit checkouts and then turns systems over to user agencies. It supports the
Program Executive Office for Space on the Global Positioning, Defense Satellite
Communications and MILSTAR systems. SMC also supports the Evolved Expendable
Launch Vehicle, Defense Meteorological Satellite and Defense Support programs, and the
Space Based Infrared System.

The Space Innovation and Development Center at Schriever AFB, Colo., is responsible for
integrating space systems into the operational Air Force. The mission is to advance full-
spectrum warfare through rapid innovation, integration, training testing, and
experimentation.

The Air Force Network Integration Center at Scott AFB, Ill., is the Air Force focal point
for shaping, provisioning, sustaining and integrating the Enterprise Network and enabling
assured core cyber capabilities to achieve warfighting advantage. AFNIC's vision is to

92
integrate the evolving Enterprise Network environment at the speed of need to achieve
information dominance and peerless cyberspace warfighting capabilities.

The Air Force Spectrum Management Office, located in Alexandria, Va., is responsible for
planning, providing, and preserving access to the electromagnetic spectrum for the Air Force
and selected DOD activities in support of national policy objectives, systems development,
and global operations. The office represents, advocates, and defends Air Force spectrum
management interests in DOD, national, and international bodies. AFSMO is the Air Force
office of primary responsibility for spectrum, including policy, procedures and guidance,
oversight of the electromagnetic spectrum management career field, and payment of the Air
Force's annual federal spectrum fee.
AFSPC major installations include: Schriever, Peterson and Buckley Air Force bases in
Colorado; Los Angeles and Vandenberg Air Force bases in California and Patrick AFB in
Florida. Major AFSPC units also reside on bases managed by other commands in New
Mexico, Texas, Illinois, Virginia and Georgia. AFSPC manages many smaller installations
and geographically separated units in North Dakota, Alaska, Hawaii and across the globe.

Space Capabilities
Spacelift operations at the East and West Coast launch bases provide services, facilities and
range safety control for the conduct of DOD, NASA and commercial launches. Through the
command and control of all DOD satellites, satellite operators provide force-multiplying
effects -- continuous global coverage, low vulnerability and autonomous operations.
Satellites provide essential in-theater secure communications, weather and navigational data
for ground, air and fleet operations and threat warning.

Ground-based radar and Defense Support Program satellites monitor ballistic missile
launches around the world to guard against a surprise missile attack on North America.
Space surveillance radars provide vital information on the location of satellites and space
debris for the nation and the world. Maintaining space superiority is an emerging capability
required to protect our space assets.

Cyberspace Capabilities
Cyberspace operations is all about mission assurance on the network. Cyberspace is a vital
domain, critical to military operations that must be protected. AFSPC conducts cyber
operations through its subordinate units 24th Air Force, 67th Network Warfare Wing and the
688th Information Operations Wing at Lackland AFB, Texas, as well as the 689th Combat
Communications Wing at Robins AFB, Georgia.

Collectively these units are the warfighting organizations that establish, operate, maintain
and defend Air Force networks and exploit and monitor other threat networks. These
organizations ensure the warfighters maintain an information advantage as the Air Force
prosecutes military operations in the joint environment. More than 5,400 men and women
conduct or support 24-hour cyberspace operations for 24th Air Force units. In addition, more
than 10,000 Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve personnel directly support the
AFSPC cyber mission.

93
Resources
AFSPC acquires, operates and supports the Global Positioning System, Defense Satellite
Communications Systems, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, Defense Support
Program, Wideband Global SATCOM Satellite systems and the Space-Based Infrared
System Program. AFSPC currently operates the Delta IV and Atlas V launch vehicles. The
Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles comprise the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
program, which is the future of assured access to space. AFSPC's launch operations include
the Eastern and Western ranges and range support for all launches, including the space
shuttle on the Eastern Range. The command maintains and operates a worldwide network of
satellite tracking stations, called the Air Force Satellite Control Network, to provide
communications links to satellites.

Ground-based radars used primarily for ballistic missile warning include the Ballistic Missile
Early Warning System, PAVE Phased Array Warning System and Perimeter Acquisition
Radar Attack radars. The Maui Optical Tracking Identification Facility, Ground-based
Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System, Passive Space Surveillance System,
phased-array and mechanical radars provide primary space surveillance coverage. New
transformational space programs are continuously being researched and developed to enable
AFSPC to stay on the leading-edge of technology.

Air Force Global Strike Command

Air Force Global Strike Command is a major command with headquarters at Barksdale Air
Force Base, La., in the Shreveport - Bossier City community. AFGSC is responsible for the
nation's three intercontinental ballistic missile wings, two B-52 Stratofortress wings and the
only B-2 Spirit wing. It is the Air Force's newest command, activated Aug. 7, 2009.

Mission
Develop and provide combat-ready forces for nuclear deterrence and global strike operations
-- safe, secure, effective -- to support the president of the United States and combatant
commanders.

Vision
American Airmen with special trust and responsibility for the most powerful weapons in our
nation's arsenal ... an elite, highly disciplined team ... building a model command.

Personnel
Approximately 23,000 professionals are assigned to the command and deployed to locations
around the globe.

Organization
AFGSC has six wings, two geographically-separated squadrons and one detachment in the
continental United States. Major units and bases include:

Eighth Air Force, with headquarters at Barksdale AFB, in the Bossier City - Shreveport, La.
metro area, supports U.S. Joint Forces Command, and is designated as U.S. Strategic

94
Command's Task Force 204, providing on-alert, combat-ready forces to the president. The
mission of "The Mighty Eighth" is to safeguard America's interests through strategic
deterrence and global combat power. Eighth Air Force controls long-range nuclear-capable
bomber assets throughout the United States and overseas locations. Its flexible, conventional
and nuclear deterrence mission provides the capability to deploy forces and engage enemy
threats from home station or forward positioned, anywhere, any time. The 8th Air Force
motto is "Deterrence through strength, global strike on demand."

Eighth Air Force has three bomber wings -- the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, Mo.;
the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, La.; and the 5th Bomb Wing at Minot AFB, N.D.

Twentieth Air Force, headquartered at F.E. Warren AFB, Wyo., also supports U.S. Strategic
Command. Twentieth Air Force is responsible for maintaining and operating the Air Force's
ICBM force. Designated as STRATCOM's Task Force 214, 20th Air Force provides on-
alert, combat-ready ICBMs to the president.

Twentieth Air Force has three ICBM wings -- the 90th Missile Wing at F.E. Warren AFB,
Wyo.; the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom AFB, Mont.; and the 91st Missile at Minot
AFB, N.D.

Other units
In addition, two squadrons, the 576th Flight Test Squadron at Vandenberg AFB, Calif., and
the 625th Strategic Operations Squadron at Offutt AFB, Neb., fall under the command as
well an Air Operations Group at Otis Air National Guard Base in Mass., and a detachment at
Langley AFB, Va.

ICBM Capabilities
America's alert ICBMs are ready to launch on any given day, and America's ICBM team
plays a critical role in maintaining global stability and ensuring the nation's safety and
security. Approximately 450 Minuteman III missiles provide a critical component of
America's on-alert strategic forces. As the nation's "silent sentinels," ICBMs, and the people
who operate them, have remained on continuous, around-the-clock alert since 1959.

AFGSC is the Air Force's lead command for and largest operator of UH-1N Iroquois
helicopters. The UH-1N supports ICBM operations in missile fields controlled by F.E.
Warren AFB, Malmstrom AFB and Minot AFB.

Bomber Capabilities
The B-2 Spirit is a long-range nuclear and conventional stealthy bomber. The bomber can
fly at high subsonic speeds at altitudes that can reach 50,000 feet. Its unrefueled range is at
least 6,000 nautical miles. The B-2 brings massive firepower, in a short time, anywhere on
the globe through the most challenging defenses.

The B-52 Stratofortress is a long-range, nuclear and conventional heavy bomber that can
perform a variety of missions. The bomber can fly at high subsonic speeds at altitudes
reaching 50,000 feet. It has an unrefueled combat range in excess of 8,800 miles. It can

95
carry precision-guided ordnance with worldwide precision navigation.

Air Force Special Operations Command

Air Force Special Operations Command was established May 22, 1990, with headquarters at
Hurlburt Field, Fla. AFSOC is the Air Force component of U.S. Special Operations
Command, a unified command located at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla.

Mission
AFSOC provides Air Force special operations forces for worldwide deployment and
assignment to regional unified commands. The command’s SOF are composed of highly
trained, rapidly deployable Airmen. These forces conduct global special operations missions
ranging from precision application of firepower, to infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and
refueling of SOF operational elements.

AFSOC’s unique capabilities include airborne radio and television broadcast for
psychological operations, as well as aviation foreign internal defense instructors to provide
other governments military expertise for their internal development. The command's special
tactics squadrons combine combat controllers, special operations weathermen and
pararescuemen with other service SOF to form versatile joint special operations teams.
The command’s core missions include battlefield air operations; agile combat support;
aviation foreign internal defense; information operations; precision aerospace fires;
psychological operations; specialized air mobility; specialized refueling; and intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance.

Vision
America's specialized airpower...a step ahead in a changing world, delivering special
operations power anytime, anywhere.

Personnel and Resources

AFSOC has approximately 12,900 active-duty, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard and
civilian personnel. The command’s active duty and reserve component flying units operate
fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, including the CV-22, AC-130H/U, C-130, EC-130, MC-
130, U-28A and PC-12.

Organization
The command's forces are organized under two active-duty wings, a numbered air force, one
reserve wing, one ANG wing, two overseas groups, and several direct reporting units.

Numbered Air Force

23rd Air Force, at Hurlburt Field, was established on Jan. 25, 2008, to provide worldwide Air
Force special operations command and control support to combatant commanders. Twenty-
third AF is designated as the air component's unit of execution to U.S. Special Operations
Command, providing a special operations liaison element to regional air operations centers
and a forward command and control team to be the air component to a joint special
operations task force commander.

96
Wings
The 1st Special Operations Wing, at Hurlburt Field, and the 27th Special Operations
Wing, at Cannon Air Force Base, N.M., are composed of a variety of specialized aircraft to
support special operations worldwide.

Groups
The 352nd Special Operations Group, at Royal Air Force Mildenhall, England, is the Air
Force component for Special Operations Command Europe.

The 353rd Special Operations Group, at Kadena Air Base, Japan, is the Air Force
component for Special Operations Command Pacific.

The 720th Special Tactics Group at Hurlburt Field trains, organizes, and equips more than
800 combat controllers, special operations weathermen, and pararescuemen for assignment to
special tactics squadrons.

Other Subordinate Units

The U.S. Air Force Special Operations School at Hurlburt Field provides special
operations-related education to Department of Defense personnel, government agencies and
allied nations.
The 18th Flight Test Squadron, at Hurlburt Field and with detachments at Edwards AFB,
Calif., and Marine Corps Air Station New River, N.C., conducts operational and maintenance
suitability tests and evaluations for aircraft, equipment, concepts, tactics and procedures for
employment of special operations forces.

Gained Air Reserve Component

919th Special Operations Wing, at Duke Field, Fla., is the command's Reserve special
operations wing. It provides MC-130E and MC-130P aircraft that support helicopter
refueling requirements to USSOCOM.

Gained Air National Guard Units

193rd Special Operations Wing, at Harrisburg International Airport, Pa., provides the only
airborne psychological operations platform in the Department of Defense with the EC-130
Commando Solo.

123rd Special Tactics Squadron at Standiford Field, Ky., provides combat controllers and
pararescuemen for worldwide operational needs.

209th Civil Engineer Squadron located at Gulfport, Miss., is AFSOC's only Guard civil
engineer squadron supporting the command's transportable collective protection system
mission.

227th Special Operations Flight at McGuire Air Force Base, N.J., provides modified C-32B
aircraft supporting worldwide airlift operations.

280th Combat Communications Squadron at Dothan, Ala., is AFSOC's only Guard

97
communications squadron.

107th Weather Flight at Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Mich.; 146th Weather Flight
at GTR Pittsburgh Air Guard Station; and the 181st Weather Flight at Dallas Naval Air
Station, are the command's three National Guard weather units.

Air Mobility Command

Air Mobility Command, a major command with headquarters at Scott Air Force Base, Ill.,
was created June 1, 1992. AMC provides America's Global Reach. This rapid, flexible and
responsive air mobility promotes stability in regions by keeping America's capability and
character highly visible.

Mission
Air Mobility Command's is to provide global air mobility ... right effects, right place, right
time. The command also plays a crucial role in providing humanitarian support at home and
around the world. AMC Airmen -- active duty, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve and
civilians -- provide airlift and aerial refueling for all of America's armed forces. Many
special duty and operational support aircraft and stateside aeromedical evacuation missions
are also assigned to AMC.

U.S. forces must be able to provide a rapid, tailored response with a capability to intervene
against a well-equipped foe, hit hard and terminate quickly. Rapid global mobility lies at the
heart of U.S. strategy in this environment, without the capability to project forces, there is no
conventional deterrent. As U.S. forces stationed overseas continue to decline, global
interests remain, making the unique capabilities only AMC can provide even more in
demand.

Global Reach Capabilities

As the air component of the U.S. Transportation Command, AMC serves many customers
and, as the single manager for air mobility, AMC's customers have only one number to call
for Global Reach.

Airlifters provide the capability to deploy our armed forces anywhere in the world and help
sustain them in a conflict. Air refuelers are the lifeline of Global Reach, increasing range,
payloads and flexibility. Since Air Force tankers can also refuel Navy, Marine and many
allied aircraft, they leverage all service capabilities on land, sea and in the air. Refuelers also
have an inherent cargo-carrying capability, maximizing AMC's lift options.

Personnel
AMC has nearly 136,000 active-duty and Air Reserve Component military and civilian
personnel.

Resources
AMC's mobility aircraft include the C-5 Galaxy, KC-10 Extender, C-17 Globemaster III, C-
130 Hercules and KC-135 Stratotanker. Operational support aircraft are the VC-25 (Air

98
Force One), C-9, C-20, C-21, C-32, C-37, C-40 and UH-1.

Organization
AMC has one numbered Air Force, the 18th Air Force, headquartered at Scott AFB and
tasked with tasking and executing all air mobility missions. Units reporting to 18th Air Force
include all AMC wings and groups based in the continental United States, as well as two
expeditionary mobility task forces, the 15th EMTF at Travis AFB, Calif. and the 21st EMTF
at McGuire AFB, N.J. The 15th and 21st EMTFs serve as lead agencies for conducting
mobility operations worldwide.

The 618th Tanker Airlift Control Center, located at Scott AFB, also reports to 18th Air Force
and serves as the organization's air operations hub, planning and directing tanker and
transport aircraft operations around the world.

AMC's active-duty bases are: Charleston AFB, S.C.; Dover AFB, Del.; Fairchild AFB,
Wash.; Grand Forks AFB, N.D.; Little Rock AFB, Ark.; MacDill AFB, Fla.; McChord AFB,
Wash.; McConnell AFB, Kan.; McGuire AFB; Pope AFB, N.C.; Scott AFB; and Travis
AFB. In addition, the 89th Airlift Wing at Andrews AFB, Md.; the 19th Air Refueling Group
at Robins AFB, Ga.; and the 317th Airlift Group at Dyess AFB, Texas, are assigned to AMC.

AMC also has one major direct reporting unit, the USAF Expeditionary Center located at
Fort Dix, N.J., which serves as the Air Force's premier organization for expeditionary
innovation, education, training and exercises.

Pacific Air Forces

Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, is the air
component of the U.S. Pacific Command.

Mission
PACAF's primary mission is to provide U.S. Pacific Command integrated expeditionary Air
Force capabilities to defend the homeland, promote stability, dissuade/deter aggression, and
swiftly defeat enemies.

The command's vision is to bring the full power of America's Air Force and the skill of its
Airmen to promote peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region.

PACAF's area of responsibility extends from the west coast of the United States to the east
coast of Africa and from the Arctic to the Antarctic, covering more than 100 million square
miles. The area is home to 50 percent of the world's population in 36 nations and over one-
third of the global economic output. The unique location of the Strategic Triangle (Hawaii-
Guam-Alaska) gives our nation persistent presence and options to project U.S. airpower from
sovereign territory.

Personnel and Resources

PACAF has approximately 43,000 military and civilian personnel serving in nine strategic

99
locations and numerous smaller facilities, primarily in Hawaii, Alaska, Japan, Guam and
South Korea. Approximately 340 fighter and attack aircraft are assigned to the command
with about 100 deployed aircraft rotating on Guam. PACAF will be home to three of the
seven F-22 Raptor fighter squadrons, and is already home to the only two C-17 Globemaster
III units based outside the continental United States.

Organization
PACAF's major units are 5th Air Force, Yokota Air Base, Japan; 7th Air Force, Osan AB,
South Korea; 11th Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska; and 13th Air Force,
Hickam AFB, Hawaii.

Major units also include 3rd Wing, Elmendorf AFB; 8th Fighter Wing, Kunsan AB, South
Korea; 15th Airlift Wing, Hickam AFB; 18th Wing, Kadena AB, Japan (Okinawa); 35th
Fighter Wing, Misawa AB, Japan; 36th Wing, Andersen AFB, Guam; 51st Fighter Wing,
Osan AB; 354th Fighter Wing, Eielson AFB, Alaska; and 374th Airlift Wing, Yokota AB,
Japan.

United States Air Forces in Europe

U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany,
is a major command of the U.S. Air Force. It is also the air component for U.S.
European Command, a Department of Defense unified command.

Mission
As the air component for USEUCOM, USAFE directs air operations in a theater
spanning three continents, covering more than eight million square miles, containing
51 independent states, and possessing one-eighth of the world's population and about
one-fourth of the world's Gross Domestic Product.

During the Cold War, USAFE was a fight-in-place force postured for a large-scale
conflict. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, it has transitioned to an Air
Expeditionary Force with a mobile and deployable mix of people and resources that
can simultaneously operate in multiple locations. Its role includes warfighting as well
as humanitarian and peacekeeping operations, and other non-traditional contingencies
throughout its area of responsibility

USAFE’s peacetime mission is to train and equip Air Force units pledged to NATO.
In fulfilling its NATO responsibilities, USAFE maintains combat-ready wings based
from the United Kingdom to Turkey. USAFE plans, conducts, controls, coordinates
and supports air and space operations in Europe and Asia to achieve U.S. national and
NATO objectives based on taskings by the USEUCOM commander.

USAFE assets stand ready to perform close air support, air interdiction, air defense,
in-flight refueling, long-range transport and support of maritime operations. The
command maintains a formidable force despite a rapid drawdown that saw its main
operating bases cut by 67 percent following the end of the Cold War. USAFE

100
remains a highly responsive and capable combat force, as witnessed in the command's
support of contingency and humanitarian operations throughout Europe and parts of
Africa.

Personnel and Resources

More than 39,000 active-duty, Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian employees
are assigned to USAFE. Equipment assets include about 225 fighter, attack, rotary
wing, tanker, and transport aircraft, and a full complement of conventional weapons.

Organization
USAFE consists of two Numbered Air Forces, seven main operating bases and 114
geographically separated locations.

Third Air Force (Air Forces Europe) supports USEUCOM. It is USAFE's

Component Numbered Air Force responsible for maintaining a continuous theater-
wide situational awareness and providing the commander of Air Force forces here the
capability to command and control assigned and attached Airmen.

Seventeenth Air Force (Air Forces Africa) supports U.S. Africa Command via
command and control of air forces to conduct sustained security engagement and
operations as directed to promote air domain safety, security and development. It
operates as a functional staff, while its 617th Air and Space Operations Center at
oversees air operations on the continent.

The command's main operating bases are: RAF Lakenheath and Mildenhall in
England; Ramstein and Spangdahlem Air Bases in Germany, Aviano Air Base in
Italy, Lajes Air Base in the Azores, and Incirlik Air Base in Turkey. These bases
report to Ramstein's Third Air Force for day-to-day and contingency operations.

Air Force Reserve Command

The Air Force Reserve Command, with headquarters at Robins Air Force Base, Ga., became
the ninth major command of the Air Force on Feb. 17, 1997, as a result of Title XII - Reserve
Forces Revitalization - in Public Law 104-201, the National Defense Authorization Act of
Fiscal Year 1997. Before this act, the Air Force Reserve was a field operating agency of the
Air Force established on April 14, 1948.

Mission
The Air Force Reserve Command supports the Air Force mission to defend the United States
through control and exploitation of air and space by supporting Global Engagement. The
AFRC plays an integral role in the day-to-day Air Force mission and is not a force held in
reserve for possible war or contingency operations.

Resources
AFRC has 35 flying wings equipped with their own aircraft and nine associate units that
share aircraft with an active-duty unit. Four space operations squadrons share satellite control

101
mission with the active force. There also are more than 620 mission support units in the
AFRC, equipped and trained to provide a wide range of services, including medical and
aeromedical evacuation, aerial port, civil engineer, security force, intelligence,
communications, mobility support, logistics and transportation operations among others.

The AFRC has 447 aircraft assigned to it. The inventory includes the latest, most capable
models of the F-16 Fighting Falcon, O/A-10 Thunderbolt II, C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter, C-
130 Hercules, MC-130 Combat Talon I, HC-130, WC-130, KC-135 Stratotanker, B-52
Stratofortress and HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopter. On any given day, 99 percent of these
aircraft are mission ready and able to deploy within 72 hours. These aircraft and support
personnel are gained by Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command and Air Force
Special Operations Command if mobilized. The aircraft and their crews are immediately
deployable without need for additional training.

Organization
Office of the Air Force Reserve
The Office of Air Force Reserve, located in the Pentagon, Washington, D.C., is headed by
the Chief of Air Force Reserve, a Reserve Lieutenant General, who is the principal adviser to
the Chief of Staff of the Air Force for all Reserve matters. Consistent with Air Force policy,
the Chief of Air Force Reserve establishes Reserve policy and initiates plans and programs.
In addition to being a senior member of the Air Staff, he is also commander of the Air Force
Reserve Command.

Headquarters Air Force Reserve Command

Headquarters AFRC supervises the unit training program, provides logistics support, reviews
unit training and ensures combat readiness. Within the headquarters element are directorates
for operations, logistics, comptroller, administration and personnel support.

Fourth Air Force at March Air Reserve Base, Calif.; 10th Air Force at Carswell Air Reserve
Station, Texas and 22nd Air Force at Dobbins ARB, Ga., report to Headquarters AFRC.
They act as operational headquarters for their subordinate units, providing training,
operational, logistical and safety support, and regional support for geographically separated
units.

Air Reserve Personnel Center

Air Reserve Personnel Center, a direct reporting unit located in Denver, Colo., provides
personnel services to all members of the AFRC and Air National Guard. Services include
assignments, promotions, career counseling and development, and separation actions. Air
Reserve Personnel Center also manages the individual mobilization augmentee (IMA)
program for the Ready Reserve, and maintains master personnel records for all Guard and
Reserve members not on extended active duty. In times of national need, the center would
mobilize IMAs and certain categories of Air Force retirees.

Reserve Categories
Reservists are categorized by several criteria in the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve or
Retired Reserve. Numbers shown reflect actual numbers, not authorizations.

102
Ready Reserve
(Note: Counted Unit Program, Individual Ready Reserve, IMA and Selected Reserve)
The Ready Reserve is made up of 193,042 trained reservists who may be recalled to active
duty to augment active forces in time of war or national emergency. Of this number, 72,195
reservists are members of the Selected Reserve who train regularly and are paid for their
participation in unit or individual programs.

These reservists are combat ready and can deploy to anywhere in the world in 72 hours.
Additionally, 48,981 are part of the Individual Ready Reserve. Members of the IRR continue
to have a service obligation, but do not train and are not paid. They are subject to recall if
needed. The president may recall Ready Reserve personnel from all Department of Defense
components for up to 270 days if necessary. Some 24,000 Air Force reservists from 220
units were activated during the Persian Gulf War to work side-by-side with their active-duty
counterparts.

Standby Reserve
The Standby Reserve includes reservists whose civilian jobs are considered key to national
defense, or who have temporary disability or personal hardship. Most standby reservists do
not train and are not assigned to units. There are 16,858 reservists in this category.

Retired Reserve
The Retired Reserve is made up of officers and enlisted personnel who receive pay after
retiring from active duty or from the Reserve, or are reservists awaiting retirement pay at age
60.

Training
Selected reservists train to active-duty standards through the unit training or IMA training
programs. Mission readiness is verified periodically, using active-force inspection criteria.
Reserve training often is scheduled to coincide with Air Force mission support needs. Since
most AFRC skills are the same needed in peace or war, training often results in the
accomplishment of real-world mission requirements. This mission support is referred to as a
by-product of training and benefits both the AFRC and the active force.

