Feed

Flow chart of the production chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products for feed
application in the EU Characters between brackets refer to those on the following sheets
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
(1) Cultivation of soya (beans)
Refining
Soy deo distillates

(Semi batch
Soya (beans) Storage

refining)
Production of Production of Production Production
refined soya soy fatty acid of soy acid of soy deo- Soy fatty acid
(2) Drying at primary production (bean) oil distillates oils distillates distillates

Soya acid oils

Dried soya (beans) (B)Transport
Used bleaching earth Filter aids (B) Transport Refined soya
Storage (A) Transport Soap stocks (bean) oil

Crushing of soya (beans)

Separation of soya (bean) hulls Crude degummed
Hulls soya (bean)oil
Production of crude lecithins (gums)
Crude lecithins
Soya (bean) meal Storage
Production of crude oil (A) Transport
distillates OUTSIDE EU
Production of soya (bean) meal Soya (bean) hulls
(D) Transport by
(D) Transport by ocean
ocean going
going vessel
vessel (C) Storage INSIDE EU
(4) Refining
(B) Transport
Soy deo
(4.1) (4.2) (4.3) (4.4) distillates

refining)
(Semi
Blending (C) Storage
Production Production Production batch
Production
of refined of soy fatty of soy acid of soy deo- Soy fatty acid
soya acid oils distillates distillates
(bean) oil distillates (B) Transport
Soy acid oils

Refined soya
Filter Soap Used bleaching (bean) oil (C) Storage
(B) Transport
aids stocks earth (B) Transport

(3) Crushing of soya (beans) Crude degummed

(3.4) Separation of soya (bean) hulls soya (bean) oil
Hulls
(3.2) Production of crude lecithins (gums)
Crude lecithins Soya (bean) meal
(3.1) Production of crude oil (A) Transport EU FEED
Soya (bean) hulls INDUSTRY
(3.3) Production of soya (bean) meal
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
6. Risk assessment of the chain of soybean meal and oil products

1. Cultivation of soya (beans)*

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Pesticide residues above C The countries of export of soya (beans) EC Regulation 396/2005
the MRL, i.e. residues of (USA, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay) prohibits putting into
herbicides, insecticides, work with positive lists for the use of circulation commodities that
fungicides or rodenticides pesticides during cultivation which, for do not comply with the MRLs
above the MRL. some substances, may conflict with set in the annexes. EC
European pesticide residue legislation. Regulation No. 178/2006
Regular monitoring of pesticides on soya establishes Annex I that lists
(beans) shows that residue levels remain the food and feed products for
within legal limits. which pesticide residue limits
apply. Regulation 149/2008
establishes Annexes II, III and
IV that sets the MRLs for the
products listed in Annex I.

Non-EU-authorised GMOs B Different pace of approval of new GMOs This is an issue of legal
between EU and third countries from compliance, rather than one
which oilseeds are imported. Risk of on food safety.
traces of non-EU-authorised GMOs
ending up in EU imported oilseeds.

Phytotoxins C Soya (beans) may contain weeds. Directive 2002/32/EC limits Visual inspection of soya
the maximum content of toxic (beans) is recommended as a
weed seeds. control measure.

* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See Methodology document paragraph 2.3 for more information.

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
2. Drying of soya (beans) at primary production*
LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTRACT CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
TERMS

Contaminants caused by
drying

- dioxin C Burning of waste may result in Code of Practice for the Good Manufacturing Practices
dioxin formation. Up to now prevention and reduction of recommend using fuels which are not
the crushers have found generating dioxins and dioxin-like
dioxin and dioxin-like PCB compounds and other harmful
dioxin levels in crude soya
contamination in foods and contaminants.
(bean) oil to be lower than
detection limit.
feeds (Codex CAC/RCP 62- In case of direct heating, proper
2006). burners should be used. Monitoring is
regarded necessary to ensure that
drying or heating processes do not
result in elevated levels of dioxins
and dioxin-like PCBs. No use of
waste products as a fuel for direct
drying.
Feed materials derived from

soya (beans) have to comply with the

limits for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs
of the Directive 2002/32/EC.

* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See Methodology document, paragraph 2.3 for more information.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

Utilities: soya (beans) crushing, oil refining and processing

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Hydraulic oils or lubricants C Low High 3 Hydraulic oils and lubricants may contain The prerequisite programme
from equipment toxic compounds. should assure that the
contamination of product with
non-food grade hydraulic oils
or lubricants is avoided and
that the risk of contamination
of the product with food grade
hydraulic oils and lubricants is
minimised. The prerequisite
programme could involve
recording of the quantities
used.

