The

Teaching
Profession

Submitted by: Zyril Mae Reyes

PCED-03-301A
Submitted to: John Salem Teodosio
Country Level of Education Descriptin of each level
Australia Primary School School education (Primary and Secondary)
Secondary School
Senior Secondary School School education is similar across all of
Tertiary Education Australia with only minor variations between
states and territories. School education
(primary and secondary) is compulsory
between the ages of six and sixteen (Year 1 to
Year 9 or 10). School education is 13 years and
divided into:

Primary school - Runs for seven or eight years,

starting at Kindergarten/Preparatory through
to Year 6 or 7

Secondary school - Runs for three or four

years, from Years 7 to 10 or 8 to 10.

Senior secondary school - Runs for two years,

Years 11 and 12.

Tertiary education
Tertiary education includes both higher
education (including universities) and
vocational education and training (VET).

China In China, the education is divided into three Basic Education

categories:
 Basic Education Basic education in China includes pre-school
 Higher Education education (usually three years), primary
 Adult Education. education (six years, usually starting at the age
By law, each child must have nine years of of six) and secondary education (six years).
compulsory education from primary school (six
years) to junior secondary education (three Secondary education has two routes: academic
years). secondary education and
specialized/vocational/technical secondary
education. Academic secondary education
consists of junior (three years) and senior
middle schools (three years). Junior middle
school graduates wishing to continue their
education take a locally administered entrance
exam, on the basis of which they will have the
option of i) continuing in an academic senior
middle school; or ii) entering a vocational
middle school (or leave school at this point) to
receive two to four years of training. Senior
middle school graduates wishing to go to
universities must take National Higher
Education Entrance Exam (Gao Kao). According
to the Chinese Ministry of Education, in June
2015, 9.42 million students took the exam.

Higher Education

Higher education is further divided into two

categories:
1) universities that offer four-year or five-year
undergraduate degrees to award academic
degree qualifications; and
2) colleges that offer three-year diploma or
certificate courses on both academic and
vocational subjects. Postgraduate and doctoral
programmes are only offered at universities.
 Adult Education

The adult education ranges from primary

education to higher education. For example,
adult primary education includes Workers’
Primary Schools, Peasants’ Primary Schools in
an effort to raise literacy level in remote areas;
adult secondary education includes specialized
secondary schools for adults; and adult higher
education includes traditional radio/TV
universities (now online), most of which offer
certificates/diplomas but a few offer regular
undergraduate degrees.

Japan Primary or Elementary School The schooling years in the Japanese education
Middle or Junior School system are segmented along the lines of 6-3-3-
High School 4: 6 years of primary or elementary school; 3
University School years of middle or junior high school; 3 years of
high school; and 4 years of university.
However, the government announced
(October 2005, Daily Yomiuri) that it intended
to make changes in the Education Law to allow
schools to merge the 6-3 division between
elementary and middle schools and to create
an integrated curriculum. The key purpose for
this change is to allow elementary and middle
schools to pool or share their resources, with
special regard to making available specialist
teachers of middle schools to elementary
schools.

USA Pre-higher education:

Duration of compulsory education:

Age of entry: 6

Age of exit: 16

Structure of school system:

Pre-Primary
Type of school providing this education: A)
Kindergarten B) Nursery Schools C) Preschool
programmes; D) Child/day Care Centres

Length of program in years: 2

Age level from: 3 to: 6

Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies.

Certificates may be given, especially if needed,
to prove attendance for entry into Elementary
School.
 Primary
Type of school providing this education:
Elementary School (Grades 1-4 on average, but
state and local practice may vary).

Length of program in years: 4

Age level from: 6 to: 10

Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies.

Awards may be given in States/Districts when
necessary for transition to Middle School.
Primary
Type of school providing this education:
Elementary Schools (Grades 1-6 or 7)

Age level from: 6 to: 14

Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies.

Awards may be given in States/Districts when
necessary for transition to Secondary School
.
Middle
Type of school providing this education: Middle
Schools (Grades 4-6, 5-7 or 6-8)

Length of program in years: 3

Age level from: 10 to: 14

Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies.