Unit Training Program

More than 60,100 reservists are assigned to specific Reserve units. These are the people who
are obligated to report for duty one weekend each month and two weeks of annual training a
year. Most work many additional days. Reserve aircrews, for example, average more than
100 duty days a year, often flying in support of national objectives at home and around the
world.

Air reserve technicians (ART) are a special group of reservists who work as civil service
employees during the week in the same jobs they hold as reservists on drill weekends. ARTs
are the full-time backbone of the unit training program, providing day-to-day leadership,
administrative and logistical support, and operational continuity for their units. More than
9,500 reservists, more than 15 percent of the force, are ARTs.

103
IMA Training Program
The IMA training program is made up of approximately 13,144 individual mobilization
augmentees. IMAs are assigned to active-duty units in specific wartime positions and train
on an individual basis. Their mission is to augment active-duty manning by filling wartime
surge requirements. IMAs were used extensively during operations Desert Storm and Iraqi
Freedom and can be found in nearly every career field.

Reserve Associate Program

The AFRC Associate Program provides trained crews and maintenance personnel for active-
duty owned aircraft and space operations. This unique program pairs a Reserve unit with an
active-duty unit to share a single set of aircraft. The result is a more cost-effective way to
meet increasing mission requirements. Associate aircrews fly C-5 Galaxies, C-141
Starlifters, C-17 Globemaster IIIs, KC-10 Extenders, KC-135 Stratotanker, T-1 Jayhawks, T-
37 Tweets, T-38 Talons, F-16 Fighting Falcons, MC-130P Combat Shadows and MC-130
Talon I (Reserve Associate Unit), and E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System
aircraft. Space Operations associate units operate Defense Meteorological, Defense Support
Program and Global Positioning System satellites.
Real-World Missions
Air Force reservists are on duty today around the world carrying out the Air Force vision of
global vigilance, reach and power. A proven and respected combat force, AFRC also is
quick to lend a helping hand. Humanitarian relief missions may involve anything from
repairing roads and schools in a small village in Central America, to airlifting badly needed
supplies into a devastated area to rescuing the victims of nature's worst disasters.

At the request of local, state or federal agencies, AFRC conducts aerial spray missions using
specially equipped C-130s. With the only fixed-wing capability in the Department of
Defense, these missions range from spraying pesticides to control insects to spraying
compounds used in the control of oil spills. Other specially equipped C-130s check the
spread of forest fires by dropping fire retardant chemicals. Real-world missions also include
weather reconnaissance, rescue, international missions in support of U.S. Southern Command
and aeromedical evacuation.

The AFRC also takes an active role in the nation's counternarcotic effort. Reservists offer a
cost-effective way to provide specialized training, airlift, analysis and other unique
capabilities to local, state and federal law enforcement officials.

V. Air National Guard4

The Air National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, a joint bureau of the
departments of the Army and Air Force, located in the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. It is one
of the seven Reserve components of the United States armed forces that augments the active
components in the performance of their missions.

4
The source of this data is http://www.af.mil/factsheets, or for further information go to the National Guard
Bureau web site at http://www.ang.af.mil.

104
Mission
The Air National Guard has both a federal and state mission. The dual mission, a provision
of the U. S. Constitution, results in each guardsman holding membership in the National
Guard of his or her state and in the National Guard of the United States.

Federal Mission
The Air National Guard's federal mission is to maintain well-trained, well-equipped units
available for prompt mobilization during war and provide assistance during national
emergencies (such as natural disasters or civil disturbances). During peacetime, the combat-
ready units and support units are assigned to most Air Force major commands to carry out
missions compatible with training, mobilization readiness, humanitarian and contingency
operations such as Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Air National Guard units
may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law. Most of the laws may be
found in Title 10 of the U.S. Code.

The Air National Guard provides almost half of the Air Force's tactical airlift support,
combat communications functions, aeromedical evacuations and aerial refueling. In
addition, the Air National Guard has total responsibility for air defense of the entire United
States.

State Mission
When Air National Guard units are not mobilized or under federal control, they report to the
governor of their respective state, territory (Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands) or the
commanding general of the District of Columbia National Guard. Each of the 54 National
Guard organizations is supervised by the adjutant general of the state or territory. Under
state law, the Air National Guard provides protection of life, property and preserves peace,
order and public safety. These missions are accomplished through emergency relief support
during natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and forest fires; search and rescue
operations; support to civil defense authorities; maintenance of vital public services and
counterdrug operations.

Force Structure
The primary sources of full-time support for Air National Guard units are the dual-status
military technician and guardsmen on active duty. These people perform day-to-day
management, administration and maintenance. By law, dual-status military technicians are
civil service employees of the federal government who must be military members of the unit
that employs them. Technicians train with the unit and are mobilized with it when it's
activated. Active-duty members serve under the command authority of their respective state
or territorial governors until mobilized for federal duty. The Air National Guard has more
than 106,000 officers and enlisted people who serve in 89 flying units and 579 mission
support units.

The National Guard Bureau, both a staff and operating agency, administers the federal
functions of the Army and the Air National Guard. As a staff agency, the National Guard
Bureau participates with the Army and Air staffs in developing and coordinating programs
that directly affect the National Guard. As an operating agency, the National Guard Bureau

105
formulates and administers the programs for training, development and maintenance of the
Army National Guard and Air National Guard and acts as the channel of communication
between the Army, Air Force and the 54 states and territories where National Guard units are
located.

Personnel and Resources

The authorized strength for the Air National Guard for the current fiscal year is 106,700. The
operating budget for this fiscal year is $3,022 million for personnel, $6,182 million for
operation and maintenance, for a total of $9,204 million.

Flying Units/Functions and Capabilities

Besides maintaining 94 percent of the U.S. alert sites for air defense, the Air National Guard
flew more than 1,300 sorties in fiscal 2010 to protect U.S. air sovereignty while still
performing many other Air Force-related roles and missions.

The Air National Guard provides tactical airlift, air refueling tankers, general purpose
fighters, rescue and recovery capabilities, tactical air support, weather flights, strategic airlift,
special operations capabilities and aeromedical evacuation units.

Airlift squadrons fly C-130 Hercules, C-5 Galaxy, and C-17 Globemaster III aircraft that
transport people, equipment and supplies. Air refueling units, flying KC-135 Stratotankers,
provide air-to-air refueling for strategic and tactical aircraft.

The Air National Guard has three rescue and recovery squadrons that fly HH-60 helicopters
and HC-130 aircraft. These units provide important lifesaving capabilities and services to
civilian and military agencies. Air support units that fly A-10C Thunderbolt IIs provide
forward air control support of close-air support missions. The general-purpose fighter force
is equipped with F-22 Raptor, F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon and A-10 aircraft.

Support Unit Functions and Capabilities

Support units are essential to the Air Force mission. In the Air National Guard they include
air traffic control units, combat communications squadrons, civil engineering and
communication flights and squadrons. Support units also include weather flights, aircraft
control and warning squadrons, a range control squadron and an electronic security unit.

Air National Guard weather flights provide weather support to Air Force and Army National
Guard and Army Reserve divisions and brigades. During mobilization or federal call up,
weather flight units are under the Air Combat Command, except for one, which falls
under Pacific Air Forces.

Civil engineer squadrons provide engineer and firefighter forces trained and equipped to
deploy on short notice. Other civil engineer squadrons provide self-sufficient, deployable
civil engineer teams to perform heavy repair and maintenance on air bases and remote sites.

Aerial port units provide trained people to support Air Mobility Command's two major
theater war commitments. They deploy to 20 active-duty aerial port locations worldwide for

106
annual tour training.

Medical units located with parent flying organizations provide day-to-day health care for
flying and non-flying people during their two-week annual training or during monthly two-
day unit training assemblies.

VI. The Air and Space Expeditionary Force

The Air and Space Expeditionary Force (AEF) is the Air Force’s deployment concept
designed to provide Combatant Commanders with rapid, responsive and reliable air and
space power to meet specific theater needs across the spectrum of response options from
humanitarian relief to combat operations. It is designed to be tailored to meet the needs of
Regional Combatant Commanders and Joint Task Force commanders. When deployed, the
AEF is called an Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force (AETF). The AETF can act as the
JFACC for a Joint Task Force if there is not a mature C2 system already in the theater. The
AETF also maximizes integration of our Total Force and joins the Army and other services
in an Expeditionary culture.

The Air Force has incorporated on call forces into the standard AEF rotation. During each
deployment period, a designated pair of AEFs is prepared for immediate deployment (more
than two AEFs can be deployed at one time, as was the case during Operation IRAQI
FREEDOM). Each AEF comprises combat air forces (CAF), mobility air forces (MAF), and
low density, high demand (LD/HD) forces consisting of various units. The USAF’s LD/HD
forces include battle management, combat search and rescue, and reconnaissance assets.
They are in near constant use and, consequently, rotate more frequently than most CAF or
MAF elements.

Due to continuous deployment requirements, the Air Force recently introduced a tempo-
based Global AEF force-generation construct. This synchronizes the AEF with the joint-
planning process and allows the Air Force to more efficiently meet combatant-commander
requirements. The new construct uses a tempo-based rule set which assigns functional area
unit type codes (attack aircraft, bomber aircraft, civil engineering, medical units, etc) to one
of five tempo bands. The baseline, tempo band "A," matches the current AEF construct with
five 120-day AEF pairs operating on a 1:4 deploy-to-dwell tempo. Tempo bands "B"
through "E" have been added to provide predictability, structure and rule sets for the nearly
50 percent of functional areas currently operating at a tempo greater than 1:4 or for a duration
greater than 120 days. UTCs will be postured in bands "B" through "E" in six month blocks,
at a 1:4, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:1 deploy-to-dwell respectively. This means, for example, that an
Airman aligned in Band "C" with a 1:3 deploy-to-dwell tempo can expect to deploy for six
months (179 days), and then spend 18 months in dwell before becoming vulnerable to deploy
again.
The bands are as follows:

Band A/B (1:4)

Financial management (enlisted, O-1 to O-3)
Legal

107
Chaplain (except Catholic, Islamic and Orthodox)

Band C (1:3)
Logistics and plans
Materiel management
Public affairs (enlisted)
Medical (critical care and surgical)
Weather (Air Force support)
Chaplain (Catholic and Orthodox)

Band D (1:2)
PA (officers)
Office of Special Investigation (except counter-intelligence operations)
FM (O-4 and up)
Logistics readiness officers
Aerial port
Traffic management
Vehicle operations
Medical (behavioral health)
Vehicle management
Civil engineering (Prime BEEF and explosive ordnance disposal)

Band E (1:1)
Chaplain (Islamic)
Intelligence
Contracting
OSI (CI ops)
Security forces

VII. Aircraft Capabilities

Only summary data for major fighter, bomber, airlift, and support aircraft will be listed here.
The USAF flies several other aircraft as well. Go to Air Force Link http://www.af.mil, select
Library, and then Fact Sheets to view the individual capabilities of these and other aircraft.
All data in this section are drawn from these same Fact Sheets.

A-10 THUNDERBOLT II
Primary Function: A-10 -- close air support, OA-10 - airborne forward air control
Speed: 420 miles per hour (Mach 0.56)
Range: 800 miles (695 nautical miles)
Armament: One 30 mm GAU-8/A seven-barrel Gatling gun; up to 16,000 pounds (7,200
kilograms) of mixed ordnance on eight under-wing and three under-fuselage pylon stations,
including 500 pounds (225 kilograms) of Mk-82 and 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms) of Mk-84
series low/high drag bombs, incendiary cluster bombs, combined effects munitions, mine
dispensing munitions, AGM-65 Maverick missiles and laser-guided/electro-optically guided
bombs; infrared countermeasure flares; electronic countermeasure chaff; jammer pods; 2.75-

108
inch (6.99 centimeters) rockets; illumination flares and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.
Crew: One

AC-130H/U GUNSHIP
Primary Function: Close air support, air interdiction and force protection
Speed: 300 mph (Mach .4) (at sea level)
Range: Approximately 1,300 nautical miles; global with air refueling.
Armament: AC-130H/U: 40mm cannon and 105mm cannon; AC-130U: 25mm gun
Crew: AC-130U - Five officers (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, fire control officer, electronic
warfare officer) and eight enlisted (flight engineer, TV operator, infrared detection set
operator, loadmaster, four aerial gunners)

B-1B LANCER
Primary Function: Long-range, multi-role, heavy bomber
Speed: 900-plus mph
Range: Intercontinental
Crew: Four (aircraft commander, copilot, and 2 Weapon System Officers (WSO)
Armament: 84 500-pound Mk-82 or 24 2,000-pound Mk-84 general purpose bombs; up to
84 500-pound Mk-62 or 8 2,000-pound Mk-65 Quick Strike naval mines; 30 cluster
munitions (CBU-87, -89, -97) or 30 Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispensers (CBU-103, -104,
-105); up to 24 2,000-pound GBU-31 or 15 500-pound GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack
Munitions; up to 24 AGM-158A Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missiles

B-2 SPIRIT
Primary function: Multi-role heavy bomber
Speed: High subsonic
Range: Intercontinental
Armament: Conventional or nuclear weapons
Payload: 40,000 pounds (18,144 kilograms)
Crew: Two pilots

B-52 STRATOFORTRESS
Primary Function: Heavy bomber
Speed: 650 miles per hour (Mach 0.86)
Range: Unrefueled 8,800 miles (7,652 nautical miles)
Armament: Approximately 70,000 pounds (31,500 kilograms) mixed ordnance -- bombs,
mines and missiles. (Modified to carry air-launched cruise missiles)
Crew: Five (aircraft commander, pilot, radar navigator, navigator and electronic warfare
officer)

C-5 GALAXY
Primary Function: Outsize cargo transport
Cargo Compartment: height , 13.5 feet (4.11 meters); width, 19 feet (5.79 meters); length,
143 feet, 9 in (43.8 meters)
Pallet Positions: 36
Maximum Cargo: 270,000 pounds (122,472 kilograms)

109
Speed: 518 mph (.77 Mach)
Range: 6,320 nautical miles without refueling; global with air refueling
Crew: 7 (pilot, co-pilot, two flight engineers and three loadmasters)

C-17 GLOBEMASTER III

Primary Function: Cargo and troop transport
Cargo Compartment: length, 88 feet (26.82 meters); width, 18 feet (5.48 meters); height,
12 feet 4 inches (3.76 meters)
Speed: 450 knots at 28,000 feet (8,534 meters) (Mach .74)
Range: Global with in-flight refueling
Crew: Three (two pilots and one loadmaster)
Load: 102 troops/paratroops; 36 litter and 54 ambulatory patients and attendants; 170,900
pounds (77,519 kilograms) of cargo (18 pallet positions)

C-130 HERCULES
Primary Function: Global airlift
Cargo Compartment: C-130E/H/J/J-30: length, 40 feet (J-30 variant 55 feet) (12.31
meters); width, 119 inches (3.12 meters); height, 9 feet (2.74 meters). Rear ramp: length, 123
inches (3.12 meters); width, 119 inches (3.02 meters)
Speed: C-130E/H/J/J-30: 345 – 417mph
Maximum Allowable Payload: C-130E/H/J/J-30: 42,000 – 44,000 pounds
Maximum Normal Payload: C-130E/H/J/J-30: 34,000 - 36,500 pounds
Range at Maximum Normal Payload: C-130E, 1,150 miles (1000 nautical miles); C-
130H, 1208 miles (1,050 nautical miles); C-130J, 2,071 miles (1,800 nautical miles); C-
130J-30, 1,956 miles (1,700 nautical miles)
Range with 35,000 pounds of Payload: C-130E, 1,438 miles (1,250 nautical miles); C-
130H, 1,496 miles (1,300 nautical miles); C-130J, 1,841 miles (1,600 nautical miles); C-
130J-30, 2,417 miles (2,100 nautical miles)
Maximum Load: C-130E/H/J: 6 pallets or 74 litters or 16 CDS bundles or 92 combat
troops or 64 paratroopers, or a combination of any of these up to the cargo compartment
capacity or maximum allowable weight.
C-130J-30: 8 pallets or 97 litters or 24 CDS bundles or 128 combat troops or 92
paratroopers, or a combination of any of these up to the cargo compartment capacity or
maximum allowable weight.
Crew: C-130E/H: Five (two pilots, navigator, flight engineer and loadmaster)
C-130J/J-30: Three (two pilots and loadmaster)
Aeromedical Evacuation Role: Minimum medical crew of three is added (one flight nurse
and two medical technicians). Medical crew may be increased to two flight nurses and four
medical technicians as required by the needs of the patients.

CV-22 OSPREY
Primary function: Special operations forces long-range infiltration, exfiltration, and
resupply
Speed: 277 miles per hour (241 knots) (cruising speed)
Ceiling: 25,000 feet (7,620 meters)
Maximum Vertical Takeoff Weight: 52,870 pounds (23,982 kilograms)

110
Maximum Rolling Takeoff Weight: 60,500 pounds (27,443 kilograms)
Range: 2,100 nautical miles with internal auxiliary fuel tanks
Payload: 24 troops (seated), 32 troops (floor loaded) or 10,000 pounds of cargo
Crew: Four (pilot, copilot and two enlisted flight engineers)

E-3 SENTRY (AWACS)

Primary Function: Airborne battle management, command and control
Speed: Optimum cruise 360 mph (Mach 0.48)
Range: more than 5,000 nautical miles (9,250 km)
Crew: Flight crew of four plus mission crew of 13-19 specialists (mission crew size varies
according to mission)

EC-130H COMPASS CALL

Primary Function: Electronic warfare, suppression of enemy air defenses and offensive
counter information
Speed: 300 mph (Mach 0.52) at 20,000 feet (6,060 meters)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 155,000 pounds (69,750 kilograms)
Crew: Thirteen (two pilots, navigator, flight engineer, electronic warfare officer, mission
crew supervisor, four cryptologic linguists, high band operator, acquisition operator and an
airborne maintenance technician)

EC-130J COMMANDO SOLO

Primary Function: Psychological and information operations
Cruise speed: 335 mph
Ceiling: 28,000 feet (8,534 meters)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 164,000 pounds
Range: 2,300 nautical miles unrefueled
Crew: pilot, copilot, flight systems officer, mission systems officer; two loadmasters and
five electronic communications systems operators

E-8C JOINT STARS

Primary Function: Airborne battle management
Speed: Optimum orbit speed 449 - 587 mph (Mach 0.52 - 0.65)
Range: 9 hours
Crew: Flight crew of four plus 15 Air Force and three Army specialists (crew size varies
according to mission)

F-15 EAGLE
Primary function: Tactical fighter
Speed: 1,875 mph (Mach 2 class)
Range: 3,450 miles (3,000 nautical miles) ferry range with conformal fuel tanks and three
external fuel tanks
Crew: F-15A/C: one. F-15B/D/E: two
Armament: One internally mounted M-61A1 20mm, six-barrel cannon with 940 rounds of
ammunition; four AIM-9L/M Sidewinder and four AIM-7F/M Sparrow air-to-air missiles, or

111
eight AIM-120 AMRAAMs, carried externally.

F-15E STRIKE EAGLE

Primary function: Air-to-ground attack aircraft
Speed: 1,875 mph (Mach 2.5 plus)
Range: 3,450 miles (3,000 nautical miles) ferry range with conformal fuel tanks and three
external fuel tanks
Armament: One 20mm multi-barrel gun mounted internally with 500 rounds of ammunition.
Four AIM-7F/M Sparrow missiles and four AIM-9L/M Sidewinder missiles, or eight AIM-
120 AMRAAM missiles. Any air-to-surface weapon in the Air Force inventory (nuclear and
conventional)
Crew: Pilot and weapon systems officer

F-16 FIGHTING FALCON

Primary Function: Multirole fighter
Speed: 1,500 mph (Mach 2 at altitude)
Range: More than 2,000 miles ferry range (1,740 nautical miles)
Armament: One M-61A1 20mm multi-barrel cannon with 500 rounds; external stations can
carry up to six air-to-air missiles, conventional air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions and
electronic countermeasure pods
Crew: F-16C, one; F-16D, one or two

F-22 RAPTOR
Primary Function: Air dominance, multi-role fighter
Speed: Mach 2 class with supercruise capability
Range: More than 1,850 miles ferry range with 2 external wing fuel tanks (1,600 nautical
miles)
Armament: One M61A2 20-millimeter cannon with 480 rounds, internal side weapon bays
carriage of two AIM-9 infrared (heat seeking) air-to-air missiles and internal main weapon
bays carriage of six AIM-120 radar-guided air-to-air missiles (air-to-air loadout) or two
1,000-pound GBU-32 JDAMs and two AIM-120 radar-guided air-to-air missiles (air-to-
ground loadout)
Crew: One

HC-130P/N King
Primary function: Rescue platform
Speed: 289 miles per hour (464 kilometers per hour) at sea level
Ceiling: 33,000 feet (10,000 meters)
Range: Beyond 4,000 miles (3,478 nautical miles)
Crew: Three officers (pilot, co-pilot, navigator) and seven enlisted (flight engineer, airborne
communications specialist, two loadmasters and three pararescuemen)

HH-60G PAVE HAWK

Primary Function: personnel recovery in hostile conditions and military operations other
than war in day, night or marginal weather conditions
Speed: 184 mph (294.4 kph)

112
Range: 504 nautical miles (unlimited with air refueling)
Armament: Two 7.62mm or .50 caliber machineguns
Crew: Two pilots, one flight engineer and one gunner

KC-10 EXTENDER
Primary Function: Aerial tanker and transport
Speed: 619 mph (Mach 0.825)
Range: 4,400 miles (3,800 nautical miles) with cargo; 11,500 miles (10,000 nautical miles)
without cargo
Maximum Cargo Payload: 170,000 pounds (76,560 kilograms)
Pallet Positions: 27
Maximum Fuel Load: 356,000 pounds (160,200 kilograms)
Crew: Four (pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer and boom operator)

KC-135 STRATOTANKER
Primary Function: Aerial refueling and airlift
Range: 1,500 miles (2,419 kilometers) with 150,000 pounds (68,039 kilograms) of transfer
fuel; ferry mission, up to 11,015 miles (17,766 kilometers)
Maximum Transfer Fuel Load: 200,000 pounds (90,719 kilograms)
Maximum Cargo Capability: 83,000 pounds (37,648 kilograms), 37 passengers
Pallet Positions: 6
Crew: Three: pilot, co-pilot, and boom operator. Some KC-135 missions require the addition
of a navigator. The Air Force has a limited number of navigator suites that can be installed
for unique missions.