Contaminants in water C Low Medium 2 Water is used in the crushing and refining For manufacture of feed,
such as PFOS and PFOA process. according to Regulation
183/2005/EC water used
shall be of suitable quality.

Cleaning agents and boiler C Medium Medium 3 Cleaning agents and steam (using boiler Cleaning agents used in the
chemicals chemicals) come into contact with the production system should be
product. flushed. Cleaning agents and
boiler chemicals must be
suitable for use in the food
industry.

Thermal heating fluids C Medium High 4 THF may still be used by non-FEDIOL According to the FEDIOL Use hot water or steam
(THF) from equipment members. Code of Practice on the heating. Otherwise, a control
Heating of Edible Oils during measure should assure that
Processing, the use of THF is the contamination of product
not allowed. with thermal heating fluids is

avoided.

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

3. Crushing of soya (beans)

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Toxins from pest control C Low High 3 Poisoned grain from open boxes could A pest control programme
materials end up in the food chain. must be applied that is
suitable for use in the food
chain.

Toxic compounds from C Low High 3 Industrial hexane may contain toxic Directive 2009/32/EC sets Food grade hexane must be
hexane such as benzene compounds. purity criteria for the use of used.
hexane during the crush of
oilseeds.

Foreign material like glass, P Medium Medium 3 Foreign material may be present. A system should be in place
wood, metals, etc. that removes foreign material.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

3.1 Production of crude oil

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Contaminants from filter C Low High 3 The crude oil can potentially wash Use of filter aids that are
aids contaminants out of the filter aid. suitable for the food industry.

Mineral oils from a failing C Medium Medium 3 Food grade low-medium viscosity mineral Mineral oil of the recovery The Dutch GMP-limit for
recovery system oils are used for hexane recovery. It is in system must be of food grade C (10-40) in oils is 400
the interest of the crusher to recover as quality. The prerequisite mg/kg.
much hexane as possible, and to thus programme should assure
maintain the recovery system well. that the contamination of
product with non-food grade
oils is avoided and that the
risk of contamination of the
product with food grade oils is
minimised. The prerequisite
programme could involve
recording of the quantities
used.

Pesticide residues above C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues Regulation 396/2005 sets *Certain origins of
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soya (beans) shows that residue levels limits for residues of soybeans can have a
herbicides, insecticides, remain within legal limits. pesticides. This regulation medium chance of
fungicides or rodenticides allows using a processing/ exceeding the MRL for
above the MRL. particular pesticide
concentration factor for residues.
pesticides into processed
products, providing food
safety is assured.

The FEDIOL position

(11SAF181) concludes that
based on the average oil
content in soybeans ranging
from 18%-21%, a processing
factor of 5 should be used to

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
establish the MRL in soybean
oil.

Pesticides residues as C very low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The chance of limits for a number of
2002/32 for undesirable finding them in crude soya (bean) oil, pesticides residues in feeding
substances in feeding stuff however, is very low. The use of stuff.
endosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).
Monitoring data show that its residue in
crude oil remains within the legal limit.

Hexane that resides in the C High little 3 After hexane extraction of the oil and Feed Marketing Regulation Toxicological
crude oil after recovery subsequent hexane recovery from the oil, 767/2009 stipulates that feed assessments show that
traces of hexane will reside in the crude materials shall be free from crude soya oil with
oil. chemical impurities resulting hexane levels of up to
from the manufacturing 1000 ppm is feed safe.
process and from processing FOSFA has a flash point
aids, unless a maximum limit at 121 ̊C, which is
content is fixed in the related to transport and
Catalogue. The Catalogue of storage safety.
Feed Materials, Regulation
68/2013 introduces a
threshold for the setting of
max contents for these
chemical impurities of 0.1%
(1000 ppm).

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

3.2 Production of crude lecithins

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Mineral oils from a failing C Medium Medium 3 Food grade low-medium viscosity mineral Mineral oil of the recovery The Dutch GMP-limit for
recovery system oils are used for hexane recovery. It is in system must be of food grade C (10-40) in oils is 400
the interest of the crusher to recover as quality. The prerequisite mg/kg.
much hexane as possible, and to thus programme should assure
maintain the recovery system well. that the contamination of
product with non-food grade
oils is avoided and that the
risk of contamination of the
product with food grade oils is
minimised. The prerequisite
programme could involve
recording of the quantities
used.

Pesticide residues above C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues Regulation 396/2005 sets Check incoming soybeans or *Certain origins of
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soya (beans) shows that residue levels limits for residues of the crude lecithins. In case of soybeans can have a
herbicides, insecticides, may exceed legal limits. pesticides. This regulation a pesticide residue level medium chance of
fungicides or rodenticides allows using a processing/ exceeding the limit, a feed exceeding the MRL for
above the MRL. safety assessment should be particular pesticide
concentration factor for carried out. residues.
pesticides into processed
products, providing food
safety is assured.

