CELLULAR

COMMUNICATIONS
By
Kailas K Sawant, Assistant Professor
Email:- [email protected]
CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION
 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION: BIO

Cellular communication is an umbrella term used in biology and

more in depth in biophysics and biochemistry to identify different
types of communication methods between living cells.

Some of the methods include cell signalling among others.

This process allows millions of cells to communicate and work

together to perform important bodily processes that are
necessary for survival.

Both multicellular and unicellular organisms heavily rely on cell-

cell communication
 CELLULAR COMMUNICATION: ELECTRONIC NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
What is Cellular Communications: Mobile Technology?

Cellular communication is a form of communication technology

that enables the use of mobile phones.

A mobile phone is a bidirectional radio that enables simultaneous

transmission and reception.

Cellular communication is based on the geographic division of the

communication coverage area into cells, and within cells.

Each cell is allocated a given number of frequencies (or channels)

that allow a large number of subscribers to conduct conversations
simultaneously.
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

Fig. Illustration of communication coverage by spatial division to cells with base stations.
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

Fig. Illustration of Cellular communication Fig. Illustration of smart phone communications

telephony in a city
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

The common element of all generations of cellular

communication technologies is the use of defined
radiofrequencies (RF), as well as frequency reuse.

This enables the provision of a service to a large number

of subscribers while reducing the number of channels
(band width).

It also enables the creation of wide communication

networks by fully integrating the advanced capabilities of
the mobile phone.
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

The cellular communication network using

access technology and others may
conduct dynamic communications
adapted to the conditions of reception and
the quality of communication.
What is Cellular Communications: Mobile Technology?

Mobile phone or cellular technology is

widely used and is based upon the concept
of frequency re-use by the application on a
series of coverage cells.
 DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

oAlthough cellular communications are now accepted into everyday life, it

took many years for their development to occur.
oAlthough the basic concepts for cellular communications technology were
proposed in the 1940s it was not until the mid-1980s that the radio
technology and systems were deployed to enable widespread availability.
oUsage of the cellular communications systems grew rapidly and as an
example it was estimated that within the United Kingdom more calls were
made using mobile phones than wired devices by 2011.
oAnother example of the growth of cellular telecommunications systems
occurred in 2004 when the GSMA announced at Mobile World Congress in
February 2004 that there were more than 1 billion GSM mobile subscribers –
it had taken 12 years since the first network was launched.
oBy comparison it had taken over 100 years for the same figure to be
reached for wired telephone connections.
oThen by 2015 more than 7 billion mobile subscriptions (for all technologies)
were active.
 CELLULAR TELECOMMUNICATIONS GENERATIONS
There is a lot of talk about the mobile phone generations. 3G moves on to 4G and
then onto 5G.

Each mobile phone generation had its own aims and was able to provide different
levels of functionality.

There may have also been several different competing standards within the different
generations.

The 4G there was global consensus(Agreement) on the system to use and this
facilitated global roaming.
GENERATION APPROX LAUNCH YEAR FOCUS

1G 1979 Mobile voice

2G 1991 Mobile voice
3G 2001 Mobile Broadband
4G 2009 Mobile Broadband
5G 2020 (expected) Ubiquitous(Everywhere)
connectivity
KEY CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
❖As the name indicates, cellular telecommunications
technology is based around the concept of using a
large number of base stations each covering a small
area or cell.

❖With each base station communicating with a

reasonable number of users, it means that the whole
system can accommodate a huge number of
connections, and the levels of frequency use are good.

❖A cellular communications system has a number of

different areas, each of which performs a different
function.
 KEY CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
The main areas, Each of these areas can often be split
much further into different entities.
Mobile handset or user equipment,(UE):
❑The user equipment or mobile phone is the element of a
mobile communications system that the user sees.

❑It connects to the network and enables the user to access

voice and data services.

❑The user equipment could also be a dongle used for

accessing data on a laptop, or it could also be a modem on
another form of device – for example cellular communications
is starting to be used for Internet of Things, IoT applications
and as a result it could be attached to a smart meter to
automatically send meter readings or it could be used for any
one of a host of other applications.
 KEY CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
The main areas, Each of these areas can often be split
much further into different entities.
Radio access network,(RAN):
❑The radio access network is at the periphery of the cellular
communications system.