MC-130E/H COMBAT TALON I/II

Primary Function: Infiltration, exfiltration and resupply of special operations forces
Speed: 300 mph
Load: MC-130E: 53 troops, 26 paratroopers
MC-130H: 77 troops, 52 paratroopers or 57 litter patients
Range: 2,700 nautical miles (4,344 kilometers) Inflight refueling extends this to unlimited
range
Crew: MC-130E: Officers - two pilots, two navigators and an electronic warfare officer;
enlisted - flight engineer, radio operator and two loadmasters
MC-130H: Officers - two pilots, navigator and electronic warfare officer; enlisted - flight
engineer, two loadmasters

MC-130P COMBAT SHADOW

Primary Function: Air refueling for special operation forces helicopters
Speed: 289 mph (at sea level)
Ceiling: 33,000 feet (10,000 meters)
Range: Beyond 4,000 miles
Crew: Officers – two pilots and two navigators; enlisted - flight engineer, communications
systems operator and two loadmasters

113
MC-130W COMBAT SPEAR
Primary Function: Infiltration, exfiltration and resupply of special operations forces; in-
flight refueling of special operations vertical lift assets
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 155,000 pounds (69,750 kilograms)
Speed: 300 mph
Range: 1,208 miles (1,944 kilometers); in-flight refueling extends to unlimited range
Crew: pilot, copilot, two navigators (officers), flight engineer and two loadmasters (enlisted)

RC-135U COMBAT SENT

Primary function: Electronic intelligence reconnaissance and surveillance
Speed: 500+ miles per hour (Mach 0.66)
Range: 4,000 nautical miles
Crew: Two pilots, two navigators, two airborne systems engineers, and a minimum of 10
electronic warfare officers (flight crew from 45th RS) and six or more mission area
specialists (mission crew from 97th IS)

RC-135V/W RIVET JOINT

Primary Function: Reconnaissance
Range: 3,900 miles (6,500 kilometers)
Speed: 500+ miles per hour (Mach.66)
Flight Crew: Five (augmented) - three pilots, two navigators
Mission flight crew: 21-27, depending on mission requirements, minimum consisting of
three electronic warfare officers, 14 intelligence operators and four inflight/airborne
maintenance technicians

MQ-1 PREDATOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

Mission: The MQ-1B Predator is a medium-altitude, long-endurance, unmanned aircraft
system. The Predator's primary missions are close air support, air interdiction, and
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, or ISR. It acts as a Joint Forces Air
Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance, surveillance and target
acquisition in support of the Joint Forces Commander.
Primary Function: Armed reconnaissance, airborne surveillance and target acquisition
Speed: Cruise speed around 84 mph (70 knots), up to 135 mph
Range: up to 770 miles
Ceiling: up to 25,000 feet (7,620 meters)
Fuel Capacity: 665 pounds (100 gallons)
Payload: 450 pounds (204 kilograms)

MQ-9 REAPER
Mission: The MQ-9 Reaper is a medium-to-high altitude, long endurance unmanned aircraft
system. The Reaper's primary missions are close air support, air interdiction, and
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, or ISR. It acts as a Joint Forces Air
Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance, surveillance and target
acquisition in support of the Joint Forces Commander.
Primary Function: Unmanned hunter/killer weapon system
Maximum takeoff weight: 10,500 pounds (4,760 kilograms)

114
Fuel Capacity: 4,000 pounds (602 gallons)
Payload: 3,750 pounds (1,701 kilograms)
Speed: Cruise speed around 230 miles per hour (200 knots)
Range: 1,150 miles (1,000 nautical miles)
Ceiling: Up to 50,000 feet (15,240 meters)
Armament: Combination of AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, GBU-12 Paveway II and GBU-38
Joint Direct Attack Munitions

RQ-4 GLOBAL HAWK

Mission: The RQ-4 Global Hawk is a high-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft
system with an integrated sensor suite that provides intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance, or ISR, capability worldwide. Global Hawk's mission is to provide a broad
spectrum of ISR collection capability to support joint combatant forces in worldwide
peacetime, contingency and wartime operations. The Global Hawk complements manned
and space reconnaissance systems by providing near-real-time coverage using imagery
intelligence or IMINT, sensors.
Primary function: High-altitude, long-endurance ISR
Fuel Capacity: RQ-4A, 15,400 pounds (6,985 kilograms); RQ-4B, 17,300 pounds (7847
kilograms)
Payload: RQ-4A, 2,000 pounds (907 kilograms); RQ-4B, 3,000 pounds (1,360 kilograms)
Speed: RQ-4A, 340 knots (391 mph); RQ-4B, 310 knots (357 mph)
Range: RQ-4A, 9,500 nautical miles; RQ-4B, 8,700 nautical miles
Ceiling: 60,000 feet (18,288 meters)
Armament: None

VIII. Space Capabilities

DEFENSE METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE PROGRAM

Primary Function: Collect terrestrial, space environment and Earth surface data
Orbit altitude: Approximately 450 nautical miles (nominal)

DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Primary Function: Worldwide, long-haul communications
Orbit Altitude: 22,230 miles (35,887 kilometers)

DEFENSE SUPPORT PROGRAM SATELLITES

Primary mission: Strategic and tactical missile launch detection
Orbit altitude: 22,300 miles (35,970 kilometers)

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Primary Function: Positioning, navigation, timing, and velocity information
worldwide
Orbit altitude: approx. 11,000 nm

115
GROUND-BASED ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEEP SPACE SURVEILLANCE
(GEODSS)
The Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System,
or GEODSS, plays a vital role in tracking deep space objects. More than 2,500
objects, including geostationary communication satellites, are in deep space orbits
varying in altitude from 10,000 to 45,000 kilometers from Earth.

MILSTAR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

Primary function: Global military communications system
Orbit altitude: 22,250 nautical miles (geosynchronous orbit)
Payload: Low data rate communications (voice, data, teletype and facsimile) at 75 bps to
2,400 bps (All satellites)
Medium data rate communications (voice, data, teletype, facsimile) at 4.8 kbps to 1.544
Mbps (Satellites 4 through 6 only)

PAVE PAWS RADAR SYSTEM

Mission: PAVE PAWS is an Air Force Space Command radar system operated by two 21st
Space Wing squadrons for missile warning and space surveillance. PAVE PAWS radars are
located at Cape Cod Air Force Station, MA, and Beale AFB, CA. PAVE is an Air Force
program name, while PAWS stands for Phased Array Warning System. The radar is used
primarily to detect and track sea-launched (SLBM) and intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs), and to support space situational awareness. The system also has a secondary
mission of Earth-orbiting satellite detection and tracking.

116
 U.S. COAST GUARD

I. Organization

● MPF – Maritime Patrol Forces (Ships, Planes, Patrol Boats)

● DOG – Deployable Operations Group – MSRT, MSST, TACLET/LEDET, PSUs,
National Strike Force

II. Concept of Operations

The Coast Guard is one of the five military services which make up the Armed Forces of the
United States of America. As such, we exist to defend and preserve the United States as a
free nation. We also protect important interests of the United States— the personal safety
and security of our population; the marine transportation system and critical infrastructure;
our natural and economic resources; and the territorial integrity of our nation— from both
internal and external threats, natural and man-made. We protect these interests in U.S. ports

117
and inland waterways, along the coasts, on international waters, and in any other maritime
region where they may be at risk.

In October 2007, the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard marked an historical first,
signing a unified maritime strategy entitled “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century
Seapower.” This strategy commits U.S. maritime forces to the full spectrum of operations
that advance peace and order, and thus the prosperity and security of our Nation.

Today, the Coast Guard is assisting Sailors and Marines in the U.S. Navy-led African
Partnership Station, to improve the maritime governance of African nations and foster
cooperation among their countries and with the United States. While deployed with the U.S.
Navy Sixth Fleet in 2008, the USCGC Dallas conducted theater security cooperation with
maritime law enforcement officers from Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon,
Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, and Senegal. These efforts included the first ever joint law
enforcement activities in western Africa when the Dallas embarked a law enforcement team
from Cape Verde to enforce fisheries regulations within their EEZ. The Coast Guard was
also closely involved in international efforts to combat piracy off the Horn of Africa in 2008
and 2009, working with the Navy in both international engagement and tactical law
enforcement. Our national security and prosperity require a close bond among the sea
services, now and into the future. Over two centuries of growth, evolution, and experience
have prepared the Coast Guard to provide its unique contribution to this team.

Coast Guard Roles and Missions

Since 1915, when the Coast Guard was established by law as an armed force, we have been a
military, multi-mission, maritime force offering a unique blend of military, law enforcement,
humanitarian, regulatory, and diplomatic capabilities. These capabilities underpin our three
broad roles: maritime safety, maritime security, and maritime stewardship.

118
Each Coast Guard role is composed of several missions. The 11 missions shown above
(Search and Rescue; Marine Safety; Marine Environmental Protection; Ports,
Waterways, and Coastal Security; Defense Readiness; Illegal Drug Interdiction;
Undocumented Migrant Interdiction; Living Marine Resources Law Enforcement;
Protection of the U.S. EEZ (Other Law Enforcement); Aids to Navigation; Ice
Operations) have been statutorily assigned by Congress, acting on behalf of the American
people. However, most Coast Guard missions support more than one role. For example, the
aid to navigation mission primarily supports the maritime stewardship role by preventing
pollution from vessel groundings and collisions, while facilitating the movement of people
and goods. This mission also supports the maritime safety role by preventing accidents,
injuries, and deaths. These interwoven roles and complementary missions call for Coast
Guard personnel and resources that are similarly multi-mission capable. This characteristic
of our people and our platforms—their ability to perform multiple missions—brings greater
effectiveness, insight, and agility to bear in any situation. It is a fundamental source of the
Coast Guard’s strength.

Search and Rescue

The Coast Guard’s Search and Rescue (SAR) program is critical to the safety and security of
U.S. waterways and to the maritime public. The SAR program’s goal is to minimize loss of
life, injury, and property damage in the maritime environment; minimize crew risk during
SAR missions; optimize use of resources in conducting SAR; and maintain a world
leadership position in maritime SAR.

In 2008, the Coast Guard responded to 24,229 SAR cases, saved 4,044 lives, and recovered
nearly $158M in property.

Marine Safety
The Coast Guard’s Marine Safety program ensures the safe operation and navigation of over
20,000 U.S. and foreign flagged vessels, inspects over 70,000 domestic vessels annually, and
carries out over 11,000 port state control (foreign vessel) examinations annually. The Coast
Guard is also the primary agency responsible for developing and enforcing Federal marine
safety regulations, certifying and licensing over 200,000 mariners, and promoting safe
practices by investigating commercial marine casualties and sharing the findings.

In 2008, the Coast Guard issued over $122M in state boating safety grants. The Coast Guard
also opened the National Maritime Center, a 60,000 square foot facility that provides
centralized processing and streamlined issuance of mariner licenses, documents, and
credentials.

Marine Environmental Protection

The Marine Environmental Protection program develops and enforces regulations to avert the
introduction of invasive species into the maritime environment, stop unauthorized ocean
dumping, and prevent oil and chemical spills. This program is complemented by the Marine
Safety program’s pollution prevention activities.

119
In 2008, the Coast Guard refined its planning to support implementation of the National
Response Framework, the national all hazards, incident management, and emergency
response architecture. The Coast Guard also incorporated lessons learned from the motor
vessel (M/V) COSCO BUSAN Incident Specific Preparedness Report into an improved
policy that better aligns response planning at local, state, and Federal levels.

Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security

The goal of the Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security (PWCS) program is to reduce the
risk of maritime terrorism. Primary activities include improving Maritime Domain
Awareness (MDA), conducting maritime security and response operations, and developing
maritime security regimes.

In 2008, the Coast Guard’s International Port Security program helped reduce the risk to U.S.
ports by verifying antiterrorism measures were in place in foreign ports. Conditions of entry
were placed on foreign ports where certain measures were deficient. The Coast Guard also
updated the Maritime Security Risk Assessment Model to include maritime critical
infrastructure and key resource information, which improved the effectiveness of patrol and
inspection activities to counter threats to the Maritime Transportation System (MTS).

Defense Readiness
DOD’s combatant commanders continue to request Coast Guard forces to support security
cooperation and capacity building in their various areas of responsibility. As one of the
Nation’s five Armed Services, the Coast Guard contributes WHECs, 110-foot Island-class
Patrol Boats (WPBs), Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs), Port Security Units
(PSUs), and other specialized units to support the National Security Strategy and defense
imperatives.

In 2008, Coast Guard PSU 309 trained and deployed to the Middle East with the Navy’s
Maritime Security Squadron 4 to support Operation Iraqi Freedom point defense and harbor
security operations in Kuwait. Six Coast Guard WPBs are currently forward deployed in
Bahrain in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, conducting maritime critical infrastructure
protection and security operations. Additionally, the Coast Guard Cutter DALLAS deployed
in support of Naval Forces Europe, conducting theater security cooperation with African,
Mediterranean, and Black Sea nations.

Illegal Drug Interdiction

As the lead Federal agency for maritime drug interdiction, the Coast Guard is a full partner in
international efforts to combat the flow of illegal drugs to the United States. The Coast
Guard strives to reduce the supply of drugs from the source by denying smugglers the use of
air and maritime routes in the Transit Zone, a six million square mile area comprised of the
Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

In 2008, the Coast Guard removed a total of 367,926 lbs. of cocaine and 22,173 lbs. of
marijuana from the Transit Zone. In the fourth quarter alone, the Coast Guard disrupted 20
cocaine smuggling events and intercepted two self-propelled semi-submersible (SPSS)
vessels.

120
Undocumented Migrant Interdiction
As the lead Federal agency for maritime law enforcement, the Coast Guard is responsible for
enforcing immigration laws at sea. The Coast Guard conducts patrols and coordinates with
other Federal agencies and foreign countries to interdict undocumented migrants at sea,
denying them illegal entry to the United States via maritime routes.
In 2008, the Coast Guard interdicted nearly 5,000 undocumented migrants attempting to
illegally enter the United States. The Coast Guard also coordinated highly successful
interagency operations against go-fast smuggling vessels in the Florida Straits, which
resulted in 40 at-sea interdictions involving 718 migrants and 31 migrant smugglers—all in a
two-month period.

Living Marine Resources (LMR) Law Enforcement

As the lead Federal agency for at-sea enforcement of U.S. fisheries, marine mammals, and
protected species regulations, the Coast Guard safeguards the U.S. Exclusive Economic
Zones (EEZ) by enforcing domestic fisheries laws. Coast Guard enforcement efforts
advance national goals to conserve and manage living marine resources.

In 2008, the Coast Guard conducted 5,623 living marine resource boardings, with an
observed at-sea compliance rate of 95.3 percent.

Protection of U.S. EEZ from Foreign Encroachment (Other Law Enforcement)

Preventing illegal foreign fishing vessel encroachment in the EEZ is a primary Coast Guard
role vital to protecting the integrity of the Nation’s maritime borders and ensuring the health
of U.S. fisheries. The Coast Guard also enforces international agreements to suppress
damaging illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activity on the high seas.

In 2008, the Coast Guard detected 81 incursions by foreign fishing vessels into the U.S. EEZ.
The Coast Guard also participated in the 2008 multi-national high seas drift net (HSDN)
enforcement campaign, Operation North Pacific Watch. Through this campaign, the Coast
Guard interdicted two Chinese-flagged HSDN vessels, facilitating their seizure by Chinese
officials.

Aids to Navigation
The Coast Guard's system of 51,000 visual aids to navigation (ATON), Vessel Traffic
Services, and marine information services facilitates the flow of commerce through the MTS
and minimizes disruptive incidents in the maritime environment. The Coast Guard also
prevents disruptions to maritime commerce by establishing regulated navigation areas and
regulating bridges over navigable waters.

In 2008, the Coast Guard achieved a 98.3 percent Federal short-range ATON signal
availability rate, exceeding the international standard of 95 percent for reliable visual ATON
systems. The Coast Guard also played a critical role in responding to major flooding events
throughout the Mississippi River System that disturbed over 2,200 miles of Federal
waterways, displaced more than 3,500 buoys, and destroyed over 330 fixed ATON
structures.

121
Ice Operations
The Coast Guard conducts icebreaking services to assist vessels and communities in
emergency situations and facilitate essential commercial maritime activities in the Great
Lakes and Northeast regions. In 2008, the Coast Guard, in concert with the Government of
Canada and the commercial icebreaking industry, sustained navigable waterways for
commercial traffic and assisted with 680 ice transits, representing the transport of over $2B
(U.S.) of cargo.

Beyond domestic operations, the Coast Guard operates the only U.S.-flagged heavy
icebreakers capable of providing year-round access to the Polar regions. In 2008, the busiest
iceberg season in a decade, the International Ice Patrol facilitated commerce by broadcasting
position information on 1,029 icebergs crossing south of 48 degrees north latitude.

III. General Information

Military, Maritime, Multi-Mission

● Established in 1790 as the Revenue Marine, later known as the Revenue Cutter
Service. Became the Coast Guard with the merger of the Revenue Cutter Service
and the Life Saving Service in 1915.
● Absorbed the Federal Lighthouse Service in 1939, then the Bureau of Navigation
and Steamboat Inspection in 1946.
● Transferred from Department Treasury to Department of Transportation in 1967.
● Transferred from Department of Transportation to Department of Homeland
Security in 2003.
● The only armed force not located within the Department of Defense, but a full
time military service subject to the UCMJ and with the same rank and pay
structure as the Navy.
● Becomes a “specialized service” within the Navy upon declaration of war, or at
the direction of the President. (This has happened twice: WWI and WWII.)
● At the direction of the President or with the concurrence of the Secretaries of
Defense and Homeland Security, may provide forces to the Navy for operations
(e.g., Vietnam, Grenada, Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Iraqi Freedom).
● Trains regularly with the Navy and other Services.
● Primary forces for Maritime Homeland Defense operations under Geographic
Combatant Commanders (NORTHCOM, PACOM and SOUTHCOM) and
maritime component commanders.
● An important asset for national policy because, in many international situations,
the presence of a Coast Guard vessel may be less provocative, and thus more
advantageous, than a Navy warship (e.g., 2005 support by USCGC BEAR for
EUCOM TSCP through operations with Gulf of Guinea nations, especially
Nigeria; and 2006 support by USCGC SEQUOIA for PACOM TSCP through
China visit, 2008 USCGC DALLAS relief delivery to Republic of Georgia.)
● Personnel:
○ 42,000 Active Duty
○ 7,000 Reserves
○ 7,600 Civilians

122
 ○ 30,000 Coast Guard Auxiliary (Civilian volunteers)

IV. Coast Guard Forces

The Coast Guard’s roles and missions are accomplished by its forces. Coast Guard forces
have evolved as we have grown and today reflect the uniqueness of the Service.

Workforce
Mission success is made possible by the combined activities of Coast Guard operational and
support personnel. This teamwork is essential to ensure Coast Guard readiness, agility, and
operational excellence. We cannot succeed without the skilled contributions, direct and
indirect, of our active duty and civilian full-time employees, part-time reservists, and
auxiliary volunteers. When appropriate or necessary, we also rely on the help of our many
federal, state, local, tribal, and private sector partners.

The Coast Guard Reserve offers citizens the opportunity to serve in the military part-time
while maintaining a separate civilian career. The Reserve provides the Coast Guard highly
trained and well qualified personnel for active duty in time of war and national emergency,
and for augmentation of Coast Guard forces during natural or man-made disasters or
accidents. The Coast Guard Reserve, provides the Coast Guard surge capacity and flexibility
to respond to all threats and all hazards.

Nearly 30,000 strong, the men and women of the uniformed all-volunteer U.S. Coast Guard
Auxiliary spend thousands of hours each year, often on their personal vessels and aircraft,
helping to carry out Coast Guard missions. On some waterways, Auxiliaries are the principal
Coast Guard personnel serving the public. They are probably best known for their boating
safety classes and courtesy vessel safety checks. However, since 1997 they have supported
all Coast Guard missions except those involving military operations or law enforcement. The
Coast Guard Auxiliary is the only all-volunteer component within the Department of
Homeland Security. Altogether, this small service with a very big job numbers only about
87,000 personnel. By comparison, the next smallest U.S. armed force is the Marine Corps
with over 198,000 active duty members alone.

Operational Force Structure

To understand our operational structure today, it is helpful to categorize Coast Guard field
operational units according to three types of forces. These are:

Multi-Mission Shore-Based Forces

Coast Guard Sector commands focus service delivery on major port regions within the
United States and its territories. Sector commands are a consolidation of Coast Guard shore-
based field operational units. These include boat stations, aids to navigation teams, and
prevention and response forces such as vessel inspectors, port operations forces,
communications centers, and mission controllers.

123
Sector Commanders possess specific legal authorities for statutorily defined areas. The most
important of these are:

 Captain of the Port (COTP), with authority over maritime commerce;

 Federal Maritime Security Coordinator (FMSC), with authority over maritime
security;
 Officer in Charge of Marine Inspection (OCMI), with authority over vessel standards
compliance;
 Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator (SMC), with authority over rescue
operations; and
 Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC), with authority over oil and hazardous
material spill response and preparedness.

Coast Guard Sector commands are the principal enforcers of ports, waterways, and coastal
laws and regulations. As such, they are the Coast Guard’s key operational link to federal,
state, local, tribal, and private sector partners.

Maritime Patrol and Interdiction Forces

Coast Guard cutters, aircraft, and their crews make up the second type of forces. These
multi-mission platforms are assigned operations domestically or globally, and enable
maritime presence, patrol, response, and interdiction throughout the maritime domain. With
their military command, control, and communications networks, they allow the Coast Guard
to deter criminal activity and respond to threats and natural or man-made emergencies.

The Coast Guard can also provide these uniquely capable forces to the Department of
Defense for national security contingencies. Our newest cutters and aircraft are highly
adaptable and capable of meeting current and future homeland and national security needs
around the world. Networked and mobile, cutters and aircraft provide domain awareness and
coordinate multi-mission, interagency operations. Although maritime patrol and interdiction
forces work principally in the offshore and international environments, they can also operate
near shore or within ports. This is critical following a disaster or major disruption to local
command, control, and communications capabilities. As the Nation’s only provider of Polar
icebreaking capabilities, the Coast Guard enables unique access and capabilities in the Polar
Regions.

Deployable Specialized Forces

Deployable Specialized Forces (DSFs) are rapidly transportable elements with specialized
skills in law enforcement, military port security, hazardous spill response, and other such
missions. These specialized teams provide the Coast Guard with surge capability and
flexibility. The Deployable Operations Group (DOG) oversees, coordinates, and integrates
Coast Guard DSFs, which include some reserve-based units. The DOG also works with
other DHS components and government agencies to develop integrated, multi-agency, force
packages to address maritime threats and hazards.

124
Forces within the DOG include:

 Maritime Safety and Security Teams (MSSTs) - include security and boat forces;
 Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) - specialized capabilities for law
enforcement;
 Tactical Law Enforcement Teams (TACLETs) and Law Enforcement Detachments
(LEDETs) - deploy wherever needed for law enforcement missions;
 Port Security Units (PSUs) - provide expeditionary port security; and
 National Strike Force (NSF) - provide high-end pollution and hazardous material
response.

125
 Selected Coast Guard Vessels

Ship Warfare
Class No. Equipment
Type Mission
WMSL LEGEND 2 (8 MIO, Coastal Sea Frigate type Cutter; MK110
National Security 4300 tons, 418 ft long planned) Control, Theater 57mm gun; CIWS, Mk53
Cutter Security Cooperation NULKA, X&S radar; EADS 3D
54 ft beam air search radar; SPQ-9B; Mk46
28 kts electro-optical/infrared sensor;
148 crew SLQ-32,: HF, VHF, UHF; Stern
Launch: Two cutter boats (Long
Range Interceptor and/or Short
Range Prosecutor), Helicopter
capable MH-65C or HH-60T,
organic UAV
WHEC HAMILTON 10 MIO, Coastal Sea Frigate-type cutter.
High Endurance 3200 tons, 378 ft long, 42.8 Control, Theater CIWS, SPS-40, MK-92 GFCS,
Cutter ft beam, Security Cooperation
MK-75 gun, MK-38 25 mm gun,
28 kts speed shipboard helicopter capable,
170 crew GCCS-M & NAVMACS,
TACAN, SRBOC, WLR-1D,
Link 11.
WMEC BEAR 13 MIO, Coastal Sea Corvette-type cutter.
Medium 1780 tons, 270 ft long, Control, Theater MK-92 GFCS, MK-75 gun,
Endurance Cutter Security Cooperation SLQ-32v2, LAMPS III and
38 ft beam,
shipboard helicopter capable,
19.5 kts speed, SRBOC, TACAN, NAVMACS,
100 crew GCCS-M.
WMEC RELIANCE 14 MIO, Coastal Sea Corvette-type cutter.
Medium 1007 tons, 210.5 ft long, 34 Control, Theater MK-38 25 mm gun, shipboard
Endurance ft beam, Security Cooperation helicopter capable, NAVMACS,
Cutter 18 kts speed, 75 crew GCCS-M.
WPB ISLAND 41 MIO, Coastal Sea Fast coastal patrol boat.
Patrol Boat 165 tons, 110 ft long, Control, Theater Mk-38 25 mm gun, secure
Security Cooperation comms, 7-day endurance.
21 ft beam, 30 kts speed, 16
crew
CPB MARINE PROTECTOR 73 MIO, Coastal Sea Coastal patrol boat.
Coastal Patrol 87 ft long, 19.5 ft beam, 26 Control .50 cal MG, secure comms, 3
Boat kts speed, day
10 crew endurance
WLB JUNIPER 16 MIO, Coastal Sea Multi-mission cutter.
Buoy Tender 2000 tons, 225 ft long, Control, Theater .50 cal MG, secure comms,
Security ocean going, 4-week endurance.
46 ft beam Cooperation, MCW
15 kts speed, 47 crew support.
WAGB POLAR 2 Polar operations, Continuous progress through
Polar Icebreaker 13,190 tons, 399 ft marine science, 6FT of ice at 3 kts. Two HH-
search and rescue. 65A.
83.5 ft beam, 18 kts
139 crew
WAGB HEALY 1 Arctic Operations, Continuous progress through
Arctic Icebreaker 16,000 tons, 420 ft Marine Science, 4.4FT of ice at 3 knots.
search and rescue
82 ft beam, 17 knots
120 crew

126
 Selected Coast Guard Aircraft

Aircraft Type Total Warfare Mission

HC-144A OCEAN SENTRY 11 (36 Medium Range Maritime Patrol & Tactical Airlift
planned) Flexible Mission Pallet System, FLIR Star Safire III, DF- 430
UHF/VHF DF, SAAB Transponder Tech AB R4A AAIS. EDO EL/M
2022A(V)3, APN- 241 weather radar.
HC-130H, HERCULES 23 Long Range Maritime Patrol; (equipped with APS-137 ISAR) Tactical
Airlift
HC-130J HERCULES 6 Long Range Maritime Patrol &Tactical Airlift
FLIR Star Safire III, DF- 430 UHF/VHF DF, SAAB Transponder Tech
AB R4A AAIS. EDO EL/M 2022A(V)3, APN- 241 weather radar.
HU-25 GUARDIAN 17 Medium Range Inteceptor & Maritime Patrol Aircraft
HU-25 A (5) APS 127 Radar
HU-25 C (9) APG 66V2 Radar, FLIR/EO
HU-25 D (6) APS 143 Radar., FLIR/EO
HH-60J, JAYHAWK 42 SAR; Utility; FLIR equipped; NVG compatible; secure comms
HH-65C, DOLPHIN 95 SAR; Utility; secure comms; NVG compatible Airborne Use of Force
(AUF)

127
 Coast Guard Port Security Unit (PSU)
PSUs are deployable units organized for sustained operations, capable of deploying within 96 hours to establish
port operations within 24 hours. PSUs are tasked with providing waterborne and limited land-based port
security and force protection of shipping and critical port facilities at sea ports of embarkation/debarkation
(SPOE/SPOD). To carry out this mission, each PSU has 6 heavily armed, fast and maneuverable Trailerable
Port Security Boats (TPSB). A PSU organizational structure is designed to provide for command and control,
waterborne security, shore base security and logistics support as one element within the Maritime Expeditionary
Security Force (MESF) organization.

