Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 115

Revenue from Contracts with Customers#

(The Indian Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold type and plain type, which have equal
authority. Paragraphs in bold type indicate the main principles.)

Objective

1 The objective of this Standard is to establish the principles that an entity shall apply to report
useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and
uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from a contract with a customer.

Meeting the objective

2 To meet the objective in paragraph 1, the core principle of this Standard is that an entity shall recognise
revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the
consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

3 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and all relevant facts and circumstances when applying
this Standard. An entity shall apply this Standard, including the use of any practical expedients,
consistently to contracts with similar characteristics and in similar circumstances.

4 This Standard specifies the accounting for an individual contract with a customer. However, as a
practical expedient, an entity may apply this Standard to a portfolio of contracts (or performance
obligations) with similar characteristics if the entity reasonably expects that the effects on the financial
statements of applying this Standard to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this
Standard to the individual contracts (or performance obligations) within that portfolio. When accounting
for a portfolio, an entity shall use estimates and assumptions that reflect the size and composition of the
portfolio.

Scope

5 An entity shall apply this Standard to all contracts with customers, except the following:

(a) lease contracts within the scope of Ind AS 17, Leases;

(b) insurance contracts within the scope of Ind AS 104, Insurance Contracts;

(c) financial instruments and other contractual rights or obligations within the scope of Ind AS 109,
Financial Instruments, Ind AS 110, Consolidated Financial Statements, Ind AS 111, Joint
Arrangements, Ind AS 27, Separate Financial Statements and Ind AS 28, Investments in
Associates and Joint Ventures; and

(d) non-monetary exchanges between entities in the same line of business to facilitate sales to
customers or potential customers. For example, this Standard would not apply to a contract
between two oil companies that agree to an exchange of oil to fulfil demand from their
customers in different specified locations on a timely basis.

6 An entity shall apply this Standard to a contract (other than a contract listed in paragraph 5) only if the
counterparty to the contract is a customer. A customer is a party that has contracted with an entity to
obtain goods or services that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for
consideration. A counterparty to the contract would not be a customer if, for example, the counterparty

#
This Ind AS was notified vide G.S.R. 310(E) dated 28th March, 2018.
 has contracted with the entity to participate in an activity or process in which the parties to the contract
share in the risks and benefits that result from the activity or process (such as developing an asset in a
collaboration arrangement) rather than to obtain the output of the entity’s ordinary activities.

7 A contract with a customer may be partially within the scope of this Standard and partially within the
scope of other Standards listed in paragraph 5.

(a) If the other Standards specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts of the
contract, then an entity shall first apply the separation and/or measurement requirements in
those Standards. An entity shall exclude from the transaction price the amount of the part (or
parts) of the contract that are initially measured in accordance with other Standards and shall
apply paragraphs 73–86 to allocate the amount of the transaction price that remains (if any) to
each performance obligation within the scope of this Standard and to any other parts of the
contract identified by paragraph 7(b).

(b) If the other Standards do not specify how to separate and/or initially measure one or more parts
of the contract, then the entity shall apply this Standard to separate and/or initially measure the
part (or parts) of the contract.

8 This Standard specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer
and for the costs incurred to fulfil a contract with a customer if those costs are not within the scope of
another Standard (see paragraphs 91–104). An entity shall apply those paragraphs only to the costs
incurred that relate to a contract with a customer (or part of that contract) that is within the scope of this
Standard.

Recognition

Identifying the contract

9 An entity shall account for a contract with a customer that is within the scope of this Standard
only when all of the following criteria are met:

(a) the parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or in accordance
with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective
obligations;

(b) the entity can identify each party’s rights regarding the goods or services to be
transferred;

(c) the entity can identify the payment terms for the goods or services to be transferred;

(d) the contract has commercial substance (ie the risk, timing or amount of the entity’s future
cash flows is expected to change as a result of the contract); and

(e) it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in
exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer. In evaluating
whether collectability of an amount of consideration is probable, an entity shall consider
only the customer’s ability and intention to pay that amount of consideration when it is
due. The amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled may be less than the
price stated in the contract if the consideration is variable because the entity may offer the
customer a price concession (see paragraph 52).

10 A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable rights and obligations.
Enforceability of the rights and obligations in a contract is a matter of law. Contracts can be written,
oral or implied by an entity’s customary business practices. The practices and processes for establishing
contracts with customers vary across legal jurisdictions, industries and entities. In addition, they may
vary within an entity (for example, they may depend on the class of customer or the nature of the
 promised goods or services). An entity shall consider those practices and processes in determining
whether and when an agreement with a customer creates enforceable rights and obligations.

11 Some contracts with customers may have no fixed duration and can be terminated or modified by either
party at any time. Other contracts may automatically renew on a periodic basis that is specified in the
contract. An entity shall apply this Standard to the duration of the contract (ie the contractual period) in
which the parties to the contract have present enforceable rights and obligations.

12 For the purpose of applying this Standard, a contract does not exist if each party to the contract has the
unilateral enforceable right to terminate a wholly unperformed contract without compensating the other
party (or parties). A contract is wholly unperformed if both of the following criteria are met:

(a) the entity has not yet transferred any promised goods or services to the customer; and

(b) the entity has not yet received, and is not yet entitled to receive, any consideration in exchange
for promised goods or services.

13 If a contract with a customer meets the criteria in paragraph 9 at contract inception, an entity shall not
reassess those criteria unless there is an indication of a significant change in facts and circumstances.
For example, if a customer’s ability to pay the consideration deteriorates significantly, an entity would
reassess whether it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which the entity will be
entitled in exchange for the remaining goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.

14 If a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9, an entity shall continue to assess
the contract to determine whether the criteria in paragraph 9 are subsequently met.

15 When a contract with a customer does not meet the criteria in paragraph 9 and an entity receives
consideration from the customer, the entity shall recognise the consideration received as revenue only
when either of the following events has occurred:

(a) the entity has no remaining obligations to transfer goods or services to the customer and all, or
substantially all, of the consideration promised by the customer has been received by the entity
and is non-refundable; or

(b) the contract has been terminated and the consideration received from the customer is non-
refundable.

16 An entity shall recognise the consideration received from a customer as a liability until one of the events
in paragraph 15 occurs or until the criteria in paragraph 9 are subsequently met (see paragraph 14).
Depending on the facts and circumstances relating to the contract, the liability recognised represents the
entity’s obligation to either transfer goods or services in the future or refund the consideration received.
In either case, the liability shall be measured at the amount of consideration received from the customer.

Combination of contracts

17 An entity shall combine two or more contracts entered into at or near the same time with the same
customer (or related parties of the customer) and account for the contracts as a single contract if one or
more of the following criteria are met:

(a) the contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective;

(b) the amount of consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price or performance of
the other contract; or

(c) the goods or services promised in the contracts (or some goods or services promised in each of
the contracts) are a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22–30.

Contract modifications
18 A contract modification is a change in the scope or price (or both) of a contract that is approved by the
parties to the contract. In some industries and jurisdictions, a contract modification may be described as
a change order, a variation or an amendment. A contract modification exists when the parties to a
contract approve a modification that either creates new or changes existing enforceable rights and
obligations of the parties to the contract. A contract modification could be approved in writing, by oral
agreement or implied by customary business practices. If the parties to the contract have not approved a
contract modification, an entity shall continue to apply this Standard to the existing contract until the
contract modification is approved.

19 A contract modification may exist even though the parties to the contract have a dispute about the scope
or price (or both) of the modification or the parties have approved a change in the scope of the contract
but have not yet determined the corresponding change in price. In determining whether the rights and
obligations that are created or changed by a modification are enforceable, an entity shall consider all
relevant facts and circumstances including the terms of the contract and other evidence. If the parties to
a contract have approved a change in the scope of the contract but have not yet determined the
corresponding change in price, an entity shall estimate the change to the transaction price arising from
the modification in accordance with paragraphs 50–54 on estimating variable consideration and
paragraphs 56–58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration.

20 An entity shall account for a contract modification as a separate contract if both of the following
conditions are present:

(a) the scope of the contract increases because of the addition of promised goods or services that
are distinct (in accordance with paragraphs 26–30); and

(b) the price of the contract increases by an amount of consideration that reflects the entity’s stand-
alone selling prices of the additional promised goods or services and any appropriate
adjustments to that price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract. For example, an
entity may adjust the stand-alone selling price of an additional good or service for a discount
that the customer receives, because it is not necessary for the entity to incur the selling-related
costs that it would incur when selling a similar good or service to a new customer.

21 If a contract modification is not accounted for as a separate contract in accordance with paragraph 20,
an entity shall account for the promised goods or services not yet transferred at the date of the contract
modification (ie the remaining promised goods or services) in whichever of the following ways is
applicable:

(a) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a termination of the existing
contract and the creation of a new contract, if the remaining goods or services are distinct from
the goods or services transferred on or before the date of the contract modification. The amount
of consideration to be allocated to the remaining performance obligations (or to the remaining
distinct goods or services in a single performance obligation identified in accordance with
paragraph 22(b)) is the sum of:

(i) the consideration promised by the customer (including amounts already received from
the customer) that was included in the estimate of the transaction price and that had not
been recognised as revenue; and

(ii) the consideration promised as part of the contract modification.

(b) An entity shall account for the contract modification as if it were a part of the existing contract
if the remaining goods or services are not distinct and, therefore, form part of a single
performance obligation that is partially satisfied at the date of the contract modification. The
effect that the contract modification has on the transaction price, and on the entity’s measure of
progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, is recognised as an
adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) at the date of the
contract modification (ie the adjustment to revenue is made on a cumulative catch-up basis).

(c) If the remaining goods or services are a combination of items (a) and (b), then the entity shall
account for the effects of the modification on the unsatisfied (including partially unsatisfied)
 performance obligations in the modified contract in a manner that is consistent with the
objectives of this paragraph.

Identifying performance obligations

22 At contract inception, an entity shall assess the goods or services promised in a contract with a
customer and shall identify as a performance obligation each promise to transfer to the customer
either:

(a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is distinct; or

(b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same
pattern of transfer to the customer (see paragraph 23).

23 A series of distinct goods or services has the same pattern of transfer to the customer if both of the
following criteria are met:

(a) each distinct good or service in the series that the entity promises to transfer to the customer
would meet the criteria in paragraph 35 to be a performance obligation satisfied over time; and

(b) in accordance with paragraphs 39–40, the same method would be used to measure the entity’s
progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation to transfer each distinct
good or service in the series to the customer.

Promises in contracts with customers

24 A contract with a customer generally explicitly states the goods or services that an entity promises to
transfer to a customer. However, the performance obligations identified in a contract with a customer
may not be limited to the goods or services that are explicitly stated in that contract. This is because a
contract with a customer may also include promises that are implied by an entity’s customary business
practices, published policies or specific statements if, at the time of entering into the contract, those
promises create a valid expectation of the customer that the entity will transfer a good or service to the
customer.

25 Performance obligations do not include activities that an entity must undertake to fulfil a contract unless
those activities transfer a good or service to a customer. For example, a services provider may need to
perform various administrative tasks to set up a contract. The performance of those tasks does not
transfer a service to the customer as the tasks are performed. Therefore, those setup activities are not a
performance obligation.

Distinct goods or services

26 Depending on the contract, promised goods or services may include, but are not limited to, the
following:

(a) sale of goods produced by an entity (for example, inventory of a manufacturer);

(b) resale of goods purchased by an entity (for example, merchandise of a retailer);

(c) resale of rights to goods or services purchased by an entity (for example, a ticket resold by an
entity acting as a principal, as described in paragraphs B34–B38);

(d) performing a contractually agreed-upon task (or tasks) for a customer;

(e) providing a service of standing ready to provide goods or services (for example, unspecified
updates to software that are provided on a when-and-if-available basis) or of making goods or
services available for a customer to use as and when the customer decides;

(f) providing a service of arranging for another party to transfer goods or services to a customer
(for example, acting as an agent of another party, as described in paragraphs B34–B38);
 (g) granting rights to goods or services to be provided in the future that a customer can resell or
provide to its customer (for example, an entity selling a product to a retailer promises to transfer
an additional good or service to an individual who purchases the product from the retailer);

(h) constructing, manufacturing or developing an asset on behalf of a customer;

(i) granting licences (see paragraphs B52–B63B); and

(j) granting options to purchase additional goods or services (when those options provide a
customer with a material right, as described in paragraphs B39–B43).

27 A good or service that is promised to a customer is distinct if both of the following criteria are met:

(a) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other
resources that are readily available to the customer (ie the good or service is capable of being
distinct); and

(b) the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable
from other promises in the contract (ie the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct
within the context of the contract).

28 A customer can benefit from a good or service in accordance with paragraph 27(a) if the good or service
could be used, consumed, sold for an amount that is greater than scrap value or otherwise held in a way
that generates economic benefits. For some goods or services, a customer may be able to benefit from a
good or service on its own. For other goods or services, a customer may be able to benefit from the
good or service only in conjunction with other readily available resources. A readily available resource
is a good or service that is sold separately (by the entity or another entity) or a resource that the
customer has already obtained from the entity (including goods or services that the entity will have
already transferred to the customer under the contract) or from other transactions or events. Various
factors may provide evidence that the customer can benefit from a good or service either on its own or
in conjunction with other readily available resources. For example, the fact that the entity regularly sells
a good or service separately would indicate that a customer can benefit from the good or service on its
own or with other readily available resources.

29 In assessing whether an entity’s promises to transfer goods or services to the customer are separately
identifiable in accordance with paragraph 27(b), the objective is to determine whether the nature of the
promise, within the context of the contract, is to transfer each of those goods or services individually or,
instead, to transfer a combined item or items to which the promised goods or services are inputs. Factors
that indicate that two or more promises to transfer goods or services to a customer are not separately
identifiable include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a) the entity provides a significant service of integrating the goods or services with other goods
or services promised in the contract into a bundle of goods or services that represent the
combined output or outputs for which the customer has contracted. In other words, the entity is
using the goods or services as inputs to produce or deliver the combined output or outputs
specified by the customer. A combined output or outputs might include more than one phase,
element or unit.

(b) one or more of the goods or services significantly modifies or customises, or are significantly
modified or customised by, one or more of the other goods or services promised in the contract.

(c) the goods or services are highly interdependent or highly interrelated. In other words, each of the
goods or services is significantly affected by one or more of the other goods or services in the
contract. For example, in some cases, two or more goods or services are significantly affected by
each other because the entity would not be able to fulfil its promise by transferring each of the
goods or services independently.
30 If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity shall combine that good or service with other
promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct. In some
cases, that would result in the entity accounting for all the goods or services promised in a contract as a
single performance obligation.

