THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 207074. January 17, 2018.]

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES , petitioner, vs. MICHELLE SORIANO

GALLO , respondent.

DECISION

LEONEN , J : p

Names are labels for one's identity. They facilitate social interaction, including the
allocation of rights and determination of liabilities. It is for this reason that the State
has an interest in one's name. aScITE

The name through which one is known is generally, however, not chosen by the
individual who bears it. Rather, it is chosen by one's parents. In this sense, the choice of
one's name is not a product of the exercise of autonomy of the individual to whom it
refers.
In view of the State's interest in names as markers of one's identity, the law
requires that these labels be registered. Understandably, in some cases, the names so
registered or other aspects of one's identity that pertain to one's name are not
reflected with accuracy in the Certificate of Live Birth filed with the civil registrar.
Changes to one's name, therefore, can be the result of either one of two (2)
motives. The rst, as an exercise of one's autonomy, is to change the appellation that
one was given for various reasons. The other is not an exercise to change the label that
was given to a person; it is simply to correct the data as it was recorded in the Civil
Registry.
This is a Petition for Review 1 under Rule 45 assailing the April 29, 2013 Decision
2 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 96358, which denied the Republic of the
Philippines' appeal 3 from the Regional Trial Court December 7, 2010 Order 4 granting
herein respondent Michelle Soriano Gallo's (Gallo) Petition for Correction of Entry of her
Certificate of Live Birth.
Gallo has never been known as "Michael Soriano Gallo." She has always been
female. Her parents, married on May 23, 1981, have never changed their names. For her,
in her petition before the Regional Trial Court, her Certi cate of Live Birth contained
errors, which should be corrected. For her, she was not changing the name that was
given to her; she was merely correcting its entry.
To accurately re ect these facts in her documents, Gallo prayed before the
Regional Trial Court of Ilagan City, Isabela in Special Proc. No. 2155 5 for the correction
of her name from "Michael" to "Michelle" and of her biological sex from "Male" to
"Female" under Rule 108 6 of the Rules of Court. 7
In addition, Gallo asked for the inclusion of her middle name, "Soriano"; her
mother's middle name, "Angangan"; her father's middle name, "Balingao"; and her
parent's marriage date, May 23, 1981, in her Certi cate of Live Birth, as these were not
recorded. 8
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 As proof, she attached to her petition copies of her diploma, voter's certi cation,
o cial transcript of records, medical certi cate, mother's birth certi cate, and parents'
marriage certificate. 9
The Regional Trial Court, having found Gallo's petition su cient in form and
substance, set a hearing on August 2, 2010. It also ordered the publication of the
Notice of Hearing once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
general circulation in the Province of Isabela. 1 0
The O ce of the Solicitor General authorized the O ce of the Provincial
Prosecutor to appear on its behalf. 1 1 Trial then ensued.
During trial, Gallo testi ed on her allegations. She showed that her college
diploma, voter's certi cation, and transcript indicated that her name was "Michelle
Soriano Gallo." The doctor who examined her also certi ed that she was female. 1 2 On
cross-examination, Gallo explained that she never undertook any gender-reassignment
surgery and that she led the petition not to evade any civil or criminal liability, but to
obtain a passport. 1 3
The Regional Trial Court, in its December 7, 2010 Order, granted the petition. 1 4 It
lent credence to the documents Gallo presented and found that the corrections she
sought were "harmless and innocuous." 1 5 It concluded that there was a necessity to
correct Gallo's Certi cate of Live Birth and applied Rule 108 of the Rules of Court, 1 6
citing Republic v. Cagandahan. 1 7 Thus:
WHEREFORE, above premises considered, an order is hereby issued
directing the Civil Registrar General, NSO through the Municipal Civil Registrar of
Ilagan, Isabela to correct the entries in the Birth Certi cate of the petitioner as
well as in the National Statistics O ce Authenticated copy particularly her rst
name "MICHAEL" to "MICHELLE," gender from "MALE" to "FEMALE," middle
name of petitioner to be entered as "SORIANO," middle names of petitioner's
parents to be properly supplied as "ANGANGAN" for the mother and "BALINGAO"
for the father, as well as date of marriage of petitioner's parents to be recorded
as "MAY 23, 1981," after payment of legal fees if there be any.
SO ORDERED. 1 8 HEITAD

The O ce of the Solicitor General appealed, alleging that the applicable rule
should be Rule 103 of the Rules of Court for Petitions for Change of Name. 1 9 It argued
that Gallo did not comply with the jurisdictional requirements under Rule 103 because
the title of her Petition and the published Order did not state her o cial name, "Michael
Gallo." 2 0 Furthermore, the published Order was also defective for not stating the cause
of the change of name. 2 1
The Court of Appeals, in its assailed April 29, 2013 Decision, denied the O ce of
the Solicitor General's appeal. 2 2 It found that Gallo availed of the proper remedy under
Rule 108 as the corrections sought were clerical, harmless, and innocuous. 2 3 It further
clari ed that Rule 108 is limited to the implementation of Article 412 of the Civil Code
2 4 and that the proceedings which stem from it can "either be summary, if the
correction sought is clerical, or adversary . . . if [it] affects . . . civil status, citizenship or
nationality . . . which are deemed substantial corrections." 2 5
The Court of Appeals discussed that Rule 103, on the other hand, "governs the
proceeding for changing the given or proper name of a person as recorded in the civil
register." 2 6
Jurisprudence has recognized the following grounds as su cient to
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 warrant a change of name, to wit: (a) when the name is ridiculous, dishonorable
or extremely di cult to write or pronounce; (b) when the change results as a
legal consequence of legitimation or adoption; (c) when the change will avoid
confusion; (d) when one has continuously used and been known since
childhood by a Filipino name and was unaware of alien parentage; (e) when the
change is based on a sincere desire to adopt a Filipino name to erase signs of
former alienage, all in good faith and without prejudice to anybody; and (f)
when the surname causes embarrassment and there is no showing that the
desired change of name was for a fraudulent purpose or that the change of
name would prejudice public interest. 2 7
The Court of Appeals also stated that Republic Act No. 10172, "the present law
on the matter, classi es a change in the rst name or nickname, or sex of a person as
clerical error that may be corrected without a judicial order." 2 8 It applied this ruling on
the inclusion of Gallo's middle name, her parents' middle names, and the latter's date of
marriage, as they do not involve substantial corrections. 2 9
As the petition merely involved the correction of clerical errors, the Court of
Appeals held that a summary proceeding would have su ced. With this determination,
the Regional Trial Court's more rigid and stringent adversarial proceeding was more
than enough to satisfy the procedural requirements under Rule 108. 3 0
However, the Republic, through the O ce of the Solicitor General, believes
otherwise. For it, Gallo wants to change the name that she was given. Thus, it led the
present Petition via Rule 45 under the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. The Petition raises
procedural errors made by the Regional Trial Court and the Court of Appeals in nding
for Gallo. 3 1
Citing Republic v. Mercadera , 3 2 petitioner argues that "only clerical, spelling,
typographical and other innocuous errors in the civil registry may be raised" in petitions
for correction under Rule 108. 3 3 Thus, the correction must only be for a patently
misspelled name. 3 4 As "Michael" could not have been the result of misspelling
"Michelle," petitioner contends that the case should fall under Rule 103 for it
contemplates a substantial change. 3 5
Petitioner holds that since the applicable rule is Rule 103, Gallo was not able to
comply with the jurisdictional requirements for a change of name under Section 2 of
this Rule. 3 6 It also argues that the use of a different name is not a reasonable ground
to change name under Rule 103. 3 7
Finally, petitioner insists that Gallo failed to exhaust administrative remedies and
observe the doctrine of primary jurisdiction 3 8 as Republic Act No. 9048 allegedly now
governs the change of rst name, superseding the civil registrar's jurisdiction over the
matter. 3 9
To support its claim, it cited Silverio v. Republic , 4 0 which held that "[t]he intent
and effect of the law is to exclude the change of rst name from the coverage of Rules
103 . . . and 108 . . . of the Rules of Court, until and unless an administrative petition for
change of name is first filed and subsequently denied." 4 1
Respondent Gallo, in her Comment, 4 2 counters that the issue of whether or not
the petitioned corrections are innocuous or clerical is a factual issue, which is improper
in a Petition for Review on Certiorari under Rule 45. 4 3 In any case, she argues that the
corrections are clerical; hence, the applicable rule is Rule 108 and not Rule 103, with the
requirements of an adversarial proceeding properly satis ed. 4 4 Lastly, she contends
that petitioner has waived its right to invoke the doctrines of non-exhaustion of
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 administrative remedies and primary jurisdiction when it failed to le a motion to
dismiss before the Regional Trial Court and only raised these issues before this Court.
45