Unit Location
PSU 301 Cape Cod, MA
PSU 305 Ft. Eustis, VA
PSU 307 St. Petersburg, FL
PSU 308 Gulfport, MS
PSU 309 Port Clinton, OH
PSU 311 Long Beach, CA
PSU 312 San Francisco, CA
PSU 313 Tacoma, WA
PSU Training Detachment (TRADET) Camp Lejeune, NC

PSU composition and assets:

VI. Boats: Six (Boston Whaler) 25’ TPSBs with 8’ beam and 4’ nav draft equipped with two 175 HP
OMC Outboards, radar, depth sounder machine guns (.50 cal and M60) that are capable of operating within
a harbor in seas up to 4 feet.
● Vehicles: Two F-350 pickup trucks and one F-550 stake-bed truck with trailers, one 16 passenger van.
● Diesel Generators: (DOD std Tactical Quiet) two 15 KW/60hz and two 5 KW/60 hz generators
● Containers: 1 portable ISU 90 armory container and ten ISU 90 air/sealift capable containers for gear
and equipment shipment.
● Tents: three Model 6 and two Model 2 Deployable Rapid Assembly Shelter (DRASH) tents and 7 GP
mediums for command center, medical/admin, galley and berthing purposes. Water: One 400 gal water
Buffalo container.
● Food: Each PSU deploys with a 30 day supply of operating and support equipment including 30 days
of MREs and TRAPAKs.
● Logistics: Fuel, Potable water, advanced medical assistance, sanitation & shower facilities must be
provided by the supported commander.

Operational characteristics:

● Crew: 117 deployable personnel (11officers/106 enlisted) out of 145 (140 RPAL and 5 PAL).
● Waterborne Security: Each PSU is capable of conducting continuous boat operations with 3 boats
underway simultaneously and one boat in a ready response mode. These TPSBs are fully mission capable
when operating within a harbor in less than 3 foot seas and 30 kts of wind. During high threat conditions,
continuous operations with four boats can be conducted for one 24 hour period.
● Unit Security: As part of a combat service support unit that deploys in a joint rear area harbor
environment, each PSU has a 30 person detachment that provides continuous unit security by a 10 person
squad equipped with machine guns and small arms.

128
 Coast Guard Tactical Law Enforcement Team (TACLET)
Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET)
Tactical Law Enforcement Teams (TACLETs) and Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) perform routine
maritime law enforcement and provide specialized law enforcement augmentation to designated elements of
other U.S. Government Agencies in support of Coast Guard, national security and law enforcement in the
maritime environment. TACLETs/ LEDETs are prepared to support DoD as directed. First designated in 1982,
TACLETs were originally designated to augment U.S. Navy ships with a law enforcement team for counter-
drug operations while transiting or operating in high drug-traffic transport areas. LEDETs for some years now
have also supported West Indies Guard Ship Deployments by embarking upon British and Dutch frigates and
oilers. In addition to ongoing counter-drug mission support, LEDETs currently deploy in support of Maritime
Interdiction Operations (MIO) in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Each TACLET is comprised of
nine LEDETs, with nine members assigned to each LEDET; they are recognized as the Coast Guard’s most
highly-qualified law enforcement specialists due to the level of training and sustainment they receive. At the
very minimum, a LEDET member will be a qualified Boarding Team Member; most have attained the status of
Boarding Officer shortly after assignment to the unit. These units live up to their motto “Train-Enforce-
Interdict.”

Unit Location
TACLET South Miami, FL
PACTACLET San Diego, CA

TACLET Composition and Assets

 TACLETs do not have organic small boats and rely upon the host naval vessel to provide lift to targets
of interest.

Weapons (Armory) Training

- M4 rifles - Limited CBR
- 9 mm pistols - Vertical insertion
- 12 gauge shotguns - Canine Handling Teams*
- Ion Scan Detection Equipment
- Close Quarters Combat (CQC)
- Maritime Law Enforcement
- Limited Language training/ capability**

* TACLET South employs K9 Specifically trained to detect drugs but not explosives.
** TACLETs send select members to Spanish Total Immersion Language proficiency training.

129
 Coast Guard Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST)

The Maritime Safety and Security Team (MSST) is a specialized response unit created to ensure maritime
mobility and security, safeguard the public, protect vessels, harbors, ports, facilities, and cargo from destruction,
loss or injury and respond to medium threat security incidents, assisting in the restoration of a safe and secure
environment in designated ports and other locations as directed, in order to enhance the maritime security of the
United States. When directed, MSSTs directly support Defense Readiness by conducting port operations that
include security and defense activities in Seaports of Embarkation and Debarkation and protecting strategic
shipping and naval vessels operating in harbors, ports and anchorages to ensure the uninterrupted flow of
strategic cargo to Combatant Commanders. In addition to general law enforcement training provided to all
Coast Guard boarding personnel, these units complete weapons and special boat tactics training. MSSTs are
capable of rapid, nationwide deployment via air, ground or sea transportation in response to changing threat
conditions and evolving Maritime Homeland Security (MHLS) and Maritime Homeland Defense (MHLD)
requirements. Like most Coast Guard units, MSSTs are multi-mission capable, and can be called upon if
necessary to conduct search and rescue and routine law enforcement activities in addition to their security
responsibilities. MSSTs are divided into 12 units which are located at dispersed sites within the United States.

MSST Composition and Assets

● Boats: Six (SAFE Boats) 25’ RB-HS with 8’ beam and 4’ navigational draft equipped with
Two 225 HP Honda Outboards, radar, depth sounder, DGPS, and machine guns (two mounted
M240B).
● Vehicles: Four F-350 pickup trucks and four F-550 stake-bed truck with trailers, three 15-pax
van.
● Food and Water: Must be provided by the supported commander.
● When deployed, berthing, fuel, sanitation and shower facilities must be provided by the
supported commander.

Operational characteristics

25-foot Safe Boat Weapons (Armory) Training

- Crew of 3, plus max of 7 pax - M4 rifles - Limited CBR
- Twin outboard engines capable - 9 mm pistols - Vertical insertion
of 40+ knots - M240B mounted automatic - Canine Handling Teams
- VHF/FM marine radio weapons - Limited Underwater Port Security
(encrypted) - 12 gauge shotguns (with less than Detection Equipment
- AN/PRC 117V2 Tri-band lethal rounds) - Advanced Port Security Tactics
- Raytheon radar - running gear entangling systems - Close Quarters Combat (CQC)
- Differential GPS (DGPS) - Maritime Law Enforcement
- Two M240B machine guns - Basic Scuba
- AN/PRC 7C NVG

130
 Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT)

The Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) ensures maritime mobility and security through the conduct
of high-threat, high-risk advanced interdiction and Counter-Terrorism (CT) operations to safeguard the
public and protect vessels, harbors, ports, facilities, and cargo from destruction, loss or injury and responds
to security incidents, assisting in the restoration of a safe and secure environment in designated ports and
other locations as directed, in order to enhance the maritime security of the United States. The MSRT is
prepared to support DoD as directed. The MSRT is the immediate response force to high-threat, high-
likelihood-of-violence maritime law enforcement and terrorist situations. Their primary tasks are
accomplished as part of a skill set known as Advanced Interdiction, which involves the use of the advanced
skills and special equipment organic to the MSRT. The levels of violence employed by terrorist
organizations dictates a special skill set and advanced training methods in order to effectively counter the
threat and risk to public safety. The members of the MSRT are highly specialized, trained and tasked-
organized in order to act as the Coast Guard’s premier Counter Terrorism unit—able to conduct advanced
tactical response operations in a CBRNE environment. MSRT members are trained in advanced Tactics,
Techniques and Procedures to include but not limited to: close quarters combat, high and low freeboard
climbing, mechanical breaching as well as tactical vertical insertion (FAST ROPE). In high-risk situations
of demonstrated terrorist intent or intelligence indications, the MSRT may be deliberately employed due to
their advanced level of training and specialized skills to deal with the critical threat. Situations involving
highly suspect, unknown circumstances or high-threat, violent response during migrant interdiction, counter-
drug and anti-piracy efforts are also consistent with the advanced training and specialized equipment
employed by the MSRT.

Unit Location
MSRT1 CHESAPEAKE, VA

MSRT Composition and Assets*

● Organic Boat Section

● Dedicated Aviation Branch

* For greater specificity contact the Office of Counter Terrorism and Special Missions (G-RPC) at 202-267-
0936.

131
 Coast Guard National Strike Force

The National Strike Force (NSF) is a vital national asset comprised of a unique, highly trained cadre of Coast
Guard professionals who maintain and rapidly deploy with specialized equipment and incident management
skills. The NSF is recognized worldwide as experts in preparedness and response to mitigate the effects of
weapons of mass destruction events, hazardous substance releases, oil discharges and other emergencies on
behalf of the American public. Its mandate is to assist and support Lead Agency/Incident Commanders and
Federal On-Scene Coordinators in their response and preparedness activities for both crisis and consequence
management. In this way, the NSF supports the National Response System and Homeland Security by
minimizing the adverse impact to the public and reducing environmental damage from weapons of mass
destruction events, hazardous substance releases and oil discharges.

Sub-Unit Location
Atlantic Strike Team Fort Dix, NJ
Gulf Strike Team Mobile, AL
Pacific Strike Team Novato, CA

Each Strike team is Equipped to respond to most chemical and WMD incidents

General response equipment

Mobile Incident Command Post, Hazardous Substance Response Trailers, Level A, B, and C protective suits,
confined space entry and egress gear, decontamination suites, portable weather stations, drum handling
equipment, chlorine institute kits, generators (3.0 to 10.0 KW), GPS units, photo/video equipment

Chemical, biological, and radiological response equipment

Field presumptive detection for biological or chemical warfare agents, radiation detection instruments for
alpha, beta, neutron and gamma (include isotopic identification)

Oil spill response equipment

Vessel of Opportunity Skimming System VOSS, Inflatable 45-inch boom (6,000 ft), Temporary Storage
Devices 26,000 gal, inflatable barges and 10,000 gal. dracones.

Damage control equipment

Oil/Water interface meter, Plugging and patching equipment

Vehicles, boats and command posts

Tractor/trailer units, All terrain vehicles, Mobile Incident Command Posts, 32’ & 24’ Munson boats, 15’
Inflatable boats, 18’ John boats, Monitoring/Detecting Equipment, Organic vapors detection instruments,
Multi-gas meters for toxic and explosive, atmospheres APD 2000, Networked remote atmospheric monitors,
Aerosol particulate meters, Hazard categorization kits, Multi-media (air, soil, water) sampling gear, Hand-
Held Assays (Bio), PhD Ultra (or MultiRae) CDS Drager Combo-Sets, WMD HazCat Kit, WMD Sampling
Kit, SKC pumps (or Personal DataRams), 256 Kit, M-8 / M-9 paper, Radiation Pagers (AN-UDR-13B)
Gamma/Neutro, Thermo IdentiFINDER U (isotope identifier), TVA-1000, Drager CMS, AreaRaes HazCat
Kit, Ludlum 12/19 w/ pancake probe and all necessary calibration equipment

Lightering and pumping equipment

Submersible, high-capacity oil, chemical and water pumps, diaphragm and peristaltic small/medium capacity
oil, chemical and water pumps, hydraulic prime movers & support equipment, Viscous Oil Pumping System
(VOPS)

132
 SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES (SOF)

I. Mission

United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) has a two-fold mission: (1)
Provide fully capable special operations forces to defend the United States and its interests;
and (2) Synchronize planning of global operations against terrorist networks.

USSOCOM priorities are:

 Deter, Disrupt & Defeat Terrorist Threats

o Plan & conduct special operations
o Emphasis persistent, culturally-attuned engagement
o Foster interagency cooperation

 Develop & Support our People and Families

o Focus on quality
o Care for our people and families
o Train & educate the joint warrior/diplomat

 Sustain and Modernize the Force

o Equip the operator
o Upgrade SOF mobility
o Obtain persistent intelligence, surveillance & reconnaissance systems

II. SOCOM Vision

Special Operations Forces must be highly trained, properly equipped and deployed to the
right place at the right time for the right missions.

Our commanders and staffs must capably plan and lead the full range of lethal and non-lethal
special operations missions in complex, ambiguous environments.

Our people will be professional, diplomatically and culturally astute, responsive and
innovative.

As key members of Joint, Interagency, and Internationally teams, SOF will employ all
assigned authorities and apply all available elements of power to accomplish assigned
missions.

133
III. Organization

*The sources of this information is from http://www.socom.mil/. The author did clarify oversight and force provider information with
additional lines to highlight these relationships.

The Department of Defense (DOD) activated U.S. Special Operations Command

(USSOCOM) April 16, 1987, at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. DOD created the new unified
command in response to congressional action in the Goldwater-Nichols Defense
Reorganization Act of 1986 and the Nunn-Cohen Amendment to the National Defense
Authorization Act of 1987. Congress mandated a new four-star command be activated to
prepare Special Operations Forces (SOF) to carry out assigned missions and, if directed by
the president or secretary of defense (SECDEF), to plan for and conduct special operations.
To enable USSOCOM to carry out its mission, Congress gave the new command specific
authorities and responsibilities:

Title 10 Authorities and Responsibilities

 Develop special operations strategy, doctrine and tactics

134
  Prepare and submit budget proposals for SOF
 Exercise authority, direction and control over special operations expenditures
 Train assigned forces
 Conduct specialized courses of instruction
 Validate requirements
 Establish requirement priorities
 Ensure interoperability of equipment and forces
 Formulate and submit intelligence support requirements
 Monitor Special Operations officers’ promotions, assignments, retention, training and
professional military education
 Ensure Special Operations Forces’ combat readiness
 Monitor Special Operations Forces’ preparedness to carry out assigned missions
 Develop and acquire special operations-peculiar equipment, materiel, supplies and
services

In addition to the service-like authorities of developing training and monitoring readiness,

some of the authorities Congress gave USSOCOM are unique responsibilities for a unified
command. USSOCOM is not dependent on the Army, Navy, Marine Corps or Air Force for
its budget or to develop and buy new equipment, supplies or services for the command.
USSOCOM has its own budgetary authorities and responsibilities through a specific Major
Force Program (MFP-11) in DOD’s budget. Additionally, USSOCOM has its own
acquisition authorities, so it can develop and buy special operations-peculiar equipment,
supplies or services.

Before the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, USSOCOM’s primary focus
was on its supporting command mission of organizing, training and equipping SOF and
providing those forces to support the geographic combatant commanders and U.S.
ambassadors and their country teams. The president further expanded USSOCOM’s
responsibilities in the 2004 Unified Command Plan. The Unified Command Plan assigned
USSOCOM responsibility for synchronizing DOD plans against global terrorist networks
and, as directed, conducting global operations. USSOCOM receives reviews, coordinates and
prioritizes all DOD plans that support the global campaign against terror, and then makes
recommendations to the Joint Staff regarding force and resource allocations to meet global
requirements.

USSOCOM’s components are U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC), Naval
Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM), Air Force Special Operations
Command (AFSOC), Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) and
the Joint Special Operations University. USSOCOM also has a sub-unified command, Joint
Special Operations Command (JSOC). USSOCOM has approximately 56,000 active duty,
Reserve and National Guard Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines and DOD civilians assigned
to the headquarters, its components, and subordinate unified command.

135
Special Operations Components
SOF is composed of specially selected, trained and equipped Army, Navy, Air Force, and
Marine Corps personnel. Each Military Department has established a major command to
serve as their respective service component of USSOCOM.

Army: The approximately 30,000 member United States Army Special Operations
Command (USASOC) includes active and reserve Special Forces (SF), Special Operations
Aviation, Ranger, Military Information Support Operations (MISO) and active Civil Affairs
(CA) units.

Navy: The Naval Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM) is composed of 9,736

active and reserve operational and support personnel, which include active and reserve Naval
Special Warfare Groups (NSWG), Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Teams, Special Boat Teams (SBT),
and an active SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) Team.

Air Force: The 14,745 member Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is
composed of: active, reserve and Air National Guard wings, groups and squadrons of special
operations configured fixed and rotary wing aircraft; special tactics units; a foreign internal
defense squadron; and a combat weather squadron.

Marine Corps: The 2,611 member Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command
(MARSOC) is composed of Marine Special Operations Battalions, Marine Special
Operations Advisory Groups (MSOAG), a Marine Special Operations Support Group
(MSOSG), and a Marine Special Operations School (MSOS).

US Navy , 15%
US Marines,
US Air Force,
5%
26%

US Army, 52%

US SOCOM COMPONENT COMPARISON

Note: Manpower numbers for each component are projected FY10 figures based on 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR)

136
Other USSOCOM subordinate organizations

Joint Special Operations University (JSOU)

JSOU is an academic institution that provides a full spectrum of educational programs to
enhance the SOF warriors’ ability to think and effectively interact at both the operational and
strategic levels. JSOU is a direct reporting, subordinate element of USSOCOM. JSOU is the
designated agency within USSOCOM for joint SOF education and their corporate university.

Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)

JSOC is a joint headquarters designed to study special operations requirements and
techniques, ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, plan and conduct special
operations exercises and training, and develop joint special operations tactics.

Theater Special Operations Commands (TSOC)

Each geographic combatant command and Joint Forces Command has a Special Operations
component commander just like it has a ground, air and naval component commander. The
commander of the TSOC is responsible for commanding all SOF in the theater to which the
TSOC is assigned. The TSOC is a sub-unified command of the geographic combatant
command and the source of expertise in all areas of Special Operations. The TSOC provides
the geographic combatant commanders with the capability to plan and control joint SOF in
their theater.

The TSOCs ensure SOF capabilities are considered throughout the entire planning process
and that SOF are fully integrated into both peacetime and wartime planning. The TSOC
commander is responsible to the geographic combatant commander for planning and
conducting joint Special Operations in the theater, ensuring SOF capabilities are matched to
mission requirements, exercising operational control of SOF for joint Special Operations, and
advising the geographic combatant commander and component commanders in the theater on
the proper employment of SOF. Additionally, the SOCs can provide the GCC a standing
Joint Task Force (JTF) that can respond immediately to regional emergencies and be built
onto or transitioned to a larger force as needed.

Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT), headquartered at MacDill AFB, Fla.,

is a subordinate unified command of U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM). It is
responsible for planning Special Operations throughout the USCENTCOM area of
responsibility (AOR); planning and conducting peacetime joint/combined Special Operations
training exercises; and orchestrating command and control of peacetime and wartime Special
Operations as directed. SOCCENT exercises operational control of assigned and attached
SOF that deploy for the execution of training and for operational missions in the
USCENTCOM AOR as directed by the USCENTCOM commander. When directed by the
USCENTCOM commander, SOCCENT forms the nucleus of a JSOTF.

Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) headquarters is located at Patch

Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. SOCEUR is a subordinate unified command of U.S. European
Command exercising operational control of theater Army, Navy and Air Force Special
Operation Forces. SOCEUR is responsible to the commander of USEUCOM and the

137
Supreme Allied Commander Europe for SOF readiness, targeting, exercises, plans, joint and
combined training, NATO/partnership activities, and execution of counterterrorism,
peacetime and contingency operations.

Special Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC), located at Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu,

Hawaii, is a sub-unified command and serves as the SOF component command for the U.S.
Pacific Command (USPACOM). The AOR of the commander in chief, U.S. Pacific
Command, represents the largest geographic area of the unified commands. It covers over
half of the earth’s surface with more than 105 million square miles and nearly 60 percent of
the world’s population. Distance, diversity, and change characterize the USPACOM AOR.

Special Operations Command South (SOCSOUTH) is a sub-unified command of U.S.

Southern Command, SOCSOUTH is the theater functional component for Special
Operations. It is responsible for all Special Operations Forces in the theater to include Civil
Affairs and Information Operations Forces. SOCSOUTH’s headquarters is located at
Homestead Air Reserve Base, Fla. SOCSOUTH is composed of a joint headquarters, three
permanently assigned operational units, and CONUS-based deployed SOF. The command
manages more than 200 SOF deployments per year with an average of 42 missions in 26
countries at any time.

Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA) is a subordinate unified command

of U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM), and is currently headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany.
SOCAFRICA leads, plans, coordinates, and as directed, executes the full spectrum of special
operations by, with, through, or in support of U.S. government departments and agencies,
partner nations and other organizations as part of an integrated theater strategy, in order to
promote regional stability, combat terrorism, and advance U.S. strategic objectives in the
AFRICOM AOR. SOCAFRICA’s approach is different from the traditional approach to
special operations headquarters. SOCAFRICA will fully integrate interagency partner nation
capabilities into planning and execution of operations. SOCAFRICA will support, facilitate,
and/or leverage existing civilian and military capabilities and actors in the AFRICOM AOR.

Special Operations Command Korea (SOCKOR), located at Camp Kim in Yongsan,

Korea, is the Theater SOC responsible for Special Operations on the Korean peninsula and,
when established, the Korean Theater of Operations (KTO). The KTO and SOCKOR exist
because there has never been a peace treaty officially ending the Korean War. Military
forces on the Korean Peninsula maintain a heightened state of readiness to respond to the
resumption of hostilities with little or no warning.

IV. Concept of Operations

Special Operations are conducted by specially organized, trained and equipped military and
paramilitary forces to achieve military, political, economic or informational objectives by
unconventional military means in hostile, denied or politically sensitive areas. These
operations are conducted during peacetime, conflict and war, independently or in
coordination with conventional forces. Politico-military considerations frequently shape
special operations that often require clandestine, covert or low visibility techniques and

138
oversight at the national level. Special operations differ from conventional operations in
degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment,
independence from friendly support and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and
indigenous assets.

Five characteristics that distinguish Special Operations from conventional military

operations are:
 No broad conventional force requirement
 Low visibility or clandestine
 Independent or in conjunction with a General Purpose Force (GPF)
 Level of physical and political risk
 Dependence on detailed operational intelligence

SOF Core Activities are:

Direct Action (DA): Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions taken to
seize, destroy, capture or recover in denied areas.

Special Reconnaissance (SR): Acquiring information concerning the capabilities, intentions

and activities of an enemy.

Unconventional Warfare (UW): Operations conducted by, through and with surrogate
forces that are organized, trained, equipped, supported and directed by external forces.

Foreign Internal Defense (FID): Providing training and other assistance to foreign
governments and their militaries to enable the foreign government to provide for its country’s
national security.

Civil Affairs (CA) Operations: Activities that establish, maintain or influence relations
between U.S. forces and foreign civil authorities and civilian populations to facilitate U.S.
military operations.

Counterterrorism (CT): Measures taken to prevent, deter and respond to terrorism.

Military Information Support Operations (MISO): Operations that provide truthful

information to foreign audiences that influence behavior in support of U.S. military
operations.

Information Operations (IO): Operations designed to achieve information superiority by

adversely affecting enemy information and systems while protecting U.S. information and
systems.

Counterproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CP): Actions taken to locate,

seize, destroy or capture, recover and render such weapons safe.