Satisfaction of performance obligations

31 An entity shall recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation by
transferring a promised good or service (ie an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when
(or as) the customer obtains control of that asset.

32 For each performance obligation identified in accordance with paragraphs 22–30, an entity shall
determine at contract inception whether it satisfies the performance obligation over time (in accordance
with paragraphs 35–37) or satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time (in accordance with
paragraph 38). If an entity does not satisfy a performance obligation over time, the performance
obligation is satisfied at a point in time.

33 Goods and services are assets, even if only momentarily, when they are received and used (as in the
case of many services). Control of an asset refers to the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset. Control includes the ability to prevent other
entities from directing the use of, and obtaining the benefits from, an asset. The benefits of an asset are
the potential cash flows (inflows or savings in outflows) that can be obtained directly or indirectly in
many ways, such as by:

(a) using the asset to produce goods or provide services (including public services);

(b) using the asset to enhance the value of other assets;

(c) using the asset to settle liabilities or reduce expenses;

(d) selling or exchanging the asset;

(e) pledging the asset to secure a loan; and

(f) holding the asset.

34 When evaluating whether a customer obtains control of an asset, an entity shall consider any agreement
to repurchase the asset (see paragraphs B64–B76).

Performance obligations satisfied over time

35 An entity transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance
obligation and recognises revenue over time, if one of the following criteria is met:

(a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s
performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3–B4);

(b) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the
customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or

(c) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see
paragraph 36) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to
date (see paragraph 37).

36 An asset created by an entity’s performance does not have an alternative use to an entity if the entity is
either restricted contractually from readily directing the asset for another use during the creation or
enhancement of that asset or limited practically from readily directing the asset in its completed state for
another use. The assessment of whether an asset has an alternative use to the entity is made at contract
inception. After contract inception, an entity shall not update the assessment of the alternative use of an
asset unless the parties to the contract approve a contract modification that substantively changes the
 performance obligation. Paragraphs B6–B8 provide guidance for assessing whether an asset has an
alternative use to an entity.

37 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract, as well as any laws that apply to the contract, when
evaluating whether it has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date in
accordance with paragraph 35(c). The right to payment for performance completed to date does not
need to be for a fixed amount. However, at all times throughout the duration of the contract, the entity
must be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for performance completed to date if
the contract is terminated by the customer or another party for reasons other than the entity’s failure to
perform as promised. Paragraphs B9–B13 provide guidance for assessing the existence and
enforceability of a right to payment and whether an entity’s right to payment would entitle the entity to
be paid for its performance completed to date.

Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time

38 If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35–37, an entity
satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time. To determine the point in time at which a
customer obtains control of a promised asset and the entity satisfies a performance obligation, the entity
shall consider the requirements for control in paragraphs 31–34. In addition, an entity shall consider
indicators of the transfer of control, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a) The entity has a present right to payment for the asset—if a customer is presently obliged to pay
for an asset, then that may indicate that the customer has obtained the ability to direct the use of,
and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset in exchange.

(b) The customer has legal title to the asset—legal title may indicate which party to a contract has
the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, an
asset or to restrict the access of other entities to those benefits. Therefore, the transfer of legal
title of an asset may indicate that the customer has obtained control of the asset. If an entity
retains legal title solely as protection against the customer’s failure to pay, those rights of the
entity would not preclude the customer from obtaining control of an asset.

(c) The entity has transferred physical possession of the asset—the customer’s physical possession
of an asset may indicate that the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset or to restrict the access of other
entities to those benefits. However, physical possession may not coincide with control of an
asset. For example, in some repurchase agreements and in some consignment arrangements, a
customer or consignee may have physical possession of an asset that the entity controls.
Conversely, in some bill-and-hold arrangements, the entity may have physical possession of an
asset that the customer controls. Paragraphs B64–B76, B77–B78 and B79–B82 provide
guidance on accounting for repurchase agreements, consignment arrangements and bill-and-
hold arrangements, respectively.

(d) The customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset—the transfer of
the significant risks and rewards of ownership of an asset to the customer may indicate that the
customer has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the
remaining benefits from, the asset. However, when evaluating the risks and rewards of
ownership of a promised asset, an entity shall exclude any risks that give rise to a separate
performance obligation in addition to the performance obligation to transfer the asset. For
example, an entity may have transferred control of an asset to a customer but not yet satisfied an
additional performance obligation to provide maintenance services related to the transferred
asset.

(e) The customer has accepted the asset—the customer’s acceptance of an asset may indicate that it
has obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits
from, the asset. To evaluate the effect of a contractual customer acceptance clause on when
control of an asset is transferred, an entity shall consider the guidance in paragraphs B83–B86.

Measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation

39 For each performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35–37, an entity
shall recognise revenue over time by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of that
performance obligation. The objective when measuring progress is to depict an entity’s performance in
transferring control of goods or services promised to a customer (ie the satisfaction of an entity’s
performance obligation).

40 An entity shall apply a single method of measuring progress for each performance obligation satisfied
over time and the entity shall apply that method consistently to similar performance obligations and in
similar circumstances. At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall remeasure its progress
towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation satisfied over time.

Methods for measuring progress

41 Appropriate methods of measuring progress include output methods and input methods. Paragraphs
B14–B19 provide guidance for using output methods and input methods to measure an entity’s progress
towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation. In determining the appropriate method for
measuring progress, an entity shall consider the nature of the good or service that the entity promised to
transfer to the customer.

42 When applying a method for measuring progress, an entity shall exclude from the measure of progress
any goods or services for which the entity does not transfer control to a customer. Conversely, an entity
shall include in the measure of progress any goods or services for which the entity does transfer control
to a customer when satisfying that performance obligation.

43 As circumstances change over time, an entity shall update its measure of progress to reflect any changes
in the outcome of the performance obligation. Such changes to an entity’s measure of progress shall be
accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

Reasonable measures of progress

44 An entity shall recognise revenue for a performance obligation satisfied over time only if the entity can
reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. An entity
would not be able to reasonably measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance
obligation if it lacks reliable information that would be required to apply an appropriate method of
measuring progress.

45 In some circumstances (for example, in the early stages of a contract), an entity may not be able to
reasonably measure the outcome of a performance obligation, but the entity expects to recover the costs
incurred in satisfying the performance obligation. In those circumstances, the entity shall recognise
revenue only to the extent of the costs incurred until such time that it can reasonably measure the
outcome of the performance obligation.

Measurement

46 When (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, an entity shall recognise as revenue the
amount of the transaction price (which excludes estimates of variable consideration that are
constrained in accordance with paragraphs 56–58) that is allocated to that performance
obligation.

Determining the transaction price

47 An entity shall consider the terms of the contract and its customary business practices to
determine the transaction price. The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an
entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a
customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties (for example, some sales taxes).
The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable
amounts, or both.
48 The nature, timing and amount of consideration promised by a customer affect the estimate of the
transaction price. When determining the transaction price, an entity shall consider the effects of all of
the following:

(a) variable consideration (see paragraphs 50–55 and 59);

(b) constraining estimates of variable consideration (see paragraphs 56–58);

(c) the existence of a significant financing component in the contract (see paragraphs 60–65);

(d) non-cash consideration (see paragraphs 66–69); and

(e) consideration payable to a customer (see paragraphs 70–72).

49 For the purpose of determining the transaction price, an entity shall assume that the goods or services
will be transferred to the customer as promised in accordance with the existing contract and that the
contract will not be cancelled, renewed or modified.

Variable consideration

50 If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, an entity shall estimate the
amount of consideration to which the entity will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised
goods or services to a customer.

51 An amount of consideration can vary because of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions,
incentives, performance bonuses, or other similar items. The promised consideration can also vary if an
entity’s entitlement to the consideration is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future
event. For example, an amount of consideration would be variable if either a product was sold with a
right of return or a fixed amount is promised as a performance bonus on achievement of a specified
milestone.

51AA In some contracts, penalties are specified. In such cases, penalties shall be accounted for as per the
substance of the contract. Where the penalty is inherent in determination of transaction price, it shall
form part of variable consideration. For example, where an entity agrees to transfer control of a good or
service in a contact with customer at the end of 30 days for Rs. 1,00,000 and if it exceeds 30 days, the
entity is entitled to receive only Rs. 95,000, the reduction of Rs. 5,000 shall be regarded as variable
consideration. In other cases, the transaction price shall be considered as fixed.

52 The variability relating to the consideration promised by a customer may be explicitly stated in the
contract. In addition to the terms of the contract, the promised consideration is variable if either of the
following circumstances exists:

(a) the customer has a valid expectation arising from an entity’s customary business practices,
published policies or specific statements that the entity will accept an amount of consideration
that is less than the price stated in the contract. That is, it is expected that the entity will offer a
price concession. Depending on the jurisdiction, industry or customer this offer may be referred
to as a discount, rebate, refund or credit.

(b) other facts and circumstances indicate that the entity’s intention, when entering into the contract
with the customer, is to offer a price concession to the customer.

53 An entity shall estimate an amount of variable consideration by using either of the following methods,
depending on which method the entity expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it
will be entitled:

(a) The expected value—the expected value is the sum of probability-weighted amounts in a range
of possible consideration amounts. An expected value may be an appropriate estimate of the
amount of variable consideration if an entity has a large number of contracts with similar
characteristics.
 (b) The most likely amount—the most likely amount is the single most likely amount in a range of
possible consideration amounts (ie the single most likely outcome of the contract). The most
likely amount may be an appropriate estimate of the amount of variable consideration if the
contract has only two possible outcomes (for example, an entity either achieves a performance
bonus or does not).

54 An entity shall apply one method consistently throughout the contract when estimating the effect of an
uncertainty on an amount of variable consideration to which the entity will be entitled. In addition, an
entity shall consider all the information (historical, current and forecast) that is reasonably available to
the entity and shall identify a reasonable number of possible consideration amounts. The information
that an entity uses to estimate the amount of variable consideration would typically be similar to the
information that the entity’s management uses during the bid-and-proposal process and in establishing
prices for promised goods or services.

Refund liabilities

55 An entity shall recognise a refund liability if the entity receives consideration from a customer and
expects to refund some or all of that consideration to the customer. A refund liability is measured at the
amount of consideration received (or receivable) for which the entity does not expect to be entitled (ie
amounts not included in the transaction price). The refund liability (and corresponding change in the
transaction price and, therefore, the contract liability) shall be updated at the end of each reporting
period for changes in circumstances. To account for a refund liability relating to a sale with a right of
return, an entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B20–B27.

Constraining estimates of variable consideration

56 An entity shall include in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable consideration
estimated in accordance with paragraph 53 only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant
reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the uncertainty associated
with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

57 In assessing whether it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue
recognised will not occur once the uncertainty related to the variable consideration is subsequently
resolved, an entity shall consider both the likelihood and the magnitude of the revenue reversal. Factors
that could increase the likelihood or the magnitude of a revenue reversal include, but are not limited to,
any of the following:

(a) the amount of consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside the entity’s influence. Those
factors may include volatility in a market, the judgement or actions of third parties, weather
conditions and a high risk of obsolescence of the promised good or service.

(b) the uncertainty about the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved for a long
period of time.

(c) the entity’s experience (or other evidence) with similar types of contracts is limited, or that
experience (or other evidence) has limited predictive value.

(d) the entity has a practice of either offering a broad range of price concessions or changing the
payment terms and conditions of similar contracts in similar circumstances.

(e) the contract has a large number and broad range of possible consideration amounts.

58 An entity shall apply paragraph B63 to account for consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage-
based royalty that is promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual property.

Reassessment of variable consideration

59 At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall update the estimated transaction price (including
updating its assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained) to represent
faithfully the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period and the changes in circumstances
 during the reporting period. The entity shall account for changes in the transaction price in accordance
with paragraphs 87–90.

The existence of a significant financing component in the contract

60 In determining the transaction price, an entity shall adjust the promised amount of consideration for the
effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments agreed to by the parties to the contract
(either explicitly or implicitly) provides the customer or the entity with a significant benefit of financing
the transfer of goods or services to the customer. In those circumstances, the contract contains a
significant financing component. A significant financing component may exist regardless of whether the
promise of financing is explicitly stated in the contract or implied by the payment terms agreed to by the
parties to the contract.

61 The objective when adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a significant financing
component is for an entity to recognise revenue at an amount that reflects the price that a customer
would have paid for the promised goods or services if the customer had paid cash for those goods or
services when (or as) they transfer to the customer (ie the cash selling price). An entity shall consider all
relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether a contract contains a financing component and
whether that financing component is significant to the contract, including both of the following:

(a) the difference, if any, between the amount of promised consideration and the cash selling price
of the promised goods or services; and

(b) the combined effect of both of the following:

(i) the expected length of time between when the entity transfers the promised goods or
services to the customer and when the customer pays for those goods or services; and

(ii) the prevailing interest rates in the relevant market.

62 Notwithstanding the assessment in paragraph 61, a contract with a customer would not have a
significant financing component if any of the following factors exist:

(a) the customer paid for the goods or services in advance and the timing of the transfer of those
goods or services is at the discretion of the customer.

(b) a substantial amount of the consideration promised by the customer is variable and the amount
or timing of that consideration varies on the basis of the occurrence or non-occurrence of a
future event that is not substantially within the control of the customer or the entity (for
example, if the consideration is a sales-based royalty).

(c) the difference between the promised consideration and the cash selling price of the good or
service (as described in paragraph 61) arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to
either the customer or the entity, and the difference between those amounts is proportional to
the reason for the difference. For example, the payment terms might provide the entity or the
customer with protection from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its
obligations under the contract.

63 As a practical expedient, an entity need not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects
of a significant financing component if the entity expects, at contract inception, that the period between
when the entity transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that
good or service will be one year or less.

64 To meet the objective in paragraph 61 when adjusting the promised amount of consideration for a
significant financing component, an entity shall use the discount rate that would be reflected in a
separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception. That rate would
reflect the credit characteristics of the party receiving financing in the contract, as well as any collateral
or security provided by the customer or the entity, including assets transferred in the contract. An entity
may be able to determine that rate by identifying the rate that discounts the nominal amount of the
promised consideration to the price that the customer would pay in cash for the goods or services when
 (or as) they transfer to the customer. After contract inception, an entity shall not update the discount rate
for changes in interest rates or other circumstances (such as a change in the assessment of the
customer’s credit risk).