Petitioner led its Reply. 4 6 The case was then submitted for resolution after the
parties filed their respective Memoranda. 4 7
The issues for this Court's resolution are:
First, whether or not the Republic of the Philippines raised a question of fact in
alleging that the change sought by Michelle Soriano Gallo is substantive and not a mere
correction of error;
Second, whether or not Michelle Soriano Gallo's petition involves a substantive
change under Rule 103 of the Rules of Court instead of mere correction of clerical
errors; and
Finally, whether or not Michelle Soriano Gallo failed to exhaust administrative
remedies and observe the doctrine of primary jurisdiction.
This Court nds for the respondent. Hers was a Petition to correct the entry in
the Civil Registry.

In assailing the Court of Appeals' ruling that the change sought by Gallo was a
mere correction of error, petitioner raises a question of fact not proper under a Rule 45
Petition, which should only raise questions of law.
Time and again, it has been held that this Court is not a trier of facts. Thus, its
functions do not include weighing and analyzing evidence adduced from the lower
courts all over again.
In Spouses Miano v. Manila Electric Co.: 4 8 ATICcS

The Rules of Court states that a review of appeals led before this Court
is "not a matter of right, but of sound judicial discretion." The Rules of Court
further requires that only questions of law should be raised in petitions led
under Rule 45 since factual questions are not the proper subject of an appeal by
certiorari. It is not this Court's function to once again analyze or weigh evidence
that has already been considered in the lower courts.
Bases Conversion Development Authority v. Reyes distinguished a
question of law from a question of fact:
Jurisprudence dictates that there is a "question of law"
when the doubt or difference arises as to what the law is on a
certain set of facts or circumstances; on the other hand, there is a
"question of fact" when the issue raised on appeal pertains to the
truth or falsity of the alleged facts. The test for determining
whether the supposed error was one of "law" or "fact" is not the
appellation given by the parties raising the same; rather, it is
whether the reviewing court can resolve the issues raised without
evaluating the evidence, in which case, it is a question of law;
otherwise, it is one of fact. In other words, where there is no
dispute as to the facts, the question of whether or not the
conclusions drawn from these facts are correct is a question of
law. However, if the question posed requires a re-evaluation of the
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 credibility of witnesses, or the existence or relevance of
surrounding circumstances and their relationship to each other,
the issue is factual. 4 9 (Emphasis supplied)
In the case at bar, petitioner raises an issue which requires an evaluation of
evidence as determining whether or not the change sought is a typographical error or a
substantive change requires looking into the party's records, supporting documents,
testimonies, and other evidence.
On changes of rst name, Republic Act No. 10172, which amended Republic Act
No. 9048, is helpful in identifying the nature of the determination sought.
Republic Act No. 10172 5 0 de nes a clerical or typographical error as a recorded
mistake, "which is visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding ." Thus:
Section 2. De nition of Terms. — As used in this Act, the following
terms shall mean:
xxx xxx xxx
(3) "Clerical or typographical error" refers to a mistake committed in
the performance of clerical work in writing, copying, transcribing or typing an
entry in the civil register that is harmless and innocuous, such as misspelled
name or misspelled place of birth, mistake in the entry of day and month in the
date of birth or the sex of the person or the like, which is visible to the eyes or
obvious to the understanding, and can be corrected or changed only by
reference to other existing record or records: Provided, however, That no
correction must involve the change of nationality, age, or status of the
petitioner. 5 1
Likewise, Republic Act No. 9048 5 2 states:
Section 2. De nition of Terms. — As used in this Act, the following
terms shall mean:
xxx xxx xxx
(3) "Clerical or typographical error" refers to a mistake committed in
the performance of clerical work in writing, copying, transcribing or typing an
entry in the civil register that is harmless and innocuous, such as misspelled
name or misspelled place of birth or the like, which is visible to the eyes or
obvious to the understanding, and can be corrected or changed only by
reference to other existing record or records: Provided, however, That no
correction must involve the change of nationality, age, status or sex of the
petitioner. 5 3
By qualifying the de nition of a clerical, typographical error as a mistake "visible
to the eyes or obvious to the understanding," the law recognizes that there is a factual
determination made after reference to and evaluation of existing documents presented.
Thus, corrections may be made even though the error is not typographical if it is
"obvious to the understanding," even if there is no proof that the name or circumstance
in the birth certificate was ever used.
This Court agrees with the Regional Trial Court's determination, concurred in by
the Court of Appeals, that this case involves the correction of a mere error. As these are
findings of fact, this Court is bound by the lower courts' findings.