Awards may be given in States/Districts where
middle school is a recognized level.
Secondary
Type of school providing this education: High
Schools (Grades 7-12 or 8-12)

Length of program in years: 6

Age level from: 13 to: 18

Certificate/diploma awarded: High School

Diploma (Regular/Standard, Vocational,
Honor/Regents, College/Academic Preparatory)
Junior Secondary
Type of school providing this education: Junior
High Schools (Grades 7-8, 7-9 or 8-9)

Length of program in years: 3

Age level from: 13 to: 15

Certificate/diploma awarded: Practice varies.

Awards may be given in States/Districts where
secondary education is divided into lower and
upper divisions.

Upper Secondary
Type of school providing this education: High
Schools, Senior High Schools (Grades 9-12 or
10-12)

Length of program in years: 4

Age level from: 15 to: 18

 Certificate/diploma awarded: High School
Diploma (Regular/Standard, Vocational,
Honor/Regents, College/Academic Preparatory)

England/ UK Primary Education Primary Education

Secondary Education Primary education begins in the UK at age 5
Further Education and continues until age 11, comprising key
Higher Education stages one and two under the UK educational
system. Please visit the British Council page for
more information on primary education.

Secondary Education
From age 11 to 16, students will enter
secondary school for key stages three and four
and to start their move towards taking the
GCSE's - learn more about secondary education
in the UK and what it will involve. Primary and
secondary education is mandatory in the UK;
after age 16, education is optional.

Further Education
Once a student finishes secondary education
they have the option to extend into further
education to take their A-Levels, GNVQ's,
BTEC's or other such qualifications. UK students
planning to go to college or university must
complete further education.

Higher Education
Probably the most important subject area on
this site, this explains more about the higher
education system in the UK and how it works
for international students. Most international
students will enter directly into the UK higher
education system, after completing their home
country’s equivalent to the UK’s “further
education.”

New Zealand Early childhood Education Early childhood education

Primary and Secondary Education Early learning helps children to be confident
Further Edication and curious about the world. It helps your child
to do better when they go to school or kura,
and it helps them develop important skills to
become strong, happy, and successful in later
life.
Early Childhood Education (ECE) isn't
compulsory but around 96.8% of children
attend ECE.
There are different types of ECE services and all
learning that children experience at an ECE
service or Kōhanga Reo is guided by the Te
Whāriki curriculum framework.

Primary and secondary education

Primary and secondary schools are the second
level of education.
Your child's education is free between the ages
of 5 and 19 at state schools (schools that are
 government owned and funded) if they're a
New Zealand citizen or a permanent resident.
Schooling is compulsory from age 6-16. In the
majority of schools, your child can start school
on the day they turn 5 years old (they don't
have to wait until the start of a new school
year). However some schools have a policy of
starting children at school together as a group
at the start of each term (cohort entry). Most
children stay at school until they're around 17
years old.
The education system for schools is made up of
13 Year levels. Your child's primary education
starts at Year 1 and goes to Year 8 (around 5-12
years of age). Your child's secondary education
goes from Year 9 to Year 13 (around 13-17
years of age).

Further education

Technical and vocational education

At senior secondary school level students may
begin to specialise in vocational learning. They
can get help into work or further education
from a number of programmes and
institutions.

Youth Guarantee
Youth Guarantee courses provide students
aged 16–19 with an opportunity to study
towards NCEA Level 1-3 or Level 1-3 certificates
at tertiary providers free of charge. These
courses are usually vocationally focused.

Trades academies
Trades academies teach trades and technology
programmes to students in Years 11-13 (ages
15-18). They are run through schools and other
providers.
Institutes of technology
Institutes of technology and polytechnics teach
professional and vocational education and
training from introductory studies to degrees.
Industry training organisations represent
particular industries (for example, agriculture,
building and construction, motor trade). They
offer training and qualifications for those
sectors. They funded by the government and
industry.

Private training
Private training establishments offer specific
vocational courses at certificate and diploma
level (for example, travel and tourism).

Wānanga
New Zealand has 3 wānanga (state-owned
Māori teaching and research institutions). They
teach according to āhuatanga Māori (Māori
tradition) and tikanga Māori (Māori custom).
They offer certificates, diplomas and degrees.
Some teach in specialised areas up to
doctorate level.
 Universities
New Zealand has 8 state funded universities.
Each university offers degrees in a large choice
of subjects and has strengths in specialised
professional degrees.
All of the universities are well recognised
internationally. They work with universities in
other countries on research and teaching
programmes, and with the business community
in New Zealand and overseas on research and
development.