65 An entity shall present the effects of financing (interest revenue or interest expense) separately from
revenue from contracts with customers in the statement of profit and loss. Interest revenue or interest
expense is recognised only to the extent that a contract asset (or receivable) or a contract liability is
recognised in accounting for a contract with a customer.

Non-cash consideration

66 To determine the transaction price for contracts in which a customer promises consideration in a form
other than cash, an entity shall measure the non-cash consideration (or promise of non-cash
consideration) at fair value.

67 If an entity cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the non-cash consideration, the entity shall
measure the consideration indirectly by reference to the stand-alone selling price of the goods or
services promised to the customer (or class of customer) in exchange for the consideration.

68 The fair value of the non-cash consideration may vary because of the form of the consideration (for
example, a change in the price of a share to which an entity is entitled to receive from a customer). If
the fair value of the non-cash consideration promised by a customer varies for reasons other than only
the form of the consideration (for example, the fair value could vary because of the entity’s
performance), an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 56–58.

69 If a customer contributes goods or services (for example, materials, equipment or labour) to facilitate an
entity’s fulfilment of the contract, the entity shall assess whether it obtains control of those contributed
goods or services. If so, the entity shall account for the contributed goods or services as non-cash
consideration received from the customer.

Consideration payable to a customer

70 Consideration payable to a customer includes cash amounts that an entity pays, or expects to pay, to the
customer (or to other parties that purchase the entity’s goods or services from the customer).
Consideration payable to a customer also includes credit or other items (for example, a coupon or
voucher) that can be applied against amounts owed to the entity (or to other parties that purchase the
entity’s goods or services from the customer). An entity shall account for consideration payable to a
customer as a reduction of the transaction price and, therefore, of revenue unless the payment to the
customer is in exchange for a distinct good or service (as described in paragraphs 26–30) that the
customer transfers to the entity. If the consideration payable to a customer includes a variable amount,
an entity shall estimate the transaction price (including assessing whether the estimate of variable
consideration is constrained) in accordance with paragraphs 50–58.

71 If consideration payable to a customer is a payment for a distinct good or service from the customer,
then an entity shall account for the purchase of the good or service in the same way that it accounts for
other purchases from suppliers. If the amount of consideration payable to the customer exceeds the fair
value of the distinct good or service that the entity receives from the customer, then the entity shall
account for such an excess as a reduction of the transaction price. If the entity cannot reasonably
estimate the fair value of the good or service received from the customer, it shall account for all of the
consideration payable to the customer as a reduction of the transaction price.

72 Accordingly, if consideration payable to a customer is accounted for as a reduction of the transaction

price, an entity shall recognise the reduction of revenue when (or as) the later of either of the following
events occurs:

(a) the entity recognises revenue for the transfer of the related goods or services to the customer;
and
 (b) the entity pays or promises to pay the consideration (even if the payment is conditional on a
future event). That promise might be implied by the entity’s customary business practices.

Allocating the transaction price to performance obligations

73 The objective when allocating the transaction price is for an entity to allocate the transaction
price to each performance obligation (or distinct good or service) in an amount that depicts the
amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the
promised goods or services to the customer.

74 To meet the allocation objective, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to each performance
obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price basis in accordance with
paragraphs 76–80, except as specified in paragraphs 81–83 (for allocating discounts) and paragraphs
84–86 (for allocating consideration that includes variable amounts).

75 Paragraphs 76–86 do not apply if a contract has only one performance obligation. However, paragraphs
84–86 may apply if an entity promises to transfer a series of distinct goods or services identified as a
single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) and the promised consideration
includes variable amounts.

Allocation based on stand-alone selling prices

76 To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price
basis, an entity shall determine the stand-alone selling price at contract inception of the distinct good or
service underlying each performance obligation in the contract and allocate the transaction price in
proportion to those stand-alone selling prices.

77 The stand-alone selling price is the price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service
separately to a customer. The best evidence of a stand-alone selling price is the observable price of a
good or service when the entity sells that good or service separately in similar circumstances and to
similar customers. A contractually stated price or a list price for a good or service may be (but shall not
be presumed to be) the stand-alone selling price of that good or service.

78 If a stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate the stand-alone selling
price at an amount that would result in the allocation of the transaction price meeting the allocation
objective in paragraph 73. When estimating a stand-alone selling price, an entity shall consider all
information (including market conditions, entity-specific factors and information about the customer or
class of customer) that is reasonably available to the entity. In doing so, an entity shall maximise the use
of observable inputs and apply estimation methods consistently in similar circumstances.

79 Suitable methods for estimating the stand-alone selling price of a good or service include, but are not
limited to, the following:

(a) Adjusted market assessment approach—an entity could evaluate the market in which it sells
goods or services and estimate the price that a customer in that market would be willing to pay
for those goods or services. That approach might also include referring to prices from the
entity’s competitors for similar goods or services and adjusting those prices as necessary to
reflect the entity’s costs and margins.

(b) Expected cost plus a margin approach—an entity could forecast its expected costs of satisfying
a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that good or service.

(c) Residual approach—an entity may estimate the stand-alone selling price by reference to the
total transaction price less the sum of the observable stand-alone selling prices of other goods or
services promised in the contract. However, an entity may use a residual approach to estimate,
in accordance with paragraph 78, the stand-alone selling price of a good or service only if one
of the following criteria is met:

(i) the entity sells the same good or service to different customers (at or near the same
time) for a broad range of amounts (ie the selling price is highly variable because a
 representative stand-alone selling price is not discernible from past transactions or other
observable evidence); or

(ii) the entity has not yet established a price for that good or service and the good or service
has not previously been sold on a stand-alone basis (ie the selling price is uncertain).

80 A combination of methods may need to be used to estimate the stand-alone selling prices of the goods
or services promised in the contract if two or more of those goods or services have highly variable or
uncertain stand-alone selling prices. For example, an entity may use a residual approach to estimate the
aggregate stand-alone selling price for those promised goods or services with highly variable or
uncertain stand-alone selling prices and then use another method to estimate the stand-alone selling
prices of the individual goods or services relative to that estimated aggregate stand-alone selling price
determined by the residual approach. When an entity uses a combination of methods to estimate the
stand-alone selling price of each promised good or service in the contract, the entity shall evaluate
whether allocating the transaction price at those estimated stand-alone selling prices would be consistent
with the allocation objective in paragraph 73 and the requirements for estimating stand-alone selling
prices in paragraph 78.

Allocation of a discount

81 A customer receives a discount for purchasing a bundle of goods or services if the sum of the stand-
alone selling prices of those promised goods or services in the contract exceeds the promised
consideration in a contract. Except when an entity has observable evidence in accordance with
paragraph 82 that the entire discount relates to only one or more, but not all, performance obligations in
a contract, the entity shall allocate a discount proportionately to all performance obligations in the
contract. The proportionate allocation of the discount in those circumstances is a consequence of the
entity allocating the transaction price to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-
alone selling prices of the underlying distinct goods or services.

82 An entity shall allocate a discount entirely to one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the
contract if all of the following criteria are met:

(a) the entity regularly sells each distinct good or service (or each bundle of distinct goods or
services) in the contract on a stand-alone basis;

(b) the entity also regularly sells on a stand-alone basis a bundle (or bundles) of some of those
distinct goods or services at a discount to the stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services
in each bundle; and

(c) the discount attributable to each bundle of goods or services described in paragraph 82(b) is
substantially the same as the discount in the contract and an analysis of the goods or services in
each bundle provides observable evidence of the performance obligation (or performance
obligations) to which the entire discount in the contract belongs.

83 If a discount is allocated entirely to one or more performance obligations in the contract in accordance
with paragraph 82, an entity shall allocate the discount before using the residual approach to estimate
the stand-alone selling price of a good or service in accordance with paragraph 79(c).

Allocation of variable consideration

84 Variable consideration that is promised in a contract may be attributable to the entire contract or to a
specific part of the contract, such as either of the following:

(a) one or more, but not all, performance obligations in the contract (for example, a bonus may be
contingent on an entity transferring a promised good or service within a specified period of
time); or

(b) one or more, but not all, distinct goods or services promised in a series of distinct goods or
services that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b)
 (for example, the consideration promised for the second year of a two-year cleaning service
contract will increase on the basis of movements in a specified inflation index).

85 An entity shall allocate a variable amount (and subsequent changes to that amount) entirely to a
performance obligation or to a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance
obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) if both of the following criteria are met:

(a) the terms of a variable payment relate specifically to the entity’s efforts to satisfy the
performance obligation or transfer the distinct good or service (or to a specific outcome from
satisfying the performance obligation or transferring the distinct good or service); and

(b) allocating the variable amount of consideration entirely to the performance obligation or the
distinct good or service is consistent with the allocation objective in paragraph 73 when
considering all of the performance obligations and payment terms in the contract.

86 The allocation requirements in paragraphs 73–83 shall be applied to allocate the remaining amount of
the transaction price that does not meet the criteria in paragraph 85.

Changes in the transaction price

87 After contract inception, the transaction price can change for various reasons, including the resolution of
uncertain events or other changes in circumstances that change the amount of consideration to which an
entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the promised goods or services.

88 An entity shall allocate to the performance obligations in the contract any subsequent changes in the
transaction price on the same basis as at contract inception. Consequently, an entity shall not reallocate
the transaction price to reflect changes in stand-alone selling prices after contract inception. Amounts
allocated to a satisfied performance obligation shall be recognised as revenue, or as a reduction of
revenue, in the period in which the transaction price changes.

89 An entity shall allocate a change in the transaction price entirely to one or more, but not all,
performance obligations or distinct goods or services promised in a series that forms part of a single
performance obligation in accordance with paragraph 22(b) only if the criteria in paragraph 85 on
allocating variable consideration are met.

90 An entity shall account for a change in the transaction price that arises as a result of a contract
modification in accordance with paragraphs 18–21. However, for a change in the transaction price that
occurs after a contract modification, an entity shall apply paragraphs 87–89 to allocate the change in the
transaction price in whichever of the following ways is applicable:

(a) An entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the performance obligations
identified in the contract before the modification if, and to the extent that, the change in the
transaction price is attributable to an amount of variable consideration promised before the
modification and the modification is accounted for in accordance with paragraph 21(a).

(b) In all other cases in which the modification was not accounted for as a separate contract in
accordance with paragraph 20, an entity shall allocate the change in the transaction price to the
performance obligations in the modified contract (ie the performance obligations that were
unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied immediately after the modification).

Contract costs

Incremental costs of obtaining a contract

91 An entity shall recognise as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer
if the entity expects to recover those costs.

92 The incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those costs that an entity incurs to obtain a contract
with a customer that it would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained (for example, a
sales commission).
93 Costs to obtain a contract that would have been incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained
shall be recognised as an expense when incurred, unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to the
customer regardless of whether the contract is obtained.

94 As a practical expedient, an entity may recognise the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an
expense when incurred if the amortisation period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have
recognised is one year or less.

Costs to fulfil a contract

95 If the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer are not within the scope of another
Standard (for example, Ind AS 2, Inventories, Ind AS 16, Property, Plant and Equipment or Ind AS
38, Intangible Assets), an entity shall recognise an asset from the costs incurred to fulfil a contract
only if those costs meet all of the following criteria:

(a) the costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that the entity can
specifically identify (for example, costs relating to services to be provided under renewal
of an existing contract or costs of designing an asset to be transferred under a specific
contract that has not yet been approved);

(b) the costs generate or enhance resources of the entity that will be used in satisfying (or in
continuing to satisfy) performance obligations in the future; and

(c) the costs are expected to be recovered.

96 For costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer that are within the scope of another Standard,
an entity shall account for those costs in accordance with those other Standards.

97 Costs that relate directly to a contract (or a specific anticipated contract) include any of the following:

(a) direct labour (for example, salaries and wages of employees who provide the promised services
directly to the customer);

(b) direct materials (for example, supplies used in providing the promised services to a customer);

(c) allocations of costs that relate directly to the contract or to contract activities (for example, costs
of contract management and supervision, insurance and depreciation of tools and equipment
used in fulfilling the contract);

(d) costs that are explicitly chargeable to the customer under the contract; and

(e) other costs that are incurred only because an entity entered into the contract (for example,
payments to subcontractors).

98 An entity shall recognise the following costs as expenses when incurred:

(a) general and administrative costs (unless those costs are explicitly chargeable to the customer
under the contract, in which case an entity shall evaluate those costs in accordance with
paragraph 97);

(b) costs of wasted materials, labour or other resources to fulfil the contract that were not reflected
in the price of the contract;

(c) costs that relate to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance
obligations) in the contract (ie costs that relate to past performance); and
 (d) costs for which an entity cannot distinguish whether the costs relate to unsatisfied performance
obligations or to satisfied performance obligations (or partially satisfied performance
obligations).

Amortisation and impairment

99 An asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 shall be amortised on a systematic basis that
is consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. The
asset may relate to goods or services to be transferred under a specific anticipated contract (as described
in paragraph 95(a)).

100 An entity shall update the amortisation to reflect a significant change in the entity’s expected timing of
transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. Such a change shall be
accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with Ind AS 8.

101 An entity shall recognise an impairment loss in profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of an
asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 exceeds:

(a) the remaining amount of consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for the
goods or services to which the asset relates; less

(b) the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been
recognised as expenses (see paragraph 97).

102 For the purposes of applying paragraph 101 to determine the amount of consideration that an entity
expects to receive, an entity shall use the principles for determining the transaction price (except for the
requirements in paragraphs 56–58 on constraining estimates of variable consideration) and adjust that
amount to reflect the effects of the customer’s credit risk.

103 Before an entity recognises an impairment loss for an asset recognised in accordance with paragraph 91
or 95, the entity shall recognise any impairment loss for assets related to the contract that are recognised
in accordance with another Standard (for example, Ind AS 2, Ind AS 16 and Ind AS 38). After applying
the impairment test in paragraph 101, an entity shall include the resulting carrying amount of the asset
recognised in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 in the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit to
which it belongs for the purpose of applying Ind AS 36, Impairment of Assets, to that cash-generating
unit.

104 An entity shall recognise in profit or loss a reversal of some or all of an impairment loss previously
recognised in accordance with paragraph 101 when the impairment conditions no longer exist or have
improved. The increased carrying amount of the asset shall not exceed the amount that would have been
determined (net of amortisation) if no impairment loss had been recognised previously.

Presentation

105 When either party to a contract has performed, an entity shall present the contract in the balance
sheet as a contract asset or a contract liability, depending on the relationship between the entity’s
performance and the customer’s payment. An entity shall present any unconditional rights to
consideration separately as a receivable.