II.A
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 In any case, Rule 103 of the Rules of Court does not apply to the case at bar. The
change in the entry of Gallo's biological sex is governed by Rule 108 of the Rules of
Court while Republic Act No. 9048 applies to all other corrections sought.
Under Article 407 of the Civil Code, the books in the Civil Register include "acts,
events and judicial decrees concerning the civil status of persons," 5 4 which are prima
facie evidence of the facts stated there. 5 5
Entries in the register include births, marriages, deaths, legal separations,
annulments of marriage, judgments declaring marriages void from the beginning,
legitimations, adoptions, acknowledgments of natural children, naturalization, loss or
recovery of citizenship, civil interdiction, judicial determination of liation, voluntary
emancipation of a minor, and changes of name. 5 6 TIADCc

As stated, the governing law on changes of rst name is currently Republic Act
No. 10172, which amended Republic Act No. 9048. Prior to these laws, the controlling
provisions on changes or corrections of name were Articles 376 and 412 of the Civil
Code.
Article 376 states the need for judicial authority before any person can change
his or her name. 5 7 On the other hand, Article 412 provides that judicial authority is also
necessary before any entry in the civil register may be changed or corrected. 5 8
Under the old rules, a person would have to le an action in court under Rule 103
for substantial changes in the given name or surname provided they fall under any of
the valid reasons recognized by law, or Rule 108 for corrections of clerical errors.
This requirement for judicial authorization was justi ed to prevent fraud and
allow other parties, who may be affected by the change of name, to oppose the matter,
as decisions in these proceedings bind the whole world. 5 9
Rule 103 procedurally governs judicial petitions for change of given
name or surname, or both, pursuant to Article 376 of the Civil Code. This rule
provides the procedure for an independent special proceeding in court to
establish the status of a person involving his relations with others, that is, his
legal position in, or with regard to, the rest of the community. In petitions for
change of name, a person avails of a remedy to alter the "designation by which
he is known and called in the community in which he lives and is best known."
When granted, a person's identity and interactions are affected as he bears a
new "label or appellation for the convenience of the world at large in addressing
him, or in speaking of, or dealing with him." Judicial permission for a change of
name aims to prevent fraud and to ensure a record of the change by virtue of a
court decree.
The proceeding under Rule 103 is also an action in rem which requires
publication of the order issued by the court to afford the State and all other
interested parties to oppose the petition. When complied with, the decision binds
not only the parties impleaded but the whole world. As notice to all, publication
serves to inde nitely bar all who might make an objection. "It is the publication
of such notice that brings in the whole world as a party in the case and vests the
court with jurisdiction to hear and decide it."
Essentially, a change of name does not define or effect a change of one's
existing family relations or in the rights and duties flowing therefrom. It does not
alter one's legal capacity or civil status. However, "there could be instances
where the change applied for may be open to objection by parties who already
bear the surname desired by the applicant, not because he would thereby
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 acquire certain family ties with them but because the existence of such ties
might be erroneously impressed on the public mind." Hence, in requests for a
change of name, "what is involved is not a mere matter of allowance or
disallowance of the request, but a judicious evaluation of the su ciency and
propriety of the justi cations advanced . . . mindful of the consequent results in
the event of its grant . . ." 6 0 (Citations omitted)
Applying Article 412 of the Civil Code, a person desiring to change his or her
name altogether must le a petition under Rule 103 with the Regional Trial Court, which
will then issue an order setting a hearing date and directing the order's publication in a
newspaper of general circulation. 6 1 After nding that there is proper and reasonable
cause to change his or her name, the Regional Trial Court may grant the petition and
order its entry in the civil register. 6 2
On the other hand, Rule 108 applies when the person is seeking to correct clerical
and innocuous mistakes in his or her documents with the civil register. 6 3 It also
governs the correction of substantial errors in the entry of the information enumerated
in Section 2 of this Rule 6 4 and those affecting the civil status, citizenship, and
nationality of a person. 6 5 The proceedings under this rule may either be summary, if the
correction pertains to clerical mistakes, or adversary, if it pertains to substantial errors.
66

As explained in Republic v. Mercadera: 6 7

Finally in Republic v. Valencia , the above[-]stated views were adopted by
this Court insofar as even substantial errors or matters in a civil registry may be
corrected and the true facts established, provided the parties aggrieved avail
themselves of the appropriate adversary proceeding. "If the purpose of the
petition is merely to correct the clerical errors which are visible to the eye or
obvious to the understanding, the court may, under a summary procedure, issue
an order for the correction of a mistake. However, as repeatedly construed,
changes which may affect the civil status from legitimate to illegitimate, as well
as sex, are substantial and controversial alterations which can only be allowed
after appropriate adversary proceedings depending upon the nature of the
issues involved. Changes which affect the civil status or citizenship of a party
are substantial in character and should be threshed out in a proper action
depending upon the nature of the issues in controversy, and wherein all the
parties who may be affected by the entries are noti ed or represented and
evidence is submitted to prove the allegations of the complaint, and proof to the
contrary admitted . . . ." "Where such a change is ordered, the Court will not be
establishing a substantive right but only correcting or rectifying an erroneous
entry in the civil registry as authorized by law. In short, Rule 108 of the Rules of
Court provides only the procedure or mechanism for the proper enforcement of
the substantive law embodied in Article 412 of the Civil Code and so does not
violate the Constitution." 6 8 (Emphasis in the original)
AIDSTE

