Katrina Rose C.

Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017
DAILY LESSON LOG
Core Subject Title: Oral Communication in Context

LESSON 2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Learning Competency:
1. Differentiates the various models of communication. (EN11/12OC-Ia-3)

I. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
a. define and explain communication model(s).
b. match a key concept to its appropriate communication model;.
c. listen critically to sound clips and identify the communication model exemplified;

II. TOPICS
Models of Communication
1. Aristotle Model
2. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver Model
3. Wilbur Schramm Model
4. Eugene White Model
5. HELICAL COMMUNICATION MODEL (Dance Model)
6. SMCR ( Berlo’s Model)
7. TRANSACTIONAL (Barnlund Model)

III. MATERIALS
MP4, speakers
References:
Flores, Ramona. 2016. Oral Communication in Context. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Pages 5-10
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication

A. Review

Teacher asks students to share their insights and comments about the communication rap
they have presented. She will also give her feedback regarding the activity and asks questions
like:

a. Why did you define communication that way?

b. How important is communication to you?

4 pics 1 word
Teacher discusses 4 general importance of communication using 4 pics 1 word. (see
appendix c)
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017
B. Motivation
Teacher asks question:
What comes into your mind when you hear the name Pia Wurtzbach?

She is a role model to everyone. She represents class and beauty with a heart. Likewise,
in communication, we have models that represent different situations. These models basically
explain the human communication process and the elements.

C. Presentation
Teacher asks: How do we define models of communication?

Why do we need these models?

D. Discussion

Students will do the activity “Do We Match”. They will match the key concept to its
appropriate communication model. As they go along with the activity, teacher discusses the
premises of the models with the use of MP4.

DO WE MATCH?
1. The concept of noise helps in making the a. Transactional Model
Communication effective by removing the noise
Or problem causing the noise.
2. Communication can take place if and only if b. Helical Model
There is an overlap between the field of experience
Of speaker and listener.
3. Communcation is continuous , dynamic, non- c. Aristotle’s Model
Repetitive, growing and accumulative.
4. Speaker prepares speech, to influence audience d. Shannon & Weaver’s Model
And persuade their thoughts towards him.
5. Communication has four parts- sender, message e. Schramm’s Model
Channel and receiver.
6. Communication is circular and continuous and f. Berlo’s Model
Can actually be observed from any point in the circle
Not necessarily starting from thinking.
7. Communication is simultaneous where the sender g. White’s Model
And receiver reverse roles each time and can be
Both sender and receiver.
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

1. ARISTOTLE’s MODEL

- First and earliest model

- Aristotle was a teacher of Rhetoric and put up an academy to produce good speakers
- Most important part is the setting where the listener is situated because it is the setting
that dictates the message
- Three settings: legal, deliberative and ceremonial
- Legal – courts where ordinary people defended themselves (no lawyers before)
- Deliberative – political assemblies, highest is Roman Senate
- Ceremonial – celebrations when they held upon winning a war, losing a leader,
welcoming a leader from another country and such occasions calledfor speeches of
welcome , poems of tribute and poems of lament
- more focused on public speaking
- Speaker plays an important role in Public speaking. The speaker must prepare his
speech and analysis audience needs before he enters into the stage. His words should
influence in audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him.
- The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the
communication process one way, from speaker to receiver.
(https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication
- This model can only be used in public speaking.
- The Aristotle's communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker
has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker's role to
deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by
the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to
receiver.

2. CLAUDE SHANNON AND WARREN WEAVER MODEL

Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

- By Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver who worked as engineers in Bell Telephone
Labs in US
- Concept of noise
- Asserts that message sent by the speaker is not necessarily the message received by
the listener because of noise or anything that hampers communication
- Ex. Dropped calls, faint signals
- was first made to improve technical communication, mainly for telephonic
communication.
- Concept of noise helps in making the communication effective by removing the noise
or problem causing noise.
- This linear model is great for electronic media, such as radio and television, because
of its one way nature, but it encounters several problems when looking at other
channels.

Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel
and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into
signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message
or the receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the
message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the
message get to the receiver as what is sent.

Example of Shannon Weaver Model

A businessman sends a message via phone text to his worker about a meeting happening about
their brand promotion. The worker does not receive the full message because of
noise. It goes like this:

Businessman: We have a meeting at the office ("at 8 am" goes missing due to phone network
disruption or noise)

Worker (feedback) : At what time?

Here,

Sender: Businessman

Encoder: Telephone network company

Channel: Mobile network

Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

Noise: Missing text due to disruption

Decoder: Mobile phone

Receiver: Worker

The transmission error is the noise in this case. The feedback lets the businessman know that the
message reached incomplete. The receiver gets the chance to get the full message
only after his feedback.

3. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL

- David Berlo. In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) linear
model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The
Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model
into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.S -Sender
Concepts:
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or
source sends the message to the receiver. The following are the factor related to
sender and is also the same in the case of receiver:

Communication Skills:
Communication skills of a person is a factor that affects the communication process. If the
sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than
if the sender's communication skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver can not
grasp the message, then the communication will not be effective. Communication
skills include the skills to speak, present, read, write, listening, etc.
Attitude:
The attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person's attitude
towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the
message.
Knowledge:
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017
Familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect
more. Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message
effectively.
Social Systems:
Values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender's way of
communicating the message. It creates difference in the generation of message. Place
and situation also fall under social systems.
Culture:
Cultural differences make messages different. A person from one culture might find something
offensive which is very much accepted in another culture.
M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. It might be in the
form of voice, audio, text, video or other media. The key factors affecting the
message are

Content:
Content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the
content.
Elements:
Elements are the non verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language,
etc.
Treatment:
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also effects
the feedback of the receiver.
Structure:
The structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the
effectiveness of the message.
Code:
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text, video,
etc.
C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms of
communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone,
internet, etc. But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the
channel for the communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.

Hearing- We receive the message through hearing.

Seeing- We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.
Touching- Many of the non-verbal communication happens from touching like holding hands.
Smelling- We collect information from smelling.
Tasting- Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.

R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. This model believes that the
thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above must be in sync to that of the
sender for the communication to be effective. The message might not have the same
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017
effect as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also
have a very good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.

Criticisms of Berlo's SMCR Model:

There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered.
There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication process.
It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication.
Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above.

4. WILBUR SCHRAMM MODEL

- Schramm is the father of Mass Communication

- Explains why communication breaks down
- Communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the field of
experience of speaker and listener
- Field of experience is practically everything that has happened in his life e.g.
language used
- Field of Experience are the things that influences the understanding and interpretation
of message like culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules.
Same message can be interpreted differently by different people. If the words and
signs they both(sender and receiver) use are common they communicate more
efficiently. For example, a person who always eats with spoon is informed that that he
has to eat with hands in that place, the person will get offended because he will think
it is impolite to eat that way. Socio-cultural gap will change the way a person
interprets the message.
- The people involved must have things in common to talk about. The message must be
something important to both. Communication will be easier if the relationship
between the sender and receiver is close. For example, old friends will have many
things to talk about in comparison to new ones as they will have a larger mutual
social circle.
- Circular communication gives opportunity to both parties to give their opinion.
- As it is dynamic and ever changing model, it is helpful in general practice.
- Sender and receiver interchanges and both are equally active.
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

5. EUGENE WHITE MODEL

- Communication is circular and continuous , without beginning and end

- Made a cyclical model
- Although we can assume that communication begins with thinking, communication
can actually be observed from any point in the circle
- These eight stages of oral communication are the following:
- Thinking – a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a speaker a stimulus to
communicate a need
- Symbolizing – before he can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the code of oral
language with which to represent his ideas and in order to make his selection
- 3. Expressing – the speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to produce the sounds of
language accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, and body stance
- 4. Transmitting – waves of sound spreading at 1,000 feet per second and waves of
light travelling at a speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the speaker’s message to
the listeners
- Receiving – sound waves impinge upon the listener’s ears after which the resulting
nerve impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve; light wave strikes the listener’s
eyes after which the resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the optic nerve
- 6. Decoding – the listener interprets the language symbols he receives and thinks
further
- Feedbacking – the listener may manifest overt behavior like a nod, smile, or yawn or
he may not show any behavior at all (covert behavior like fast heartbeat, a poker face,
etc.)
- 8. Monitoring – while the speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of
his message among his listeners, he is also attuned to what’s going on inside him; the
speaker is receiving, and decoding messages about himself from his audience in order
to adjust to the particular situation
- Implies a step-by-step sequence that starts with thinking in the speaker and ends with
monitoring with the speaker
- Communication is a repetitive, cyclical event but the dynamic quality of interaction
is not depicted.
- The speaker is the originator of the communication process and the listener is a
passive reactor who does not initiate communication.

6. HELICAL MODEL
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

- Frank Dance
- Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication process and relational interactions are very
important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of
communication and it progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary
increases. At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the
communication progresses. The same effect can be seen with communication of
humans, where you know nothing about a person at first and the knowledge grows
steadily as you know the person better. It considers all the activities of the person,
from the past and present.
- Communication is affected by the curve from which it emerges which denotes past
behavior and experiences. Slowly, the helix leaves its lower levels of behavior and
grows upward in a new way. It always depends on the lowest level to form the
message. Thus, the communicative relationship reaches to the next level in which
people share more information.
- Communication is supposed to be continuous and non-repetitive. It is always growing
and accumulative.
- child grows into adult and to the existing moment.

7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
Katrina Rose C. Flores
SHS, Laoag City Division
S.Y. 2016-2017

- Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender

and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both "sender"
and "receiver" are known as "communicators" and their role reverses each time in the
communication process as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same
time.

Criticisms of Transactional Model

 Without verbal response, the sender can not be sure that the receiver got the message as
intended. Feedback is an important component in the communication process, especially in
interpersonal communication as it gives a space to clarify misunderstandings.
 The transactional model gives the opportunity for a lot of noise because the communication
is simultaneous. For example, when many people are talking at the same time in a meeting,
the objective of the meeting will not be fulfilled.

Evaluation

Students will take the paper and pencil test.