Philippines Primary Educatiom Primary Education

Secondary Education
Higher/Tertiary Education Primary school education in the Philippines
spans 6 years in duration and is compulsory for
all students. This level of education is divided
into a four-year primary cycle and a two-year
intermediate cycle. In the country’s public
schools, Filipino children generally begin school
at age 6 or 7; however, private schools typically
start a year earlier and operate a seven-year
curriculum rather than a six-year curriculum.
At the conclusion of each school year, students
are promoted from one grade level to the next,
assuming they meet the achievement
standards set for that particular grade.
Students are rated in every subject four times
during the school year. A cumulative points
system is typically used as the basis for
promotion. To pass a grade, students must
earn at least 75 points out of 100, or seventy-
five percent.

During grades one and two in the Philippines,

the language of instruction is generally the
local dialect, of which there are over 170
nationally, of the region in which the children
reside. English and Pilipino are taught as
second languages. From third grade through
sixth grade, or the remainder of primary
education, subjects such as mathematics and
science are taught in English, with the social
sciences and humanities courses taught in
Pilipino.

Once a student successfully completes each of

the six grades of primary school, he or she is
awarded a certificate of graduation from the
school they attended. There is no leaving
examination or entrance examination required
for admission into the nation’s public
secondary schools.

The educational content of the primary school

system varies from one grade and one cycle to
the next. As you’ll recall, the primary school
system is divided into two cycles:

Primary Cycle. Four years—Grades 1-4, age 6-

11
Intermediate Cycle—Grades 5 and 6, age 11-13
There are a number of core subjects that are
taught, with varying degrees of difficulty, in all
six grades of primary school. These are:
 Language Arts (Pilipino, English and Local
Dialect)
Mathematics
Health
Science
Elementary School in Manila In addition to the
core subjects above, students in Grades 1-3
also study civics and culture. In grades 4-6
students study music and art; physical
education; home economics and livelihood;
and social studies. Values education and “good
manners and right conduct” are integrated in
all learning areas.
All students in primary school are also
introduced to Makabayan. According to the
Department of Education, Makabayan is a
learning area that serves as a practice
environment for holistic learning; an area in
which students develop a healthy personal and
national self-identity. In a perfect world, this
type of construction would consist of modes of
integrative teaching that will allow students to
process and synthesize a wide variety of skills
and values (cultural, vocational, aesthetic,
economic, political and ethical).

Education in the Philippines: Secondary

Education

Although secondary education is not

compulsory in the Philippines, it is widely
attended, particularly in the more urban areas
of the country. At this level, private schools
enroll a much higher percentage of students
than at the elementary level. According to
statistics from the Department of Education,
roughly 45 percent of the country’s high
schools are private, enrolling about 21 percent
of all secondary school students.

At the secondary school level there are two

main types of schools: the general secondary
schools, which enroll approximately 90 percent
of all high school students, and the vocational
secondary school. Additionally, there are also
several schools that are deemed “Science
Secondary Schools”—which enroll students
who have demonstrated a particular gift in
math, science, or technology at the primary
school level. Vocational high schools in the
Philippines differ from their General Secondary
School counterparts in that they place more
focus on vocationally-oriented training, the
trades and practical arts.

Just as they are in primary school, secondary

school students are rated four times
throughout the year. Students who fail to earn
a rating of 75 percent in any given subject must
repeat that subject, although in most cases
they are permitted to enter the next grade.
Once a student has completed all four years of
his/her secondary education, earning a 75
percent or better in all subjects, they are
presented a secondary school graduation
certificate.
 Admission to public schools is typically
automatic for those students who have
successfully completed six years of primary
education. However, many of the private
secondary schools in the country have
competitive entrance requirements, usually
based on an entrance examination score.
Entrance to the Science High Schools is also the
result of competitive examinations.

Schooling at the secondary level spans four

years in duration, grades 7-10, beginning at age
12 or 13 and culminating at age 16 or 17. The
curriculum that students are exposed to
depends on the type of school they attend.

