Chapter 30 - Magnetic Fields

and Torque
AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University

© 2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Determine the magnitude and direction of
the force on a current-carrying wire in a
B-field.
• Calculate the magnetic torque on a coil or
solenoid of area A, turns N, and current I
in a given B-field.
• Calculate the magnetic field induced at the
center of a loop or coil or at the interior of
a solenoid.
 Force on a Moving Charge
Recall
Recall that
that the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field BB in
in teslas
teslas (T)
(T) was
was
defined
defined inin terms
terms of
of the
the force
force on
on aa moving
moving charge
charge::

Magnetic Field
Intensity B: F F B
B
v v
F
B
qv sin

N S
1T
1N

1N B
C(m/s) A  m
 Force on a Conductor
Since current II isis charge
Since aa current charge qq moving
moving through
through aa wire,
wire,
the magnetic
the magnetic force
force can can be
be given
given in
in terms
terms of
of current.
current.

x x x x x x x x
F Motion Right-hand rule:
x x x x x x x x of +q force F is upward.
x x x x x x x x
x x x xL x x x
I = q/t
FF == qvB
qvB

Since v = L/t, and I = q/t, L q

F  q   B    LB
we can rearrange to find: t t
The force F on a conductor of length L
and current I in perpendicular B-field: FF == IBL
IBL
Force Depends on Current Angle
Just as for a moving
charge, the force on a B
F B
wire varies with direction. 
v sin  v
I
FF == IBL
IBL sin
sin 
Current I in wire: Length L

Example 1. A wire of length 6 cm makes an angle of 200

with a 3 mT magnetic field. What current is needed to
cause an upward force of 1.5 x 10-4 N?

F 1.5 x 10-4 N
I  II == 2.44
2.44 AA
BL sin  (3 x 10-3T)(0.06 m) sin200
 Forces on a Current Loop
Consider
Consider aa loop
loop of
of area
area AA = ab carrying
= ab carrying aa current
current
II in constant BB field
in aa constant field as
as shown
shown below.
below.

B Normal vector
b F1
x x x x x x x n
x x x x x x
A 
x x x x x x x
x x I x x x
x N S
a
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x F2
x x x x x Torque 

The
The right-hand rule
right-hand rule shows
shows that
that the
the side
side forces
forces cancel
cancel
each
each other
other and
and the
the forces
forces FF11and
and FF22 cause
cause aa torque.
torque.
 Torque on Current Loop
Recall that torque is product of force and moment arm.

b The moment arms F1 a sin 

x x x x for F1 and F2 are: 2
x x x x Iout  n
x xI x x sin 
a
a a 2
x x x x
2

B
x x x x F1 = F2 = IBb a 
2
X Iin
 1  ( IBb)( a 2 sin  ) a sin 
2 F2
 2  ( IBb)( a 2 sin  )
  2( IBb)( a 2 sin  )  IB ( ab) sin    IBA sin 
In general, for a loop of N turns
carrying a current I, we have:   NIBA sin 
 Example 2: A 200-turn coil of wire has a radius
of 20 cm and the normal to the area makes an
angle of 300 with a 3 mT B-field. What is the
torque on the loop if the current is 3 A?

  NIBA sin  N = 200 turns

n

A   R 2   (.2 m) 2 N

S
B
A = 0.126 m2; N = 200 turns
B = 3 mT;  = 300; I = 3 A B = 3 mT;  = 300

  NIBA sin   (200)(3 A)(0.003T)(0.126 m ) sin 30

2 0

Resultant torque on loop:  = 0.113 Nm

 Magnetic Field of a Long Wire
When current II passes
When aa current passes through
through aa longlong straight
straight wire,
wire, the
the
magnetic field BB isis circular
magnetic field circular as
as isis shown
shown by
by the
the pattern
pattern ofof
iron
iron filings
filings below
below and and hashas the
the indicated
indicated direction
direction..