106 If a customer pays consideration, or an entity has a right to an amount of consideration that is
unconditional (ie a receivable), before the entity transfers a good or service to the customer, the entity
shall present the contract as a contract liability when the payment is made or the payment is due
(whichever is earlier). A contract liability is an entity’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a
customer for which the entity has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the
customer.

107 If an entity performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customer pays
consideration or before payment is due, the entity shall present the contract as a contract asset,
excluding any amounts presented as a receivable. A contract asset is an entity’s right to consideration in
exchange for goods or services that the entity has transferred to a customer. An entity shall assess a
 contract asset for impairment in accordance with Ind AS 109. An impairment of a contract asset shall be
measured, presented and disclosed on the same basis as a financial asset that is within the scope of Ind
AS 109 (see also paragraph 113(b)).

108 A receivable is an entity’s right to consideration that is unconditional. A right to consideration is

unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. For
example, an entity would recognise a receivable if it has a present right to payment even though that
amount may be subject to refund in the future. An entity shall account for a receivable in accordance
with Ind AS 109. Upon initial recognition of a receivable from a contract with a customer, any
difference between the measurement of the receivable in accordance with Ind AS 109 and the
corresponding amount of revenue recognised shall be presented as an expense (for example, as an
impairment loss).

109 This Standard uses the terms ‘contract asset’ and ‘contract liability’ but does not prohibit an entity from
using alternative descriptions in the balance sheet for those items. If an entity uses an alternative
description for a contract asset, the entity shall provide sufficient information for a user of the financial
statements to distinguish between receivables and contract assets.

109AA An entity shall present separately the amount of excise duty included in the revenue recognised in the
statement of profit and loss.

Disclosure

110 The objective of the disclosure requirements is for an entity to disclose sufficient information to
enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of
revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. To achieve that objective, an entity
shall disclose qualitative and quantitative information about all of the following:

(a) its contracts with customers (see paragraphs 113–122);

(b) the significant judgements, and changes in the judgements, made in applying this
Standard to those contracts (see paragraphs 123–126); and

(c) any assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer in
accordance with paragraph 91 or 95 (see paragraphs 127–128).

111 An entity shall consider the level of detail necessary to satisfy the disclosure objective and how much
emphasis to place on each of the various requirements. An entity shall aggregate or disaggregate
disclosures so that useful information is not obscured by either the inclusion of a large amount of
insignificant detail or the aggregation of items that have substantially different characteristics.

112 An entity need not disclose information in accordance with this Standard if it has provided the
information in accordance with another Standard.

Contracts with customers

113 An entity shall disclose all of the following amounts for the reporting period unless those amounts are
presented separately in the statement of profit and loss in accordance with other Standards:

(a) revenue recognised from contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose separately
from its other sources of revenue; and

(b) any impairment losses recognised (in accordance with Ind AS 109) on any receivables or
contract assets arising from an entity’s contracts with customers, which the entity shall disclose
separately from impairment losses from other contracts.

Disaggregation of revenue

114 An entity shall disaggregate revenue recognised from contracts with customers into categories that
depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by
 economic factors. An entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs B87–B89 when selecting the
categories to use to disaggregate revenue.

115 In addition, an entity shall disclose sufficient information to enable users of financial statements to
understand the relationship between the disclosure of disaggregated revenue (in accordance with
paragraph 114) and revenue information that is disclosed for each reportable segment, if the entity
applies Ind AS 108, Operating Segments.

Contract balances

116 An entity shall disclose all of the following:

(a) the opening and closing balances of receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from
contracts with customers, if not otherwise separately presented or disclosed;

(b) revenue recognised in the reporting period that was included in the contract liability balance at
the beginning of the period; and

(c) revenue recognised in the reporting period from performance obligations satisfied (or partially
satisfied) in previous periods (for example, changes in transaction price).

117 An entity shall explain how the timing of satisfaction of its performance obligations (see paragraph
119(a)) relates to the typical timing of payment (see paragraph 119(b)) and the effect that those factors
have on the contract asset and the contract liability balances. The explanation provided may use
qualitative information.

118 An entity shall provide an explanation of the significant changes in the contract asset and the contract
liability balances during the reporting period. The explanation shall include qualitative and quantitative
information. Examples of changes in the entity’s balances of contract assets and contract liabilities
include any of the following:

(a) changes due to business combinations;

(b) cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue that affect the corresponding contract asset or
contract liability, including adjustments arising from a change in the measure of progress, a
change in an estimate of the transaction price (including any changes in the assessment of
whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained) or a contract modification;

(c) impairment of a contract asset;

(d) a change in the time frame for a right to consideration to become unconditional (ie for a
contract asset to be reclassified to a receivable); and

(e) a change in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied (ie for the recognition of
revenue arising from a contract liability).

Performance obligations

119 An entity shall disclose information about its performance obligations in contracts with customers,
including a description of all of the following:

(a) when the entity typically satisfies its performance obligations (for example, upon shipment,
upon delivery, as services are rendered or upon completion of service), including when
performance obligations are satisfied in a bill-and-hold arrangement;

(b) the significant payment terms (for example, when payment is typically due, whether the
contract has a significant financing component, whether the consideration amount is variable
and whether the estimate of variable consideration is typically constrained in accordance with
paragraphs 56–58);
 (c) the nature of the goods or services that the entity has promised to transfer, highlighting any
performance obligations to arrange for another party to transfer goods or services (ie if the
entity is acting as an agent);

(d) obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations; and

(e) types of warranties and related obligations.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

120 An entity shall disclose the following information about its remaining performance obligations:

(a) the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are
unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period; and

(b) an explanation of when the entity expects to recognise as revenue the amount disclosed in
accordance with paragraph 120(a), which the entity shall disclose in either of the following
ways:

(i) on a quantitative basis using the time bands that would be most appropriate for the
duration of the remaining performance obligations; or

(ii) by using qualitative information.

121 As a practical expedient, an entity need not disclose the information in paragraph 120 for a performance
obligation if either of the following conditions is met:

(a) the performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one
year or less; or

(b) the entity recognises revenue from the satisfaction of the performance obligation in accordance
with paragraph B16.

122 An entity shall explain qualitatively whether it is applying the practical expedient in paragraph 121 and
whether any consideration from contracts with customers is not included in the transaction price and,
therefore, not included in the information disclosed in accordance with paragraph 120. For example, an
estimate of the transaction price would not include any estimated amounts of variable consideration that
are constrained (see paragraphs 56–58).

Significant judgements in the application of this Standard

123 An entity shall disclose the judgements, and changes in the judgements, made in applying this Standard
that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with
customers. In particular, an entity shall explain the judgements, and changes in the judgements, used in
determining both of the following:

(a) the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations (see paragraphs 124–125); and

(b) the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations (see paragraph 126).

Determining the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations

124 For performance obligations that an entity satisfies over time, an entity shall disclose both of the
following:

(a) the methods used to recognise revenue (for example, a description of the output methods or
input methods used and how those methods are applied); and

(b) an explanation of why the methods used provide a faithful depiction of the transfer of goods or
services.
125 For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, an entity shall disclose the significant
judgements made in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services.

Determining the transaction price and the amounts allocated to performance obligations

126 An entity shall disclose information about the methods, inputs and assumptions used for all of the
following:

(a) determining the transaction price, which includes, but is not limited to, estimating variable
consideration, adjusting the consideration for the effects of the time value of money and
measuring non-cash consideration;

(b) assessing whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained;

(c) allocating the transaction price, including estimating stand-alone selling prices of promised
goods or services and allocating discounts and variable consideration to a specific part of the
contract (if applicable); and

(d) measuring obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations.

126AA An entity shall reconcile the amount of revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss with
the contracted price showing separately each of the adjustments made to the contract price, for example,
on account of discounts, rebates, refunds, credits, price concessions, incentives, performance bonuses,
etc., specifying the nature and amount of each such adjustment separately.

Assets recognised from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer

127 An entity shall describe both of the following:

(a) the judgements made in determining the amount of the costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a
contract with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95); and

(b) the method it uses to determine the amortisation for each reporting period.

128 An entity shall disclose all of the following:

(a) the closing balances of assets recognised from the costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a contract
with a customer (in accordance with paragraph 91 or 95), by main category of asset (for
example, costs to obtain contracts with customers, pre-contract costs and setup costs); and

(b) the amount of amortisation and any impairment losses recognised in the reporting period.

Practical expedients

129 If an entity elects to use the practical expedient in either paragraph 63 (about the existence of a
significant financing component) or paragraph 94 (about the incremental costs of obtaining a contract),
the entity shall disclose that fact.
Appendix A
Defined terms

This appendix is an integral part of the Standard.

contract An agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable

rights and obligations.

contract asset An entity’s right to consideration in exchange for goods or services

that the entity has transferred to a customer when that
right is conditioned on something other than the passage of time
(for example, the entity’s future performance).

contract liability An entity’s obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for

which the entity has received consideration (or the amount is due)
from the customer.

customer A party that has contracted with an entity to obtain goods or services
that are an output of the entity’s ordinary activities in exchange for
consideration.

income Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the

form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities
that result in an increase in equity, other than those relating to
contributions from equity participants.

performance A promise in a contract with a customer to transfer to the customer

obligation either:

(a) a good or service (or a bundle of goods or services) that is

distinct; or

(b) a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the

same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the
customer.

revenue Income arising in the course of an entity’s ordinary activities.

stand-alone selling The price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service
price separately to a customer.
(of a good or service)
transaction price The amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled
(for a contract with a in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a
customer) customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.
Appendix B
Application Guidance
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. It describes the application of paragraphs 1– 129 and has the
same authority as the other parts of the Standard.

B1 This application guidance is organised into the following categories:

(a) performance obligations satisfied over time (paragraphs B2–B13);

(b) methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation
(paragraphs B14–B19);

(c) sale with a right of return (paragraphs B20–B27);

(d) warranties (paragraphs B28–B33);

(e) principal versus agent considerations (paragraphs B34–B38);

(f) customer options for additional goods or services (paragraphs B39–B43);

(g) customers’ unexercised rights (paragraphs B44–B47);

(h) non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs) (paragraphs B48–B51);

(i) licensing (paragraphs B52–B63B);

(j) repurchase agreements (paragraphs B64–B76);

(k) consignment arrangements (paragraphs B77–B78);

(l) bill-and-hold arrangements (paragraphs B79–B82);

(m) customer acceptance (paragraphs B83–B86); and

(n) disclosure of disaggregated revenue (paragraphs B87–B89).

Performance obligations satisfied over time

B2 In accordance with paragraph 35, a performance obligation is satisfied over time if one of the following
criteria is met:

(a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the entity’s
performance as the entity performs (see paragraphs B3–B4);
(b) the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in progress) that the
customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced (see paragraph B5); or

(c) the entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity (see
paragraphs B6–B8) and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance
completed to date (see paragraphs B9–B13).

Simultaneous receipt and consumption of the benefits of the entity’s performance (paragraph
35(a))

B3 For some types of performance obligations, the assessment of whether a customer receives the benefits
of an entity’s performance as the entity performs and simultaneously consumes those benefits as they
are received will be straightforward. Examples include routine or recurring services (such as a cleaning
service) in which the receipt and simultaneous consumption by the customer of the benefits of the
entity’s performance can be readily identified.
B4 For other types of performance obligations, an entity may not be able to readily identify whether a
customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits from the entity’s performance as the entity
performs. In those circumstances, a performance obligation is satisfied over time if an entity determines
that another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work that the entity has completed to
date if that other entity were to fulfil the remaining performance obligation to the customer. In
determining whether another entity would not need to substantially re-perform the work the entity has
completed to date, an entity shall make both of the following assumptions:

(a) disregard potential contractual restrictions or practical limitations that otherwise would prevent
the entity from transferring the remaining performance obligation to another entity; and

(b) presume that another entity fulfilling the remainder of the performance obligation would not
have the benefit of any asset that is presently controlled by the entity and that would remain
controlled by the entity if the performance obligation were to transfer to another entity.

Customer controls the asset as it is created or enhanced (paragraph 35(b))

B5 In determining whether a customer controls an asset as it is created or enhanced in accordance with

paragraph 35(b), an entity shall apply the requirements for control in paragraphs 31–34 and 38. The
asset that is being created or enhanced (for example, a work-in-progress asset) could be either tangible
or intangible.

Entity’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use (paragraph 35(c))

B6 In assessing whether an asset has an alternative use to an entity in accordance with paragraph 36, an
entity shall consider the effects of contractual restrictions and practical limitations on the entity’s ability
to readily direct that asset for another use, such as selling it to a different customer. The possibility of
the contract with the customer being terminated is not a relevant consideration in assessing whether the
entity would be able to readily direct the asset for another use.

B7 A contractual restriction on an entity’s ability to direct an asset for another use must be substantive for
the asset not to have an alternative use to the entity. A contractual restriction is substantive if a customer
could enforce its rights to the promised asset if the entity sought to direct the asset for another use. In
contrast, a contractual restriction is not substantive if, for example, an asset is largely interchangeable
with other assets that the entity could transfer to another customer without breaching the contract and
without incurring significant costs that otherwise would not have been incurred in relation to that
contract.

B8 A practical limitation on an entity’s ability to direct an asset for another use exists if an entity would
incur significant economic losses to direct the asset for another use. A significant economic loss could
arise because the entity either would incur significant costs to rework the asset or would only be able to
sell the asset at a significant loss. For example, an entity may be practically limited from redirecting
assets that either have design specifications that are unique to a customer or are located in remote areas.

Right to payment for performance completed to date (paragraph 35(c))

B9 In accordance with paragraph 37, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to date if
the entity would be entitled to an amount that at least compensates the entity for its performance
completed to date in the event that the customer or another party terminates the contract for reasons
other than the entity’s failure to perform as promised. An amount that would compensate an entity for
performance completed to date would be an amount that approximates the selling price of the goods or
services transferred to date (for example, recovery of the costs incurred by an entity in satisfying the
performance obligation plus a reasonable profit margin) rather than compensation for only the entity’s
potential loss of profit if the contract were to be terminated. Compensation for a reasonable profit
margin need not equal the profit margin expected if the contract was fulfilled as promised, but an entity
should be entitled to compensation for either of the following amounts:
 (a) a proportion of the expected profit margin in the contract that reasonably reflects the extent of
the entity’s performance under the contract before termination by the customer (or another
party); or

(b) a reasonable return on the entity’s cost of capital for similar contracts (or the entity’s typical
operating margin for similar contracts) if the contract-specific margin is higher than the return
the entity usually generates from similar contracts.