Pesticides residues as C very low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The chance of limits for a number of
2002/32 for undesirable finding them in crude soya (bean) oil, pesticides residues in feeding
substances in feeding stuff however, is very low. The use of stuff.
endosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).
Monitoring data show that its residue in
crude oil remains within the legal limit.

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
Hexane that resides in the C High little 3 After hexane extraction of the oil and Feed Marketing Regulation Toxicological
crude lecithins after subsequent hexane recovery from the oil, 767/2009 stipulates that feed assessments show that
recovery traces of hexane will reside in the crude materials shall be free from feed materials with
oil. chemical impurities resulting hexane levels of up to
from the manufacturing 1000 ppm are feed safe.
process and from processing FOSFA has a flash point
aids, unless a maximum limit at 121 ̊C, which is
content is fixed in the related to transport and
Catalogue. The Catalogue of storage safety.
Feed Materials, Regulation
68/2013 introduces a
threshold for the setting of
max contents for these
chemical impurities of 0.1%
(1000 ppm).

Pathogens B Low Medium 2 Microbiological growth as a result of

condensation of water evaporated from
the wet gums.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
3.3 Production of soya (bean) expeller and meal
LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Dioxin from anti-caking C Low High 3 Anti-caking agent is of mineral origin and Regulation 2439/1999/EC Purchase anti-caking agent of
agent may contain dioxin by nature. Dioxin is sets quality criteria for anti- feed grade quality.
toxic to humans and animals. caking agents.

Salmonella B High High 4 Salmonella is the major hazard for

microbiological contamination of feed.
Salmonella are widespread in the FEDIOL, FEFAC, COCERAL, The operator’s PRP The operator shall
environment and each link in the food COPA-COGECA Common programme is to cover the introduce line monitoring
chain, from the producers up to and principles for the following measures: with samples to be taken
including the consumers has a role to play management of the from the whole line, from
in reducing the risk of Salmonella harming Salmonella risk in the feed a) Preserving feed materials where the product leaves
animals or humans. FEDIOL together with chain. from contamination during the DT, from when it
three other associations representing the processing and storage eg by enters the storage silo up
suppliers and consumers of feed, ie closed systems, hygiene to and including the load
FEFAC, COCERAL and COPA-COGECA practices, or by separating the out area.
have accepted responsibility for issuing premises into hygienic zones
guidance for industry to help it control as appropriate.
Salmonella and have published the
“Common principles for the management b) Applying time and The operator is to set
of the Salmonella risk in the feed chain” in temperature control on the realistic targets for
June 2011. The European Guide to good reduction of the
Desolventiser Toaster (DT).
practice for the industrial manufacture of incidence of Salmonella
safe feed materials has been amended so c) Apply moisture control of contamination of his
as to comply with these principles. the meals/expellers meals/expellers basis
historic data.

If the monitoring system

indicates that Salmonella is
found in the finished feed
material, the following actions
shall be considered:

o Carry out
serotyping and traceability to

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
identify the source of
contamination;
o Review
processing conditions and
relevant pre-requisite
programs
o Additional
cleaning of storage and
vehicles (where appropriate);
o Additional
cleaning of plant and
equipment;
o Review previous
monitoring results
o Consider
additional training or changes
in process or procedures
o Applying chemical
treatment with the aim to
reduce Salmonella to
acceptable levels.

Dioxin from used bleaching C Low High 3 Bleaching clay is of mineral origin and Directive 2002/32/EC limits Purchase fresh bleaching The risk only applies to
earth may contain dioxin by nature. Dioxin is the dioxin content in feed earth from suppliers that fulfil integrated crushing and
toxic to humans and animals. material of vegetable origin to the FEDIOL specifications as refining plants.
0.75 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F- listed in the FEDIOL Code of
TEQ) and limits the sum of Practice on the purchase
dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to conditions of fresh bleaching
1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F- earth for oil refining.
PCB-TEQ).

FEDIOL has developed a

Code of Practice on the
purchase conditions of fresh
bleaching earth for oil refining,
which includes a maximum
limit for dioxin and dioxin-like
PCBs of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-
PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) as
upperbound value.