❑It provides the link to the user equipment from the cellular
network.

❑It comprises a number of elements and broadly includes the

base station and base station controller.

❑With cellular communications technology advancing, the

terms used and exactly what they contain is changing, but
their basic function remains essentially the same.
 KEY CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
The main areas, Each of these areas can often be split
much further into different entities.

Core network:
❑The core network is the hub of the cellular
communications system.

❑It manages the overall system as well as

storing user data, manages access control,
links to the external world and provides a host
of other functions.
 CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
Cellular networks offer a number of desirable
features:
▪More capacity than a single large transmitter, since
the same frequency can be used for multiple links as
long as they are in different cells.

▪Mobile devices use less power than with a single

transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are
closer.

▪Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial

transmitter, since additional cell towers can be
added indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon.
CELLULAR ANTENNAS

Top of a cellular radio tower

 CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS :A CONCEPT
In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into
cells, in a pattern which depends on terrain and reception characteristics but which can
consist of roughly hexagonal, square, circular or some other regular shapes, although
hexagonal cells are conventional.

Each of these cells is assigned

with multiple frequencies (f1–
f6) which have
corresponding radio base
stations.

The group of frequencies can

be re-used in other cells,
provided that the same
frequencies are not re-used in
adjacent neighbouring cells as
that would cause co-channel
interference.

Fig.Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern.

 CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS :FREQUENCY REUSE
The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a
single transmitter, comes from the mobile communication switching system
developed by Amos Joel of Bell Labs that permitted multiple callers in the same
area to use the same frequency by switching calls made using the same
frequency to the nearest available cellular tower having that frequency available
and from the fact that the same radio frequency can be reused in a different
area for a completely different transmission.

If there is a single plain transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any
given frequency. Unfortunately, there is inevitably some level of interference
from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means
that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between
cells which reuse the same frequency.

In the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel
selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would
change from channel to channel. The drivers knew which frequency covered
approximately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they
would try other channels until they found one that worked. The taxi drivers would only
speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator. This is, in a sense, time-
division multiple access (TDMA).
 CELL SIGNAL ENCODING

To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, time-division multiple

access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), code-division multiple
access (CDMA), and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) were
developed.[1]
With TDMA, the transmitting and receiving time slots used by different users in each
cell are different from each other.
With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used by different users in
each cell are different from each other. In a simple taxi system, the taxi driver
manually tuned to a frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal and to avoid
interference from signals from other cells.
The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the same result; the
distributed transceivers can select one cell and listen to it.
Other available methods of multiplexing such as polarization-division multiple
access (PDMA) cannot be used to separate signals from one cell to the next since the
effects of both vary with position and this would make signal separation practically
impossible. TDMA is used in combination with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of
systems to give multiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell.
 FREQUENCY REUSE
❑The key characteristic of a cellular network is
the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both
coverage and capacity.

❑As described above, adjacent cells must use

different frequencies,

❑However there is no problem with two cells

sufficiently far apart operating on the same
frequency, provided the masts and cellular
network users' equipment do not transmit with
too much power.
 FREQUENCY REUSE
The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse
factor.
The reuse distance, D is calculated as-
D=R√3N
Where, R= is the cell radius and N= is the number of cells per cluster.

Cells may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometres (0.62 to 18.64 mi).

The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can
be divided into smaller cells.

The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the
network.
It is 1/K (or K according to some books) where K is the number of cells which cannot use
the same frequencies for transmission.
Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4,
7, 9 and 12 depending on notation).
In case of N sector antennas on the same base station site, each with different direction,
the base station site can serve N different sectors. N is typically 3. A reuse
pattern of N/Kdenotes a further division in frequency among N sector antennas per site.
Some current and historical reuse patterns are 3/7 (North American AMPS), 6/4
(Motorola NAMPS), and 3/4 (GSM).
 FREQUENCY REUSE
If the total available bandwidth is B, each cell can only use a number of
frequency channels corresponding to a bandwidth of B/K, and each sector can
use a bandwidth of B/NK.

Code-division multiple access-based systems use a wider frequency band to

achieve the same rate of transmission as FDMA, but this is compensated for by
the ability to use a frequency reuse factor of 1, for example using a reuse
pattern of 1/1.