B10 An entity’s right to payment for performance completed to date need not be a present unconditional
right to payment. In many cases, an entity will have an unconditional right to payment only at an
agreed-upon milestone or upon complete satisfaction of the performance obligation. In assessing
whether it has a right to payment for performance completed to date, an entity shall consider whether it
would have an enforceable right to demand or retain payment for performance completed to date if the
contract were to be terminated before completion for reasons other than the entity’s failure to perform as
promised.

B11 In some contracts, a customer may have a right to terminate the contract only at specified times during
the life of the contract or the customer might not have any right to terminate the contract. If a customer
acts to terminate a contract without having the right to terminate the contract at that time (including
when a customer fails to perform its obligations as promised), the contract (or other laws) might entitle
the entity to continue to transfer to the customer the goods or services promised in the contract and
require the customer to pay the consideration promised in exchange for those goods or services. In those
circumstances, an entity has a right to payment for performance completed to date because the entity
has a right to continue to perform its obligations in accordance with the contract and to require the
customer to perform its obligations (which include paying the promised consideration).

B12 In assessing the existence and enforceability of a right to payment for performance completed to date,
an entity shall consider the contractual terms as well as any legislation or legal precedent that could
supplement or override those contractual terms. This would include an assessment of whether:

(a) legislation, administrative practice or legal precedent confers upon the entity a right to payment
for performance to date even though that right is not specified in the contract with the customer;

(b) relevant legal precedent indicates that similar rights to payment for performance completed to
date in similar contracts have no binding legal effect; or

(c) an entity’s customary business practices of choosing not to enforce a right to payment has
resulted in the right being rendered unenforceable in that legal environment. However,
notwithstanding that an entity may choose to waive its right to payment in similar contracts, an
entity would continue to have a right to payment to date if, in the contract with the customer, its
right to payment for performance to date remains enforceable.

B13 The payment schedule specified in a contract does not necessarily indicate whether an entity has an
enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Although the payment schedule in a
contract specifies the timing and amount of consideration that is payable by a customer, the payment
schedule might not necessarily provide evidence of the entity’s right to payment for performance
completed to date. This is because, for example, the contract could specify that the consideration
received from the customer is refundable for reasons other than the entity failing to perform as promised
in the contract.

Methods for measuring progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation

B14 Methods that can be used to measure an entity’s progress towards complete satisfaction of a
performance obligation satisfied over time in accordance with paragraphs 35–37 include the following:

(a) output methods (see paragraphs B15–B17); and

(b) input methods (see paragraphs B18–B19).

Output methods
B15 Output methods recognise revenue on the basis of direct measurements of the value to the customer of
the goods or services transferred to date relative to the remaining goods or services promised under the
contract. Output methods include methods such as surveys of performance completed to date, appraisals
of results achieved, milestones reached, time elapsed and units produced or units delivered. When an
entity evaluates whether to apply an output method to measure its progress, the entity shall consider
whether the output selected would faithfully depict the entity’s performance towards complete
satisfaction of the performance obligation. An output method would not provide a faithful depiction of
the entity’s performance if the output selected would fail to measure some of the goods or services for
which control has transferred to the customer. For example, output methods based on units produced or
units delivered would not faithfully depict an entity’s performance in satisfying a performance
obligation if, at the end of the reporting period, the entity’s performance has produced work in progress
or finished goods controlled by the customer that are not included in the measurement of the output.

B16 As a practical expedient, if an entity has a right to consideration from a customer in an amount that
corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date (for
example, a service contract in which an entity bills a fixed amount for each hour of service provided),
the entity may recognise revenue in the amount to which the entity has a right to invoice.

B17 The disadvantages of output methods are that the outputs used to measure progress may not be directly
observable and the information required to apply them may not be available to an entity without undue
cost. Therefore, an input method may be necessary.

Input methods

B18 Input methods recognise revenue on the basis of the entity’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a
performance obligation (for example, resources consumed, labour hours expended, costs incurred, time
elapsed or machine hours used) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that
performance obligation. If the entity’s efforts or inputs are expended evenly throughout the performance
period, it may be appropriate for the entity to recognise revenue on a straight-line basis.

B19 A shortcoming of input methods is that there may not be a direct relationship between an entity’s inputs
and the transfer of control of goods or services to a customer. Therefore, an entity shall exclude from an
input method the effects of any inputs that, in accordance with the objective of measuring progress in
paragraph 39, do not depict the entity’s performance in transferring control of goods or services to the
customer. For instance, when using a cost-based input method, an adjustment to the measure of progress
may be required in the following circumstances:

(a) When a cost incurred does not contribute to an entity’s progress in satisfying the performance
obligation. For example, an entity would not recognise revenue on the basis of costs incurred
that are attributable to significant inefficiencies in the entity’s performance that were not
reflected in the price of the contract (for example, the costs of unexpected amounts of wasted
materials, labour or other resources that were incurred to satisfy the performance obligation).

(b) When a cost incurred is not proportionate to the entity’s progress in satisfying the performance
obligation. In those circumstances, the best depiction of the entity’s performance may be to
adjust the input method to recognise revenue only to the extent of that cost incurred. For
example, a faithful depiction of an entity’s performance might be to recognise revenue at an
amount equal to the cost of a good used to satisfy a performance obligation if the entity expects
at contract inception that all of the following conditions would be met:

(i) the good is not distinct;

(ii) the customer is expected to obtain control of the good significantly before receiving
services related to the good;

(iii) the cost of the transferred good is significant relative to the total expected costs to
completely satisfy the performance obligation; and
 (iv) the entity procures the good from a third party and is not significantly involved in
designing and manufacturing the good (but the entity is acting as a principal in
accordance with paragraphs B34–B38).

Sale with a right of return

B20 In some contracts, an entity transfers control of a product to a customer and also grants the customer the
right to return the product for various reasons (such as dissatisfaction with the product) and receive any
combination of the following:

(a) a full or partial refund of any consideration paid;

(b) a credit that can be applied against amounts owed, or that will be owed, to the entity; and

(c) another product in exchange.

B20AA In some contracts, an entity transfers control of a product to a customer with an unconditional right of
return. In such cases, the recognition of revenue shall be as per the substance of the arrangement. Where
the substance is that of a consignment sale, the entity shall account for such a contract as per the
provisions of paragraph B77 of this Appendix. In other cases, the accounting for contracts with
customers shall be as per paragraphs B21-B27.

B21 To account for the transfer of products with a right of return (and for some services that are provided
subject to a refund), an entity shall recognise all of the following:

(a) revenue for the transferred products in the amount of consideration to which the entity expects
to be entitled (therefore, revenue would not be recognised for the products expected to be
returned);

(b) a refund liability; and

(c) an asset (and corresponding adjustment to cost of sales) for its right to recover products from
customers on settling the refund liability.

B22 An entity’s promise to stand ready to accept a returned product during the return period shall not be
accounted for as a performance obligation in addition to the obligation to provide a refund.

B23 An entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 47–72 (including the requirements for constraining
estimates of variable consideration in paragraphs 56–58) to determine the amount of consideration to
which the entity expects to be entitled (ie excluding the products expected to be returned). For any
amounts received (or receivable) for which an entity does not expect to be entitled, the entity shall not
recognise revenue when it transfers products to customers but shall recognise those amounts received
(or receivable) as a refund liability. Subsequently, at the end of each reporting period, the entity shall
update its assessment of amounts for which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the transferred
products and make a corresponding change to the transaction price and, therefore, in the amount of
revenue recognised.

B24 An entity shall update the measurement of the refund liability at the end of each reporting period for
changes in expectations about the amount of refunds. An entity shall recognise corresponding
adjustments as revenue (or reductions of revenue).

B25 An asset recognised for an entity’s right to recover products from a customer on settling a refund
liability shall initially be measured by reference to the former carrying amount of the product (for
example, inventory) less any expected costs to recover those products (including potential decreases in
the value to the entity of returned products). At the end of each reporting period, an entity shall update
the measurement of the asset arising from changes in expectations about products to be returned. An
entity shall present the asset separately from the refund liability.

B26 Exchanges by customers of one product for another of the same type, quality, condition and price (for
example, one colour or size for another) are not considered returns for the purposes of applying this
Standard.
B27 Contracts in which a customer may return a defective product in exchange for a functioning product
shall be evaluated in accordance with the guidance on warranties in paragraphs B28–B33.

Warranties

B28 It is common for an entity to provide (in accordance with the contract, the law or the entity’s customary
business practices) a warranty in connection with the sale of a product (whether a good or service). The
nature of a warranty can vary significantly across industries and contracts. Some warranties provide a
customer with assurance that the related product will function as the parties intended because it
complies with agreed-upon specifications. Other warranties provide the customer with a service in
addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications.

B29 If a customer has the option to purchase a warranty separately (for example, because the warranty is
priced or negotiated separately), the warranty is a distinct service because the entity promises to provide
the service to the customer in addition to the product that has the functionality described in the contract.
In those circumstances, an entity shall account for the promised warranty as a performance obligation in
accordance with paragraphs 22–30 and allocate a portion of the transaction price to that performance
obligation in accordance with paragraphs 73–86.

B30 If a customer does not have the option to purchase a warranty separately, an entity shall account for the
warranty in accordance with Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets,
unless the promised warranty, or a part of the promised warranty, provides the customer with a service
in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications.

B31 In assessing whether a warranty provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance that the
product complies with agreed-upon specifications, an entity shall consider factors such as:

(a) Whether the warranty is required by law—if the entity is required by law to provide a warranty,
the existence of that law indicates that the promised warranty is not a performance obligation
because such requirements typically exist to protect customers from the risk of purchasing
defective products.

(b) The length of the warranty coverage period—the longer the coverage period, the more likely it
is that the promised warranty is a performance obligation because it is more likely to provide a
service in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications.
(c) The nature of the tasks that the entity promises to perform—if it is necessary for an entity to
perform specified tasks to provide the assurance that a product complies with agreed-upon
specifications (for example, a return shipping service for a defective product), then those tasks
likely do not give rise to a performance obligation.

B32 If a warranty, or a part of a warranty, provides a customer with a service in addition to the assurance
that the product complies with agreed-upon specifications, the promised service is a performance
obligation. Therefore, an entity shall allocate the transaction price to the product and the service. If an
entity promises both an assurance-type warranty and a service-type warranty but cannot reasonably
account for them separately, the entity shall account for both of the warranties together as a single
performance obligation.

B33 A law that requires an entity to pay compensation if its products cause harm or damage does not give
rise to a performance obligation. For example, a manufacturer might sell products in a jurisdiction in
which the law holds the manufacturer liable for any damages (for example, to personal property) that
might be caused by a consumer using a product for its intended purpose. Similarly, an entity’s promise
to indemnify the customer for liabilities and damages arising from claims of patent, copyright,
trademark or other infringement by the entity’s products does not give rise to a performance obligation.
The entity shall account for such obligations in accordance with Ind AS 37.

Principal versus agent considerations

B34 When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, the entity shall determine
whether the nature of its promise is a performance obligation to provide the specified goods or services
itself (ie the entity is a principal) or to arrange for those goods or services to be provided by the other party
(ie the entity is an agent). An entity determines whether it is a principal or an agent for each specified good
or service promised to the customer. A specified good or service is a distinct good or service (or a distinct
bundle of goods or services) to be provided to the customer (see paragraphs 27–30). If a contract with a
customer includes more than one specified good or service, an entity could be a principal for some specified
goods or services and an agent for others.

B34A To determine the nature of its promise (as described in paragraph B34), the entity shall:

(a) identify the specified goods or services to be provided to the customer (which, for example, could be a
right to a good or service to be provided by another party (see paragraph 26)); and

(b) assess whether it controls (as described in paragraph 33) each specified good or service before that good
or service is transferred to the customer.

B35 An entity is a principal if it controls the specified good or service before that good or service is
transferred to a customer. However, an entity does not necessarily control a specified good if the entity
obtains legal title to that good only momentarily before legal title is transferred to a customer. An entity
that is a principal may satisfy its performance obligation to provide the specified good or service itself
or it may engage another party (for example, a subcontractor) to satisfy some or all of the performance
obligation on its behalf.

B35A When another party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, an entity that is a principal
obtains control of any one of the following:

(a) a good or another asset from the other party that it then transfers to the customer.

(b) a right to a service to be performed by the other party, which gives the entity the ability to direct that
party to provide the service to the customer on the entity’s behalf.

(c) a good or service from the other party that it then combines with other goods or services in providing
the specified good or service to the customer. For example, if an entity provides a significant service
of integrating goods or services (see paragraph 29(a)) provided by another party into the specified
good or service for which the customer has contracted, the entity controls the specified good or
service before that good or service is transferred to the customer. This is because the entity first
obtains control of the inputs to the specified good or service (which includes goods or services from
other parties) and directs their use to create the combined output that is the specified good or service.

B35B When (or as) an entity that is a principal satisfies a performance obligation, the entity recognises revenue in
the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified good or
service transferred.

B36 An entity is an agent if the entity’s performance obligation is to arrange for the provision of the
specified good or service by another party. An entity that is an agent does not control the specified good
or service provided by another party before that good or service is transferred to the customer. When (or
as) an entity that is an agent satisfies a performance obligation, the entity recognises revenue in the
amount of any fee or commission to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for arranging for the
specified goods or services to be provided by the other party. An entity’s fee or commission might be
 the net amount of consideration that the entity retains after paying the other party the consideration
received in exchange for the goods or services to be provided by that party.

B37 Indicators that an entity controls the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer
(and is therefore a principal (see paragraph B35)) include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a) the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or
service. This typically includes responsibility for the acceptability of the specified good or
service (for example, primary responsibility for the good or service meeting customer
specifications). If the entity is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the
specified good or service, this may indicate that the other party involved in providing the
specified good or service is acting on the entity’s behalf.

(b) the entity has inventory risk before the specified good or service has been transferred to a
customer or after transfer of control to the customer (for example, if the customer has a right of
return). For example, if the entity obtains, or commits itself to obtain, the specified good or service
before obtaining a contract with a customer, that may indicate that the entity has the ability to direct
the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service before it
is transferred to the customer.

(c) the entity has discretion in establishing the price for the specified good or service. Establishing the
price that the customer pays for the specified good or service may indicate that the entity has the
ability to direct the use of that good or service and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits.
However, an agent can have discretion in establishing prices in some cases. For example, an agent
may have some flexibility in setting prices in order to generate additional revenue from its service
of arranging for goods or services to be provided by other parties to customers.