Hexane residue C High little 3 Hexane residue is present in oilseed Feed Marketing Regulation Toxicological
meals. 767/2009 stipulates that feed assessments show that
materials shall be free from oilseed meals with

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
chemical impurities resulting hexane levels of up to
from the manufacturing 1000 ppm are feed safe.
process and from processing Germany has contractual
aids, unless a maximum specifications of max 300
content is fixed in the ppm hexane in soybean
Catalogue. The Catalogue of meal for explosion
Feed Materials, Regulation prevention during barge
68/2013 introduces a transport.
threshold for the setting of
max contents for these
chemical impurities of 0.1%
(1000 ppm).

Cadmium C Low Medium 2 Depending on origin soybeans can contain This risk is applying to
elevated levels of Cd as a result of certain geographical
fertiliser basis Cd contaminated origins.
phosphorus.

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

3.4 Separation of soya (bean) hulls

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Salmonella B High High 4 Salmonella is the major hazard for FEDIOL, FEFAC, COCERAL, .
microbiological contamination of feed. COPA-COGECA Common
Salmonella are widespread in the principles for the The operator’s PRP
environment and each link in the food management of the programme is to cover the
chain, from the producers up to and Salmonella risk in the feed following measures:
including the consumers has a role to play chain.
in reducing the risk of Salmonella harming a) Preserving feed materials
animals or humans. FEDIOL together with from contamination during
three other associations representing the processing and storage eg by
suppliers and consumers of feed, ie closed systems, hygiene
FEFAC, COCERAL and COPA-COGECA practices, or by separating the
have taken their responsibility and have premises into hygienic zones
published the “Common principles for the as appropriate.
management of the Salmonella risk in the
feed chain” in June 2011. The European b) Apply moisture control
Guide to good practice for the industrial
manufacture of safe feed materials has
been amended so as to comply with these
principles. If the monitoring system
indicates that Salmonella is
found in the finished feed
material, the following actions
shall be considered:

o Carry out
serotyping and traceability to
identify the source of
contamination;
o Review
processing conditions and
relevant pre-requisite
programs
o Additional
cleaning of storage and
vehicles (where appropriate);
o Additional
cleaning of plant and
equipment;

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
o Review previous
monitoring results
o Consider
additional training or changes
in process or procedures
o Applying
chemical treatment with the
aim to reduce Salmonella to
acceptable levels.

Pesticide residues above C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues EC Regulation No. 396/2005 sets *Certain origins of
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soybeans shows that residue levels limits for residues of pesticides. soybeans can have a
herbicides, insecticides, remain within legal limits. medium chance of
FEDIOL contract for purchasing
fungicides or rodenticides exceeding the MRL for
sun seeds form the Black Sea
above the MRL. MRL policy in third countries differs from particular pesticide
area (contains a clause on
EU MRL policy. compliance with EU MRL residues.
legislation).

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
4. Refining
LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Contaminants in C Low High 3 Processing aids come into contact with the Processing aids that directly
Processing aids product. come into contact with the oil
must be for food use or of
(alkali solution, acids) such food grade quality.
as mercury in caustic soda.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
4.1 Production of refined soya (bean) oil
RISK LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND/OR
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS. CONTRACT TERMS

Dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs C Low High 3 A potential source of dioxin contamination Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin content Purchase fresh CB: If during
for the oil is drying of soybeans and in feed material of vegetable origin to 0.75 bleaching earth from the revision of
bleaching earth. However, the dosage ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits the suppliers that fulfil the the FBE code,
level of bleaching earth during refining is sum of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to FEDIOL specifications that code is
only 1-3%. Dioxin partly evaporates during as listed in the FEDIOL only going
distillation. 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ). Code of Practice on the apply for
purchase conditions of integrated
fresh bleaching earth crushing, and
for oil refining. hence not for
FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice on stand-alone
the purchase conditions of fresh bleaching refining, then
earth for oil refining, which includes a the reference to
maximum limit for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs bleaching earth
of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) as being a source
upperbound value. for dioxin
contamination
should be
deleted from
the justification
column.

Pesticide residues above C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residues *Certain origins
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soya (beans) shows that residue levels of pesticides. This regulation allows using a of soybeans
herbicides, insecticides, may exceed legal limits. However, the processing/concentration factor for can have a
fungicides or rodenticides experience is that pesticide residues are pesticides into processed products, providing medium chance
above the MRL. removed during refining. feed safety is assured. of exceeding
the MRL for
The FEDIOL position (11SAF181) concludes particular
that based on the average oil content in pesticide
soybeans ranging from 18%-21%, a residues.
processing factor of 5 should be used to
establish the MRL in soybean oil.

EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining
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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
Pesticides residues as C very Low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a number
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The chance of of pesticides residues in feeding stuff.
2002/32 for undesirable finding them in crude soya (bean) oil,
substances in feeding stuff however, is very low. The use of
endosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).
Monitoring data show that its residue in
crude oil remains within the legal limit.