Following the procedure in Rule 103, Rule 108 also requires a petition to be led
before the Regional Trial Court. The trial court then sets a hearing and directs the
publication of its order in a newspaper of general circulation in the province. 6 9 After
the hearing, the trial court may grant or dismiss the petition and serve a copy of its
judgment to the Civil Registrar. 7 0
Mercadera clari ed the applications of Article 376 and Rule 103, and of Article
412 and Rule 108, thus:
The "change of name" contemplated under Article 376 and Rule 103
must not be confused with Article 412 and Rule 108. A change of one's name
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 under Rule 103 can be granted, only on grounds provided by law. In order to
justify a request for change of name, there must be a proper and compelling
reason for the change and proof that the person requesting will be prejudiced by
the use of his o cial name. To assess the su ciency of the grounds invoked
therefor, there must be adversarial proceedings.
In petitions for correction, only clerical, spelling, typographical and other
innocuous errors in the civil registry may be raised. Considering that the
enumeration in Section 2, Rule 108 also includes "changes of name," the
correction of a patently misspelled name is covered by Rule 108. Su ce it to
say, not all alterations allowed in one's name are con ned under Rule 103.
Corrections for clerical errors may be set right under Rule 108.
This rule in "names," however, does not operate to entirely limit Rule 108
to the correction of clerical errors in civil registry entries by way of a summary
proceeding. As explained above, Republic v. Valencia is the authority for
allowing substantial errors in other entries like citizenship, civil status, and
paternity, to be corrected using Rule 108 provided there is an adversary
proceeding. "After all, the role of the Court under Rule 108 is to ascertain the
truths about the facts recorded therein." 7 1 (Citations omitted)
However, Republic Act No. 9048 7 2 amended Articles 376 and 412 of the Civil
Code, effectively removing clerical errors and changes of the name outside the ambit of
Rule 108 and putting them under the jurisdiction of the civil registrar. 7 3
In Silverio v. Republic: 7 4
The State has an interest in the names borne by individuals and entities
for purposes of identi cation. A change of name is a privilege, not a right.
Petitions for change of name are controlled by statutes. In this connection,
Article 376 of the Civil Code provides:
ART. 376. No person can change his name or surname
without judicial authority.
This Civil Code provision was amended by RA 9048 (Clerical Error Law) . .
.
xxx xxx xxx
RA 9048 now governs the change of rst name. It vests the power and
authority to entertain petitions for change of rst name to the city or municipal
civil registrar or consul general concerned. Under the law, therefore, jurisdiction
over applications for change of rst name is now primarily lodged with the
aforementioned administrative o cers. The intent and effect of the law is to
exclude the change of rst name from the coverage of Rules 103 (Change of
Name) and 108 (Cancellation or Correction of Entries in the Civil Registry) of the
Rules of Court, until and unless an administrative petition for change of name is
rst led and subsequently denied. It likewise lays down the corresponding
venue, form and procedure. In sum, the remedy and the proceedings regulating
change of rst name are primarily administrative in nature, not judicial. 7 5
(Citations omitted)
In Republic v. Cagandahan: 7 6
The determination of a person's sex appearing in his birth certi cate is a
legal issue and the court must look to the statutes. In this connection, Article
412 of the Civil Code provides:
ART. 412. No entry in a civil register shall be changed
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 or corrected without a judicial order.
Together with Article 376 of the Civil Code, this provision was amended
by Republic Act No. 9048 in so far as clerical or typographical errors are
involved. The correction or change of such matters can now be made through
administrative proceedings and without the need for a judicial order. In effect,
Rep. Act No. 9048 removed from the ambit of Rule 108 of the Rules of Court the
correction of such errors. Rule 108 now applies only to substantial changes and
corrections in entries in the civil register. 7 7 (Emphasis in the original, citations
omitted)
In Republic v. Sali: 7 8
The petition for change of rst name may be allowed, among other
grounds, if the new rst name has been habitually and continuously used by the
petitioner and he or she has been publicly known by that rst name in the
community. The local city or municipal civil registrar or consul general has the
primary jurisdiction to entertain the petition. It is only when such petition is
denied that a petitioner may either appeal to the civil registrar general or le the
appropriate petition with the proper court. 7 9 (Emphasis supplied, citations
omitted)
Republic Act No. 9048 also dispensed with the need for judicial proceedings in
case of any clerical or typographical mistakes in the civil register or changes in rst
names or nicknames. 8 0
Section 1. Authority to Correct Clerical or Typographical Error and
Change of First Name or Nickname. — No entry in a civil register shall be
changed or corrected without a judicial order, except for clerical or typographical
errors and change of rst name or nickname which can be corrected or changed
by the concerned city or municipal civil registrar or consul general in accordance
with the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations. 8 1 AaCTcI

Thus, a person may now change his or her rst name or correct clerical errors in
his or her name through administrative proceedings. Rules 103 and 108 only apply if
the administrative petition has been filed and later denied.
In 2012, Republic Act No. 9048 was amended by Republic Act No. 10172. 8 2
In addition to the change of the rst name, the day and month of birth, and the
sex of a person may now be changed without judicial proceedings. Republic Act No.
10172 clari es that these changes may now be administratively corrected where it is
patently clear that there is a clerical or typographical mistake in the entry. It may be
changed by ling a subscribed and sworn a davit with the local civil registry o ce of
the city or municipality where the record being sought to be corrected or changed is
kept. 8 3
Section 1. Authority to Correct Clerical or Typographical Error and
Change of First Name or Nickname. — No entry in a civil register shall be
changed or corrected without a judicial order, except for clerical or typographical
errors and change of rst name or nickname , the day and month in the date of
birth or sex of a person where it is patently clear that there was a clerical or
typographical error or mistake in the entry, which can be corrected or changed
by the concerned city or municipal civil registrar or consul general in accordance
with the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations. 8 4
(Emphasis supplied)
However, Republic Act No. 10172 does not apply in the case at bar as it was only
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 enacted on August 15, 2012 — more than two (2) years after Gallo led her Petition for
Correction of Entry on May 13, 2010. 8 5 Hence, Republic Act No. 9048 governs.

II.B

As to the issue of which between Rules 103 and 108 applies, it is necessary to
determine the nature of the correction sought by Gallo.
Petitioner maintains that Rule 103 applies as the changes were substantive while
respondent contends that it is Rule 108 which governs as the changes pertain only to
corrections of clerical errors.
Upon scrutiny of the records in this case, this Court rules that Gallo's Petition
involves a mere correction of clerical errors.
A clerical or typographical error pertains to a:
[M]istake committed in the performance of clerical work in writing, copying,
transcribing or typing an entry in the civil register that is harmless and
innocuous . . . which is visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding, and
can be corrected or changed only by reference to other existing record or
records[.] 8 6
However, corrections which involve a change in nationality, age, or status are not
considered clerical or typographical. 8 7
Jurisprudence is replete with cases determining what constitutes a clerical or
typographical error in names with the civil register.
In Republic v. Mercadera, 8 8 Merlyn Mercadera (Mercadera) sought to correct her
name from "Marilyn" to "Merlyn." 8 9 She alleged that "she had been known as MERLYN
ever since" and she prayed that the trial court correct her recorded given name "Marilyn"
"to conform to the one she grew up to." 9 0 The O ce of the Solicitor General argued
that this change was substantial which must comply with the procedure under Rule 103
of the Rules of Court. 9 1 However, this Court ruled that Rule 103 did not apply because
the petition merely sought to correct a misspelled given name:
In this case, the use of the letter "a" for the letter "e," and the deletion of
the letter "i," so that what appears as "Marilyn" would read as "Merlyn" is
patently a recti cation of a name that is clearly misspelled. The similarity
between "Marilyn" and "Merlyn" may well be the object of a mix-up that
blemished Mercadera's Certi cate of Live Birth until her adulthood, thus, her
interest to correct the same.
The [Court of Appeals] did not allow Mercadera the change of her name.
What it did allow was the correction of her misspelled given name which she
had been using ever since she could remember. 9 2
Mercadera also cited similar cases in which this Court determined what
constitutes harmless errors that need not go through the proceedings under Rule 103:
Indeed, there are decided cases involving mistakes similar to Mercadera's
case which recognize the same a harmless error. In Yu v. Republic it was held
that "to change 'Sincio' to 'Sencio' which merely involves the substitution of the
rst vowel 'i' in the rst name into the vowel 'e' amounts merely to the righting
of a clerical error." In Labayo-Rowe v. Republic , it was held that the change of
petitioner's name from "Beatriz Labayo/Beatriz Labayu" to "Emperatriz Labayo"
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 was a mere innocuous alteration wherein a summary proceeding was
appropriate. In Republic v. Court of Appeals, Jaime B. Caranto and Zenaida P.
Caranto, the correction involved the substitution of the letters "ch" for the letter
"d," so that what appears as "Midael" as given name would read "Michael." In the
latter case, this Court, with the agreement of the Solicitor General, ruled that the
error was plainly clerical, such that, "changing the name of the child from
'Midael C. Mazon' to 'Michael C. Mazon' cannot possibly cause any confusion,
because both names can be read and pronounced with the same rhyme (tugma)
and tone (tono, tunog, himig) . 9 3 (Citations omitted)
EcTCAD