B37A The indicators in paragraph B37 may be more or less relevant to the assessment of control depending on the
nature of the specified good or service and the terms and conditions of the contract. In addition, different
indicators may provide more persuasive evidence in different contracts.

B38 If another entity assumes the entity’s performance obligations and contractual rights in the contract so
that the entity is no longer obliged to satisfy the performance obligation to transfer the specified good
or service to the customer (ie the entity is no longer acting as the principal), the entity shall not
recognise revenue for that performance obligation. Instead, the entity shall evaluate whether to
recognise revenue for satisfying a performance obligation to obtain a contract for the other party (ie
whether the entity is acting as an agent).

Customer options for additional goods or services

B39 Customer options to acquire additional goods or services for free or at a discount come in many forms,
including sales incentives, customer award credits (or points), contract renewal options or other
discounts on future goods or services.

B40 If, in a contract, an entity grants a customer the option to acquire additional goods or services, that
option gives rise to a performance obligation in the contract only if the option provides a material right
to the customer that it would not receive without entering into that contract (for example, a discount that
is incremental to the range of discounts typically given for those goods or services to that class of
customer in that geographical area or market). If the option provides a material right to the customer,
the customer in effect pays the entity in advance for future goods or services and the entity recognises
revenue when those future goods or services are transferred or when the option expires.

B41 If a customer has the option to acquire an additional good or service at a price that would reflect the
stand-alone selling price for that good or service, that option does not provide the customer with a
material right even if the option can be exercised only by entering into a previous contract. In those
cases, the entity has made a marketing offer that it shall account for in accordance with this Standard
only when the customer exercises the option to purchase the additional goods or services.
B42 Paragraph 74 requires an entity to allocate the transaction price to performance obligations on a relative
stand-alone selling price basis. If the stand-alone selling price for a customer’s option to acquire
additional goods or services is not directly observable, an entity shall estimate it. That estimate shall
reflect the discount that the customer would obtain when exercising the option, adjusted for both of the
following:

(a) any discount that the customer could receive without exercising the option; and

(b) the likelihood that the option will be exercised.

B43 If a customer has a material right to acquire future goods or services and those goods or services are
similar to the original goods or services in the contract and are provided in accordance with the terms of
the original contract, then an entity may, as a practical alternative to estimating the stand-alone selling
price of the option, allocate the transaction price to the optional goods or services by reference to the
goods or services expected to be provided and the corresponding expected consideration. Typically,
those types of options are for contract renewals.

Customers’ unexercised rights

B44 In accordance with paragraph 106, upon receipt of a prepayment from a customer, an entity shall
recognise a contract liability in the amount of the prepayment for its performance obligation to transfer,
or to stand ready to transfer, goods or services in the future. An entity shall derecognise that contract
liability (and recognise revenue) when it transfers those goods or services and, therefore, satisfies its
performance obligation.

B45 A customer’s non-refundable prepayment to an entity gives the customer a right to receive a good or
service in the future (and obliges the entity to stand ready to transfer a good or service). However,
customers may not exercise all of their contractual rights. Those unexercised rights are often referred to
as breakage.

B46 If an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount in a contract liability, the entity shall recognise
the expected breakage amount as revenue in proportion to the pattern of rights exercised by the
customer. If an entity does not expect to be entitled to a breakage amount, the entity shall recognise the
expected breakage amount as revenue when the likelihood of the customer exercising its remaining
rights becomes remote. To determine whether an entity expects to be entitled to a breakage amount, the
entity shall consider the requirements in paragraphs 56–58 on constraining estimates of variable
consideration.

B47 An entity shall recognise a liability (and not revenue) for any consideration received that is attributable
to a customer’s unexercised rights for which the entity is required to remit to another party, for example,
a government entity in accordance with applicable unclaimed property laws.

Non-refundable upfront fees (and some related costs)

B48 In some contracts, an entity charges a customer a non-refundable upfront fee at or near contract
inception. Examples include joining fees in health club membership contracts, activation fees in
telecommunication contracts, setup fees in some services contracts and initial fees in some supply
contracts.

B49 To identify performance obligations in such contracts, an entity shall assess whether the fee relates to
the transfer of a promised good or service. In many cases, even though a non-refundable upfront fee
relates to an activity that the entity is required to undertake at or near contract inception to fulfil the
contract, that activity does not result in the transfer of a promised good or service to the customer (see
paragraph 25). Instead, the upfront fee is an advance payment for future goods or services and,
therefore, would be recognised as revenue when those future goods or services are provided. The
revenue recognition period would extend beyond the initial contractual period if the entity grants the
customer the option to renew the contract and that option provides the customer with a material right as
described in paragraph B40.
B50 If the non-refundable upfront fee relates to a good or service, the entity shall evaluate whether to
account for the good or service as a separate performance obligation in accordance with paragraphs 22–
30.

B51 An entity may charge a non-refundable fee in part as compensation for costs incurred in setting up a
contract (or other administrative tasks as described in paragraph 25). If those setup activities do not
satisfy a performance obligation, the entity shall disregard those activities (and related costs) when
measuring progress in accordance with paragraph B19. That is because the costs of setup activities do
not depict the transfer of services to the customer. The entity shall assess whether costs incurred in
setting up a contract have resulted in an asset that shall be recognised in accordance with paragraph 95.

Licensing

B52 A licence establishes a customer’s rights to the intellectual property of an entity. Licences of intellectual
property may include, but are not limited to, licences of any of the following:

(a) software and technology;

(b) motion pictures, music and other forms of media and entertainment;

(c) franchises; and

(d) patents, trademarks and copyrights.

B53 In addition to a promise to grant a licence (or licences) to a customer, an entity may also promise to
transfer other goods or services to the customer. Those promises may be explicitly stated in the contract
or implied by an entity’s customary business practices, published policies or specific statements (see
paragraph 24). As with other types of contracts, when a contract with a customer includes a promise to
grant a licence (or licences) in addition to other promised goods or services, an entity applies paragraphs
22–30 to identify each of the performance obligations in the contract.

B54 If the promise to grant a licence is not distinct from other promised goods or services in the contract in
accordance with paragraphs 26–30, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a licence and those
other promised goods or services together as a single performance obligation. Examples of licences that
are not distinct from other goods or services promised in the contract include the following:

(a) a licence that forms a component of a tangible good and that is integral to the functionality of
the good; and

(b) a licence that the customer can benefit from only in conjunction with a related service (such as
an online service provided by the entity that enables, by granting a licence, the customer to
access content).

B55 If the licence is not distinct, an entity shall apply paragraphs 31–38 to determine whether the
performance obligation (which includes the promised licence) is a performance obligation that is
satisfied over time or satisfied at a point in time.

B56 If the promise to grant the licence is distinct from the other promised goods or services in the contract
and, therefore, the promise to grant the licence is a separate performance obligation, an entity shall
determine whether the licence transfers to a customer either at a point in time or over time. In making
this determination, an entity shall consider whether the nature of the entity’s promise in granting the
licence to a customer is to provide the customer with either:

(a) a right to access the entity’s intellectual property as it exists throughout the licence period; or

(b) a right to use the entity’s intellectual property as it exists at the point in time at which the
licence is granted.

Determining the nature of the entity’s promise

 *
B57

B58 The nature of an entity’s promise in granting a licence is a promise to provide a right to access the
entity’s intellectual property if all of the following criteria are met:

(a) the contract requires, or the customer reasonably expects, that the entity will undertake
activities that significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights (see
paragraph B59 and B59A);

(b) the rights granted by the licence directly expose the customer to any positive or negative effects
of the entity’s activities identified in paragraph B58(a); and

(c) those activities do not result in the transfer of a good or a service to the customer as those
activities occur (see paragraph 25).

B59 Factors that may indicate that a customer could reasonably expect that an entity will undertake activities
that significantly affect the intellectual property include the entity’s customary business practices,
published policies or specific statements. Although not determinative, the existence of a shared
economic interest (for example, a sales-based royalty) between the entity and the customer related to the
intellectual property to which the customer has rights may also indicate that the customer could
reasonably expect that the entity will undertake such activities.

B59A An entity’s activities significantly affect the intellectual property to which the customer has rights when
either:

(a) those activities are expected to significantly change the form (for example, the design or content) or
the functionality (for example, the ability to perform a function or task) of the intellectual property;
or

(b) the ability of the customer to obtain benefit from the intellectual property is substantially derived
from, or dependent upon, those activities. For example, the benefit from a brand is often derived
from, or dependent upon, the entity’s ongoing activities that support or maintain the value of the
intellectual property.

Accordingly, if the intellectual property to which the customer has rights has significant stand-alone
functionality, a substantial portion of the benefit of that intellectual property is derived from that
functionality. Consequently, the ability of the customer to obtain benefit from that intellectual property
would not be significantly affected by the entity’s activities unless those activities significantly change its
form or functionality. Types of intellectual property that often have significant stand-alone functionality
include software, biological compounds or drug formulas, and completed media content (for example, films,
television shows and music recordings).

B60 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are met, an entity shall account for the promise to grant a licence as a
performance obligation satisfied over time because the customer will simultaneously receive and
consume the benefit from the entity’s performance of providing access to its intellectual property as the
performance occurs (see paragraph 35(a)). An entity shall apply paragraphs 39–45 to select an
appropriate method to measure its progress towards complete satisfaction of that performance obligation
to provide access.

B61 If the criteria in paragraph B58 are not met, the nature of an entity’s promise is to provide a right to use
the entity’s intellectual property as that intellectual property exists (in terms of form and functionality)
at the point in time at which the licence is granted to the customer. This means that the customer can

*
Refer Appendix 1
 direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the licence at the point in
time at which the licence transfers. An entity shall account for the promise to provide a right to use the
entity’s intellectual property as a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time. An entity shall
apply paragraph 38 to determine the point in time at which the licence transfers to the customer.
However, revenue cannot be recognised for a licence that provides a right to use the entity’s intellectual
property before the beginning of the period during which the customer is able to use and benefit from
the licence. For example, if a software licence period begins before an entity provides (or otherwise
makes available) to the customer a code that enables the customer to immediately use the software, the
entity would not recognise revenue before that code has been provided (or otherwise made available).

B62 An entity shall disregard the following factors when determining whether a licence provides a right to
access the entity’s intellectual property or a right to use the entity’s intellectual property:

(a) Restrictions of time, geographical region or use—those restrictions define the attributes of the
promised licence, rather than define whether the entity satisfies its performance obligation at a
point in time or over time.

(b) Guarantees provided by the entity that it has a valid patent to intellectual property and that it
will defend that patent from unauthorised use—a promise to defend a patent right is not a
performance obligation because the act of defending a patent protects the value of the entity’s
intellectual property assets and provides assurance to the customer that the licence transferred
meets the specifications of the licence promised in the contract.

Sales-based or usage-based royalties

B63 Notwithstanding the requirements in paragraphs 56–59, an entity shall recognise revenue for a sales-
based or usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a licence of intellectual property only when (or
as) the later of the following events occurs:

(a) the subsequent sale or usage occurs; and

(b) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has
been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

B63A The requirement for a sales-based or usage-based royalty in paragraph B63 applies when the royalty
relates only to a licence of intellectual property or when a licence of intellectual property is the
predominant item to which the royalty relates (for example, the licence of intellectual property may be the
predominant item to which the royalty relates when the entity has a reasonable expectation that the
customer would ascribe significantly more value to the licence than to the other goods or services to which
the royalty relates).

B63B When the requirement in paragraph B63A is met, revenue from a sales-based or usage-based royalty shall
be recognised wholly in accordance with paragraph B63. When the requirement in paragraph B63A is not
met, the requirements on variable consideration in paragraphs 50–59 apply to the sales-based or usage-
based royalty.

Repurchase agreements

B64 A repurchase agreement is a contract in which an entity sells an asset and also promises or has the
option (either in the same contract or in another contract) to repurchase the asset. The repurchased asset
may be the asset that was originally sold to the customer, an asset that is substantially the same as that
asset, or another asset of which the asset that was originally sold is a component.
B65 Repurchase agreements generally come in three forms:

(a) an entity’s obligation to repurchase the asset (a forward);

(b) an entity’s right to repurchase the asset (a call option); and

 (c) an entity’s obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer’s request (a put option).

A forward or a call option

B66 If an entity has an obligation or a right to repurchase the asset (a forward or a call option), a customer
does not obtain control of the asset because the customer is limited in its ability to direct the use of, and
obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the asset even though the customer may have
physical possession of the asset. Consequently, the entity shall account for the contract as either of the
following:

(a) a lease in accordance with Ind AS 17, Leases, if the entity can or must repurchase the asset for
an amount that is less than the original selling price of the asset; or

(b) a financing arrangement in accordance with paragraph B68 if the entity can or must repurchase
the asset for an amount that is equal to or more than the original selling price of the asset.

B67 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall consider the time value of
money.

B68 If the repurchase agreement is a financing arrangement, the entity shall continue to recognise the asset
and also recognise a financial liability for any consideration received from the customer. The entity
shall recognise the difference between the amount of consideration received from the customer and the
amount of consideration to be paid to the customer as interest and, if applicable, as processing or
holding costs (for example, insurance).

B69 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and recognise revenue.

A put option

B70 If an entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset at the customer’s request (a put option) at a price
that is lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall consider at contract inception
whether the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise that right. The customer’s
exercising of that right results in the customer effectively paying the entity consideration for the right to
use a specified asset for a period of time. Therefore, if the customer has a significant economic
incentive to exercise that right, the entity shall account for the agreement as a lease in accordance with
Ind AS 17.

B71 To determine whether a customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise its right, an entity
shall consider various factors, including the relationship of the repurchase price to the expected market
value of the asset at the date of the repurchase and the amount of time until the right expires. For
example, if the repurchase price is expected to significantly exceed the market value of the asset, this
may indicate that the customer has a significant economic incentive to exercise the put option.

B72 If the customer does not have a significant economic incentive to exercise its right at a price that is
lower than the original selling price of the asset, the entity shall account for the agreement as if it were
the sale of a product with a right of return as described in paragraphs B20–B27.

B73 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling price and is more than
the expected market value of the asset, the contract is in effect a financing arrangement and, therefore,
shall be accounted for as described in paragraph B68.

B74 If the repurchase price of the asset is equal to or greater than the original selling price and is less than or
equal to the expected market value of the asset, and the customer does not have a significant economic
incentive to exercise its right, then the entity shall account for the agreement as if it were the sale of a
product with a right of return as described in paragraphs B20–B27.