Foreign materials like glass, P Medium Medium 3 Foreign materials may be present. Apply hygienic
wood, metals, etc. practices (eg closed
systems). Filter before
loading.

4.2 Physical refining: production of soy fatty acid distillates

RISK LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND/OR
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS. CONTRACT TERMS

Dioxin C Low High 3 A potential source of dioxin contamination Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin content Purchase fresh
during refining of the oil is bleaching earth. in feed material of vegetable origin to 0.75 bleaching earth from
However, the dosage level of bleaching ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits the suppliers that fulfil the
earth during refining is only 1-3%. sum of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to FEDIOL specifications
as listed in the FEDIOL
1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ). Code of Practice on the
purchase conditions of
Products intended for animal feed containing fresh bleaching earth
a level of undesirable substance that exceeds for oil refining.
the legal limit may not be mixed for dilution
purposes with the same, or other, products

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
intended for animal feed (Directive
2002/32/EC).

According to Regulation 225/2012 amending

the Feed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100%
of the batches of fatty acid distillates for feed
shall be tested on the sum of dioxins and
dioxin-like PCBs.

FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice on

the purchase conditions of fresh bleaching
earth for oil refining, which includes a
maximum limit for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs
of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) as
upperbound value.

Pesticide residues above C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residues Check incoming *Certain origins
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soya (beans) shows that residue levels of pesticides. This regulation allows to use a soybeans or the fatty of soybeans
herbicides, insecticides, may exceed legal limits. During refining processing/concentration factor for acid distillates. In case can have a
fungicides or rodenticides pesticide residues move from the oil to the pesticides into processed products, providing of a pesticide residue medium chance
above the MRL. fatty acid distillate. feed safety is assured. level exceeding the of exceeding
limit, a feed safety the MRL for
assessment should be particular
carried out. pesticide
residues.

Pesticides residues as C Low High 3 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a number Non-complying product
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The chance of of pesticides residues in feeding stuff. should not be applied to
2002/32 for undesirable finding them in crude soya (bean) oil, feeding stuff.
substances in feeding stuff however, is very low. The use of
endosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).
Monitoring data show that its residue in
crude oil remains within the legal limit.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
Chemical refining: production of soy soap stocks and soy acid oils
4.3
free from deodistillates
RISK LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND/OR
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS. CONTRACT TERMS

Pesticide residues above C Low Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residues Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residues Check incoming beans *Certain origins
the MRL, i.e. residues of on soya (beans) shows that residue levels of pesticides. This regulation allows using a or the soap stock and of soybeans
herbicides, insecticides, remain may exceed limits. Level of processing/concentration factor for authorised acid oil. In case of a can have a
fungicides or rodenticides pesticide residues in acid oil will mirror pesticides into processed products, providing pesticide residue level medium chance
above the MRL. that in crude oil. feed safety is assured. exceeding the limit, a of exceeding
feed safety assessment the MRL for
should be carried out. particular
pesticide
residues.

Pesticides residues as C very low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a number
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The chance of of pesticides residues in feeding stuff.
2002/32 for undesirable finding them in crude soya (bean) oil,
substances in feeding stuff however, is very low. The use of
endosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).
Monitoring data show that its residue in
crude oil remains within the legal limit.

Dioxin C Very low High 2 The FEDIOL factsheet on crushing and According to Regulation 225/2012 amending In integrated
refining in relation to soap stock the Feed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100% crushing and
production (Ref 12SAF183) indicates that of the batches of soap stocks and acid oils for refining plants,
the level of oil soluble contaminants in feed shall be tested on the sum of dioxins soap stocks can
soap stocks mirrors that of crude oils. and dioxin-like PCBs. therefore be
safely put back
on the meal.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

4.4 Chemical refining: production of soy deodistillates

RISK LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND/OR
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS. CONTRACT TERMS

Dioxin C Medium High 4 A potential source of dioxin Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin content in Deodistillates from chemical
contamination during refining of the oil feed material of vegetable origin to 0.75 ng/kg refining are forbidden for use
is bleaching earth. During chemical (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits the sum of dioxin in feed unless they have been
refining, dioxins concentrate into the and dioxin-like PCBs to 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F- treated so as to ensure that
deodistillates. PCB-TEQ). dioxin levels are matching
limits of the Undesirable
According to Regulation 225/2012 amending the Substances Directive 2002/32
Feed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100% of the (see also the FEDIOL
batches of deodistillates for feed shall be tested on factsheet on treated
the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. deodistillates for use in feed,
Ref 12SAF196).