Likewise, in Republic v. Sali , 9 4 Lorena Omapas Sali (Sali) sought to correct her
Certi cate of Live Birth, alleging that her rst name was erroneously entered as
"Dorothy" instead of "Lorena," and her date of birth as "June 24, 1968" instead of "April
24, 1968." She alleged that she had been using the name "Lorena" and the birth date
"April 24, 1968" ever since. She also averred that she had always been known as
"Lorena" in her community. She claimed that the petition was just to correct the error
and not to evade any criminal or civil liability, or to affect any succession of another
person. 9 5
In response, the O ce of the Solicitor General, representing the Republic, argued
against Sali's claim, alleging that the petition was for a change of name under Rule 103
and not for the correction of a simple clerical error. It averred that there must be a valid
ground for the name change, and the applicant's names and aliases must be stated in
the title of the petition and the order setting it for hearing. It also contended that
assuming Rule 108 was the proper remedy, Sali failed to exhaust her remedies when
she did not file an affidavit under Republic Act No. 9048. 9 6
In Sali, this Court held that Rule 103 did not apply because the petition was not
for a change of name, but a petition for correction of errors in the recording of Sali's
name and birth date. Sali had been using the name "Lorena" since birth, and she merely
sought to have her records conform to the name she had been using as her true name.
She had no intention of changing her name altogether. Thus, her prayer for the
correction of her misspelled name is not contemplated by Rule 103. 9 7
In the case at bar, petitioner, raising the same arguments as that in Sali, claims
that the change sought by Gallo is substantial, covered by Rule 103 because the two (2)
names are allegedly entirely different from each other. It argues that "Michael" could not
have been the result of a misspelling of "Michelle." 9 8
On the other hand, Gallo argues that the corrections are clerical which fall under
Rule 108, with the requirements of an adversarial proceeding properly complied. 9 9
Considering that Gallo had shown that the reason for her petition was not to
change the name by which she is commonly known, this Court rules that her petition is
not covered by Rule 103. Gallo is not ling the petition to change her current
appellation. She is merely correcting the misspelling of her name.
Correcting and changing have been differentiated, thus:
To correct simply means "to make or set aright; to remove the faults or
error from." To change means "to replace something with something else of the
same kind or with something that serves as a substitute. 1 0 0
Gallo is not attempting to replace her current appellation. She is merely
correcting the misspelling of her given name. "Michelle" could easily be misspelled as
"Michael," especially since the rst four (4) letters of these two (2) names are exactly
the same. The differences only pertain to an additional letter "a" in "Michael," and "le" at
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 the end of "Michelle." "Michelle" and "Michael" may also be vocalized similarly,
considering the possibility of different accents or intonations of different people. In any
case, Gallo does not seek to be known by a different appellation. The lower courts have
determined that she has been known as "Michelle" all throughout her life. She is merely
seeking to correct her records to conform to her true given name.
However, Rule 108 does not apply in this case either.
As stated, Gallo led her Petition for Correction of Entry on May 13, 2010. 1 0 1
The current law, Republic Act No. 10172, does not apply because it was enacted only
on August 19, 2012. 1 0 2
The applicable law then for the correction of Gallo's name is Republic Act No.
9048. 1 0 3
To reiterate, Republic Act No. 9048 was enacted on March 22, 2001 and
removed the correction of clerical or typographical errors from the scope of Rule 108.
It also dispensed with the need for judicial proceedings in case of any clerical or
typographical mistakes in the civil register, or changes of first name or nickname. Thus:
Section 1. Authority to Correct Clerical or Typographical Error and
Change of First Name or Nickname. — No entry in a civil register shall be
changed or corrected without a judicial order, except for clerical or typographical
errors and change of rst name or nickname which can be corrected or changed
by the concerned city or municipal civil registrar or consul general in accordance
with the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations. 1 0 4
HSAcaE

Therefore, it is the civil registrar who has primary jurisdiction over Gallo's petition,
not the Regional Trial Court. Only if her petition was denied by the local city or municipal
civil registrar can the Regional Trial Court take cognizance of her case. In Republic v.
Sali, 1 0 5
Sali's petition is not for a change of name as contemplated under Rule
103 of the Rules but for correction of entries under Rule 108. What she seeks is
the correction of clerical errors which were committed in the recording of her
name and birth date. This Court has held that not all alterations allowed in one's
name are con ned under Rule 103 and that corrections for clerical errors may
be set right under Rule 108. The evidence presented by Sali show that, since
birth, she has been using the name "Lorena." Thus, it is apparent that she never
had any intention to change her name. What she seeks is simply the removal of
the clerical fault or error in her rst name, and to set aright the same to conform
to the name she grew up with.
Nevertheless, at the time Sali's petition was led, R.A. No. 9048 was
already in effect . . .

xxx xxx xxx

The petition for change of rst name may be allowed, among other
grounds, if the new rst name has been habitually and continuously used by the
petitioner and he or she has been publicly known by that rst name in the
community. The local city or municipal civil registrar or consul general has the
primary jurisdiction to entertain the petition. It is only when such petition is
denied that a petitioner may either appeal to the civil registrar general or le the
appropriate petition with the proper court . . .

