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    Mian Atta Ur Rahim
    Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria containing few described species that have been isolated from environments like fresh water, marine areas, soil, and human feces. Evidence suggests they are abundant in the environment and important for soil ecosystems. The phylum Fusobacteria contains rod-shaped, fermentative bacteria that produce organic acids and include some pathogenic species. Both phyla contain species that have been found in human infections, though Verrucomicrobia also includes non-pathogenic species found as endosymbionts or protist associates.

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    Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria containing few described species that have been isolated from environments like fresh water, marine areas, soil, and human feces. Evidence suggests they are abundant in the environment and important for soil ecosystems. The phylum Fusobacteria contains rod-shaped, fermentative bacteria that produce organic acids and include some pathogenic species. Both phyla contain species that have been found in human infections, though Verrucomicrobia also includes non-pathogenic species found as endosymbionts or protist associates.

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    Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria containing few described species that have been isolated from environments like fresh water, marine areas, soil, and human feces. Evidence suggests they are abundant in the environment and important for soil ecosystems. The phylum Fusobacteria contains rod-shaped, fermentative bacteria that produce organic acids and include some pathogenic species. Both phyla contain species that have been found in human infections, though Verrucomicrobia also includes non-pathogenic species found as endosymbionts or protist associates.

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    8 views3 pages

    Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Mian Atta Ur Rahim
    Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria containing few described species that have been isolated from environments like fresh water, marine areas, soil, and human feces. Evidence suggests they are abundant in the environment and important for soil ecosystems. The phylum Fusobacteria contains rod-shaped, fermentative bacteria that produce organic acids and include some pathogenic species. Both phyla contain species that have been found in human infections, though Verrucomicrobia also includes non-pathogenic species found as endosymbionts or protist associates.

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    Assignment

    Submitted To:

    Dr Ishaq Shb

    Submitted By:

    M Atta Ur Rahim

    Reg. No:

    2018-UAM-835

    Course Code:

    Micro(301)

    Topic:

    Phylum of Verrucomicrobia & Fusobacteria

    Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan.


    Phylum of Verrucomicrobia
    Scientific Classification:

    Domain: Bacteria

    Superphylum: PVC group

    Phylum: Verrucomicrobia

     Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of bacteria.This phylum contains only a few described species


    Verrucomicrobium spinosum
     The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environments
    and human faeces.
     A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with
    eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and
    endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes.
     While verrucae is another name for the warts often found on hands and feet, this phylum
    is so called not because it is a causative agent thereof, but because of its wart-like
    morphology.
     Evidence suggests that verrucomicrobia are abundant within the environment, and
    important (especially to soil cultures). This phylum is considered to have two sister
    phyla: Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae within the PVC group.
     The Verrucomicrobia phylum can be distinguished from neighbouring phyla within
    the PVC group by the presence of several conserved signature indels (CSIs).
     These CSIs represent unique, synapomorphic characteristics that suggest common
    ancestry within Verrucomicrobia and an independent lineage amidst other bacteria .
     CSIs have also been found that are shared by Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydia e
    exclusively of all other bacteria.
     These CSIs provide evidence that Chlamydiae is the closest relative to Verrucomicrobia ,
    and that they are more closely related to one another than to the Planctomycetales.
     Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Verrucomicrobia belong in
    clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes( controversial taxon in bacterial
    taxonomy).
    Phylum Fusobacteria:
     The phylum Fusobacteria is described in part on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of
    the 16S rRNA gene sequences of its members.
     The phylum contains rod-shaped bacteria that stain Gram-negative.
     Described species are fermentative and produce a variety of organic acids when grown
    on carbohydrates, amino acids or peptides.
     Some species are pathogenic to humans.
     After 48 hours’ incubation at 37°C colonies are raised, irregular and have a crenated
    edge.
     Microscopic examination of Gram - stained organisms show very long slender rods,
    wider at the centre and tapering towards the end.
     Pleomorphism is the rule with coccobacillary and long, straight, slender rods being
    found.
     The fusobacteria are strict anaerobes sensitive to metronidazole and tolerant of bile and
    gentian violet.
     They are non-spore-forming and are usually non-motile. Fusobacteria are sensitive to
    vancomycin , kanamycin and penicillin.
     Leptotrichia buccalis may be isolated from human infection although its role is
    controversial. It is a commensal organism found in the mouth.
     The Gram morphology is characteristic with Gram-negative rods up to 15 μm long. The
    organisms are metronidazole sensitive and bile tolerant.
     Fusobacteria are found in mixed infections along with spirochaetes in the destructive
    facial condition cancrum oris or Ludwig's angina.
     They also participate in mixed infection with Borellia vincentii to give severe mouth
    ulceration known as Vincent's angina.
     They are also found in dental and periodontal abscesses, gingivitis, liver abscesses,
    cerebral abscess, in anaerobic cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis.

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