Products intended for animal feed containing a level

of undesirable substance that exceeds the legal Fatty products obtained from
limit may not be mixed for dilution purposes with the batch refining processes
same, or other, products intended for animal feed combining physical and
(Directive 2002/32/EC). chemical refining steps in one
and the same equipment may
FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice on the be used for feed purposes,
purchase conditions of fresh bleaching earth for oil provided that there is
refining, which includes a maximum limit for dioxin analytical proof showing that
and dioxin-like PCBs of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F- limits for dioxin and pesticide
PCB-TEQ) as upperbound value. residues are respected.

Purchase fresh bleaching

earth from suppliers that fulfil
the FEDIOL specifications as
listed in the FEDIOL Code of
Practice on the purchase

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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
conditions of fresh bleaching
earth for oil refining.

Pesticide residues above C High Medium 4 Regular monitoring of pesticide Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residues of Check incoming soybeans or
the MRL, i.e. residues of residues on soya (beans) shows that pesticides. This regulation allows using a transfer deodistillate. In case of a
herbicides, insecticides, residue levels may exceed legal factor for authorised pesticides into processed pesticide residue level
fungicides or rodenticides limits.During chemical refining, products, providing feed safety is assured. exceeding the limit, a feed
above the MRL. pesticide residues concentrate into the safety assessment should be
deodistillates. carried out.

Pesticides residues as C Medium High 4 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a number of See above under “general”.
listed in EU Directive present in the environment. The pesticides residues in feeding stuff.
2002/32 for undesirable chance of finding them in crude soya
substances in feeding stuff (bean) oil, however, is very low. During
refining, endosulfan may partly end up Deodistillates from chemical
in the distillate. refining are forbidden for use
in feed unless they
have been treated so as to
ensure that pesticide residue
levels levels are matching
limits of the Undesirable
Substances Directive 2002/32
(see also the FEDIOL
factsheet on treated
deodistillates for use in feed,
Ref 12SAF196)..

Mineral oil C Medium Medium 3 Mineral oil used as anti dusting agent Check incoming soybeans or
will concentrate in the deodistillate deodistillate.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

5. Hydrogenation of soybean oil

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

nickel C Low High 3 Nickel is used as a catalyst with Processing aids that directly The nickel content of
hydrogenation (hardening) of oil. come into contact with the oil hardened oils from
must be for food use or of FEDIOL members is well
food grade quality. below 20 ppm.

Filter the hardened oil.

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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
A. Storage and transport of soybeans and soybean meal and hulls
LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTRACT CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
TERMS

Toxins from pest control C Low High 3 Poisoned grain from open boxes could end up in A pest control programme
materials the food chain. must be applied that is
suitable for use in the food
chain.

Pesticide residues above C Medium Medium 3 Post-harvest use of pesticides on oilseeds is Regulation 396/2005 prohibits Transport and storage
the MRL, i.e. residues of critical due to the limited time that is available for putting into circulation companies must use
herbicides, insecticides, the pesticides to break down. The countries of commodities that do not comply pesticides correctly and
fungicides or rodenticides export of oilseeds work with positive lists for the with the MRLs set in the annex of document this. Otherwise
above the MRL. use of pesticides which, for some substances, this regulation. they must verify that the
may conflict with European legislation, levels of the residues of
particularly in the case of soft seeds such as the pesticides used during
those of sunflowers. transport and storage
comply with EU legislation.

Contamination by the C Low High 3 Transport of oilseeds and oilseed meals usually Transport companies must
previous cargo during the does not take place in means of transport that clean farm carts, trucks,
transport by farm cart, truck are dedicated to the transport of food or feed. barges and ocean-going-
or barge or ocean going vessels before loading.
vessel Inspection on cleanliness
before loading.

Contamination by the C Low High 3 Oilseeds and oilseed meals may be Storage companies must
previous cargo during contaminated with mycotoxin containing clean sites before use and
storage previous loads. must inspect them on
cleanliness before use.

Anti dusting agent on soya C Medium Medium 3 For dust prevention, the USA allows the Check incoming soybeans
(beans) spraying of white oils (paraffins) on soya (beans) from the USA.
at levels of up to 200 ppm. In South America
soya (bean) oil is used.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
Adulteration with melamine C Low Medium 2 Analytically, melamine mimics proteins Regulation 2002/32 sets a limit of
2.5 mg/kg for melamine in feed
materials.

New Transport of soybean oil and derived products for feed application by
B. tank car, rail tank, barge or coaster (excluding ocean going vessel).
LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Contamination by previous
cargo

- Tank cars, rail C Medium High 4 Tank cars and barges may have been Tank cars and barges that are
tanks and barges used for non food or non feed not dedicated to the transport
compatible products such as of foodstuff or feeding stuff
petrochemicals. should have undergone a
validated cleaning procedure.