Iron The
I The right -hand thumb
right-hand thumb I
filings
rule:
rule: Grasp
Grasp wire
wire with
with
right
right hand;
hand; point
point thumb
thumb
in
in direction
direction of of II.
. Fingers
Fingers
B wrap
wrap wire
wire in
in direction
direction of
of
the B
the circular
circular BB-field.
-field.
Calculating B-field for Long Wire
The
The magnitude
magnitude of of the
the magnetic field BB at
magnetic field distance rr
at aa distance
from
from aa wire
wire isis proportional
proportional to current II..
to current

0 I Circular B
Magnitude of B-field for B
current I at distance r: 2 r I
The proportionality constant  is
called the permeability of free space:
r B
X
Permeability:  = 4 x 10-7 Tm/A
Example 3: A long straight wire carries a
current of 4 A to the right of page. Find the
magnitude and direction of the B-field at a
distance of 5 cm above the wire.
r B=? 0 I
r = 0.05 m B
5 cm I=4A I=4A 2 r

(4 x 10-7 TAm)(4 A)

B BB == 1.60
1.60 xx 10
10-5 TT or
-5
16 T
or 16 T
2(0.05 m)

Right -hand thumb B out of

Right-hand thumb paper
rule:
rule: Fingers
Fingers point
point r I=4A
out
out of
of paper
paper inin
direction
direction of
of BB-field.
-field.
Example 4: Two parallel wires are separated
by 6 cm. Wire 1 carries a current of 4 A and
wire 2 carries a current of 6 A in the same
direction. What is the resultant B-field at the
midpoint between the wires?

0 I
B 2
3 cm
I2 = 6 A 2 r 6A
B2 into
B=? paper x
B1 is positive
3 cm I1 = 4 A
B2 is negative B1 out
of paper
4A
Resultant is vector
sum: BR = B 1
Example 4 (Cont.): Find resultant B at midpoint.
(4 x 10-7 TAm)(4 A)
B1  26.7 T
I2 = 6 A 2(0.03 m)
3 cm
B=?
(4 x 10-7 TAm)(6 A)
3 cm I1 = 4 A B2  40.0 T
2(0.03 m)
Resultant is vector sum: BR = B
0 I
B
2 r BR = 26.7 T – 40 T = -13.3 T

B1 is positive
BR is into paper: B = -13.3 T
B2 is negative
 Force Between Parallel Wires
Recall wire with I1
creates B1 at P: P
0 I1 F2 I2
B1  d d I1
2 d
Out of paper!

Now suppose another wire with current I2 in same direction

is parallel to first wire. Wire 2 experiences force F2 due to B1.

I2
From right-hand rule, Force
Force FF22isis
what is direction of F2? Downward B
Downward
F2
 Parallel Wires (Cont.)
Now start with wire 2. B2 into paper
I2 creates B2 at P: 2
I2
0 I 2 d
B2  d F1
2 d I1
1 x P
INTO paper!

Now the wire with current I1 in same direction is parallel to

first wire. Wire 1 experiences force F1 due to B2.

From right-hand rule, F1

Force
Force FF11isis B
what is direction of F1? Upward
Upward
I1
 Parallel Wires (Cont.)
We
We have
have seen
seen that
that Attraction
two
two parallel
parallel wires
wires with
with
currents F2 I2
currents in
in the
the same
same d
direction
direction are
are attracted
attracted F1 I1
to
to each
each other.
other.

Use Repulsion F2
Use right -hand force
right-hand force
rule
rule to
to show
show that
that
oppositely
oppositely directed
directed d I2
currents
I1
currents repel
repel each
each
other.
other. F1
 Calculating Force on Wires
The field from current in
wire 2 is given by: Attraction
2
0 I 2 F2 I2
B2  d
2 d F1 I1
1
The force F1
FF11 == II11BB22LL L
on wire 1 is:

 0 I 2  The same equation results

F1  I1  L
 2 d  when considering F2 due to B1

The F 0 I1 I 2
The force
force per
per unit
unit length
length for
for 
two
two wires
wires separated by dd is:
separated by is: L 2 d
Example 5: Two wires 5 cm apart carry
currents. The upper wire has 4 A north and
the lower wire has 6 A south. What is the
mutual force per unit length on the wires?
Upper wire F 0 I1 I 2

2 I =4A L 2 d
F2 2
d=5 cm F I1 = 6 A; I2 = 4 A; d = 0.05 m
1 I1 = 6 A
1
L Right-hand rule applied to
Lower wire either wire shows repulsion.