General Secondary Schools

Students in the General Secondary Schools

must take and pass a wide variety of courses.
Here the curriculum consists of language or
communicative arts (English and Pilipino),
mathematics, science, technology, and social
sciences (including anthropology, Philippine
history and government, economics, geography
and sociology). Students must also take youth
develop training (including physical education,
health education, music, and citizen army
training), practical arts (including home
economics, agriculture and fisheries, industrial
arts and entrepreneurship), values education
and some electives, including subjects from
both academic and vocational pathways.

Vocational Secondary Schools

Although students who opt to study at one of

the country’s vocational secondary schools are
still required to take and pass many of the
same core academic subjects, they are also
exposed to a greater concentration of technical
and vocational subjects. These secondary
schools tend to offer technical and vocational
instruction in one of five major fields:
agriculture, fishery, trade/technical, home
industry, and non-traditional courses with a
host of specializations. The types of vocational
fields offered by these vocational schools
usually depend on the specific region in which
the school is located. For example, in coastal
regions, fishery is one of the most popular
vocational fields offered.

During the initial two years of study at one of

the nation’s vocational secondary schools,
students study a general vocational area (see
above). During the third and fourth years they
must specialize in a particular discipline within
that general vocational area. For instance, a
student may take two years of general trade-
technical courses, followed by two years
specializing specifically in cabinet making. All
programs at vocational secondary schools
contain a combination of theory and practice
courses.
 Secondary Science High Schools

The Philippine Science High School System is a

dedicated public system that operates as an
attached agency of the Philippine Department
of Science and Technology. In total, there are
nine regional campuses, with the main campus
located in Quezon City. Students are admitted
on a case-by-case basis, based on the results of
the PSHS System National Competitive
Examination. Graduates of the PSHS are bound
by law to major in the pure and applied
sciences, mathematics, or engineering upon
entering college.

The curriculum at the nation’s 9 Secondary

Science schools is very similar to that of the
General Secondary Schools. Students follow
that curriculum path closely; however, they
must also take and pass a variety of advanced
courses in mathematics and science.

Students who complete a minimum of four

years of education at any one of the country’s
secondary schools typically receive a diploma,
or Katibayan, from their high school.
Additionally, they are rewarded the secondary
school Certificate of Graduation (Katunayan) by
the Department of Education. A Permanent
Record, or Form 137-A, listing all classes taken
and grades earned, is also awarded to
graduating students.

Education in the Philippines: Higher Education

As of this writing, there were approximately

1,621 institutions of higher education in the
Philippines, of which some 1,445 (nearly 90
percent) were in the private sector. There are
approximately 2,500,000 students who
participate in higher education each year, 66
percent of whom are enrolled in private
institutions.
The public institutions of higher learning
include some 112 charted state universities
and colleges, with a total of 271 satellite
campuses. There are also 50 local universities,
as well as a handful of government schools
whose focus is on technical, vocational and
teacher training. Five special institutions also
provide training and education in the areas of
military science and national defense.

Before 1994, the overseer of all higher

education institutions was the Bureau of Higher
Education, a division of the former Department
of Education, Culture and Sports. Today,
however, with the passage of the Higher
Education Act of 1994, an independent
government agency known as the Commission
on Higher Education (CHED) now provides the
general supervision and control over all
colleges and universities in the country, both
public and private. CHED regulates the
founding and/or closures of private higher
education institutions, their program offerings,
curricular development, building specifications
and tuition fees. Private universities and
colleges adhere to the regulations and orders
of CHED, although a select few are granted
autonomy or deregulated status in recognition
of their dedicated service through quality
education and research when they reach a
certain level of accreditation.

The Higher Education Act also had an impact

on post-secondary vocational education. In
1995, legislation was enacted that provided for
the transfer of supervision of all non-degree
technical and vocational education programs
from the Bureau of Vocational Education, also
under the control of the Department of
Education, to a new and independent agency
now known as the Technical Education and
Skills Development Authority (TESDA). The
establishment of TESDA has increased
emphasis on and support for non-degree
vocational education programs.