B75 When comparing the repurchase price with the selling price, an entity shall consider the time value of
money.
B76 If the option lapses unexercised, an entity shall derecognise the liability and recognise revenue.

Consignment arrangements

B77 When an entity delivers a product to another party (such as a dealer or a distributor) for sale to end
customers, the entity shall evaluate whether that other party has obtained control of the product at that
point in time. A product that has been delivered to another party may be held in a consignment
arrangement if that other party has not obtained control of the product. Accordingly, an entity shall not
recognise revenue upon delivery of a product to another party if the delivered product is held on
consignment.

B78 Indicators that an arrangement is a consignment arrangement include, but are not limited to, the
following:

(a) the product is controlled by the entity until a specified event occurs, such as the sale of the
product to a customer of the dealer or until a specified period expires;

(b) the entity is able to require the return of the product or transfer the product to a third party (such
as another dealer); and
(c) the dealer does not have an unconditional obligation to pay for the product (although it might be
required to pay a deposit).

Bill-and-hold arrangements

B79 A bill-and-hold arrangement is a contract under which an entity bills a customer for a product but the
entity retains physical possession of the product until it is transferred to the customer at a point in time
in the future. For example, a customer may request an entity to enter into such a contract because of the
customer’s lack of available space for the product or because of delays in the customer’s production
schedules.

B80 An entity shall determine when it has satisfied its performance obligation to transfer a product by
evaluating when a customer obtains control of that product (see paragraph 38). For some contracts,
control is transferred either when the product is delivered to the customer’s site or when the product is
shipped, depending on the terms of the contract (including delivery and shipping terms). However, for
some contracts, a customer may obtain control of a product even though that product remains in an
entity’s physical possession. In that case, the customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain
substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the product even though it has decided not to exercise
its right to take physical possession of that product. Consequently, the entity does not control the
product. Instead, the entity provides custodial services to the customer over the customer’s asset.

B81 In addition to applying the requirements in paragraph 38, for a customer to have obtained control of a
product in a bill-and-hold arrangement, all of the following criteria must be met:

(a) the reason for the bill-and-hold arrangement must be substantive (for example, the customer has
requested the arrangement);

(b) the product must be identified separately as belonging to the customer;

(c) the product currently must be ready for physical transfer to the customer; and

(d) the entity cannot have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer.

B82 If an entity recognises revenue for the sale of a product on a bill-and-hold basis, the entity shall consider
whether it has remaining performance obligations (for example, for custodial services) in accordance
with paragraphs 22–30 to which the entity shall allocate a portion of the transaction price in accordance
with paragraphs 73–86.

Customer acceptance
B83 In accordance with paragraph 38(e), a customer’s acceptance of an asset may indicate that the customer
has obtained control of the asset. Customer acceptance clauses allow a customer to cancel a contract or
require an entity to take remedial action if a good or service does not meet agreed-upon specifications.
An entity shall consider such clauses when evaluating when a customer obtains control of a good or
service.

B84 If an entity can objectively determine that control of a good or service has been transferred to the
customer in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then customer acceptance is
a formality that would not affect the entity’s determination of when the customer has obtained control of
the good or service. For example, if the customer acceptance clause is based on meeting specified size
and weight characteristics, an entity would be able to determine whether those criteria have been met
before receiving confirmation of the customer’s acceptance. The entity’s experience with contracts for
similar goods or services may provide evidence that a good or service provided to the customer is in
accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract. If revenue is recognised before customer
acceptance, the entity still must consider whether there are any remaining performance obligations (for
example, installation of equipment) and evaluate whether to account for them separately.

B85 However, if an entity cannot objectively determine that the good or service provided to the customer is
in accordance with the agreed-upon specifications in the contract, then the entity would not be able to
conclude that the customer has obtained control until the entity receives the customer’s acceptance. That
is because in that circumstance the entity cannot determine that the customer has the ability to direct the
use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the good or service.

B86 If an entity delivers products to a customer for trial or evaluation purposes and the customer is not
committed to pay any consideration until the trial period lapses, control of the product is not transferred
to the customer until either the customer accepts the product or the trial period lapses.

Disclosure of disaggregated revenue

B87 Paragraph 114 requires an entity to disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers into categories
that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by
economic factors. Consequently, the extent to which an entity’s revenue is disaggregated for the
purposes of this disclosure depends on the facts and circumstances that pertain to the entity’s contracts
with customers. Some entities may need to use more than one type of category to meet the objective in
paragraph 114 for disaggregating revenue. Other entities may meet the objective by using only one type
of category to disaggregate revenue.

B88 When selecting the type of category (or categories) to use to disaggregate revenue, an entity shall
consider how information about the entity’s revenue has been presented for other purposes, including all
of the following:

(a) disclosures presented outside the financial statements (for example, in earnings releases, annual
reports or investor presentations);
(b) information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for evaluating the
financial performance of operating segments; and

(c) other information that is similar to the types of information identified in paragraph B88(a) and
(b) and that is used by the entity or users of the entity’s financial statements to evaluate the
entity’s financial performance or make resource allocation decisions.

B89 Examples of categories that might be appropriate include, but are not limited to, all of the following:

(a) type of good or service (for example, major product lines);

(b) geographical region (for example, country or region);

(c) market or type of customer (for example, government and non-government customers);

(d) type of contract (for example, fixed-price and time-and-materials contracts);

(e) contract duration (for example, short-term and long-term contracts);

(f) timing of transfer of goods or services (for example, revenue from goods or services transferred
to customers at a point in time and revenue from goods or services transferred over time); and

(g) sales channels (for example, goods sold directly to consumers and goods sold through
intermediaries).
Appendix C

Effective date and transition

C1 An entity shall apply this Standard for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2018.

C1A *

C1B *

Transition

C2 For the purposes of the transition requirements in paragraphs C3–C8A:

(a) the date of initial application is the start of the reporting period in which an entity first applies this
Standard; and
(b) a completed contract is a contract for which the entity has transferred all of the goods or services
identified in accordance with Ind AS 11, Construction Contracts and Ind AS 18, Revenue.

C3 An entity shall apply this Standard using one of the following two methods:

(a) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting
Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, subject to the expedients in paragraph C5;
or
(b) retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard recognised at the date
of initial application in accordance with paragraphs C7–C8.

C4 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 28 of Ind AS 8, when this Standard is first applied, an
entity need only present the quantitative information required by paragraph 28(f) of Ind AS 8 for the
accounting period immediately preceding the first annual period for which this Standard is applied (the
‘immediately preceding period’) and only if the entity applies this Standard retrospectively in
accordance with paragraph C3(a). An entity may also present this information for the current period or
for earlier comparative periods, but is not required to do so.

C5 An entity may use one or more of the following practical expedients when applying this Standard
retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(a):

(a) for completed contracts, an entity need not restate contracts that:
(i) begin and end within the same accounting period; or
(ii) are completed contracts at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

(b) for completed contracts that have variable consideration, an entity may use the transaction price
at the date the contract was completed rather than estimating variable consideration amounts in
the comparative reporting periods.

(c) for contracts that were modified before the beginning of the earliest period presented, an entity
need not retrospectively restate the contract for those contract modifications in accordance with
paragraphs 20–21. Instead, an entity shall reflect the aggregate effect of all of the modifications
that occur before the beginning of the earliest period presented when:

*
Refer Appendix 1
 (i) identifying the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations;
(ii) determining the transaction price; and
(iii) allocating the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance
obligations.

(d) for all reporting periods presented before the date of initial application, an entity need not disclose
the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations and an
explanation of when the entity expects to recognise that amount as revenue (see paragraph 120).

C6 For any of the practical expedients in paragraph C5 that an entity uses, the entity shall apply that
expedient consistently to all contracts within all reporting periods presented. In addition, the entity
shall disclose all of the following information:

(a) the expedients that have been used; and

(b) to the extent reasonably possible, a qualitative assessment of the estimated effect of applying each
of those expedients.

C7 If an entity elects to apply this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b), the entity
shall recognise the cumulative effect of initially applying this Standard as an adjustment to the opening
balance of retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate) of the accounting period
that includes the date of initial application. Under this transition method, an entity may elect to apply
this Standard retrospectively only to contracts that are not completed contracts at the date of initial
application (for example, 1 April, 2018 for an entity with a 31 March year-end).

C7A An entity applying this Standard retrospectively in accordance with paragraph C3(b) may also use
the practical expedient described in paragraph C5(c), either:

(a) for all contract modifications that occur before the beginning of the earliest period presented; or
(b) for all contract modifications that occur before the date of initial application.

If an entity uses this practical expedient, the entity shall apply the expedient consistently to all contracts and
disclose the information required by paragraph C6.

C8 For reporting periods that include the date of initial application, an entity shall provide both of the
following additional disclosures if this Standard is applied retrospectively in accordance with paragraph
C3(b):

(a) the amount by which each financial statement line item is affected in the current reporting period by
the application of this Standard as compared to Ind AS 11 and Ind AS 18 ; and
(b) an explanation of the reasons for significant changes identified in C8(a).

C8A *

C9 *

Withdrawal of other Standards

C10 This Standard supersedes the following Standards:

(a) Ind AS 11, Construction Contracts;

(b) Ind AS 18, Revenue

*
Refer Appendix 1
Appendix D

Service Concession Arrangements

This appendix is an integral part of the Standard.

Background

1 Infrastructure for public services—such as roads, bridges, tunnels, prisons, hospitals, airports, water
distribution facilities, energy supply and telecommunication networks—has traditionally been
constructed, operated and maintained by the public sector and financed through public budget
appropriation.

2 In recent times, governments have introduced contractual service arrangements to attract private sector
participation in the development, financing, operation and maintenance of such infrastructure. The
infrastructure may already exist, or may be constructed during the period of the service arrangement.
An arrangement within the scope of this Appendix typically involves a private sector entity (an
operator) constructing the infrastructure used to provide the public service or upgrading it (for example,
by increasing its capacity) and operating and maintaining that infrastructure for a specified period of
time. The operator is paid for its services over the period of the arrangement. The arrangement is
governed by a contract that sets out performance standards, mechanisms for adjusting prices, and
arrangements for arbitrating disputes. Such an arrangement is often described as a ‘build-operate-
transfer’, a ‘rehabilitate-operate-transfer’ or a ‘public-to-private’ service concession arrangement.

3 A feature of these service arrangements is the public service nature of the obligation undertaken by the
operator. Public policy is for the services related to the infrastructure to be provided to the public,
irrespective of the identity of the party that operates the services. The service arrangement contractually
obliges the operator to provide the services to the public on behalf of the public sector entity. Other
common features are:

(a) the party that grants the service arrangement (the grantor) is a public sector entity, including a
governmental body, or a private sector entity to which the responsibility for the service has been
devolved.

(b) the operator is responsible for at least some of the management of the infrastructure and related
services and does not merely act as an agent on behalf of the grantor.

(c) the contract sets the initial prices to be levied by the operator and regulates price revisions over
the period of the service arrangement.
(d) the operator is obliged to hand over the infrastructure to the grantor in a specified condition at
the end of the period of the arrangement, for little or no incremental consideration, irrespective
of which party initially financed it.

Scope

4 This Appendix gives guidance on the accounting by operators for public-to-private service concession
arrangements.

5 This Appendix applies to public-to-private service concession arrangements if:

(a) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure,
to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and

(b) the grantor controls—through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise—any significant

residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement.

6 Infrastructure used in a public-to-private service concession arrangement for its entire useful life (whole
of life assets) is within the scope of this Appendix if the conditions in paragraph 5(a) of this Appendix
 are met. Paragraphs AG1–AG8 of the Application Guidance of this Appendix provide guidance on
determining whether, and to what extent, public-to-private service concession arrangements are within
the scope of this Appendix.

7 This Appendix applies to both:

(a) infrastructure that the operator constructs or acquires from a third party for the purpose of the
service arrangement; and

(b) existing infrastructure to which the grantor gives the operator access for the purpose of the
service arrangement.

8 This Appendix does not specify the accounting for infrastructure that was held and recognised as
property, plant and equipment by the operator before entering the service arrangement. The
derecognition requirements of Ind ASs (as set out in Ind AS 16) apply to such infrastructure.

9 This Appendix does not specify the accounting by grantors.

Issues

10 This Appendix sets out general principles on recognising and measuring the obligations and related
rights in service concession arrangements. Requirements for disclosing information about service
concession arrangements are in Appendix E to this Indian Accounting Standard. The issues addressed in
this Appendix are:

(a) treatment of the operator’s rights over the infrastructure;

(b) recognition and measurement of arrangement consideration;

(c) construction or upgrade services;

(d) operation services;

(e) borrowing costs;

(f) subsequent accounting treatment of a financial asset and an intangible asset; and

(g) items provided to the operator by the grantor.

Accounting Principles

Treatment of the operator’s rights over the infrastructure

11 Infrastructure within the scope of this Appendix shall not be recognised as property, plant and
equipment of the operator because the contractual service arrangement does not convey the right to
control the use of the public service infrastructure to the operator. The operator has access to operate the
infrastructure to provide the public service on behalf of the grantor in accordance with the terms
specified in the contract.

Recognition and measurement of arrangement consideration

12 Under the terms of contractual arrangements within the scope of this Appendix, the operator acts as a
service provider. The operator constructs or upgrades infrastructure (construction or upgrade services)
used to provide a public service and operates and maintains that infrastructure (operation services) for a
specified period of time.
13 The operator shall recognise and measure revenue in accordance with Ind AS 115 for the services it
performs. The nature of the consideration determines its subsequent accounting treatment. The
subsequent accounting for consideration received as a financial asset and as an intangible asset is
detailed in paragraphs 23–26 of this Appendix.

Construction or upgrade services

14 The operator shall account for construction or upgrade services in accordance with Ind AS 115.

Consideration given by the grantor to the operator

15 If the operator provides construction or upgrade services the consideration received or receivable by the
operator shall be recognised in accordance with Ind AS 115. The consideration may be rights to:

(a) a financial asset, or

(b) an intangible asset.

16 The operator shall recognise a financial asset to the extent that it has an unconditional contractual right
to receive cash or another financial asset from or at the direction of the grantor for the construction
services; the grantor has little, if any, discretion to avoid payment, usually because the agreement is
enforceable by law. The operator has an unconditional right to receive cash if the grantor contractually
guarantees to pay the operator (a) specified or determinable amounts or (b) the shortfall, if any, between
amounts received from users of the public service and specified or determinable amounts, even if
payment is contingent on the operator ensuring that the infrastructure meets specified quality or
efficiency requirements.