139
Security Force Assistance (SFA): Unified action by joint, interagency, intergovernmental
and multinational community to sustain and assist host nation or regional security forces in
support of a legitimate authority.

Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations: Those military, paramilitary, political, economic,

informational and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency.

Activities Specified by the president or SECDEF

V. General Information

U.S. Army Special Operations Forces

U.S. Army Special Operations Forces consist of approximately 30,000 personnel represented
by Special Forces (SF), Rangers, Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), Military
Information Support Operations (MISO) and Civil Affairs (CA) units.

Army SF conducts missions deep within the enemy’s rear, far ahead of the forward limits of
conventional forces. SF units plan, conduct, and support special operations throughout the
spectrum of conflict. Their principal core tasks are UW, FID, DA, SR, and CT. Each SF
Group is regionally focused on a particular geographic area. The fundamental operating
element is the 12-man SF Operational Detachment-Airborne (ODA) although smaller
elements are routinely employed in response to specific mission requirements.
Geographically oriented, culturally attuned and language trained, SF personnel excel in
teaching: basic combat infantry tactics, light weapons, demolitions, field communications,
combat intelligence, and paramedical support.

As an elite light infantry force, the Army Rangers are organized into one regiment consisting
of three battalions and a headquarters company. Together they employ over 2,400 personnel
who operate independently, with other SOF, or in support of conventional forces. They
specialize in quick strike DA, airfield seizures, deep penetration raids, urban combat, non-
combatant evacuation operations and recovery of personnel and/or equipment.

The SOAR provides dedicated tactical mobility for SF and other SOF. Comprised of one
active regiment, their mission is to provide a night, all-weather, medium range insertion,
extraction and resupply capability in hostile or denied areas. They specialize in selected
rescue and recovery missions, medical evacuations, armed attack, deep penetration and
command and control. Inventories include MH-60K BLACK HAWK, MH-47E CHINOOK,
and AH/MH-6 special operations configured helicopters.

MISO units develop, produce and disseminate information to foreign audiences in support of
U.S. national and political objectives. Used during peacetime, contingency operations and
declared war, MISO is a force multiplier that relies on nonviolent means in often violent
environments. Persuading rather than physically compelling, they rely on logic, fear, desire
or other motivational factors to promote specific emotions, attitudes or behaviors. The
mission of information operations is to influence foreign audiences, advise a supported

140
commander, provide public information to foreign populations, serve as the commander’s
voice to foreign populations and/or counter enemy propaganda.

Civil Affairs support military commanders during peacetime, contingency operations and
war by working with civil authorities and civilian populations in the commander’s area of
operations. Civil Affairs specialists identify critical requirements needed by local citizens in
war or disaster situations. They also locate civilian resources to support military operations,
help minimize civilian interference with operations, support national assistance activities,
plan and execute noncombatant evacuations, support counterdrug operations and establish
and maintain liaison with civilian aid agencies and other nongovernmental organizations,
provide functional expertise for foreign internal defense operations, unconventional warfare
operations and direct-action missions. The Civil Military Operations Center (CMOC) may
be established to enhance coordination between the military, inter-agency and non-
governmental organizations.

Naval Special Warfare Forces

Naval Special Warfare (NSW) forces number approximately 9,700 personnel and support
technicians that conduct maritime special operations in support of joint and naval operations.
Principal core tasks are SR, DA, FID and CT. NSW forces are deployed under the OPCON
of either a naval component or joint force commander. ADCON is retained by the parent
command.

Naval Special Warfare Groups are major commands that train, equip and deploy components
of NSW squadrons to meet the exercise, contingency and wartime requirements of

141
geographic combatant commanders, Theater Special Operations Commands, and numbered
fleets located around the world.

NSWTG and NSWTU are task organized force packages deployed to joint and fleet
commanders to plan, coordinate, command and conduct NSW operations. A NSWTG is task
organized to provide command and control of one or more NSWTU. A NSWTU is
composed of a command and control element, a support element, and a combination of one
or more SEAL or SDV platoons, and/or special boat detachments.

Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) teams are CONUS-based commands established to train, equip,

deploy and support SEAL platoons to conduct NSW in support of joint and fleet
commanders. Each team consists of six 16-man SEAL platoons composed of two officers
and 14 enlisted operators and requisite support personnel. SEALs conduct clandestine
missions infiltrating their objective areas by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, Navy surface
ships, combatant craft, submarines and ground mobility vehicles. When directed, a SEAL
team deploys as a Naval Special Warfare Squadron (NSWSQRN) disbursing its forces in
smaller Task Units or Task Elements to plan, coordinate, command, and conduct special
operations.

Special Boat Teams (SBT) are manned by Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewmen
(SWCC) who operate and maintain state-of-the-art surface craft to conduct coastal patrol and
interdiction and support special operations missions. Focusing on infiltration and exfiltration
of SEALs and other SOF, SWCC’s provide dedicated rapid mobility in shallow water areas
where larger ships cannot operate. They also bring to the table a unique SOF capability, the
ability to deliver combat craft via parachute drop (Maritime Combatant Craft Aerial Delivery
System).

The SEAL Delivery Vehicle (SDV) team comprises specially trained SEALs and support
personnel who conduct undersea operations from SDVs, Dry Deck Shelters (DDS), and the
Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS). DDS deliver SDVs and specially trained forces
from modified submarines. When teamed with their host submarines, the ASDS and SDV
platforms provide the most clandestine maritime delivery capability in the world.

Naval Special Warfare Combat Service Support Teams provide full-spectrum logistics
support to SEAL (sea, air, land) Teams, Special Boat Teams, NSW Task Groups/Task Units.
Tasking for each CSST includes crisis-action and logistics planning and coordination; in-
theater contracting, small purchase and leasing actions; and comprehensive forward
operating base support.

Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NAVSPECWARDEVGRU) provides

centralized management for the test, evaluation, and development of current and emerging
technologies applicable to NSW. It also develops maritime, ground, and airborne tactics for
NSW.

142
Training, tactics and doctrine development occurs at the Naval Special Warfare Center
(NAVSPECWARCEN). The Center also provides instruction and training in NSW for
selected allied military personnel.

U.S. Air Force Special Operations Forces

Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) is a major command and the Air Force
component of U.S. Special Operations Command, a unified command located at MacDill Air
Force Base, Fla. AFSOC has approximately 15,000 active-duty, Air Force Reserve, Air
National Guard and civilian personnel. The command's five active-duty and five Reserve
component flying units are composed of more than 160 fixed-wing aircraft, including the
AC-130H/U, C-130, EC-130J, HC-130, MC-130E/H/W, MC-130P, HH-60, U-28A and the
CV-22. The command also contains both a predator (MQ-1) and reaper (MQ-9) squadron.

AFSOC provides Air Force special operations forces worldwide deployment and assignment
to regional unified commands. AFSOC's core tasks have been grouped into four mission
areas: forward presence and engagement, information operations precision employment and
strike, and special operations forces mobility.

AFSOC is responsible to USSOCOM for the readiness of Air Force special operations forces
for worldwide deployment. The command's SOF are composed of highly trained, rapidly
deployable airmen who are equipped with specialized aircraft. These forces provide global
ability to conduct special operations missions ranging from precision application of
firepower, to infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and refueling of SOF operational elements.

AFSOC's unique capabilities include airborne radio and television broadcast for information
operations, as well as combat aviation advisors to provide other governments military

143
expertise for their internal development. The command's special tactics squadrons combine
combat control, combat weather and pararescuemen to ensure air power is integrated and
operable with special operations and conventional forces.
AFSOC forces’ missions include close air support, infiltration, exfiltration, resupply, aerial
refueling, aviation foreign internal defense, intelligence support to special operations
(including unmanned aerial surveillance), and airborne radio and television broadcast in
support of information operations.

Special Tactics, AFSOC’s Battlefield Airmen, is comprised of combat control, pararescue

and special operations weather, and tactical air control party personnel capable of providing
terminal guidance for weapons, control of assault zone aircraft, fire support, mission
planning, medical and weather support. Special Tactics Teams frequently operate with Navy
SEALs, Army Rangers and Special Forces in direct action, airfield seizure and personnel
recovery missions in hostile territory.

Combat Controllers (CCT) are Special Operators and certified air traffic controllers who are
an integral part of the Air Force Battlefield Airmen team. CCT are often the first deployed
into restricted environments by air, land or sea assigned with the mission of establishing
assault zones (a drop zone for parachute operations, a landing zone for fixed wing or
helicopter operations, or an extraction zone for low altitude re-supply). The CCT’s establish
navigational aid equipment anywhere in the world to guide aircraft for landing on makeshift
runways without the benefit of a tower or large communication system. CCT also control air
attacks from all military services aircraft, provide vital command and control, intelligence
gathering, surveying capabilities, limited weather observations and are qualified in
demolition to clear hazards and obstructions from runways and landing zones.

Combat Aviation Advisors (CAA) help U.S. global partners to wield airpower. These Air
Commandos are culturally savvy, linguistically trained and politically astute Airmen, hand
selected for their skill, maturity and professionalism to advise foreign forces in rotary and
fixed-wing combat aviation, maintenance, base support, security and tactics. They execute
the aviation foreign internal defense (FID) mission and train foreign units in specialized and
unconventional tactics.

Pararescuemen (PJ) are the only DOD specialty specifically trained and equipped to conduct
conventional and unconventional recovery operations. A PJ’s primary function is as a
personnel recovery specialist, with emergency trauma medical capabilities in humanitarian
and combat environments. They deploy in any available manner, from any available
platform, to include air-land-sea tactics, into restricted environments to contact, authenticate,
extract, treat, stabilize and evacuate injured personnel, while acting in an enemy-evading,
recovery role. PJs participate in combat search and rescue, peacetime search and rescue, and
protection of the president of the United States, and conduct other operations at the
commander’s direction.

Special Operations Weathermen are trained meteorologists with forward ground combat
capabilities. They interpret weather data and provide intelligence from deployed locations.
Working with Special Operations teams, they collect localized weather intelligence, assist

144
mission planning, generate accurate and mission-tailored target and route forecasts in support
of global special operations, conduct special weather reconnaissance and train foreign
national forces.

AFSOC's forces are organized under two active-duty wings, one Reserve wing and one
National Guard wing, two overseas groups and several direct report units. The command
operates two major active-duty bases.

The 1st Special Operations Wing (SOW) is located at Hurlburt Field and is primarily
responsible to U.S. Central, Joint Forces, and Southern commands, but also provides
augmentation forces to AFSOC groups forward deployed in Europe and the Pacific.

The 27th SOW is located at Cannon AFB, NM. The primary mission of the 27th Special
Operations Wing is to plan and execute specialized and contingency operations using
advanced aircraft, tactics, and air refueling techniques to infiltrate, exfiltrate, and resupply
special operations forces and provide intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and close
air support in support of SOF operations.

The 352nd Special Operations Group, at Royal Air Force Mildenhall, England, is the Air
Force component for Special Operations Command Europe.

The 353rd Special Operations Group, at Kadena Air Base, Japan, is the Air Force component
for Special Operations Command Pacific.

The 720th Special Tactics Group at Hurlburt Field provides combat controllers, combat
weathermen and pararescuemen.

The Air Force Special Operations Training Center is a primary support unit of AFSOC. The
training center mission is to recruit, assess, select and conduct AFSOC-specific training,
including aircrew qualification, special tactics, Combat Aviation Advisor and courses
conducted at the Air Force Special Operations School.

The 19th Special Operations Squadron is an advanced weapons instruction and mission
rehearsal unit and is AFSOC’s formal school for AC-130H, AC-130U, MC-130E, U-28 and
Combat Aviation Advisors.

The 18th Flight Test Squadron at Hurlburt Field, conducts operational and maintenance
suitability tests and evaluations for equipment, concepts, tactics and procedures for
employment of special operations forces.

The 919th Special Operations Wing at Duke Field, Fla., is the command's only Special
Operations Reserve Wing. It provides MC-130E and MC-130P aircraft that support
helicopter refueling requirements to USSOCOM.

The 193rd Special Operations Wing at Harrisburg International Airport, Pa., provides the
only airborne information operations platform in the Department of Defense with the EC-130
Commando Solo.

145
U. S. Marine Corps Special Operation Forces
As the Marine component of USSOCOM, MARSOC is tasked to train, organize, equip and
when directed by commander of USSOCOM, deploy task organized U.S. Marine Corps
Special Operations Forces worldwide in support of combatant commanders and other
agencies. Commander, USSOCOM assigns MARSOC missions based on USSOCOM
priorities. MARSOC core tasks are Foreign Internal Defense (FID), Special Reconnaissance
(SR), Information Operations (IO), Unconventional Warfare (UW), Direct Action (DA), and
Counterterrorism (CT).

Marine Special Operations Battalions (MSOB) are organized, trained and equipped to deploy
for worldwide missions as directed by MARSOC. First MSOB is headquartered at Camp
Pendleton, California, while 2nd MSOB is headquartered at Camp Lejeune, N.C. Each
battalion consists of four Marine Special Operations Companies (MSOC) and is task-
organized with personnel uniquely skilled in special equipment support, intelligence and fire-
support. Each MSOC is commanded by a Marine major and capable of deploying task-
organized expeditionary Special Operations Forces for special reconnaissance and direct-
action missions in support of the geographic combatant commanders.

The Marine Special Operations Advisor Group (MSOAG), which consists of a Headquarters
Company and 3rd and 4th Marine Special Operations Battalions, provides tailored military
combat-skills training and advisor support for identified foreign forces in order to enhance
their tactical capabilities and to prepare the environment as directed by USSOCOM. Marines
and Sailors of the MSOAG train, advise and assist friendly host-nation forces—including
naval and maritime military and paramilitary forces—to enable them to support their
governments’ internal security and stability, to counter subversion and to reduce the risk of
violence from internal and external threats. MSOAG deployments are coordinated by

146
MARSOC, through USSOCOM, in accordance with engagement priorities within the Global
War on Terrorism.

The Marine Special Operations Support Group (MSOSG) is located at Camp Lejeune and
provides combat support and combat service support to MARSOC Units, to include:
logistics, communication and intelligence.

The Marine Special Operations School (MSOS), also located at Camp LeJeune, screens,
assesses, selects, trains and certifies Marine personnel as special operations forces and has
responsibility for doctrine development.

147
 STRATEGIC LIFT

I. Mission, Organization, and Resources

The ability of the U.S. military to successfully carry out its assigned tasks per our National
Security Strategy and National Military Strategy depends greatly on its capability to deploy
forces, equipment, and sustainment to a theater of operations within a given period of time.
While logistics includes all those supporting activities required to sustain a deployed force,
strategic mobility defines that part of the logistics process which transports people,
equipment, supplies, and other commodities by land, sea, and air, to enable military force
projection. In fact, the operational commander must have a clear understanding of the
capabilities and limitations of the strategic mobility process if he or she is going to
successfully execute a major operation or campaign. Force selection, phasing of operations,
and risk assessment are directly tied to the ability to project forces and support from the
United States to the area of responsibility, area of operation, or theater of war.

United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) overseees the strategic mobility

process in both peace and war. USTRANSCOM’s charter is to maintain and operate a
deployment system for orchestrating the transportation aspects of worldwide mobility
planning, integrate deployment-related Information Management systems, and provide
centralized wartime traffic management. Actual movement is executed by USTRANSCOM
component commands: Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC-Army),
Military Sealift Command (MSC-Navy), and Air Mobility Command (AMC-Air Force).
The Department of Transportation’s Maritime Administration (MARAD) bridges MSC,
U.S. flag commercial companies, and U.S. unions for sealift procurement and operations.
Each element of the strategic mobility triad (airlift, sealift, and prepositioning) has distinct
advantages and disadvantages in terms of response time, availability of carrying assets,
carrying capacity and throughput, and vulnerability.

Air Mobility Command (AMC) 5

Air Mobility Command, a major command headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, Ill., was
created June 1, 1992. AMC provides America's Global Reach. This rapid, flexible and
responsive air mobility promotes stability in regions by keeping America's capability and
character highly visible. As the Air Force component command of USTRANSCOM, AMC
provides air lift, air refueling, and aeromedical evacuation services for deploying,
employing, sustaining, and redeploying U.S. forces worldwide. Additionally, AMC is the
worldwide aerial port manager and, where designated, operator of common-user aerial ports
of embarkation (APOEs) and aerial ports of debarkation (APODs). AMC operationally
directs the use of domestic and international airlift services, including the Civil Reserve Air
Fleet (CRAF) Program. Unique airlift capabilities include Channel, Worldwide Express
(WWX), Category A, Category B, Patriot Express, General Services Administration (GSA)
City Pairs, International Air Tenders, and Special Assignment Airlift Missions (SAAMs).

5
The information in this section is extrated directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding the
Defense Transportation System. Some of the information has been editied specifically for this audience.

148
 Channel Airlift: Channel airlift missions support passengers and cargo moving
over established worldwide routes (combatant commander or Service-validated) that
are served by scheduled DOD aircraft under AMC control or commercial aircraft
contracted and scheduled by AMC. These missions provide routine and express
airlift channel services to meet customer needs. AMC provides service from APOE
to APOD and measures performance using metrics which are outlined in DOD
4140.1 Series (DOD Supply Chain Material Management Regulation). There are
approximately 225 AMC channels comprised of cargo/passenger, aeromedical
evacuation, and passenger gateways.

 Category A: Category A (CAT A) is a contract between AMC and the commercial

air carrier industry allowing cargo to be individually way billed between CONUS
and overseas stations or between overseas stations. Rates are negotiated for each
channel with a guaranteed minimum weight break for the carrier.

 Category B: Category B (CAT B) is a contract between AMC and the commercial

air carrier industry for dedicated use of cargo or passenger airlift between points,
usually aerial ports. CAT B service may meet recurring requirements such as Patriot
Express and augmentation of AMC channels or single requirements such as Special
Assignment Airlift Mission (SAAM) movements. AMC makes payment to the
carrier via contract. Users then reimburse AMC at the established common-user rate
which is a forecast of special category and exercise cargo, a specified rate per person
per airplane, or by pound for cargo.

 Patriot Express: Patriot Express is an AMC-procured planeload charter on

commercial aircraft. Passengers move in full planeload lots on an aircraft chartered
from the commercial air industry. Payment is made to the carrier via contract with
AMC. Users reimburse AMC at the established common-user rate which is a
forecast of special category and exercise cargo, a specified rate per person per
airplane, or by pound for cargo.

 General Services Administration City Pairs: General Services Administration

(GSA) City Pairs is contract air service for official Government travel. Policy
mandates its use by government employees. Fares apply one-way between specific
airports and are considered to be the greatest value available to the Government.

 Worldwide Express: Worldwide Express (WWX) is a fast, reliable, time-definite,

international, express small package service for high priority, non-hazardous
packages weighing 150 pounds or less and similar premium international service for
heavyweight packages weighing 151-300 pounds (International Heavyweight
Express -IHX). AMC partnered with DOD to leverage CRAF-qualified express-
carriers for this international express delivery service. Features of the service include
door-to-door pick up and delivery; time-definite delivery; customs clearance; and
visibility through the Global Transportation Network (GTN). Shippers must provide
shipment information and a viable fund citation for acceptance/movement via WWX
carriers. DOD is a mandatory user for all shipments that fall under the scope of this
contract.

149
  International Air Tenders: In accordance with Defense Transportation Regulation
(DTR), Part II, DTS users may not negotiate directly with commercial carriers for
service. However, if all other DTS options have been exhausted, agreements
between USTRANSCOM and supported commands may allow DTS users to
negotiate services directly with AMC-approved tender carriers to establish rates,
charges, rules, and accessorial services. Tenders are AMC-approved offers by a
qualified CRAF carrier to provide international cargo movement under a negotiated
rate schedule for specific traffic lanes. The DTS customer executes AMC-approved
tenders through Commercial Bills of Lading, Government Bills of Lading,
Electronic Bills of Lading, or local payment procedures. Tender service and
performance are based on commercial carrier capabilities into geographic areas or
lanes. AMC approves tenders based on USTRANSCOM validation of combatant
command and Service requirements. The shipper has flexibility to choose an AMC-
approved tender carrier based on cost, performance, and capabilities.

 Special Assignment Airlift Mission: Special Assignment Airlift Missions (SAAM)

perform special pickup or delivery at points other than established AMC routes or
channels. Service is from origin to destination.

Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) 6

A unique and significant part of the nation's mobility resources is the Civil Reserve Air
Fleet. Selected aircraft from U.S. airlines, contractually committed to CRAF, support
Department of Defense airlift requirements in emergencies when the need for airlift exceeds
the capability of military aircraft.

The CRAF has three main segments: international, national and aeromedical evacuation.
The international segment is further divided into the long-range and short-range sections
and the national segment into the domestic and Alaskan sections. Assignment of aircraft to
a segment depends on the nature of the requirement and the performance characteristics
needed.

The long-range international section consists of passenger and cargo aircraft capable of
transoceanic operations. The role of these aircraft is to augment the Air Mobility
Command's long-range intertheater C-5s and C-17s during periods of increased airlift needs,
from minor contingencies up through full national defense emergencies.

Medium-sized passenger and cargo aircraft make up the short-range international section
supporting near offshore airlift requirements.
The aeromedical evacuation segment assists in the evacuation of casualties from operational
theaters to hospitals in the continental United States. These aircraft are also used to return
medical supplies and medical crews to the theater of operations. Kits containing litter
stanchions, litters and other aeromedical equipment are used to convert civil B-767
passenger aircraft into air ambulances.
6
This information in this section is extrated directly from the Official United States AIR FORCE WEBSITE
Fact Sheet Civil Reserve Air Fleet http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=173 and the
USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2.

150
The airlines contractually pledge aircraft to the various segments of CRAF, ready for
activation when needed. To provide incentives for civil carriers to commit aircraft to the
CRAF program and to assure the United States of adequate airlift reserves, the government
makes peacetime airlift business available to civilian airlines that offer aircraft to the CRAF.
DoD offers business through the International Airlift Services. For fiscal 2007, the
guaranteed portion of the contract is $379 million.

To Join CRAF, carriers must maintain a minimum commitment of 30 percent of its CRAF-
capable passenger fleet and 15 percent of its CRAF-capable cargo fleet. Aircraft committed
must be U.S. registered and carriers must also commit and maintain at least four complete
crews for each aircraft.

As of May 2007, 37 carriers and 1,364 aircraft were enrolled in the CRAF. This includes
1,273 aircraft in the international segment (990 in the long-range international section and
283 in the short-range international section), and 37 and 50 aircraft, respectively, in the
national and aeromedical evacuation segments, and four aircraft in the Alaskan segment.
These numbers are subject to change on a monthly basis.

Three stages of incremental activation allow for tailoring an airlift force suitable for the
contingency at hand. Stage I is for minor regional crises, Stage II would be used for major
theater war and Stage III for periods of national mobilization.

The commander, U.S. Transportation Command, with approval of the secretary of defense,
is the activation authority for all three stages of CRAF. During a crisis, if AMC has a need
for additional aircraft, it would request the commander of USTRANSCOM to take steps to
activate the appropriate CRAF stage.

Each stage of the CRAF activation is only used to the extent necessary to provide the
amount of civil augmentation airlift needed by DOD. When notified of call-up, the carrier
response time to have its aircraft ready for a CRAF mission is 24 to 48 hours after the
mission is assigned by AMC. The air carriers continue to operate and maintain the aircraft
with their resources; however, AMC controls the aircraft missions.

CRAF Stage I, “Committed Expansion.” This stage involves DOD use of civil air
resources that air carriers will furnish to DOD to support substantially expanded peacetime
military airlift requirements. This stage supports regional crises or small-scale
contingencies.
CRAF Stage II, “Defense Airlift Emergency.” This stage involves DOD use
of civil air resources that the air carriers will furnish to DOD in time of a defense airlift
emergency. This stage supports major regional conflicts or a major theater war.
CRAF Stage III, “National Emergency.” This stage involves use of civil air
resources owned by a US entity or citizen that the air carriers will furnish to DOD in time
of declared national defense-oriented emergency or war, or when otherwise necessary for
the national defense. This stage supports multiple theaters of war and national
mobilization. This stage has never been activated.