Higher education institutions can apply for

volunteer accreditation through CHED—a
system modeled after the regional
accreditation system used in the United States.
There are four levels of accreditation:

Level I. Gives applicant status to schools that

have undergone a preliminary survey and are
capable of acquiring accredited status within
two years.
Level II. Gives full administrative deregulation
and partial curricular autonomy, including
priority in funding assistance and subsidies for
faculty development.
Level III. Schools are granted full curricular
deregulation, including the privilege to offer
distance education programs.
Level IV. Universities are eligible for grants and
subsidies from the Higher Education
Development Fund and are granted full
autonomy from government supervision and
control.
University Education
The credit and degree structure of university
education in the Philippines bears a striking
resemblance to that of the United States.
Entrance into Philippine universities and other
institutions of higher education is dependent
on the possession of a high school Certificate of
Graduation and in some cases on the results of
the National Secondary Achievement Test
(NSAT), or in many colleges and universities the
results of their own entrance examinations.

There are essentially three degree stages of

higher education in the Philippines: Bachelor
(Batsilyer), Master (Masterado) and PhD
((Doktor sa Pilospiya).

Bachelor Degrees
 Bachelor degree programs in the Philippines
span a minimum of four years in duration. The
first two years are typically dedicated to the
study of general education courses (63 credits),
with all classes counting towards the major the
student will undertake in the final two years.
Certain bachelor degree programs take five
years rather than four years to complete,
including programs in agriculture, pharmacy
and engineering.

Master Degrees

Master degrees in the Philippines typically span

two years for full-time students, culminating
with a minor thesis or comprehensive
examination. To qualify for a Master’s degree,
students must possess a bachelor’s degree in a
related field, with an average grade equal to or
better than 2.00, 85 percent or B average.
Certain professional degrees, such as law and
medicine are begun following a first bachelor
degree. These programs, however, span far
beyond the normal two years of study.

PhD Degrees

PhD degrees in the Philippines, also known as a

Doctor of Philosophy, involve a great deal of
coursework, as well as a dissertation that may
comprise from one-fifth to one-third of the
final grade. Admission into one of the
country’s PhD programs is very selective,
requiring, at minimum, a Master’s degree with
a B average or better. Most PhD programs
span two to four years beyond the Master’s
degree, not counting the time it takes to
complete the dissertation. Topics for
dissertations must be approved by the faculty
at the university at which the student is
studying.

Non-University Higher Education (Vocational

and Technical)

In recent years, vocational and technical

education has become very popular in the
Philippines. Technical and vocational schools
and institutes offer programs in a wide range of
disciplines, including agriculture, fisheries,
technical trades, technical education, hotel and
restaurant management, crafts, business
studies, secretarial studies, and interior and
fashion design. Interested candidates who wish
to pursue their education at one of the
country’s post-secondary vocational schools
must have at least a high school diploma and a
Certificate of Graduation to qualify. Vocational
and technical programs lead to either a
certificate (often entitled a Certificate of
Proficiency) or a diploma. The Philippines’
Professional Regulation Commission regulates
programs for 38 different professions and
administers their respective licensure
examinations.
North Korea Primary and Secondary Education primary and secondary education system was
Middle Schools divided into one year of kindergarten, four
University years of primary school (people's school) for
ages six to nine, and six years of senior middle
school (secondary school) for ages ten to
fifteen. There are two years of kindergarten,
for children aged four to six, only the second
year (upper level kindergarten) is compulsory.

In senior middle schools, politically oriented

subjects, including the "Great Kim Il Sung" and
"Communist Morality" as well as "Communist
Party Policy," comprise only 5.8 percent of
instruction.

Every university in North Korea has to receive a

certain percentage (twenty to thirty) of
discharged soldiers (served longer than three
years) or workers (employed longer than five
years).

Singapore Pre- School Optional Pre-school Optional

Primary School for ages 3 – 6
Secondary School Pre-schools are run by companies, community
Optional Post Secondary (University groups and charities, so fees may be payable
preparation or vocational training )
Primary School
Compulsory from age 7 Education at primary
level is free

Secondary School
Mandatory secondary education runs for five
grades, typically from age 12 to 17

Optional Post Secondary (University

preparation or vocational training )

After completing the mandatory stage of

education, students who want to progress to
university attend a ‘pre-university’ centre for 2
or 3 years of further studyAlternatively,
vocational training is offered