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 xxx xxx xxx
In this case, the petition, insofar as it prayed for the change of Sali's rst
name, was not within the RTC's primary jurisdiction. It was improper because
the remedy should have been administrative, i.e., ling of the petition with the
local civil registrar concerned. For failure to exhaust administrative remedies,
the RTC should have dismissed the petition to correct Sali's first name. 1 0 6
Likewise, the prayers to enter Gallo's middle name as Soriano, the middle names
of her parents as Angangan for her mother and Balingao for her father, and the date of
her parents' marriage as May 23, 1981 fall under clerical or typographical errors as
mentioned in Republic Act No. 9048.
Under Section 2 (3) of Republic Act No. 9048:
(3) "Clerical or typographical error" refers to a mistake committed in
the performance of clerical work in writing, copying, transcribing or typing an
entry in the civil register that is harmless and innocuous, such as misspelled
name or misspelled place of birth or the like, which is visible to the eyes or
obvious to the understanding, and can be corrected or changed only by
reference to other existing record or records: Provided, however, That no
correction must involve the change of nationality, age, status or sex of the
petitioner. 1 0 7
These corrections may be done by referring to existing records in the civil
register. None of it involves any change in Gallo's nationality, age, status, or sex.
Moreover, errors "visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding" 1 0 8 fall
within the coverage of clerical mistakes not deemed substantial. If it is "obvious to the
understanding," even if there is no proof that the name or circumstance in the birth
certificate was ever used, the correction may be made.
Thus, as to these corrections, Gallo should have sought to correct them
administratively before filing a petition under Rule 108.
However, the petition to correct Gallo's biological sex was rightfully led under
Rule 108 as this was a substantial change excluded in the de nition of clerical or
typographical errors in Republic Act No. 9048. 1 0 9
This was affirmed in Republic v. Cagandahan: 1 1 0
Under Rep. Act No. 9048, a correction in the civil registry involving the
change of sex is not a mere clerical or typographical error. It is a substantial
change for which the applicable procedure is Rule 108 of the Rules of Court. 1 1 1
(Citation omitted)
It was only when Republic Act No. 10172 was enacted on August 15, 2012 that
errors in entries as to biological sex may be administratively corrected, provided that
they involve a typographical or clerical error. 1 1 2 HESIcT

However, this is not true for all cases as corrections in entries of biological sex
may still be considered a substantive matter.
In Cagandahan, 1 1 3 this Court ruled that a party who seeks a change of name and
biological sex in his or her Certi cate of Live Birth after a gender reassignment surgery
has to le a petition under Rule 108. 1 1 4 In that case, it was held that the change did not
involve a mere correction of an error in recording but a petition for a change of records
because the sex change was initiated by the petitioner. 1 1 5

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 IV

Considering that Gallo did not rst le an administrative case in the civil register
before proceeding to the courts, petitioner contends that respondent failed to exhaust
administrative remedies and observe the doctrine of primary jurisdiction under
Republic Act No. 9048. 1 1 6
On the other hand, respondent argues that petitioner has waived its right to
invoke these doctrines because it failed to le a motion to dismiss before the Regional
Trial Court and only raised these issues before this Court. 1 1 7
This Court rules in favor of Gallo.
Under the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies, a party must rst
avail of all administrative processes available before seeking the courts' intervention.
The administrative o cer concerned must be given every opportunity to decide on the
matter within his or her jurisdiction. Failing to exhaust administrative remedies affects
the party's cause of action as these remedies refer to a precedent condition which
must be complied with prior to filing a case in court. 1 1 8
However, failure to observe the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative
remedies does not affect the court's jurisdiction. 1 1 9 Thus, the doctrine may be waived
as in Soto v. Jareno: 1 2 0
Failure to observe the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies
does not affect the jurisdiction of the court. We have repeatedly stressed this in
a long line of decisions. The only effect of non-compliance with this rule is that
it will deprive the complainant of a cause of action, which is a ground for a
motion to dismiss. If not invoked at the proper time, this ground is deemed
waived and the court can then take cognizance of the case and try it. 1 2 1
(Citation omitted)
Meanwhile, under the doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction, if an
administrative tribunal has jurisdiction over a controversy, courts should not resolve the
issue even if it may be within its proper jurisdiction. This is especially true when the
question involves its sound discretion requiring special knowledge, experience, and
services to determine technical and intricate matters of fact. 1 2 2
In Republic v. Lacap : 1 2 3
Corollary to the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies is the
doctrine of primary jurisdiction; that is, courts cannot or will not determine a
controversy involving a question which is within the jurisdiction of the
administrative tribunal prior to the resolution of that question by the
administrative tribunal, where the question demands the exercise of sound
administrative discretion requiring the special knowledge, experience and
services of the administrative tribunal to determine technical and intricate
matters of fact. 1 2 4 (Citation omitted)
Thus, the doctrine of primary administrative jurisdiction refers to the
competence of a court to take cognizance of a case at rst instance. Unlike the
doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies, it cannot be waived.
However, for reasons of equity, in cases where jurisdiction is lacking, this Court
has ruled that failure to raise the issue of non-compliance with the doctrine of primary
administrative jurisdiction at an opportune time may bar a subsequent ling of a
motion to dismiss based on that ground by way of laches. 1 2 5
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 In Tijam v. Sibonghanoy: 1 2 6
True also is the rule that jurisdiction over the subject-matter is conferred upon
the courts exclusively by law, and as the lack of it affects the very authority of
the court to take cognizance of the case, the objection may be raised at any
stage of the proceedings. However, considering the facts and circumstances of
the present case — which shall forthwith be set forth — We are of the opinion
that the Surety is now barred by laches from invoking this plea at this late hour
for the purpose of annulling everything done heretofore in the case with its
active participation . . .
xxx xxx xxx
A party may be estopped or barred from raising a question in different
ways and for different reasons. Thus we speak of estoppels in pais, of estoppel
by deed or by record, and of estoppel by laches. caITAC