In other words, adjacent base station sites use the same frequencies, and the
different base stations and users are separated by codes rather than
frequencies.

While N is shown as 1 in this example, that does not mean the CDMA cell has
only one sector, but rather that the entire cell bandwidth is also available to
each sector individually.

Depending on the size of the city, a taxi system may not have any frequency-
reuse in its own city, but certainly in other nearby cities, the same frequency can
be used.
 DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS
Cell towers frequently use a directional signal to improve reception in
higher-traffic areas.
In the US, the FCC limits omnidirectional cell tower signals to 100
watts of power.
If the tower has directional antennas, the FCC allows the cell operator
to broadcast up to 500 watts of effective radiated power (ERP).

Although the original cell towers created an even, omnidirectional

signal, were at the centers of the cells and were omnidirectional, a
cellular map can be redrawn with the cellular telephone towers
located at the corners of the hexagons where three cells converge.

Each tower has three sets of directional antennas aimed in three

different directions with 120 degrees for each cell (totaling 360
degrees) and receiving/transmitting into three different cells at
different frequencies.

This provides a minimum of three channels, and three towers for each
cell and greatly increases the chances of receiving a usable signal
from at least one direction.

The numbers in the illustration are channel numbers, which repeat

every 3 cells. Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high
volume areas.

Cell phone companies also use this directional signal to improve

reception along highways and inside buildings like stadiums and
arenas.[8]
 BROADCAST MESSAGES AND PAGING

Practically every cellular system has some kind of broadcast mechanism. This can be used
directly for distributing information to multiple mobiles. Commonly, for example in mobile
telephony systems, the most important use of broadcast information is to set up channels for
one-to-one communication between the mobile transceiver and the base station. This is
called paging. The three different paging procedures generally adopted are sequential,
parallel and selective paging.
The details of the process of paging vary somewhat from network to network, but normally we
know a limited number of cells where the phone is located (this group of cells is called a
Location Area in the GSM or UMTSsystem, or Routing Area if a data packet session is
involved; in LTE, cells are grouped into Tracking Areas). Paging takes place by sending the
broadcast message to all of those cells. Paging messages can be used for information
transfer. This happens in pagers, in CDMA systems for sending SMS messages, and in
the UMTS system where it allows for low downlink latency in packet-based connections.
 Movement from cell to cell and handing over

In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower and closer to a
second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one frequency to another as needed.
If a communication was interrupted due to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base
station operator to repeat the message on a different frequency.
In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell to cell during an
ongoing continuous communication, switching from one cell frequency to a different cell
frequency is done electronically without interruption and without a base station operator or
manual switching. This is called the handover or handoff. Typically, a new channel is
automatically selected for the mobile unit on the new base station which will serve it. The
mobile unit then automatically switches from the current channel to the new channel and
communication continues.
The exact details of the mobile system's move from one base station to the other varies
considerably from system to system (see the example below for how a mobile phone
network manages handover).
MOBILE PHONE NETWORK

GSM network architecture

 MOBILE PHONE NETWORK

The most common example of a cellular network is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A mobile phone is a portable telephone
which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base station), or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to
and from the cell phone.
Modern mobile phone networks use cells because radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. Cell-sites and handsets
change frequency under computer control and use low power transmitters so that the usually limited number of radio
frequencies can be simultaneously used by many callers with less interference.
A cellular network is used by the mobile phone operator to achieve both coverage and capacity for their subscribers. Large
geographic areas are split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and to support a large number of active phones in
that area. All of the cell sites are connected to telephone exchanges (or switches), which in turn connect to the public telephone
network.
In cities, each cell site may have a range of up to approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km), while in rural areas, the range could be as
much as 5 miles (8.0 km). It is possible that in clear open areas, a user may receive signals from a cell site 25 miles (40 km)
away.
Since almost all mobile phones use cellular technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS (analog), the term "cell phone" is in
some regions, notably the US, used interchangeably with "mobile phone". However, satellite phones are mobile phones that do
not communicate directly with a ground-based cellular tower, but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
There are a number of different digital cellular technologies, including: Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaOne, CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-
DO), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA), and Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN). The
transition from existing analog to the digital standard followed a very different path in Europe and the US.[11] As a consequence,
multiple digital standards surfaced in the US, while Europe and many countries converged towards the GSM standard.
THANKING
YOU…!!

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