151
Military Sealift Command (MSC)7
As the Navy component of USTRANSCOM, MSC provides common-user sealift services to
deploy, employ, sustain and redeploy U.S. forces around the globe. MSC operates sealift
ships that include short- and long-term charter tankers and dry cargo ships that transport
DOD cargo during peacetime and war. During contingencies, MSC uses its government
owned surge sealift fleet of Large Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll Off (LMSR) vessels that can
be rapidly loaded with equipment and supplies and deployed where needed. MSC also
employs Fast Sealift Ships (FSS) and ships from the Ready Reserve Force (RRF). These
ships, owned and maintained in reduced operating status by MARAD, come under MSC
control when activated. Under normal peacetime conditions, the MSC force consists of
government-owned ships as well as privately-owned ships under charter to MSC. When
demand increases, MSC can expand its fleet by acquiring additional sealift from a variety of
resources and through a number of different acquisition programs. MSC resources available
to the DTS beyond MSC’s active peacetime fleet are fast sealift ships (FSS), large, medium
speed roll-on/roll-off (LMSR) ships, and pre-positioned ships.

 Fast Sealift Ships (FSS). The FSSs are former containerships, purchased by the
Navy and converted to RO/RO configuration with on-board cranes and self-
contained ramps that enable the ships to off-load onto lighterage while anchored
at sea or in ports where shore facilities for unloading equipment are unavailable.
The vessels are specially suited to transport heavy or bulky unit equipment such
as tanks, large wheeled vehicles and helicopters. The present eight ships have a
joint, one-time lift capability of approximately 1.3 million square feet and also
have a container capability. These ships are capable of carrying 150,000 square
feet of Army, combat, combat support, or combat service support equipment at a
speed of 27 knots. On Oct. 1 2007, The U.S. Maritime Administration began
operating all eight FSS. The FSS transfered to the RRF on Oct. 1, 2008.

 Large Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll–off Ships (LMSR). An LMSR is similar to

any other RO/RO ship in that it is specially designed to carry wheeled and tracked
vehicles as all or most of its cargo. A LMSR differs from most other RO/RO
ships in that it is faster, larger and has cranes and hatches to support LO/LO
operations. LMSR ships carry two Army heavy brigades pre-positioned afloat,
and 11 LMSR ships are lay berthed in CONUS to deploy Army equipment.
These ships can maintain a speed of 24 knots.

 Pre-positioned Ships. MSC has a large fleet of pre-positioned ships that can be
used for common-user sealift once they discharge their cargo. The following
section describes the Afloat Prepositioning Force in detail.

7
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003. and Military Sealift Command fact sheets.
http://www.msc.navy.mil/factsheet/apf.asp

152
Afloat Prepositioning Force8
Military Sealift Command's Afloat Prepositioning Force was established in the early 1980s to
provide inter-theater mobility and reduce response time for the delivery of urgently needed
U.S. military equipment and supplies to a theater of operations during a war or contingency.
Over the years, the APF has expanded to 29 ships operating around the world.

 Sixteen Maritime Prepositioning Force ships carry equipment and supplies for the
U.S. Marine Corps.

 Army Prepositioned Stocks-3 ships carry equipment and supplies for a U.S. Army
heavy brigade and combat support/combat service support elements.

 Navy, Defense Logistics Agency and Air Force ships (mostly tankers and dry
cargo ships) are loaded primarily with Defense Logistics Agency fuels, Air Force
ammunition, Marine Corps aviation support equipment and Navy munitions.

Maritime Prepositioning Ships

Maritime Prepositioning Ships are loaded with U.S. Marine Corps equipment and operate
within a short sailing time of potential contingency sites.

One squadron of MPF ships can provide all the equipment and supplies to support a U.S.
Marine Expeditionary Brigade of about 15,000 personnel for 30 days. The ships are capable
of off-loading at piers or offshore with special lighterage equipment. Each ship has roll-
on/roll-off capability and a flight deck for helicopter operations.

The Maritime Prepositioning Force concept of operations calls for U.S. Marine Corps and
Navy support personnel to fly to a contingency site concurrently with the MPF ships sailing.
Once personnel have arrived in the theater of operations, the ships are off-loaded and
Marines can quickly move into combat.

MPF ships are designated MV for motor vessel and SS for steam ship. MPF ships designated
USNS are government-owned ships operated by mariners employed by companies under
contract to MSC.

Army Prepositioned Stocks-3 (APS-3)

Army Prepositioned Stocks-3 ships provide afloat prepositioning for the equipment,
munitions and supplies to support U.S. Army combat units that would deploy to potential
contingency sites.

The Army Prepositioned Stocks-3 concept of operations calls for at-sea prepositioning of
combat equipment for a 2x2 heavy armored brigade and the 1x2 6th Brigade Afloat aboard
eight LMSRs. In addition, other APS-3 ships carry cargo that supports and sustains the
brigade, providing items such as water purification units, food and initial combat support

8
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from U.S. Navy Military Sealift Command Fact
Sheet dtd June 2011 accessed at http://www.msc.navy.mil/factsheet/apf.asp .

153
equipment. The mix of cargo carried on APS-3 ships makes it possible for an armored
brigade to open a theater of operations for follow-on units.

The APS-3 comprises mostly large, medium-speed, roll-on/roll-off ships, called LMSRs,
built to significantly expand the nation's sealift capacity into the 21st century. The LMSRs
offset the shortage of militarily useful cargo ships available in the commercial sector - a
growing concern as U.S. overseas bases close and American military forces increasingly
depend on strategic mobility.

Navy, Defense Logistics Agency and Air Force (NDAF)

Two ships are loaded with U.S. Air Force ammunition, Navy ammunition and Defense
Logistics Agency petroleum products. Two ships, designated aviation logistics support ships,
serve as intermediate maintenance facilities for U.S. Marine Corps fixed and rotary wing
aircraft. Two ships provide transport services to the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.

U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD)9

MARAD has primary federal responsibility for ensuring the availability of efficient water
transportation service to American shippers and consumers. MARAD seeks to ensure that
the United States enjoys adequate shipbuilding and repair service, efficient CONUS ports,
effective intermodal water and land transportation systems, and reserve shipping capacity in
time of national emergency. MARAD administers federal laws and programs designed to
support and maintain a US merchant marine capable of meeting the Nation’s shipping needs
for both domestic and foreign commerce and national security. MARAD advances the
capabilities of the maritime industry to provide total logistic support (port, intermodal,
ocean shipping, and training) to the military Services during war or national emergencies
through the following:

 In accordance with DOD readiness criteria, maintaining an active Ready

Reserve Force (RRF) fleet of strategic sealift, which is a component of the
inactive National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), to support emergency and
national security sealift needs;

 Administer funding for the maintenance of the RRF and NDRF;

 Administering the Maritime Security Program and the priorities and allocations
of the VISA;

 Acquiring US flag, US-owned, and other militarily useful merchant ships in

accordance with appropriate authorities from the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 and
the emergency Foreign Vessels Acquisition Act of 1954;

 Ensuring readiness preparation and coordination of commercial strategic ports

for mobilization through the National Port Readiness Network;

9
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003

154
  Administering the Vessel War Risk Insurance Program (Title 12, Merchant
Marine Act of 1936); and

 Sponsoring merchant mariner training programs for both licensed and

unlicensed seamen and ensuring reemployment rights for merchant marines
who crew sealift vessels during a sealift crisis.

Ready Reserve Force (RRF)10

The RRF is the most signicant source of government –owned early deployment shipping in
terms of both the number of ships and overall cargo –carrrying capability. It includes 50
ships kept in reserve by MARAD to meet surge shipping requirements for DOD. MARAD
maintains these vessels in 4-, 5-, 10- or 20-day readiness status. Most are berthed on the
three CONUS seacoasts, with one port in Tsuneshi, Japan as well. They consist of
commercial or former military vessels of high military utility including RO/RO, sea barge,
lighter aboard ship (LASH), container, tanker, crane, and breakbulk ships. Some of these
vessels have had their military capabilities enhanced with the addition of systems such as
the modular cargo delivery system and the offshore petroleum discharge system (OPDS).

The National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF)11

The National Defense Reserve Fleet provides an additional reserve of ships for national
defense and national emergency purposes. The NDRF consists of dry cargo vessels,
tankers, military auxiliaries, and other ship types. In addition to maintaining ships for
USTRANSCOM logistics, the Missile Defense Agency sponsors 2 ships for missile
tracking. Vessels are either owned by the Maritime Administration or held for other
Government agencies on a reimbursable basis. As of 1 Apr 2009, the NRDF consisted of
180 vessels.

In response to hurricane Katrina and Rita landfalls in 2005, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) used the Maritime Administration’s vessels to support relief
efforts. In addition to five RRF ships, four more NDRF ships were called. These ships
supported the recovery mostly with messing and berthing for refinery workers, oil spill
response teams, and longshoremen. To improve future ship-based responses, the
establishment of a dedicated Disaster Relief Fleet is being promoted where rapid
availability of prepositioned supplies and ship-based command centers can be provided.

The U.S. Flag Fleet12

Ships from the U.S. flag fleet are routinely chartered by MSC to meet government shipping
demands. Shipping contracts are also negotiated for government cargo that does not have to
move on dedicated shipping. When an expansion of government requirements occurs such

10
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003. and Military Sealift Command fact sheets.
http://www.msc.navy.mil/factsheet/apf.asp.
11
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from the MARAD homepage located at
http://www.marad.dot.gov/programs/NDRF.html.
12
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003. and Military Sealift Command fact sheets.
http://www.msc.navy.mil/factsheet/apf.asp

155
that voluntary U.S. and foreign flag charters no longer meet requirements, it is the U.S. flag
fleet that is expected to respond to meet the requirements. There are three acquisition
processes, not counting voluntary chartering, available for DOD acquisition of additional
U.S. flag shipping. They are the Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement (VISA), the
Voluntary Tanker Agreement (VTA), and requisitioning.

 Commerical Charter. MSC fequently charters US and foreign flag ships

during peacetime to provide additional sealift capacity. Charter is a routine
commerical transaction that can be accomplished in a little as two days.
However, all chartered ships may not be immediately available in time of
crisis. Depending on ship location, the time required to arrive at the
designated loading port may be as much as 30 days.

 VISA. VISA is the primary sealift mobilization program. It is an intermodal

capacity-oriented program vice a ship-by-ship oriented program. All major
US flag carriers are enrolled in VISA. This constitutes more than 90 percent
of the US flag dry cargo fleet. The worldwide intermodal system provided
by these carriers provides extensive and flexible capabilities to the
Department of Defense. The types of ships enrolled in the VISA program
includes containerships, RO/RO ships, LASH vessels, combination RO/RO
and containerships, heavylift ships, breakbulk ships, and tugs and barges.

o VISA is activated upon approval of the Secretary of Defense. Stage I

will be activated by the Commander, USTRANSCOM, with the
approval of the Secretary of Defense, when voluntary capacity
commitments are insufficient to meet DOD requirements. Stage II
will be activated when contingency requirements exceed Stage I.
Stage III requires the Secretary of Transportation to allocate capacity
based on DOD requirements.

o A joint planning advisory group (JPAG) is central to the successful

implementation of VISA and is comprised of representatives from
USTRANSCOM, SDDC, MSC, DLA, MARAD, and intermodal
industrial transportation representatives. The JPAG provides
USTRANSCOM and its components with recommendations as how
to best resolve critical transportation issues during periods of heavy
demand or crisis.

 VTA. The VTA is a method of acquiring additional petroleum product

carriers once the commercial market is no longer responsive. It is a
cooperative effort by industry and government to meet military
requirements for product tankers. It is activated by MARAD at the request
of the Secretary of Defense.

 Liner Agreements. SDDC, a component of USTRANSCOM, arranges for

common user ocean services by either establishing new contracts or utilizing

156
 existing contracts with commercial carriers offering liner service on
scheduled trade routes. The liner service established by these contracts may
be for container or break bulk service responding to either unit or
sustainment requirements.

 Requisitioning. SECTRANS is authorized to requisition any vessel which

is majority owed by U.S. citizens, whether registered under the U.S. or
Forgein flag, whenever the POTUS proclaims that the security of the nation
makes it advisible, or during any national emergency declared by the
proclamation of the POTUS (and/or concurrent resolution of the Congress)
under the authority of Section 902 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 (46
US Code (USC) 1242).

Foreign Flag Ships13

When U.S. flag ships are unavailable, foreign flag ships can be acquired for DOD use
through three different methods: voluntary charter, allied shipping agreements, and
requisitioning of effective U.S. control shipping.

 Voluntary Charter. During peacetime, MSC will charter foreign flag ships
whenever US flag ships are unavailable. This ability allows MSC to enter
the foreign charter market and quickly expand its fleet whenever the need
arises.

 Allied Shipping Agreements. Allied shipping agreements, arranging for

vessels received through allied nations, can either be pre-negotiated and in
existence or they can be drawn up on an emergency basis as the need arises.

 Effective United States-Controlled Ships (EUSCS). EUSCS are ships

owned by US citizens or companies that are registered in countries that have
no prohibition on requisitioning of these vessels by the United States. These
ships may be requisitioned by the United States under authority of Section
902, Merchant Marine Act of 1936 (title 46, USC, section 1242).

Military Surface Deployment & Distribution Command (SDDC)14

SDDC is an Army major supporting command headquartered at Scott AFB, IL. As an
Army component of USTRANSCOM, SDDC provides common-user ocean terminal,
commercial ocean liner service, and traffic management services to deploy, employ, sustain,
and redeploy U.S. forces on a global basis. SDDC also provides global deployability
engineering and analysis to support national security requirements and influence national
engineering policies, serves as the single port manager to the geographic combatant

13
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003.
14
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003, with the exception of SDDC's name. The
SDDC's previous name was the Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC).

157
commander, and develops integrated traffic management systems. SDDC also executes
VISA contracts for ocean liner service.

Additionally, SDDC is the seaport manager under the SPM concept for all common-user
seaports of embarkation (SPOEs) and/or seaports of debarkation (SPODs). When
designated (e.g., using stevedoring services contracts or host-nation support (HNS)), SDDC
will also serve as the port operator. SDDC’s Transportation Engineering Agency
(SDDCTEA) provides deployment engineering, research, and analytical expertise to
improve the deployability of the Armed Forces of the United States.

SDDCTEA executes surface transportation engineering policy matters assigned by the

Office of the Secretary of Defense on behalf of USTRANSCOM and SDDC headquarters
(HQ). SDDCTEA also provides a focal point for developing DTS-related modeling and
simulation tools. SDDCTEA’s primary functions are:

 Execute the highway, railroads, and ports for national defense programs;

 Conduct force deployability, transportation infrastructure, and operations and/or

exercise analyses;

 Assess the capability of power projection platforms and seaports to meet

deployment requirements;

 Ensure that the transportability design influence, criteria, and critical movement
considerations are integrated in the DOD acquisition process;

 Formulate movement procedures for existing and future material;

 Develop deployability analysis techniques and transportation models and

simulations; and

 Manage the acquisition and distribution of authoritative transportation data in

support of deployment requirements.

Deployment Distribution Operations Center15

The USTRANSCOM Deployment Distribution Operations Center (DDOC) serves as the
focal point to orchestrate and optimize DTS operations in support of the Combatant
Commanders and other customers. This group, comprised of command center elements at
USTRANSCOM and each TCC, is organized by Customer Service Teams and linked by a
real-time communications system (formerly referred to as “Command, Control,
Communications and Computer Systems (C4S)”). This communications system provides the
DDOC with visibility of all DTS movement requirements and information on the location,
status, and capabilities of forces worldwide. The DDOC provides C2 of global mobility
forces and other assets, and is organized under the Operations and Plans Directorate (TCJ3).

15
The information in this section is extracted directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding
the Defense Transportation System.

158
The DDOC is the single focal point for customers at the Commander and major shipper level,
including the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Joint Staff, AAFES, DLA, and the
Services.

In January 2004, USTRANSCOM established the first Joint DDOC (JDDOC) in the U.S.
Central Command area of responsibility (AOR). Since then, all Geographic Combatant
Commands have established JDDOCs to synchronize and optimize strategic and operational
multimodal resources to improve distribution, force deployment, and sustainment within their
AOR.

Port Operations16
Critical components of the DTS are military and commercial ports supporting the air and
maritime movement of unit and non-unit personnel, equipment, and cargo. These ports
could be owned and operated by SDDC, AMC, a Service, geographic combatant
commanders, or commercial or HN authorities. They may be either sophisticated fixed
locations or heavily dependent on deployable mission support forces or joint logistics over-
the-shore (JLOTS) assets to accomplish the mission. The significant surface and air cargo
handling capabilities that exist in the Services should be used jointly rather than in isolation
to maximize the throughput capability of these essential transportation modes.

The extensive use of containers and 463L pallets makes container handling equipment
(CHE) and MHE essential elements of the DTS. Ensuring that these assets are available
early allows for the efficient loading and unloading of ships and aircraft and increases the
rate at which a port can be cleared. Without these assets, the DTS may come to a halt.

 Single Port Manager: The SPM performs those functions necessary to support the
strategic flow of deploying and redeploying forces, unit equipment, and
sustainment supply in the SPOEs and APOEs and hand-off to the geographic
combatant commander in the SPODs and APODs. The Department of Defense
uses the SPM approach for all worldwide common-use aerial and seaport
operations. As outlined in the Unified Command Plan, USTRANSCOM has the
mission to provide worldwide common-user aerial and seaport terminal
management and may provide terminal services by contract. Thus
USTRANSCOM, through AMC and SDDC, will manage common-use aerial ports
and seaports for the geographic combatant commander. In areas not served by a
permanent USTRANSCOM presence, USTRANSCOM will deploy an AMC air
mobility squadron and/or aerial port mobile flight and tanker air mobility control
element and an SDDC port management cell to manage the ports in concert with a
designated port operator.

 SDDC: As USTRANSCOM’s surface TCC, SDDC performs SPM functions

necessary to support the strategic flow of the deploying forces’ equipment and
sustainment supply in the SPOE and hand-off to the geographic combatant

16
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 4-01, Joint Doctrine for the
Defense Transportation System, Washington DC: 19 March 2003.

159
 commander in the SPOD. SDDC has port management responsibility through all
phases of the theater port operations continuum, from a bare beach (e.g., JLOTS)
deployment to a commercial contract fixed-port support deployment. When
necessary, in areas where SDDC does not maintain a manned presence, a
deployment support team will be established to direct water terminal operations,
including supervising movement operations, contracts, cargo documentation,
CONUS security operations, arrange for support, and the overall flow of
information. As the single seaport manger, SDDC is also responsible for providing
strategic deployment status information to the combatant commander and to
manage the workload of the SPOD port operator based on the combatant
commander’s priorities and guidance. SDDC transportation groups and other
SDDC units operate ports that use contracted labor. If Army stevedores are used,
transportation groups assigned to the combatant commander operate the port. The
specific roles and functions of both the port manager and port operator are
summarized in JP 4-01.5, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for
Transportation Terminal Operations.

 AMC: As USTRANSCOM’s air TCC, AMC performs SPM functions necessary to

support the strategic flow of the deploying forces’ equipment and sustainment
supply in the APOE and hand-off to the geographic combatant commander in the
APOD. AMC has port management responsibility through all phases of the theater
aerial port operations continuum, from a bare base deployment to a commercial
contract fixed-port support deployment. AMC is the single aerial port manager and,
where designated, operator of common-user APOEs and/or APODs.17

Joint Task Force-Port Opening18

Joint Task Force-Port Opening (JTF-PO) provides a rapid and worldwide deployable entity
designed to support geographic combatant commanders throughout the range of military
operations as they conduct their mission of supporting our nation’s interests abroad. JTF-PO
is designed to reverse the historic shortcomings associated with the rapid opening of ports
worldwide, including ad hoc C2 and lack of continuous visibility of cargo moving from the
ports of debarkation through the theater of operations. Consistent and deliberate joint
training, a robust C2 suite, to include ITV; and dedicated surface movement control units
enable JTF-PO to effectively and efficiently address previous deficiencies of global
transportation movement. The JTF-PO APOD combines fielded Air Force and Army units to
open an airport and prepare it for logistics operations in as little as 72 hours. Similar to the
APOD, USTRANSCOM has developed, and is in the process of fielding, the SPOD
capability which will provide the rapid opening of a seaport in support of logistics
operations. JTF-PO’s joint training, rapid deployment, and state of the art communications
systems will provide full accountability of cargo, greater dissemination of information to
decision makers, overall improved systems processes and, most importantly, increased
support to the warfighter.

17
For additional information see JP 4-01.5, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Transportation
Terminal Operations.
18
The information in this section is extracted directly from USTRANSCOM Handbook 24-2, Understanding
the Defense Transportation System.

160
II. Concept of Operations for Strategic Deployment19
The deployment process is an essential enabler that allows the U.S. Armed Forces to project
force to accomplish the will of our national leadership. Given its key role, great attention
must be given to thorough planning as it is difficult, if not impossible, to recover from
mistakes made in the deployment phase. Both joint, and service, planners are faced with a
plethora of issues that must be successfully addressed in order to ensure the commander's
intent is met. These issues tend to focus on the advantages/disadvantages of each leg of the
strategic mobility triad such as response time, availability of transportation assets, logistics
throughput, and asset vulnerability.

More specifically, joint and service planners need to provide for the following
considerations: transportation facilities, transportation facility support forces and
equipment, operation of APODs/SPODs and their associated command relationships
(includes POL, MHE/Cargo handling equipment), on and off-load operations, base
defense/force protection, joint airspace and sea control (air and sea lines of
communications), intelligence, weather, the threat, countermeasures to the threat, air and
sea refueling, and the communications requirements of the deploying force. The Joint
Operation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) and the joint operation planning process
(JOPP) provide the processes, formats, and systems which link planning for joint force
projection to the execution of joint operations.

The joint deployment process is divided into four phases: planning, pre-deployment
activities, movement, and Joint Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration
(JRSOI). They are iterative and often occur simultaneously throughout an operation, and are
sometimes depicted in a “backwards” planning sequence (as illustrated below):

19
The information in this section has been directly excerpted from Joint Pub 3-35, Joint Deployment and
Redeployment Operations, Washington DC: 7 May 2007.

161
 Deployment planning: Occurs during both JOPES contingency planning (if
sufficient planning time is available prior to mission execution) and crisis action
planning (CAP). It is conducted at all command levels and by both the supported and
supporting commanders. Deployment planning activities include all action required
to plan for a deployment and employment of forces. Deployment planning activities
must be coordinated among the supported combatant command responsible for
accomplishment of the assigned mission, the Services, and the supporting combatant
commands providing forces for the joint force mission. Normally, supported CCDRs,
their subordinate commanders, and their Service components are responsible for
providing mission statements, theater support parameters, inter-theater lift
requirements, applicable host nation (HN) environmental standards, and pre-
positioned equipment planning guidance during pre-deployment activities. The
Services are responsible to organize, train, and equip interoperable forces for
assignment to combatant commands and to prepare plans for their mobilization when
required (see Department of Defense Directive (DODD) 5100.1, Functions of the
Department of Defense and Its Major Components). Supporting CCDRs are
responsible for providing trained and mission-ready forces to the supported
combatant command. Service deployment planning activities should be coordinated
with supporting combatant command planning activities to ensure that standards
specified by the supported CCDR are achieved, supporting personnel and forces
arrive in the supported theater fully prepared to perform their mission, and
deployment delays caused by duplication of pre-deployment efforts are eliminated.

 Pre-deployment activities: All actions taken by the joint planning and execution
community (JPEC) before actual movement to prepare to execute a deployment
operation. It includes continued refinement of OPLANs, from the strategic to the
tactical level at the supported and supporting commands, sourcing forces, completion
of operation specific training, and mission rehearsals. As early as possible in pre-
deployment, movement requirements are identified and lift support requirements are
reported and scheduled. Personnel and equipment movement preparation is competed
and verified. Accompanying sustainment is identified and prepared for movement.

 Movement: Includes the movement of self-deploying units and those that require lift
support. It includes movements within CONUS, deployments within an AOR, and
end-to-end origin to destination strategic moves.

 JRSOI: The critical link between deployment and employment of the joint forces in
the OA. It integrates the deploying forces into the joint operation and is the
responsibility of the supported CCDR. Deployment is not complete until the
deploying unit is a functioning part of the joint force. The time between the initial
arrival of the deploying unit and its operational employment is potentially the period
of its greatest vulnerability. During this transition period, the deploying unit may not
fully sustain itself, defend itself, or contribute to mission accomplishment because
some of its elements have not attained required mission capability. JRSOI planning is

162
 focused on the rapid integration of deploying forces and capabilities to quickly make
them functioning and contributing elements of the joint force.

Planning for and execution of the four phases of deployment is based primarily on mission
requirements and the time available to accomplish the mission. During deployment
operations, supported combatant commanders are responsible for building and validating
requirements,
determining pre-deployment standards, and balancing, regulating, and effectively managing
the transportation flow. Supporting combatant commands and agencies source requirements
not available to the supported combatant commander and are responsible for: verifying
supporting unit movement data; regulating the support deployment flow; and coordinating
effectively during deployment operations.