- Tank cars, tank containers, C Low High 3 Transport of most of the vegetable oils The Food Hygiene Check previous cargoes via
rail tanks and barges is by means of transport that is Regulation No. EC/852/2004 FEDIOL practical guide to
following EU standards for the dedicated to food stuffs. requires the transport of liquid previous cargo(es) for means
transport of food stuffs food stuffs by tank cars, rail of transport and tank lining
tanks and barges to be (Ref 07COD143F).
dedicated to that of food
stuffs.

FEDIOL code of working

practice for bulk road and tank
container transport of fats and
oils for direct food use (Ref

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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
07COD138).

- Tank coasters following EU C Low High 3 Tank coasters carrying oils and fats FEDIOL Code of Practice for Check previous cargoes via
standards for the transport of during short sea voyages in the EU the transport in bulk of oils FEDIOL practical guide to
food stuffs must have as an absolute minimum as and fats into or within the previous cargo(es) for means
the immediate previous cargoes a European Union (Ref of transport and tank lining
product that is either a foodstuff or a 14COD152) (including (Ref 07COD143F). FOSFA
product appearing on the EU list of FOSFA operational certificate of compliance,
accepted immediate cargoes of procedures). cleanliness and suitability of
Directive 96/3/EC. Ship’s tanks issued by a
FOSFA Member
Superintendent. FOSFA
combined Masters certificate
signed by the Captain/First
Officer or an equivalent
statement signed by the ship’s
owner or authorised agent,
applicable before any loading
or cargo transfer.

Contamination by cleaning
agents

- Tank cars, rail tanks and C Medium Medium 3 Increased risk at cleaning stations that FEDIOL Code of Practice for Apply good practices for
barges clean both feed and chemical tanks on the transport in bulk of oils cleaning of tanks.
one site. and fats into or within the
European Union (Ref
14COD152).
.

- Tank coasters C Medium Medium 3 Increased risk in case coaster is not FEDIOL Code of Practice for FOSFA certificate of
dedicated to feed- or foodstuff. the transport in bulk of oils compliance, cleanliness and
and fats into or within the suitability of Ship’s tanks
European Union (Ref issued by a FOSFA Member
14COD152) (including Superintendent.
FOSFA operational
FOSFA combined Masters

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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
procedures). certificate signed by the
Captain/First Officer or an
equivalent statement signed
by the ship’s owner or
authorised agent, applicable
before any loading or cargo
transfer.

Heating or cooling fluids

from equipment

- Tank cars C Low High 3 Stainless steel tanks are used which FEDIOL Code of Practice for Use of thermal heating fluids
are heated with cooling water from the the transport in bulk of oils in direct heating systems is
motor through a system of double walls and fats into or within the forbidden.
(and not coils). European Union (14COD152).

- Rail tanks, tank barges C Low High 3 Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be FEDIOL Code of Practice for Heating coils of rail tanks The use of hot water or steam
used. However, due to the relatively the transport in bulk of oils must be of stainless steel . heating is recommended.
low heating temperatures applied and fats into or within the
during transport, the chance of leakage European Union (14COD152). If thermal heating fluids have
of thermal heating fluids into the been used, the transporter of
product is low. the oil must provide for
documentation on possible
net losses and analyse
accordingly if necessary.

If thermal heating fluids have

Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be FEDIOL Code of Practice for been used, the transporter of
used. However, due to the relatively the transport in bulk of oils the oil must provide for
low heating temperatures applied and fats into or within the documentation on possible
during transport, the chance of leakage European Union (14COD152) net losses and analyse
of thermal heating fluids into the (including FOSFA operational accordingly if necessary.
- Tank coasters C Low High 3 product is low. procedures).

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

Foreign bodies P Medium Medium 3 A quality plan should require

the loading of tank cars with
refined oils under a roof.

Adulteration C/P/B Medium Medium 3 Adulteration with mineral oils has FEDIOL code of working Analyse all incoming batches.
happened with the transport of oils in practice for bulk road and tank
the countries of origin of these oils. container transport of fats and Application of minimum
oils for direct food use (Ref mandatory requirements of
07COD138) FEDIOL code of working
practice for bulk road and tank
container transport of fats and
oils for direct food use such
as availability of whereabouts
of the truck during the journey
and sealing of the tank (Ref
07COD138).