17 The operator shall recognise an intangible asset to the extent that it receives a right (a licence) to charge
users of the public service. A right to charge users of the public service is not an unconditional right to
receive cash because the amounts are contingent on the extent that the public uses the service.

18 If the operator is paid for the construction services partly by a financial asset and partly by an intangible
asset it is necessary to account separately for each component of the operator’s consideration. The
consideration received or receivable for both components shall be recognised initially in accordance
with Ind AS 115.

19 The nature of the consideration given by the grantor to the operator shall be determined by reference to
the contract terms and, when it exists, relevant contract law. The nature of the consideration determines
the subsequent accounting as described in paragraphs 23–26 of this Appendix. However, both types of
consideration are classified as a contract asset during the construction or upgrade period in accordance
with Ind AS 115.

Operation services
20 The operator shall account for operation services in accordance with Ind AS 115.

Contractual obligations to restore the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability

21 The operator may have contractual obligations it must fulfil as a condition of its licence (a) to maintain
the infrastructure to a specified level of serviceability or (b) to restore the infrastructure to a specified
condition before it is handed over to the grantor at the end of the service arrangement. These contractual
obligations to maintain or restore infrastructure, except for any upgrade element (see paragraph 14 of
this Appendix), shall be recognised and measured in accordance with Ind AS 37, ie at the best estimate
of the expenditure that would be required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting
period.
 Borrowing costs incurred by the operator

22 In accordance with Ind AS 23, borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement shall be recognised as an
expense in the period in which they are incurred unless the operator has a contractual right to receive an
intangible asset (a right to charge users of the public service). In this case borrowing costs attributable
to the arrangement shall be capitalised during the construction phase of the arrangement in accordance
with that Standard.

Financial asset

23 Ind ASs 32,107 and 109 apply to the financial asset recognised under paragraphs 16 and 18 of this
Appendix.

24 The amount due from or at the direction of the grantor is accounted for in accordance with Ind AS 109
as measured at:

(a) amortised cost;

(b) fair value through other comprehensive income; or
(c) fair value through profit or loss.

25 If the amount due from the grantor is measured at amortised cost or fair value through other
comprehensive income, Ind AS 109 requires interest calculated using the effective interest method to be
recognised in profit or loss.

Intangible asset

26 Ind AS 38 applies to the intangible asset recognised in accordance with paragraphs 17 and 18 of this
Appendix. Paragraphs 45–47 of Ind AS 38 provide guidance on measuring intangible assets acquired in
exchange for a non-monetary asset or assets or a combination of monetary and non-monetary assets.

Items provided to the operator by the grantor

27 In accordance with paragraph 11 of this Appendix, infrastructure items to which the operator is given
access by the grantor for the purposes of the service arrangement are not recognised as property, plant
and equipment of the operator. The grantor may also provide other items to the operator that the
operator can keep or deal with as it wishes. If such assets form part of the consideration payable by the
grantor for the services, they are not government grants as defined in Ind AS 20.Instead, they are
accounted for as part of the transaction price as defined in Ind AS 115.
Application Guidance on Appendix D
This Application Guidance is an integral part of Appendix D

Scope (paragraph 5 of Appendix D)

AG1 Paragraph 5 of Appendix D specifies that infrastructure is within the scope of the Appendix when the
following conditions apply:

(a) the grantor controls or regulates what services the operator must provide with the infrastructure,
to whom it must provide them, and at what price; and

(b) the grantor controls—through ownership, beneficial entitlement or otherwise—any significant

residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of the term of the arrangement.

AG2 The control or regulation referred to in condition (a) could be by contract or otherwise (such as through
a regulator), and includes circumstances in which the grantor buys all of the output as well as those in
which some or all of the output is bought by other users. In applying this condition, the grantor and any
related parties shall be considered together. If the grantor is a public sector entity, the public sector as a
whole, together with any regulators acting in the public interest, shall be regarded as related to the
grantor for the purposes of this Appendix D.

AG3 For the purpose of condition (a), the grantor does not need to have complete control of the price: it is
sufficient for the price to be regulated by the grantor, contract or regulator, for example by a capping
mechanism. However, the condition shall be applied to the substance of the agreement. Non-substantive
features, such as a cap that will apply only in remote circumstances, shall be ignored. Conversely, if for
example, a contract purports to give the operator freedom to set prices, but any excess profit is returned
to the grantor, the operator’s return is capped and the price element of the control test is met.

AG4 For the purpose of condition (b), the grantor’s control over any significant residual interest should both
restrict the operator’s practical ability to sell or pledge the infrastructure and give the grantor a
continuing right of use throughout the period of the arrangement. The residual interest in the
infrastructure is the estimated current value of the infrastructure as if it were already of the age and in
the condition expected at the end of the period of the arrangement.

AG5 Control should be distinguished from management. If the grantor retains both the degree of control
described in paragraph 5(a) of Appendix D and any significant residual interest in the infrastructure, the
operator is only managing the infrastructure on the grantor’s behalf—even though, in many cases, it
may have wide managerial discretion.

AG6 Conditions (a) and (b) together identify when the infrastructure, including any replacements required
(see paragraph 21 of Appendix D), is controlled by the grantor for the whole of its economic life. For
example, if the operator has to replace part of an item of infrastructure during the period of the
arrangement (eg the top layer of a road or the roof of a building), the item of infrastructure shall be
considered as a whole. Thus condition (b) is met for the whole of the infrastructure, including the part
that is replaced, if the grantor controls any significant residual interest in the final replacement of that
part.

AG7 Sometimes the use of infrastructure is partly regulated in the manner described in paragraph 5(a) of
Appendix D and partly unregulated. However, these arrangements take a variety of forms:

(a) any infrastructure that is physically separable and capable of being operated independently and
meets the definition of a cash-generating unit as defined in Ind AS 36 shall be analysed
separately if it is used wholly for unregulated purposes. For example, this might apply to a
private wing of a hospital, where the remainder of the hospital is used by the grantor to treat
public patients.
 (b) when purely ancillary activities (such as a hospital shop) are unregulated, the control tests shall
be applied as if those services did not exist, because in cases in which the grantor controls the
services in the manner described in paragraph 5 of Appendix D, the existence of ancillary
activities does not detract from the grantor’s control of the infrastructure.

AG8 The operator may have a right to use the separable infrastructure described in paragraph AG7(a), or the
facilities used to provide ancillary unregulated services described in paragraph AG7(b). In either case,
there may in substance be a lease from the grantor to the operator; if so, it shall be accounted for in
accordance with Ind AS 17.
Information note 1

Accounting framework for public-to-private service arrangements

This note accompanies, but is not part of, Appendix D

The diagram below summarises the accounting for service arrangements established by Appendix A

Does the grantor control or regulate what

No OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF
services the operator must provide with the
APPENDIX D SEE
infrastructure, to whom it must provide them,
INFORMATION NOTE 2
and at what price?

Yes

Does the grantor control, through ownership, No

beneficial entitlement or otherwise, any significant
residual interest in the infrastructure at the end of
the service arrangements? Or is the infrastructure
used in the arrangements for the entire useful life? No

Yes

Is the infrastructure existing

Is the infrastructure constructed or acquired by No
the operator from a third party for the purpose infrastructure of the grantor to
of the service arrangement?
which the operator is given access

Yes Yes

WITHIN THE SCOPE OF APPENDIX A

Operator does not recognise infrastructure as property, plant and

equipment or as a leased asset.

Does the operator have a Does the operator have a OUTSIDE THE SCOPE
contractual right to receive contractual right to charge OF APPENDIX A SEE
No No
cash or other financial users of the public services PARAGRAPH 27 OF
asset from or at direction as described in paragraph
APPENDIX D
of the grantor as described 17 of Appendix D?
in paragraph 16 of
Appendix D? Yes
Yes
Operator recognises a Operator recognises an
financial asset to the extent intangible asset to the extent
that it has a contractual right that it has a contractual right
to receive cash or another to receive an intangible asset
financial asset as described in as described in paragraph 17
paragraph 16 of Appendix D in Appendix D.
 Information note 2

References to Indian Accounting Standards that apply to typical types of public-to-private arrangements

This note accompanies, but is not part of, Appendix D.

The table sets out the typical types of arrangements for private sector participation in the provision of public
sector services and provides references to Indian Accounting Standards that apply to those arrangements. The
list of arrangements types is not exhaustive. The purpose of the table is to highlight the continuum of
arrangements. It is not Appendix D’s intention to convey the impression that bright lines exist between the
accounting requirements for public-to-private arrangements

Category Lessee Service provider Owner

Typical Lease (eg Service Rehabilitate Build - Build - 100%
arrangement Operator and/or – operate - operate - own - Divestment/
types leases maintenance transfer transfer operate Privatisation/
asset contract Corporation
from (specific tasks
grantor) eg debt
collection)
Asset Grantor Operator
ownership
Capital Grantor Operator
investment
Demand risk Shared Grantor Operator and/or Grantor Operator
Typical 8–20 1–5 years 25–30 years Indefinite
duration years (or may be
limited by
licence)
Residual Grantor Operator
interest
Relevant Ind AS Ind AS 18 This Appendix A Ind AS 16
Indian 17
Accounting
Standards
Appendix E

Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures

This Appendix is an integral part of the Standard.

Issue

1 An entity (the operator) may enter into an arrangement with another entity (the grantor) to provide
services that give the public access to major economic and social facilities. The grantor may be a public
or private sector entity, including a governmental body. Examples of service concession arrangements
involve water treatment and supply facilities, motorways, car parks, tunnels, bridges, airports and
telecommunication networks. Examples of arrangements that are not service concession arrangements
include an entity outsourcing the operation of its internal services (eg employee cafeteria, building
maintenance, and accounting or information technology functions).

2 A service concession arrangement generally involves the grantor conveying for the period of the
concession to the operator:

(a) the right to provide services that give the public access to major economic and social facilities,
and

(b) in some cases, the right to use specified tangible assets, intangible assets, or financial assets,

in exchange for the operator:

(c) committing to provide the services according to certain terms and conditions during the
concession period, and

(d) when applicable, committing to return at the end of the concession period the rights received at
the beginning of the concession period and/or acquired during the concession period.

3 The common characteristic of all service concession arrangements is that the operator both receives a
right and incurs an obligation to provide public services.

4 The issue is what information should be disclosed in the notes in the financial statements of an operator
and a grantor.

5 Certain aspects and disclosures relating to some service concession arrangements are addressed by
Indian Accounting Standards (eg Ind AS 16 applies to acquisitions of items of property, plant and
equipment, Ind AS 17 applies to leases of assets, and Ind AS 38 applies to acquisitions of intangible
assets). However, a service concession arrangement may involve executory contracts that are not
addressed in Indian Accounting Standards, unless the contracts are onerous, in which case Ind AS 37
applies. Therefore, this Appendix addresses additional disclosures of service concession arrangements.
Accounting Principles

6 All aspects of a service concession arrangement shall be considered in determining the appropriate
disclosures in the notes. An operator and a grantor shall disclose the following in each period:
(a) a description of the arrangement;
(b) significant terms of the arrangement that may affect the amount, timing and certainty of future
cash flows (eg the period of the concession, re-pricing dates and the basis upon which re-pricing
or re-negotiation is determined);
(c) the nature and extent (eg quantity, time period or amount as appropriate) of:

(i) rights to use specified assets;

(ii) obligations to provide or rights to expect provision of services;
(iii) obligations to acquire or build items of property, plant and equipment;
(iv) obligations to deliver or rights to receive specified assets at the end of the concession
period;
(v) renewal and termination options; and
(vi) other rights and obligations (eg major overhauls);

(d) changes in the arrangement occurring during the period; and

(e) how the service arrangement has been classified.

6A An operator shall disclose the amount of revenue and profits or losses recognized in the period on
exchanging construction services for a financial asset or an intangible asset.

7 The disclosures required in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Appendix shall be provided individually
for each service concession arrangement or in aggregate for each class of service concession
arrangements. A class is a grouping of service concession arrangements involving services of a similar
nature (eg toll collections, telecommunications and water treatment services).
Appendix F
References to matters contained in other Indian Accounting Standards

This appendix is an integral part of the Ind AS.

This appendix lists the appendices which are part of other Indian Accounting Standards and make reference to
Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

1 Appendix B, Evaluating the Substance of Transactions involving the Legal Form of a Lease contained
in Ind AS 17, Leases.

2 Appendix A, Intangible Assets—Web Site Costs contained in Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets.
Appendix 1
Note: This appendix is not a part of the Indian Accounting Standard. The purpose of this appendix is only to
bring out the major differences, if any, between Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 115 and the
corresponding International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers,
IFRIC 12, Service Concession Arrangements and SIC 29 Service Concession Arrangements: Disclosures, issued
by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Comparison with IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, IFRIC 12 and SIC 29

1. Different terminology is used in Ind AS 115 eg the term ‘balance sheet’ is used instead of ‘statement of
financial position’ and ‘statement of profit and loss’ is used instead of ‘statement of comprehensive
income’.

2. As per paragraph of 15 of IFRS 15, an amount of consideration, among other things, can vary because
of penalties. However, paragraph 51 of Ind AS 115 has been amended to exclude ‘penalties’ from the
list of examples given in the paragraph 51 due to which an amount of consideration can vary. However,
paragraph 51AA has been inserted to explain the accounting treatment of ‘penalties’.

3. Paragraph 109AA has been inserted to require an entity to present separately the amount of excise duty
included in the revenue recognised in the statement of profit and loss.

4. Paragraph 126AA has been inserted to present reconciliation of the amount of revenue recognised in the
statement of profit and loss with the contracted price showing separately each of the adjustments made
to the contract price specifying the nature and amount of each such adjustment separately.

5. In Appendix D – Application Guidance, paragraph B20AA has been inserted to explain the accounting
treatment in case of transfers of control of a product to a customer with an unconditional right of return.

6. Paragraphs C1A, C1B, C8A and C9 related to effective date and transition have been deleted due to
following reasons:

(a) Paragraph C1A refers to amendments in paragraphs 5, 97, B66 and B70 due to issuance of
IFRS 16, Leases for which corresponding Ind AS is under formulation.

(b) Paragraphs C1B and C8A are not relevant in Indian context as the same refer to application
of these amendments in case where IFRS 15 was initially applied before issuance of
amendments to the standard.

(c) Paragraph C9 refers to application of IAS 39, Financial Instruments, which is not relevant
in Indian context.

7. Paragraphs B57 of Appendix B of IFRS 15 appears as ‘Deleted’. However, in order to maintain

consistency with paragraph numbers of IFRS 15, the paragraph number is retained in Ind AS 115.