Similar to deployment, redeployment operations encompass four phases. These are:

redeployment planning, pre-redeployment activities, movement, and JRSOI. These phases
describe the major activities inherent in moving deployed forces and materiel from their
current deployed location through integration into another theater or to the home and/or
demobilization station. Redeployment operations are dependent on the supported
combatant commander’s defined end state, concept for redeployment, or requirement to
support another JFC’s concept of operations.

III. Movement in Support of Homeland Defense and Civil Support

Deployments within the homeland follow the same processes as outlined in the preceding
paragraphs however the timelines can be extremely compressed. The national importance of
these missions is reflected in the elevated movement priorities that can be invoked by the
President or Secretary of Defense. USTRANSCOM can quickly assemble aircraft and flight
crews for operations where expedited passenger movement is required. Surface
transportation (commercial and organic) can be a viable option in those situations where the
distance between the home station and the operational area is relatively short.

163
 OPERATIONAL COMMAND AND CONTROL20

I. Introduction

Command and Control (C2) enhances the commander’s ability to make sound and timely
decisions and successfully execute them. A critical consideration in operational planning, the
organizations and relationships established are based on the operational design, complexity
of the operation, and the degree of control required. When properly established, the C2
organization allows for decentralized execution of centralized, overarching plans. C2 is the
means by which a Joint Force Commander (JFC) synchronizes and/or integrates joint force
activities. The Joint definition of C2 is:

The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over

assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and
control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment,
communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning,
directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment
of the mission.

Joint Pub 1 identifies nine C2 tenets which should be factored into planning in order to
maximize the effective C2 of joint operations (see JP 1, p. IV-15).

 Clearly defined authorities, roles and relationships

 Information management
 Communications (Commander’s intent & mission-type orders)
 Timely decision making
 Coordination mechanisms
 Battle rhythm discipline
 Responsible, dependable and interoperable support systems
 Situational awareness
 Mutual trust

Additionally, the following four “principles of C2” should guide the C2 organization (see JP
1, p. IV-19).

 Simplicity
 Span of control
 Unit integrity
 Interoperability

Whatever the scope or intensity of any particular action, the joint force commander must
consider how best to organize a force in order to enable unity of command/effort, centralized
direction and decentralized execution. Critical to achieving these goals is the determination

20
Extracted from JP 1, JP 3-0, JP 3-16, JP 3-30, JP 3-33 and JAWS Operational Art and Campaigning Primer
AY09-10

164
of command relationships and a command organization which are tailored to the objectives
and the operational design. The establishment of command relationships includes
determining the types of subordinate commands and the degree of authority to be delegated
to each. Clear definition of command relationships further clarifies the intent of the
combatant commander and contributes to decentralized execution and unity of effort.

II. Command Relationships and Levels of Authority

The specific command relationship (combatant command(command authority) (COCOM),

operational control (OPCON), tactical control (TACON), and support) will define the level
of authority a commander (CDR) has over assigned or attached forces. A CDR can also have
authority when coordinating authority, administrative control (ADCON), and direct liaison
authorized (DIRLAUTH) relationships have been specified. An overview of command
relationships is shown in the figure below:

The CCDR exercises combatant command (COCOM) over forces assigned or reassigned
by the President or Secretary of Defense. Forces are assigned or reassigned when the transfer

165
of forces will be permanent or for an unknown period of time, or when the broadest level of
C2 is required or desired.

Operational control (OPCON) of assigned forces is inherent in COCOM and may be

delegated within the combatant command by the CCDR. Subordinate joint force
commanders (JFCs) will exercise OPCON over assigned or reassigned forces. The CCDR
normally exercises operational control (OPCON) over forces attached by the SecDef. Forces
are attached when the transfer of forces will be temporary. Establishing authorities for
subordinate unified commands and joint task forces (JTFs) normally will direct the
delegation of OPCON over forces attached to those subordinate commands.

In accordance with the assignment tables in the Global Force Management Implementation
Guidance (GFMIG) and the Unified Command Plan (UCP), except as otherwise directed by
the President or the SecDef, all forces operating within the geographic area assigned to a
specific CCDR shall be assigned or attached to, and under the command of, that CCDR.
Transient forces do not come under the chain of command of the area CDR solely by their
movement across operational area boundaries, except when the CCDR is exercising tactical
control (TACON) for the purpose of force protection. Unless otherwise specified by the
SecDef and with the exception of the United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM) area
of responsibility (AOR), a CCDR has TACON for exercise purposes whenever forces not
assigned to that CCDR undertake exercises in that CCDR's AOR.

166
Summary of U.S. Command Relationships

COMBATANT COMMAND (COMMAND AUTHORITY)

COCOM is the authority of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command
over assigned forces to include:
• Organizing and employing commands and forces.
• Assigning tasks.
• Designating objectives.
• Giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations and joint
training
• Logistics.

COCOM should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations.

Normally, this authority is exercised through subordinate JFCs and Service and/or functional
component commanders; however, it cannot be delegated to subordinate commanders.
COCOM provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the
combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions.

OPERATIONAL CONTROL (OPCON)

OPCON is the command authority exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the
level of COCOM and can be delegated or transferred.

OPCON is inherent in COCOM and is the authority to perform those functions of command
over subordinate forces involving:
• Organizing and employing commands and forces.
• Assigning tasks.
• Designating objectives.
• Giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission.

OPCON includes authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations and joint
training necessary to accomplish missions assigned to the command. It should be exercised
through the commanders of subordinate organizations; normally, this authority is exercised
through subordinate JFCs and Service and/or functional component commanders. OPCON
normally provides full authority to organize commands and forces and employ those forces
necessary to accomplish assigned missions. It does not include authoritative direction for
logistics or matters of administration, discipline, internal organization, or unit training. The
combatant commander delegates these elements. OPCON does include the authority to
delineate functional responsibilities and geographic JOA of subordinate JFCs.

The superior commander gives commanders of subordinate commands and JTFs OPCON of
assigned or attached forces.

TACTICAL CONTROL (TACON)

TACON is the command authority over assigned or attached forces or commands, or a
military capability or forces made available for tasking. It is limited to the detailed and
usually local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish

167
assigned missions or tasks.

TACON may be delegated to and exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the
level of COCOM. TACON is inherent in OPCON.

Support
Support is a command authority. A support relationship is established by a superior
commander between subordinate commanders when one organization should aid, protect,
complement, or sustain another force.

Support may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of COCOM.
This includes the President and/or SecDef designating a support relationship between
combatant commanders as well as between subordinate commands in a single CCDR. The
designation of supporting relationships is important as it conveys priorities to commanders
and staffs that are planning or executing joint operations. The support command
relationship is a flexible arrangement. The establishing authority is responsible for ensuring
that both the supported and supporting commanders understand the degree of authority
granted the supported commander.

The supported commander should ensure that the supporting commander understands the
assistance required. The supporting commander provides the assistance needed, subject to
the supporting commander's existing capabilities and other assigned tasks. When the
supporting commander cannot fulfill the needs of the supported commander, the establishing
authority is notified by either the supported or supporting commander. The establishing
authority is responsible for determining a solution.

An establishing directive is normally issued to specify the purpose of the support

relationship, the effect desired, and the action to be taken.

Other authorities outside the command relationships delineated above are described
below.

168
Administrative control (ADCON)
ADCON is the direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations with
respect to administration and support, including organization of Service forces, control of
resources and equipment, personnel management, logistics, individual and unit training,
readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in the
operational missions of the subordinate or other organizations. ADCON is synonymous with
administration and support responsibilities identified in Title 10, United States Code (USC).
This is the authority necessary to fulfill Military Department statutory responsibilities for
administration and support. ADCON may be delegated to and exercised by CDRs of Service
forces assigned to a CCDR at any echelon at or below the level of Service component
command. ADCON is subject to the command authority of CCDRs. ADCON may be
delegated to and exercised by CDRs of Service commands assigned within Service
authorities. Service CDRs exercising ADCON will not usurp the authorities assigned by a
CCDR having COCOM over CDRs of assigned Service forces.

Coordinating authority
CDRs or individuals may exercise coordinating authority at any echelon at or below the level
of combatant command. Coordinating authority is the authority delegated to a CDR or
individual for coordinating specific functions and activities involving forces of two or more
Military Departments, two or more joint force components, or two or more forces of the
same Service (e.g., joint security coordinator exercises coordinating authority for joint
security area operations among the component CDRs). Coordinating authority may be
granted and modified through a memorandum of agreement to provide unity of command
and unity of effort for operations involving Reserve Component (RC) and Active Component
(AC) forces engaged in interagency activities. The CDR or individual has the authority to
require consultation between the agencies involved but does not have the authority to compel
agreement. The common task to be coordinated will be specified in the establishing directive
without disturbing the normal organizational relationships in other matters. Coordinating
authority is a consultation relationship between CDRs, not an authority by which command
may be exercised. It is more applicable to planning and similar activities than to operations.
Coordinating authority is not in any way tied to force assignment. Assignment of
coordinating authority is based on the missions and capabilities of the commands or
organizations involved.

Direct liaison authorized (DIRLAUTH)

DIRLAUTH is that authority granted by a CDR (any level) to a subordinate to directly
consult or coordinate an action with a command or agency within or outside of the granting
command. DIRLAUTH is more applicable to planning than operations and always carries
with it the requirement of keeping the CDR granting DIRLAUTH informed. DIRLAUTH is
a coordination relationship, not an authority through which command may be exercised.

III. Joint Command Organization

A JFC has the authority to organize assigned or attached forces with specification of OPCON
to best accomplish the assigned mission. The organization should be sufficiently flexible to
meet the planned phases of the contemplated operations and any development that may

169
necessitate a change in plan. The JFC will establish subordinate commands, assign
responsibilities, establish or delegate appropriate command relationships, and establish
coordinating instructions of the component commanders. Sound organization should provide
for unity of command, centralized planning and direction, and decentralized execution. The
figure below illustrates possible components in a Joint Force.

The composition of the JFC’s staff will reflect the composition of the joint force to ensure
that those responsible for employing joint forces have a thorough knowledge of the
capabilities and limitations of assigned or attached forces.

All joint forces include service components, through which administrative and logistic
support is provided. Service forces may be assigned or attached to subordinate joint forces
without the formal creation of a respective service component command of that joint force.
The JFC also may conduct operations through the service component commanders or, at

170
lower echelons, service force commanders. This relationship is appropriate when stability,
continuity, economy, ease of long-range planning, and the scope of operations dictate
organizational integrity of service forces for conducting operations. Typical service
component commander responsibilities are as follows:

 Making recommendations to the CJTF on the proper employment of the forces of the
service component.
 Accomplishing such operational missions as may be assigned.
 Assuming responsibility for areas of operations, if assigned (land and maritime
forces).
 Coordinating sustainment support through service channels.
 Informing the CJTF of planning for changes in logistic support that would
significantly affect operational capability.
 Retaining responsibility for certain service-specific functions such as internal
administration, training, logistics, and service component intelligence operations.
 Conducting joint training.
 Selecting and nominating specific units of the parent service component for
assignment to other subordinate forces.
 Providing, as directed, supporting joint operation and exercise plans.
 Establishing combat identification standing operating procedures and other directives
based on CJTF guidance.
 Planning and coordinating operations and employing service forces in support of
CJTF's concept of operations.
 Issuing planning guidance.
 Analyzing various courses of action.
 Coordinating with other JTF component and subordinate task forces to ensure that the
most effective support is provided to the CJTF.
 Evaluating the results of operations.
 Focusing on operational-level service core capabilities.
 Functioning as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF.
 Integrating base operating support and providing common-item support to elements
of the joint force when directed by the supported combatant commander.
 Coordinating safe and effective airfield operations when assigned as the senior
airfield authority by the supported combatant commander.
 Assessing and mitigating risk.

The JFC may establish functional component commands to conduct operations. Functional
component commands are appropriate when forces from two or more Military Departments
must operate within the same mission area or geographic domain or there is a need to
accomplish a distinct aspect of the assigned mission. Joint force land, air, maritime, and
special operations component commanders are examples of functional components. (NOTE:
Functional component commanders are component commanders of a joint force and do not
constitute a “joint force command” with the authorities and responsibilities of a JFC, even
when employing forces from two or more Military Departments.) When a functional
component command employs forces from more than one service, the functional component
commander’s staff should include service representatives from each of the employed service

171
forces to aid in understanding those capabilities and maximizing the effective employment of
forces. Joint staff billets for needed expertise and individuals to fill those billets should be
identified. Those individuals should be used when the functional component command is
formed for exercises, contingency planning, or actual operations.

Normal functional component commands include the Joint Force Air Component
Commander (JFACC), Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC), Joint Force
Land Component Commander (JFLCC), Joint Force Special Operations Component
Commander (JFSOCC), Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (JCMOTF) and Joint
Psychological Operations Task Force (JPOTF). Typical responsibilities for each of these
functional component commanders are as follows:

JFACC
 Developing a joint air operations plan to best support the joint force commander's
(JFC's) objectives.
 Recommending to the JFC apportionment of the joint air effort, after consulting with
other component commanders.
 Allocating and tasking of air capabilities/forces made available based upon the JFC's
air apportionment.
 Providing oversight and guidance during execution of joint air operations.
 Coordinating joint air operations with operations of other component commanders
and forces assigned to or supporting the JFC.
 Evaluating the results of joint air operations.
 Performing the duties of airspace control authority (ACA) and/or performing the
duties of area air defense commander (AADC), unless a separate ACA and/or AADC
is designated
 Accomplishing various mission areas to include, but not limited to:
o Counterair;
o Strategic air attack;
o Airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance;
o Air interdiction;
o Intratheater air mobility;
o Close air support.
 Functioning as a supporting/supported commander, as designated by the JFC.
 Establishing a personnel recovery coordination cell to account for and report the
status of isolated personnel and to coordinate and control air component personnel
recovery events; and, if directed by the CJTF, establish a separate joint personnel
recovery center for the same purpose in support of a joint recovery event.

From the Air Force chapter earlier, we learned that each GCC is supported by a standing
Component Numbered Air Force that provides the GCC planning and execution of aerospace
force. Each of the assigned Numbered Air Force components consists of a Commander, Air
Force Forces (COMAFFOR) and AFFOR/A-staff, and an Air Operations Center (AOC). If
the Air Force possesses the preponderance of air forces in a JFC's area of operations, the
COMAFFOR will normally serve as the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC).

172
However, if the Air Force is not the main effort, the Numbered Air Force component can,
with GCC approval:
(a) Designate a JFACC for each JFC subordinate to the GCC. A GCC
normally establishes a subordinate JTF to conduct operations, and forces are normally
attached as needed, with specification of OPCON to the subordinate JFC. This option
will place dedicated air assets and independent C2 capability under the OPCON of
the JFC for whom they are performing the mission. It provides unity of command
over the forces employed within the assigned JOA and greater direct control and
predictability as to which air assets are available.

(b) Theater JFACC. A GCC may establish multiple JTFs within the area
of responsibility (AOR), but decide to retain C2 of joint air forces at the GCC level.
Joint air forces will be controlled to support the multiple JTF commanders according
to the JTF commanders’ objectives and the GCC's AOR- wide priorities. In this
situation, joint air forces are controlled at the theater level, under the direction of the
“theater JFACC,” subordinate to the GCC. The theater level JFACC provides
flexibility in managing limited air assets to meet the requirements of the GCC and
multiple JTFs.

1. The theater JFACC will be the supporting commander to the GCC’s

subordinate JTF commanders’ joint air operations within their respective
JOAs. Per JP 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, an
establishing directive should be promulgated to clearly delineate support
command relationships. Unless limited by the establishing directive, the
supported JTF commanders will have the authority to exercise general
direction of the supporting effort (General direction includes the designation

173
and prioritization of targets or objectives, timing and duration of the
supporting action, and other instructions necessary for coordination and
efficiency).

2. The theater JFACC, as the supporting commander, determines the

forces, tactics, methods, procedures, and communications to be employed in
providing this support. The JFACC will advise and coordinate with the
supported JTF commanders on matters concerning the employment and
limitations (e.g., logistics) of such support, assist in planning for the
integration of such support into the supported JTF commanders’ efforts as a
whole, and ensure that support requirements are appropriately communicated
within the JFACC’s organization. When the JFACC cannot fulfill the needs of
the Command and Control of Joint Air Operations supported JTF commander,
the GCC will be notified by either the supported JTF commander or JFACC.
The GCC is responsible for determining a solution. For their operations, these
JTF commanders – as JFCs - will exercise approval authority for products
normally generated for “JFC approval” (including products generated by the
theater JFACC for their JOA).

3. The theater JFACC may deploy one or more Joint Air Component
Coordination Elements (JACCEs) to the JTF headquarters and other
component headquarters as needed to ensure they receive the appropriate level
of joint air support. The JACCE will provide on-hand air expertise to the JTF
commanders and the direct link back to the theater JFACC and the JAOC. A
JACCE is a small team of airpower experts that can be used to facilitate
coordination between a JFACC and other component commanders or the JFC.
The JACCE is intended as a facilitator, and should not be used in place of

174
 existing, more formal methods of coordination. The JACCE will not bear any
responsibilities of the JAOC nor will it replace any JAOC processes or sub-
processes. The JFACC may simultaneously deploy multiple JACCEs as
liaisons to the JTF, subordinate joint forces, or Services, while operating from
home station or a deployed location.

4. Between these two options presented there can be other potential

organizational variations. See JP 3-30, Command and Control of Joint Air
Operations (12 January 2010) for more detail.

JFLCC
 Advising the CJTF on the proper employment of land forces/capabilities made
available for tasking.
 Developing the land operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD) in support
of the CJTF's concept of operations and optimizing the operations of task-organized
land forces. The JFLCC issues planning guidance to all subordinate and supporting
elements and analyzes proposed courses of action. The intent is to concentrate
combat power at critical times and places to accomplish operational or strategic goals.
 Directing the execution of the land OPLAN/OPORD as specified by the CJTF, which
includes making timely adjustments to the tasking of forces/capabilities made
available. The JFLCC coordinates changes with affected component commanders as
appropriate.
 Coordinating the planning and execution of land operations with the other
components, and other supporting agencies.
 Evaluating the results of land operations to include the effectiveness of interdiction
operations and forwarding these results to the CJTF to support the combat assessment
effort.
 Synchronizing and integrating movement and maneuver (including lines of
communications, movement control, and deconfliction), fires, and interdiction in
support of land operations.
 Designating the target priorities, effects, and timing for joint land operations.
 Providing mutual support to other components by conducting operations within the
land area of operations, such as suppression of enemy air defenses and suppression of
threats to maritime operations.
 Coordinating with other functional and Service components in support of
accomplishing the CJTF objectives.
 Providing an assistant deputy area air defense commander for land-based joint theater
air and missile defense operations as determined by the CJTF.
 Supporting the CJTF's information operations (IO) by developing the IO
requirements that support land-control operations and synchronizing the land force IO
capabilities when directed.
 Establishing a standing operating procedure and other directives based on CJTF
guidance.
 Providing inputs into the CJTF-approved joint area air defense plan and the airspace
control plan.

175
  Integrating the JFLCC's communications system resources into the supported
combatant commander's communications system architecture and synchronizing the
JFLCC's communications system capabilities in the joint planning and execution
process.
 Integrating special operations into overall land operations.
 Providing a joint security coordinator, when directed.
 Establishing a personnel recovery coordination cell to account for and report the
status of isolated personnel and to coordinate and control land component personnel
recovery events; and, if directed by the CJTF, establish a separate joint personnel
recovery center for the same purpose in support of a joint recovery event.

JFMCC
 Develop a joint maritime operations plan to best support joint force objectives.
 Provide centralized direction for the allocation and tasking of forces/capabilities made
available.
 Request forces of other component commanders when necessary for the
accomplishment of the maritime mission.
 Make maritime apportionment recommendations to the CJTF.
 Provide maritime forces to other component commanders in accordance with CJTF
apportionment decisions.
 Control the operational level synchronization and execution of joint maritime
operations, as specified by the CJTF, to include adjusting targets and tasks for
available joint forces/capabilities. The JFC and affected component commanders will
be notified, as appropriate, if the joint force maritime component commander JFMCC
changes the planned joint maritime operations during execution.
 Act as supported commander within the assigned area of operations (AO).
 Assign and coordinate target priorities within the assigned AO by synchronizing and
integrating maneuver, mobility and movement, fires, and interdiction. The JFMCC
nominates targets located within the maritime AO to the joint targeting process that
may potentially require action by another component commander’s assigned forces.
 Evaluate results of maritime operations and forward combat assessments to the CJTF
in support of the overall effort.
 Support information operations with assigned assets, when directed.
 Function as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF.
 Establishing a personnel recovery coordination cell to account for and report the
status of isolated personnel and to coordinate and control maritime component
personnel recovery events; and, if directed by the CJTF, establish a separate joint
personnel recovery center for the same purpose in support of a joint recovery event.

JFSOCC
 Advising the CJTF on the proper employment of special operations forces (SOF) and
assets.
 Planning and coordinating special operations (SO) and employing designated SOF in
support of the CJTF's concept of operations.
 Issuing planning guidance.
 Analyzing various courses of action.

176
  Coordinating the conduct of SO with the other joint task force component
commanders and subordinate task forces.
 Evaluating the results of SO.
 Focusing on operational-level functions and their control.
 Synchronizing sustainment for SOF.
 Establishing a combat identification standing operating procedure and other directives
based on CJTF guidance.
 Establishing an unconventional assisted recovery coordination cell to coordinate and
control nonconventional assisted recoveries (including unconventional assisted
recoveries) and recovery mechanisms in support of joint personnel recovery center
and personnel recovery coordination cell.
 Functioning as a supported and supporting commander, as directed by the CJTF.

JCMOTF
 Advising the CJTF on policy, funding; multinational, foreign, or host-nation
sensitivities; and their effect on theater strategy and/or campaign and operational
missions.
 Providing command and control or direction of military host-nation advisory,
assessment, planning, and other assistance activities by joint US forces.
 Assisting in establishing US or multinational and military-to-civil links for greater
efficiency of cooperative assistance arrangements.
 Performing essential coordination or liaison with host-nation agencies, country team,
United Nations agencies, and deployed US, multinational, and host-nation military
forces and supporting logistic organizations.
 Assisting in the planning and conduct of civil information programs to publicize
positive results and objectives of military assistance projects, to build civil acceptance
and support of US operations, and to promote indigenous capabilities contributing to
recovery and economic-social development.
 Planning and conducting joint and combined civil-military operations training
exercises.
 Advising and assisting in strengthening or stabilizing civil infrastructures and services
and otherwise facilitating transition to peacekeeping or consolidation operations and
associated hand-off to other United States Government (USG) agencies, international
organizations, or host-nation responsibility.
 Assessing or identifying host-nation civil support, relief, or funding requirements to
the CJTF for transmission to supporting commanders, Military Services, or other
responsible USG agencies.
 Establishing combat identification standing operating procedures and other directives
based on CJTF guidance.

JPOTF
 Advise the CJTF on psychological operations (PSYOP).
 Conduct PSYOP planning and execution.
 Issue planning guidance.
 Advise the CJTF on the targeting process regarding PSYOP, PSYOP enabling
actions, and targeting restrictions.

177
  Provide public information to foreign audiences within the joint task force operational
area.
 Assist in countering propaganda, misinformation, and opposing information to
correctly portray friendly intent and action to foreign target audiences.
 Analyze various courses of action.
 Develop, produce, distribute, and disseminate PSYOP products and actions to achieve
PSYOP objectives.
 Coordinate with the other subordinate task forces and components to synchronize
operation plans and PSYOP efforts in support of CJTF objectives.
 Conduct PSYOP dissemination operations.
 Evaluate the change in behavior of the target audience.
 Conduct liaison with host-nation agencies and other USG organizations.
 Coordinate and synchronize all PSYOP public information activities with public
affairs.
 Provide defense support to public diplomacy efforts through a military information
support team in the US embassy.

Joint forces are usually organized with a combination of service and functional component
commands with operational responsibilities. Normally, a service component will be “dual-
hatted” when appointed a functional component. Additionally, service components are
normally selected for functional command based upon the weight of their contribution to the
effort. Due to their ability to sustain a theater operation, the Army, more often than not, will
perform the JFLCC role. However, the Marine Corps may prove the best option for the
JFLCC depending upon the given circumstances. For large scale conflicts, the Air Force will
normally draw the JFACC role, just as the Navy and perhaps the Marine Corps could be
JFACCs in smaller scale contingencies when access to host nation basing is an issue. For the
same reasons, the Navy will normally be the JFMCC.
The JFC has full authority to assign missions, redirect efforts, and direct coordination among
subordinate commanders. JFCs should allow Service tactical and operational assets and
groupings to function generally as they were designed. The intent is to meet the needs of the
JFC while maintaining the tactical and operational integrity of the Service organizations.