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

C. Storage of soybean oil

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY
RISK
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION STANDARDS AND/OR CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS.
CONTRACT TERMS

Contamination due to lack C Low High 3 This risk classification applies to terminals Terminals in the EU that store Food or feed dedication of
of segregation that store both chemicals and vegetable oils and fats for food storage tanks. Otherwise,
(contamination from previous oils. Less risk is involved when the tank application are obliged to storage tanks must at least
cargoes, use of incorrect terminal applies the EU list of acceptable apply HACCP (EC Regulation adhere to the EU rules on
joining, shared equipment) previous cargoes during sea transport to No. 852/2004) previous cargoes that have
the storage of vegetable oils. Least risk is been set up for sea transport
involved when the vegetable oils are in Directive 96/3/EC.
stored in tanks that are dedicated to the
storage of foodstuffs.

Contamination by cleaning C Low High 3 This risk classification applies to terminals Cleaning agents must be
agents that store both chemicals and vegetable suitable for use in the food
oils. They may abstain from using cleaning industry.
agents that are suitable for use in the food
industry. For tank terminals in the EU that
apply HACCP and that keep the storage of
vegetable oils and chemicals separated,
the chance of using the wrong cleaning
agents is very low.

Solvent from coating C Low High 3 Solvents from virgin coatings migrating to Use stainless steel tanks or in
the oil, which may end up in the fatty acid case of use of tanks with
distillates during refining virgin coating, do not feed the
FAD

Thermal heating fluids from C Low High 3 Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be If thermal heating fluids have The use of water and
failing equipment used. However, due to the relatively low been used, the storage steam heating is
heating temperatures applied during company must provide for recommended.
storage, the chance of leakage of thermal documentation on net losses
heating fluids into the product is low. and analyse accordingly, if

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 Feed
Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
necessary.

Misuse of additives C Low High 3 Additives allowed for food oil applied to oil Agree on clear specifications
for feed –or vice versa- for which use they as regards use of additives
may not have been approved.

Adulteration with mineral oil Low High 3 Adulteration with mineral oils has
happened in the countries of origin.
Control has been intensified and the
chance of adulteration taking place has
decreased.

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Risk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products
D. Transport of soybean oil by ocean going vessel
RISK LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS
HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS JUSTIFICATION CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS
CLASS. AND/OR CONTRACT TERMS

Transport contamination

- Contamination by previous C Medium Medium 3 Ocean going vessels carrying oils and fats Directive 96/3/EC (Derogation to EC FOSFA certificate of
cargoes present in tanks or for edible use into the EU must have as an Regulation No. 852/2004) requires that compliance, cleanliness
pipes absolute minimum that the immediate previous loads have to be checked. and suitability of Ship’s
previous cargoes is a product that is either tanks issued by a FOSFA
a foodstuff or a product appearing on the Member Superintendent.
EU list of accepted immediate cargoes of FOSFA combined Masters
Directive 96/3/EC. certificate signed by the
FOSFA contracts oblige the seller to
Captain/First Officer or an
inform the buyer what the three
equivalent statement
preceding cargoes have been during
signed by the ship’s owner
the sea transport of oils and fats.
or authorised agent,
applicable before any
loading or cargo transfer
FEDIOL Code of Practice for the
transport in bulk of oils and fats into or
within the European Union (Ref
14COD152) (including FOSFA
operational procedures).

The EU has not regulated the sea

transport of oils and fats for feed
application.

The use of dedicated pipe

lines at loading and
unloading.

- Contamination by cleaning C Low High 3 Usually maritime business sticks to good Check ship log-book.
agents practice.

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Solvent from coating C Low High 3 Solvents from virgin coatings migrating to Use stainless steel tanks Solvent from coating
the oil, which may end up in the fatty acid or in case of use of tanks
distillates during refining with virgin coating, do not
feed the FAD

Thermal heating fluids C Low High 3 Toxic thermal heating fluids may still be FEDIOL Code of Practice for the If thermal heating fluids The use of water and steam
(THF) from equipment used. However, due to the relatively low transport in bulk of oils and fats into or have been used, the heating is recommended.
heating temperatures applied during within the European Union (including transporter of the oil must
transport, the chance of leakage of FOSFA operational procedures). provide for documentation
thermal heating fluids into the product is on possible net losses and
low. analyse accordingly if
necessary.

Hydraulic oils from portable C Low High 3 Hydraulic oils from portable pumps may The use of portable pumps Hydraulic motors that are
pumps be toxic. with clear separation of directly linked to the pump
hydraulic motor from allow for unwanted leakages
pump. If not, hydraulic oils of hydraulic oil into the
of food grade quality must vegetable oil in case of seal
be used. failure.

Adulteration with mineral oil Low High 3 Adulteration with mineral oils has
happened in the countries of origin.
Control has been intensified and the
chance of adulteration taking place has
decreased.

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