Laches, in a general sense, is failure or neglect, for an unreasonable and

unexplained length of time, to do that which, by exercising due diligence, could
or should have been done earlier; it is negligence or omission to assert a right
within a reasonable time, warranting a presumption that the party entitled to
assert it either has abandoned it or declined to assert it.
The doctrine of laches or of "stale demands" is based upon grounds of
public policy which requires, for the peace of society, the discouragement of
stale claims and, unlike the statute of limitations, is not a mere question of time
but is principally a question of the inequity or unfairness of permitting a right or
claim to be enforced or asserted.
It has been held that a party cannot invoke the jurisdiction of a court to
secure a rmative relief against his opponent and, after obtaining or failing to
obtain such relief, repudiate or question that same jurisdiction . . . In the case
just cited, by way of explaining the rule, it was further said that the question
whether the court had jurisdiction either of the subject-matter of the action or of
the parties was not important in such cases because the party is barred from
such conduct not because the judgment or order of the court is valid and
conclusive as an adjudication, but for the reason that such a practice cannot be
tolerated — obviously for reasons of public policy.
Furthermore, it has also been held that after voluntarily submitting a
cause and encountering an adverse decision on the merits, it is too late for the
loser to question the jurisdiction or power of the court . . . And in Littleton vs.
Burgess, . . . the Court said that it is not right for a party who has a rmed and
invoked the jurisdiction of a court in a particular matter to secure an a rmative
relief, to afterwards deny that same jurisdiction to escape a penalty. 1 2 7
(Emphasis supplied, citations omitted)
Thus, where a party participated in the proceedings and the issue of non-
compliance was raised only as an afterthought at the nal stage of appeal, the party
invoking it may be estopped from doing so.
Nonetheless, the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies and
the corollary doctrine of primary jurisdiction, which are based on sound public
policy and practical considerations, are not in exible rules. There are many
accepted exceptions, such as: (a) where there is estoppel on the part of the party
invoking the doctrine; (b) where the challenged administrative act is patently
illegal, amounting to lack of jurisdiction; (c) where there is unreasonable delay
or o cial inaction that will irretrievably prejudice the complainant; (d) where the
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 amount involved is relatively small so as to make the rule impractical and
oppressive; (e) where the question involved is purely legal and will ultimately
have to be decided by the courts of justice; (f) where judicial intervention is
urgent; (g) when its application may cause great and irreparable damage; (h)
where the controverted acts violate due process; (i) when the issue of non-
exhaustion of administrative remedies has been rendered moot; (j) when there is
no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy; (k) when strong public interest is
involved; and, (1) in quo warranto proceedings . . . 1 2 8 (Emphasis supplied,
citations omitted)
Petitioner does not deny that the issue of non-compliance with these two (2)
doctrines was only raised in this Court. Thus, in failing to invoke these contentions
before the Regional Trial Court, it is estopped from invoking these doctrines as grounds
for dismissal.
WHEREFORE , premises considered, the petition is DENIED . The April 29, 2013
Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 96358 is AFFIRMED . The Petition
for Correction of Entry in the Certi cate of Live Birth of Michelle Soriano Gallo is
GRANTED . This Court directs that the Certi cate of Live Birth of Michelle Soriano Gallo
be corrected as follows:
1) Correct her first name from "Michael" to "Michelle";
2) Correct her biological sex from "Male" to "Female";
3) Enter her middle name as "Soriano";
4) Enter the middle name of her mother as "Angangan";
5) Enter the middle name of her father as "Balingao"; and
6) Enter the date of her parents' marriage as "May 23, 1981."
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., Bersamin, Martires and Gesmundo, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Rollo, pp. 8-25.

2. Id. at 26-33. The Decision was penned by Associate Justice Mario V. Lopez and concurred in
by Associate Justices Jose C. Reyes, Jr. and Socorro B. Inting of the Ninth Division,
Court of Appeals, Manila.
3. Represented by the Office of the Solicitor General.

4. Rollo, pp. 34-35. The Order, docketed as Special Proc. No. 2155, was penned by Acting Judge
Isaac R. De Alban of Branch 18, Regional Trial Court, Ilagan, Isabela.
5. Id. at 34, Regional Trial Court Order.

6. RULES OF COURT, Rule 108.

7. Rollo, p. 34, Regional Trial Court Order.

8. Id. at 26-27, Court of Appeals Decision.

9. Id. at 27.
10. Id.
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 11. Id.

12. Id. The CA Decision did not mention the name of the doctor.
13. Id. at 27-28.

14. Id. at 35, Regional Trial Court Order.

15. Id. at 34.

16. RULES OF COURT, Rule 108.

17. Republic v. Cagandahan, 586 Phil. 637-653 (2008) [Per J. Quisumbing, Second Division].
18. Rollo, p. 35, Regional Trial Court Order.

19. Id. at 28, Court of Appeals Decision.

20. RULES OF COURT, Rule 103, sec. 2.

  SECTION 2. Contents of petition. — A petition for change of name shall be signed and
veri ed by the person desiring his name changed, or some other person on his behalf,
and shall set forth:

  (a) That the petitioner has been a bona fide resident of the province where the petition is
filed for at least three (3) years prior to the date of such filing;

  (b) The cause for which the change of the petitioner's name is sought;

  (c) The name asked for.

21. Rollo, p. 28, Court of Appeals Decision.

22. Id.
23. Id. at 29.

24. CIVIL CODE, art. 412. No entry in a civil register shall be changed or corrected, without a
judicial order.

25. Rollo, p. 29, Court of Appeals Decision, citing Republic v. Bautista , 239 Phil. 10-17 (1987)
[Per J. Fernan, Third Division].

26. Id.

27. Id. at 29, citing Republic v. Hernandez , 323 Phil. 606-642 (1996) [Per J. Regalado, Second
Division]

28. Id. at 30, Court of Appeals Decision.

29. Id.
30. Id. at 31, Court of Appeals Decision.

31. Id. at 8-25, Petition.

32. 652 Phil. 195, 205 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
33. Rollo, pp. 13-14, Petition.

34. Id.

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 35. Id. at 14.
36. Id. at 14-15.

37. Id. at 16.

38. Id. at 12-13.

39. Id. at 18-19.

40. 562 Phil. 953 (2007) [Per J. Corona, First Division].

41. Rollo, p. 19, Petition.

42. Id. at 47-57, Respondent's Comment.

43. Id. at 51.

44. Id. at 52-53.

45. Id. at 54.

46. Id. at 60-67, Reply.

47. Id. at 73-92, Republic's Memorandum; rollo, pp. 104-116, Gallo's Memorandum.
4 8 . G.R. No. 205035, November 16, 2016 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2016/november2016/205035.pdf> [Per J. Leonen, Second Division].

49. Id., citing RULES OF COURT, Rule 45, sec. 1 and 6; Bases Conversion Development Authority
v. Reyes , 711 Phil. 631-643 (2012) [Per J. Perlas-Bernabe, Second Division]; Quintos v.
Nicolas, 736 Phil. 438, 451 (2014) [Per J. Velasco, Third Division].
50. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012), Authority to Correct Certain Clerical or Typographical Errors
Appearing in the Civil Register without Need of a Judicial Order.
51. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012), sec. 2.
52. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), Authority to Correct Clerical or Typographical Error and Change of
First Name or Nickname in Civil Register.
53. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2.
54. CIVIL CODE, art. 407.

55. CIVIL CODE, art. 410.

56. CIVIL CODE, art. 408.

57. CIVIL CODE, art. 376. No person can change his name or surname without judicial authority.

58. CIVIL CODE, art. 412.

59. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195, 205 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

60. Id. at 205-206.

61. RULES OF COURT, Rule 103, secs. 1 and 3 provide:

  Section 1. Venue. — A person desiring to change his name shall present the petition to
the Court of First Instance of the province in which he resides, or, in the City of Manila, to
the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court.
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 xxx xxx xxx

  Section 3. Order for hearing. — If the petition led is su cient in form and substance,
the court, by an order reciting the purpose of the petition, shall x a date and place for
the hearing thereof, and shall direct that a copy of the order be published before the
hearing at least once a week for three (3) successive weeks in some newspaper of
general circulation published in the province, as the court shall deem best. The date set
for the hearing shall not be within thirty (30) days prior to an election nor within four (4)
months after the last publication of the notice.