IV. Multinational Command Organization

US commanders should expect to conduct military operations as part of a multinational force

(MNF). These operations could span the range of military operations and require
coordination with a variety of USG agencies, military forces of other nations, local
authorities, IGOs, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Much of the information and
guidance provided for unified action and joint operations remains applicable to multinational
operations. However, commanders and staffs must account for differences in partners’ laws,
doctrine, organization, weapons, equipment, terminology, culture, politics, religion, and
language. Fusing a coalition together is much more complex, therefore attaining unity of
effort can be very challenging.

Although nations will often participate in multinational operations, they rarely, if ever,
relinquish national command of their forces. As such, forces participating in a multinational

178
operation will always have at least two distinct chains of command: a national chain of
command and a multinational chain of command (see Figure below).

National Command
As Commander and Chief, the President always retains and cannot relinquish national
command authority over US forces. National command includes the authority and
responsibility for organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling, planning employment, and
protecting military forces. The President also has the authority to terminate US participation
in multinational operations at any time.

Multinational Command
Command authority for a MNC is normally negotiated between the participating nations and
can vary from nation to nation. Command authority could range from operational control
(OPCON), to tactical control (TACON), to designated support relationships, to coordinating
authority.

Multinational Command Structures

No single command structure meets the needs of every multinational command but one
absolute remains constant; political considerations will heavily influence the ultimate shape
of the command structure. However, participating nations should strive to achieve unity of
command for the operation to the maximum extent possible, with missions, tasks,

179
responsibilities, and authorities clearly defined and understood by all participants. While
command relationships are fairly well defined in US doctrine, they are not necessarily part of
the doctrinal lexicon of nations with which the United States may operate in coalition or
combined operations. The basic structures for multinational operations fall into one of three
types: integrated, lead nation, or parallel command.

Integrated Command Structure

Multinational commands organized under an integrated command structure provide unity of
effort in a multinational setting (see Figure below). A good example of this command
structure is found in NATO where a strategic commander is designated from a member
nation, but the strategic command staff and the commanders and staffs of subordinate
commands are of multinational makeup. The key factors in an integrated combined
command are:
● A designated single commander.
● The staff is composed of representatives from all member nations.
● Subordinate commands and staffs are integrated into the lowest echelon necessary to
accomplish the mission.

Parallel Command Structure

Under a parallel command structure, no single force commander is designated (see Figure
below). The political factors present in coalition building often preclude integrated C2
organization in which case unity of effort must be achieved through coordination and
cooperation (CO2) vice C2. The coalition leadership must develop a means for this
coordination among the participants in order to attain unity of effort. This can be
accomplished through the use of coordination centers. Nonetheless, because of the absence
of a single commander, the use of a parallel command structure should be avoided if at all
possible.

180
Lead Nation Command Structure
A lead nation structure exists when all member nations place their forces under the control of
one nation (see Figure below). The lead nation command can be distinguished by a dominant
lead nation command and staff arrangement with subordinate elements retaining strict
national integrity.

A lead nation command may also be characterized by an integrated staff and multinational
subordinate forces. Integrating the staff allows the commander to draw upon the expertise of
allied or coalition partners in areas where the lead nation may have less experience.

Rotational command, a variation of lead nation command sometimes found in combined

commands, allows each participating nation to be the lead nation in turn. To be effective,
command tour lengths should be adjusted so that participating nations may alternate
exercising the authority of the lead nation. However, command tours should not be so short
to be operationally meaningless.

181
V. US vs. Alliance Command Relationships

The figure below offers a comparison between US command relationships and the two
alliance command relationships of NATO and CFC/USFK.

Mo '" conlrol LN.I control

CFC/USFK US&
Authority
us US NATO NATO
COMBINED
NATO
NATO
COCOM OPCON OPCOM OPCON TACOM
OPCON TACON

OifCCI authOt lly 10 dcal wiU, 000 ,

US diplomatic missions. agCflCtOs
x
Coo"'","I. CINC ~'ry x
Granled :0 a command x
Do atOO to & command x x X
ScI ch.alfl 0 1 command to (OICCS x x
Assign mlssion/d esignale X
GI:,cctivc

As~n_~_S~k_
$ ~__________ -r__X__+-__X~-i__C-- 1------;-------_r~X~_r----~
OuOCVomploy forces X X
Esl30hSll rna.neuvCr X
contf~ measUfOS X X X

RC8Ssaon IOrcCS X
Retain OPCON X x
Dclog~ lo OPCON X x
As~ n TACOM X X
DcIogo lo lACON X x
R.~, n TACON X x
Ocoloy IOICO$
(in'ormationlMttun thealer,
X X
Loc;al dir cctionlcontr~
dC$lg.,:tt~ o'oos X x x
ASSIQn sepa fa:c employmenl
ot 1'111 oomponCtllS X X x
X
X x
X X
M'f'lS$~
X r«trfPCt'td
' ••Usi~"I!'I'I*,,1

Cond uct Ifllemal dlSC1phnMfaining X

NATO Ful Commana a M CFC'USFK COmmiJnd loss OPCON.t. LEGEND
baSlC31Iy CQuivalent !O US COCO ;t b ut (01)1 tOtlnlemal Milttc,s COCOM - ~1tN\1 commomd
OPCON - Or>o(I~.otW cont'Ol

x I has this. thority OPeO'" - ocerSIJONI ocmn'1.l\nd

1- ocoi<.'d this tl ulhority. or not speciflcaly gran led II lACO" .. 1:

lACON - l
:;tl oomm~
I contra'

182
 APPENDIX A

SERVICES' INSIGNIA

**Coast Guard insignia are identical to Navy.

A-1
 ARMY

fiRST
SEltOIOAH T
CO~O

. .",.
SERGEANT
.....,
SIORGeANT
MAJOR OF' TH-f

(norM.Of'IIt)
A ~~~ ~
PRNAT'! PRIVATE PftIVATE CORPOAAL
SBtOE!AHT
.,'"
SERGEANT $£R~T
fiRST CLASS
""Sf
c .....
U. . . . .
3ERGEAHT . .,J(,.
SERCLAtt T

A-2
A-3
 OFFICERS INSIGNIA OF THE
UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES
0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 0 -9 0-10 SPEC IAL
NAVY

I1!BeI8~
UEU'~tt.\NT
JtJW.OR
UEUiEMHT l iEUTE NANT
c:Ot.IlIANCER
CO'.AU ANOE.R Clt.PtAlN eOUuOO0fl:6
AOM!RAL'
REAR
r\OtoIlRAl
GRACE (().7. ().')

D IJIJ CItPIAL"I

0 """IJ [I] ."'1!lW.

6ECONO CIIPTAL'I
U(OTEN.<t.NT lIEUT Erto\NT

[] I] [[] lIEUTE NANT

...
seCON D ,..ST C;.l;,PTAL'I CEJoIERAL
GEIOEAAl
lIEUTENANT UI!UT I: NAHT

**Coast Guard insignia are identical to Navy.

A-4
 APPENDIX B

CONVERSION TABLE

To convert A to B, multiply A by C. To convert B to A, multiply B by D.

1 2 3 4
Unit Factor Unit
A C D B
Length:
Miles 63,360 b 0.00001578 Inches
Miles 5,280. b 0.0001894 Feet
Miles 1.609 0.6214 Kilometers
Nautical miles 1.1508 0.869 Miles
Meters 3.281 0.3048 Feet
Kilometers 3,280.8 0.0003048 Feet
Inches 2.540 0.3937 Centimeters
Feet .1667 6.0 Fathom

Surface:
Square miles 27,878,400. 0.00000003537 Square feet
Square miles 640 b 0.001563 Acres
Acres 43,560 b 0.00002296 Square feet
Acres 4,047 0.0002471 Square meters
Square inches 6.452 0.1550 Sq centimeters
Square meters 10.76 0.09290 Square feet

Volume:
Cubic feet 0.025 40.0 Tons (shipping)
Cubic feet 1,728 b 0.0005787 Cubic inches
Cubic inches 16.39 0.06102 Cu. centimeters
Cubic meters 35.31 0.02832 Cubic feet
Cubic feet 7.481 0.1337 U.S. gallons
Cubic feet 6.232 0.1605 Imperial gals.
Cubic feet 28.32 0.03531 Liters
U.S. gallons 231 b 0.004329 Cubic inches
U.S. gallons 3.785 0.2042 Liters
Imperial gallons 1.201 0.8327 U.S. gallons
Fluid ounces 1.805 0.5540 Cubic inches

Velocities:
Miles per hour 1.467 0.6818 Feet per second
Meters per second 3.281 0.3048 Feet per second
Meters per second 2.237 0.4470 Miles per hour

Pressure:
Atmos. (mean) 14.70 0.0680 Lbs per sq in
Atmos. (mean) 29.92 0.03342 In. of mercury
Lbs. per sq inch 2.036 0.4912 In. of mercury
Feet of water 62.42 0.01602 Lbs. per sq foot

B-1
 APPENDIX B

CONVERSION TABLE (CONTINUED)

Weight:
Ounces 0.0625 16.0 Pounds
Pounds 7,000 b 0.0001429 Grains (avoir.)
Kilograms 2.205 0.4536 Pounds
Short tons 2,000 0.0005 Pounds
Long tons 1.120 b 0.8929 Short tons
Angular Measure:
Circle 360.0 Degrees
Degree 60.0 Minutes
Degree 17.8 0.056 Mils
Mil a 3.37 0.297 Minutes
Minute 60. Seconds

NOTE: a A mil is the angle subtended by an arc of 1 unit on a radius of 1,000 units (an angle the
tangent of which is approximately (small angles) 1/1,000). The arbitrary value of the mil adopted by
the United States Army is 1/6,400 of a circle
b
Exact values.

B-2
 APPENDIX C

Navy Composite Warfare Commander (CWC) Concept

The CWC Concept was developed in concert with the “defense in depth” concept during the
Cold War. It was designed to permit the Carrier Battle Group (CVBG) Commander to fight
“fleet on fleet” engagements across multiple warfare areas simultaneously against the Soviet
Union. The key operational assumption was that the CVBG would fight simultaneously in all
three dimensions (air, surface, subsurface) within roughly 200 to 300 miles of the aircraft carrier
(CV). The prevailing thought was that the CVBG Commander would be overwhelmed with so
much simultaneous information that it would impact speed of command and tactical proficiency.
Therefore, the Navy developed the CWC Concept and implemented its two central tenets:
command by negation, and decentralized control. The CVBG has evolved into the Carrier Strike
Group (CSG) and integrated into the joint operational domain.

The Navy’s CWC Concept shares similarities with the joint force command and control
construct, albeit with a more tactical focus. Under the CWC architecture, the Officer in Tactical
Command (OTC) delegates command authority in tactical warfare areas to subordinate
commanders within his organization. Subordinate commanders then execute assigned tasks
within those warfare areas with assigned assets based on the OTC’s guidance. The CWC
concept is the Navy’s C2 construct for tactical execution. This construct, though designed for
tactical level maritime operations, is not unlike the construct utilized by Joint Force Commanders
(JFC), who employ decentralized execution and a form of command by negation in directing the
operational execution of subordinate component commanders. The relationship between the JTF
Commander and his subordinate component commanders is similar to the relationship between
the CWC/OTC and his subordinate warfare commanders.

The CWC retains responsibility and accountability for the conduct of Carrier Strike Group
(CSG) operations and delegates authority for employing forces to his principle warfare
commanders. In order to decide the assignment and location of subordinate warfare commanders
and coordinators, the CWC must take into account the tactical situation, force size, and
capabilities required to cope with an expected threat.

Principle warfare commanders employ forces assigned to them by the CWC and respond to
threats according to the CWC’s guidance. The CWC’s guidance is promulgated via a naval
message called the OPGEN. The OPGEN describes the operational environment, assigns
warfare commanders and warfare areas, allocates assets, outlines mission priorities, defines
command relationships, and provides commander’s guidance. The OPGEN also provides a
common framework (and battle rhythm) which allows warfare commanders to manage their
specific warfare areas and control their assets. Therefore, the CWC does not become
overwhelmed with the volume of detail associated with CSG operations. Regardless of the
delegation of command authority, the CWC ultimately retains overall responsibility. As stated
above, warfare commanders control their individual warfare specialties; however, the CWC may
intervene by negating the warfare commander’s orders or tactics.

C-1
CWC / OTC:
The Composite Warfare Commander is the central command authority and overall commander.
The CWC is usually a Rear Admiral (O7/O8) in command of a CSG (Carrier Strike Group
Commander) who is embarked in the aircraft carrier (CVN) along with a support staff. Under
the CWC architecture, the Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) delegates command authority in
particular warfare areas to subordinate commanders within the CWC organization. Usually, the
OTC is also the CWC, but in certain situations the CWC and OTC may be separate officers. The
OTC has the option to delegate overall coordination of defensive warfare areas to a CWC and
can retain direct command in any one (or more) warfare area(s) if desired. Because this rarely
occurs, the terms CWC and OTC are usually interchangeable. However, great care must be
exercised when applying the CWC or OTC distinction to coalition operations. In a coalition
environment, misunderstanding the CWC/OTC relationship may either facilitate or hinder
warfare integration with joint or coalition partners.

Subordinate to the CWC are principal warfare commanders to include: Sea Combat Commander
(SCC), Surface Warfare Commander (SUWC), Undersea Warfare Commander (USWC), Air
Warfare Commander (AWC), Information Warfare Commander (IWC), Strike Warfare
Commander (STWC), and Mine Warfare Commander (MIWC).

Principle Warfare Commanders:

Principle warfare commanders are usually individual ship Commanding Officers (CO’s) or
embarked Commanders (Destroyer Squadron (DESRON) or Carrier Air Wing (CAG). They
usually exercise tactical control (TACON) of all assets assigned to their warfare area. Each
principle warfare commander reports directly to the CWC.

SCC:
The SCC is normally the DESRON Commander (a Navy O6) and is embarked on the CVN. The
SCC is responsible for conducting operations in multiple warfare areas. Originally conceived as
a combination of Surface Warfare (SUW) and Undersea Warfare (USW); SCC’s operational
reach has expanded to include (MIWC) and other supporting functions as well. At the discretion
of the SCC (with the CWC’s concurrence), the SCC may divest warfare area responsibilities to
other commanders in the CSG or to coalition partners. Some examples include assigning the CO
of the CVN as SUWC, or a coalition partner as USWC.

SUWC:
The SUWC is an incorporated responsibility of the SCC, but may be executed separately as the
situation dictates. The mission of the SUWC is the conduct of both offensive and defensive
maritime operations to defeat enemy surface threats (primarily ships). The SUWC; if divested
from the SCC will normally have an alternate warfare commander assigned. Candidates include
the CO of the CVN, CAG, or a coalition partner. Both the SCC and the SUWC (when divested)
place a high demand signal on limited aviation assets in order to support surface surveillance and
anti-surface operations. The Force over the Horizon Coordinator (FOTC) support function is
usually associated with this warfare area.

C-2
USWC:
The USWC is also an incorporated responsibility of the SCC responsible for anti-submarine
warfare (ASW) operations. It may be executed separately from the SCC as the situation dictates.
The mission of the USWC is the conduct of both offensive and defensive maritime operations to
defeat enemy subsurface threats (primarily submarines). When divested, the USWC will also
have an alternate warfare commander assigned. Candidates include the CO’s of either the
Guided Missile Cruiser (CG) or Guided Missile Destroyer (DDG); or a coalition partner. The
Screen Coordinator (SC) and the Light Air Multi-purpose System (LAMPS) Element
Coordinator (LEC- responsible for coordination of ASW helo assets) support functions are also
associated with this warfare area.

AWC/ADC:
The ADC is normally the CO (a Navy O6) of one of two AEGIS guided-missile cruisers (CG).
The mission of the ADC is to defend the CSG against air threats (primarily airplanes and
missiles). The alternate ADC is normally the other CG Commanding Officer or the CO of a
DDG if only one CG is assigned to the CSG. The ADC, CAG and the CVN must coordinate
their efforts in order to effectively conduct air operations. Within the joint air defense
architecture the ADC will typically be a RADC/SADC (Regional Air Defense
Commander/Sector Air Defense Commander) supporting the JFACC AADC functions.

IWC:
The IWC includes the function of Space and Electronic Warfare Commander (SEWC). The IWC
is normally a part of the CWC’s support staff embarked on the CVN and responsible for all CSG
Information Operations. This individual serves as the principle advisor to the CWC for the
exploitation of the electromagnetic spectrum by friendly forces and the denial of its use to enemy
forces. The IWC promulgates Emissions Control (EMCON) restrictions, monitors intelligence,
sensor operations, develops operational deception, and counter-targeting plans for the CSG
among other functions. The CO of the non-ADC CG may also be assigned as an alternate.

STWC:
The STWC is normally the Carrier Air Wing (CAG) Commander. The mission of the STWC is
power projection. The STWC promulgates strike policy, and employs manned aircraft and
tactical missiles in accordance with either the Air Tasking Order (ATO) in a joint/combined
environment, or the AIRPLAN in an exclusively naval environment. The alternate STWC may
be a senior officer on the embarked CWC or CVN staff. In rare cases, the CWC may choose to
retain this warfare area and augment his staff with officers from the CVN and CAG staffs.

MIWC:
The MIWC performs those tasks within the CWC organization relating to mine warfare – to
include both mining (offensive and defensive) and mine countermeasures (MCM). Usually
embarked on a CVN, the MIWC works closely with STWC to plan and conduct mine-laying
operations due to the requirement for airborne strike assets as mine layers. The MIWC also
works closely with the other principle warfare commanders to ensure that offensive and
defensive mine warfare is conducted across the full spectrum of warfare specific areas. Today,
the MIWC is a relatively new addition to the CWC organizational staff and has been integrated

C-3
into the organizational structure due to the asymmetric nature of the mine threat in littoral areas
of operations.

Functional Coordinators:
Supporting the CWC and the principle warfare commanders are the Air Resource Element
Coordinator (AREC), the Helicopter Element Coordinator (HEC), the LAMPS element
Coordinator (LEC), the Submarine Element Coordinator (SEC), the Force Over-the-Horizon
Track Coordinator (FOTC), and the Screen Coordinator (SC). The functional coordinators play
important roles in the CWC concept. Their specific responsibilities cross warfare areas
boundaries and require information to be shared between warfare commanders in order for all
concerned to be effective. These functional coordinators can be staff members embarked on the
carrier, principle warfare commanders who are "dual-hatted", or individual ship CO’s.

AREC:
The AREC is responsible for managing and coordinating the distribution of aircraft and keeping
the CWC and other warfare commanders/coordinators apprised of air operations. Normally the
AREC is the CVN CO and does not function as a warfare commander. Instead, the AREC’s
responsibilities include serving as an air operations advisor to the CWC and producing the daily
air plan that allocates CSG aircraft to the various warfare commanders.

HEC:
The role of the HEC in the strike group is to advise the CWC of all non-logistics helicopter
operations to support the strike group. Usually the HEC is embarked on board the carrier and
has warfare expertise in helicopter platforms. The HEC is normally a member of the CAG staff.

LEC:
The LEC performs a similar function as the AREC for LAMPS helicopters only in advising the
CWC and OTC. Usually the LEC is a staff officer who has expertise in the LAMPS helicopter
community (usually assigned to a Destroyer Squadron).

SEC:
The SEC is a usually assigned to the USWC staff when submarines are assigned in direct support
of CWC CDRs. The SEC acts as the executive agent in planning submarine operations,
conducting waterspace management and battle space deconfliction.

FOTC:
The FOTC is either the Destroyer Squadron Commander or a staff officer aboard the CVN.
FOTC serves as the chief advisor to the CWC and manages the CSGs common operational
picture (COP) or recognized maritime picture (RMP). Therefore, FOTC spend the majority of
their time managing, processing, and disseminating all-source contact information.

SC:
The SC is responsible to the SCC and AWC for coordinating ship positioning in the carrier strike
group. He positions the ships in screening or picket stations around the CVN or defended
asset/area to provide protection against expected threats. SCC is normally assigned SC duties,
but SC may be assigned to AWC (rare) or the CO of the CVN if the SCC is not embarked.

C-4
The CWC Concept and Amphibious Operations:
When a CSG is tasked to support an amphibious operation the command and control
environment is challenging. Conducting amphibious operations in a joint environment with
coalition partners adds another layer of complexity. The command and control challenges are
both positional and sequential. The first challenge is the command relationship between the CSG
Commander and the Amphibious Ready Group – Marine Expeditionary Unit (ARG-MEU)
Commander. The second challenge is within the ARG-MEU between the Commander
Amphibious Task Force (CATF) and the Commander of the Landing Force (CLF).

The CWC concept is relevant to the first challenge. The CWC architecture allows for the
establishment of two separate CWC organizations; one for the CSG, the other for the ARG-MEU
or a combined CWC which encompasses the entire force. Another solution could be to apply the
support command relationship to the conduct of an amphibious operation when both the CSG
and ARG-MEU are operating in the same battle space. For example, during the transit to the area
where the amphibious landing will be conducted, the CSG Commander will be the supported
commander. Once amphibious operations begin, the ARG-MEU Commander will be the
supported commander.

Summary:
Supporting coordinators differ from the warfare commanders in one very important respect.
Warfare commanders have TACON of resources assigned and may employ forces. The
supporting coordinators execute policy, but do not employ forces. The CWC concept provides a
command structure which facilitates operations at the tactical level. Command by negation and
decentralized control allow subordinate warfare commanders to support the conduct of CSG
operations within their warfare areas. The CWC Concept permits the CWC to perform effective
command and control (C2) over his forces regardless of the operational disposition: offensive, or
defensive – wartime, or in peacetime.

C-5
 APPENDIXD
AIR ROUTE TIMES (HOURS)
Route 1 2 3 6 II 9 1& 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 211 21 22 23

1.2 7.9 4.7 5.0 1.3 10.6

U 5,1 5,4 1.9 11.5
12.5 7.4 7.9 11.5 16.S

ARCTIC
OCEAN

14 :I.

NORTH
ATLANTIC
OCE~'"

SOUTH INDIAN
SOUTH
PACIFIC
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
OCEAN

RG"'" 24 25 26 27 28 29 311 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 411 41 42 43 44 45 46

17B1 3161 1583 2052 856 3J1i6 3342 2169
2155 2607 2153 19311 2833 2407.2046 2547 20119 17911 6311 1135 829 1357 670
3.9 6.9 3.4 4.5 1.9 7.3 7.3 4.76.0 5.7 4.7 4.2 6.2 5.2 4.4 5.5 4.5 3.9 1.4 2.5 1.8 3.1l 1.5
4.2 1.4 3.7 4.8 2.1l 7.9 7.11 6.16.5 6.1 5.1 4.6 6.7 5.7 4.11 6.11 4.9 4.2 1.11 2.7 2.0 3.2 1.6
6.1 10.9 5.5 7.1 3.0 11.6 11.5 HI 9.5 9.!l VI 6.7 9.8 11.3 7.1 S.II 7.2 6.2 2.2 3.11 2.11 4.7 2.3
1 Heavy Bomber t Heavy Airlift, Tanker, Ferrying Fighler ~ Intra-Theater Airlift Reference:
'Great Circle
D-1 512'02
 SEA ROUTE TIMES (DAYS)

Rol.te 1 2 3 4 567 8 9 I 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 'I22

NM 4351 2090 2278 46B5 6370 2843 6900 5786 1825 6802 3932 3335 3758 4399 2677 1943 1400 5232 3627 2710 2655 3916
18 KTS 1 10. 1 4.8 5.3 10.8 14.7 6.6 16.0 13.4 4.2 15.7 9.1 7.7 8.7 10.2 6.2 4.5 3.2 12.1 8.4 6.3 6.1 9. 1
25KTS 2 7.3 3.5 3.8 7.8 10.6 4.7 11.5 9.6 3.0 11 .3 6.6 5.6 6.3 7.3 4.5 3.2 2.3 8.7 6.0 4.5 4.4 6. 5

ARCTIC
OCEAN
42

SOUlH
Thl>IA1'l
PACIFIC
24 OCEAN
OCEAN OCEAN

1 SEALIFT CONVOY 2 CARRIER BATTLE GROUP Reference: "Distances Between Ports " DMA Pub. 151 dated 1995 "Estimated 5/2/02

D-2