F (4 x 10-7 TAm )(6 A)(4 A) F

  9.60 x 10-5 N/m
L 2 (0.05 m) L
Magnetic Field in a Current Loop
Right -hand rule
Right-hand shows BB
rule shows
field
field directed
directed out
out of
of center.
center.

I N
B I
Out

Single 0 I Coil of N 0 NI
loop: B B
2R loops: 2R
 The Solenoid
AA solenoid
solenoid consists
consists of of many
many Permeability 
turns
turns NN of of aa wire
wire inin shape
shape N
of
of aa helix.
helix. The The magnetic
magnetic BB- - S
field
field isis similar
similar to
to that
that ofof aa
bar
bar magnet.
magnet. The The core
core can
can
be
be air
air oror any
any material.
material.

IfIf the
the core air: 
core isis air:  4
4 xx 10
10-7Tm/A
-7
Tm/A
The relative permeability r uses this value as a comparison.

The
The relative
relative permeability

permeability r  or    r 0
for medium (( rr ):):
for aa medium 0
 The B-field for a Solenoid
For
For aa solenoid
solenoid of length LL,,
of length Solenoid
L
with NN turns
with turns and current II,,
and current N
the BB--field
the field isis given
given by:
by: S

 NI
B 
L

Such aa BB--field
Such field isis called
called the
the magnetic
magnetic induction
induction since
since itit
arises
arises or
or isis produced
produced by by the
the current.
current. ItIt applies
applies toto the
the
interior
interior of
of thethe solenoid,
solenoid, andand its
its direction
direction isis given
given by
by
the
the right -hand thumb
right-hand thumb rule
rule applied
applied toto any
any current
current coil.
coil.
 Example 6: A solenoid of length 20 cm and
100 turns carries a current of 4 A. The
relative permeability of the core is 12,000.
What is the magnetic induction of the coil?
I = 4 A; N = 100 turns N = 100
turns 20 cm
L = 0.20 m;    r 0
  (12000)(4 x107 T m
A )
  0.0151 TAm  I=4A

(0.0151 TAm )(100)(4 A)

B BB == 30.2
30.2 TT
0.200 m
AA ferromagnetic
ferromagnetic core
core can
can significantly
significantly increase
increase the
the B-field
B-field !!
 Summary of Formulas
The
The force
force FF on
on aa wire
wire
carrying F B
carrying current
current II in
in B
aa given
given BB-field.
-field. 
I sin  v
I
FF == IBL
IBL sin
sin  Current I in wire: Length L

F1 n The
The torque
torque onon aa loop
loop or
or coil
coil
A of
of NN turns
turns and
and current
current II in
in

aa BB-field
-field at
at known angle .
known angle .
N S

B F2   NIBA sin 
 Summary (Continued)
AA circular
circular magnetic field BB isis induced
magnetic field induced Circular B
by
by aa current
current in
in aa wire.
wire. The
The direction
direction isis
given
given byby the
the right -hand thumb
right-hand thumb rule .
rule. I
The magnitude depends 0 I
on the current I and the B r B
distance r from the wire. 2 r X

I
Permeability: == 44xx 10
Permeability: 10-7 TTm/A
-7
m/A
 Summary (Continued)
The force per unit length for F 0 I1 I 2
two wires separated by d is:

L 2 d

Single 0 I Coil of N 0 NI
loop: B B
2R loops: 2R

For a solenoid of length L,  NI

with N turns and current I, B
the B-field is given by:
L
 CONCLUSION: Chapter 30
Torque and Magnetic Fields