62. RULES OF COURT, Rule 103, secs. 5 and 6 provide:

  Section 5. Judgment. — Upon satisfactory proof in open court on the date xed in the
order that such order has been published as directed and that the allegations of the
petition are true, the court shall, if proper and reasonable cause appears for changing the
name of the petitioner, adjudge that such name be changed in accordance with the
prayer of the petition.

  Section 6. Service of judgment. — Judgments or orders rendered in connection with this

rule shall be furnished the civil registrar of the municipality or city where the court
issuing the same is situated, who shall forthwith enter the same in the civil register.

63. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195, 207-209 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

64. RULES OF COURT, Rule 108, sec. 2.

  Section 2. Entries subject to cancellation or correction. — Upon good and valid grounds,
the following entries in the civil register may be cancelled or corrected: (a) births; (b)
marriages; (c) deaths; (d) legal separations; (e) judgments of annulments of marriage; (f)
judgments declaring marriages void from the beginning; (g) legitimations; (h) adoptions;
(i) acknowledgments of natural children; (j) naturalization; (k) election, loss or recovery
of citizenship; (l) civil interdiction; (m) judicial determination of liation; (n) voluntary
emancipation of a minor; and (o) changes of name . (Emphasis supplied)

65. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195, 207 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

66. Id.
67. 652 Phil. 195 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

68. Id. at 208, citing Republic v. Valencia , 225 Phil. 408-422 (1986) [Per J. Gutierrez, Jr., En
Banc]; Lee v. Court of Appeals, 419 Phil. 392 (2001) [Per J. De Leon Jr., Second Division];
Chiao Ben Lim v. Zosa, 230 Phil. 444 (1986) [Per J. Cruz, En Banc].
69. RULES OF COURT, Rule 108, sec. 4 provides:

  Section 4. Notice and publication. — Upon the ling of the petition, the court shall, by an
order, x the time and place for the hearing of the same, and cause reasonable notice
thereof to be given to the persons named in the petition. The court shall also cause the
order to be published once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of
general circulation in the province.

70. RULES OF COURT, Rule 108, sec. 7 provides:

  Section 7. Order. — After hearing, the court may either dismiss the petition or issue an
order granting the cancellation or correction prayed for. In either case, a certi ed copy of
the judgment shall be served upon the civil registrar concerned who shall annotate the
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 same in his record.

71. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195, 210-211 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

72. The law was enacted on March 22, 2001 and became effective on April 22, 2001.
73. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

74. 562 Phil. 953 (2007) [Per J. Corona, First Division].

75. Id. at 963-965.

76. 586 Phil. 637 (2008) [Per J. Quisumbing, Second Division].

77. Id. at 647-648.

78. G.R. No. 206023, April 3, 2017 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?
file=/jurisprudence/2017/april2017/206023.pdf> [Per J. Peralta, Second Division].

79. Id. at 5.
80. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 1.

81. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 1.

82. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012).

83. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 5 as amended by Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012), sec. 3.

84. Rep. Act No. 10172, sec. 1.

85. Rollo, p. 26.

86. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012), sec. 2 (3); Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2 (3).

87. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012), sec. 2 (3); Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2 (3).
88. 652 Phil. 195 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].

89. Id. at 199.

90. Id. at 211.

91. Id. at 209.

92. Id. at 212-213.

93. Id. at 212.

94. G.R. No. 206023, April 3, 2017 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?

file=/jurisprudence/2017/april2017/206023.pdf> [Per J. Peralta, Second Division].
95. Id. at 2.

96. Id. at 4.
97. Id.

98. Rollo, p. 14, Petition.

99. Id. at 52-53.

100. Republic v. Mercadera, 652 Phil. 195, 204 (2010) [Per J. Mendoza, Second Division].
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 101. Rollo, p. 26, Court of Appeals Decision.
102. Rep. Act No. 10172 (2012).

103. Gallo's Petition for Correction of Entries of Certificate of Live Birth was filed on May 13,
2010. Republic Act No. 9048 took effect on April 21, 2001. Thus, Republic Act No. 9048
applies.
104. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 1.

105. G.R. No. 206023, April 3, 2017 <http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/pdf/web/viewer.html?

file=/jurisprudence/2017/april2017/206023.pdf> [Per J. Peralta, Second Division].
106. Id. at 4-6.

107. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2 (3).

108. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2 (3).

109. Rep. Act No. 9048 (2001), sec. 2 (3).

110. 586 Phil. 637 [Per J. Quisumbing, Second Division].

111. Id. at 648.

112. Rep. Act No. 10172, secs. 1 and 2 (3) provide:

  Section 1. Authority to Correct Clerical or Typographical Error and Change of First Name
or Nickname. — No entry in a civil register shall be changed or corrected without a
judicial order, except for clerical or typographical errors and change of rst name or
nickname , the day and month in the date of birth or sex of a person where it is
patently clear that there was a clerical or typographical error or mistake in the
entry , which can be corrected or changed by the concerned city or municipal civil
registrar or consul general in accordance with the provisions of this Act and its
implementing rules and regulations.
  Section 2. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act, the following terms shall mean:

xxx xxx xxx

  (3) "Clerical or typographical error" refers to a mistake committed in the performance

of clerical work in writing, copying, transcribing or typing an entry in the civil
register that is harmless and innocuous , such as misspelled name or misspelled
place of birth, mistake in the entry of day and month in the date of birth or the sex of the
person or the like, which is visible to the eyes or obvious to the understanding,
and can be corrected or changed only by reference to other existing record or
records : Provided, however, That no correction must involve the change of
nationality, age, or status of the petitioner . (Emphasis supplied)

113. Republic v. Cagandahan, 586 Phil. 637 (2008) [Per J. Quisumbing, Second Division].

114. Id. at 647-678.

115. Id.
116. Rollo, pp. 12-13 and 19, Petition.

117. Id. at 54, Comment.

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 118. Ongsuco v. Malones, 619 Phil. 492-513 (2009) [Per J. Chico-Nazario, Third Division].
119. Soto v. Jareno, 228 Phil. 117, 119 (1986) [Per J. Cruz, First Division].

120. 228 Phil. 117 (1986) [Per J. Cruz, First Division].

121. Id. at 119.
122. Nestle Philippines, Inc. v. Uniwide Sales, Inc., 648 Phil. 451-460 (2010) [Per J. Carpio,
Second Division].

123. 546 Phil. 87 (2007) [Per J. Austria-Martinez, Third Division].

124. Id. at 96-98.
125. Tijam v. Sibonghanoy , 131 Phil. 563 (1968) [Per J. Dizon, En Banc].
126. 131 Phil. 556 (1968) [Per J. Dizon, En Banc].

127. Id. at 562-564.

128. Republic v. Lacap, 546 Phil. 87, 96-98 [Per J. Austria-Martinez, Third Division].

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