Lecture 01

Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence
COSC-3112

Dr. Muhammad Faheem Mushtaq

Mr. Ameer Hamza
[email protected]

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Textbook for this Course
• S. Russell and P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A
Modern Approach. 3rd edition 2010. Prentice
Hall.

Stuart Russell
Peter Norvig
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Today’s Agenda
• Course Details
• Assessment
• Basic Ground Rules
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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EVALUATION METHODS
• Mid Term……………………………………………………….. 30%
• Final Term………………………………………………………. .50%
• Sessional………………………………………………………… 20%
• Quizzes………………………………………. 10%
• Assignments……………………..……….. 10%
• Presentations
• Class behavior
• Term Project
• Attendance must be maintained as per rule (>=75%)

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BASIC GROUND RULES
• Attendance in lecture is compulsory
• If you decide to attend the lecture then • Do not talk
with your friends during lecture
• Switch off your mobiles!!
• Ask Relevant questions but please put your hand up
• No Plagiarism Whatsoever!!!

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 INTRODUCTION TO AI
Early Work (Around 1900)
•Representatives • ―Principia
―George Boole Mathematica
PM was an attempt to describe a
―Alfred North Whitehead set of axioms and inference rules in
―Bertrand A. W. Russell • symbolic logic from which all
mathematical truths could in

•Main contributions principle be proven.

However, in 1931, Gödel's
incompleteness theorem
―Boolean algebra

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 Early Work (1930~)
•Representatives
―Alan Turing
―Claude Shannon
―John von Neumann
•Main contributions
―Theory of computation, Turing Machine
―Turing test (to distinguish machine from
human)
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 The first wave (1950~)
•Representatives
―John McCarthy
―Marvin Lee Minsky
―Herbert Alexander Simon
―Allen Newell
―Edward Albert Feigenbaum

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•Main contributions
―LISP
―Semantic Network & Frame
―General Problem Solver & Expert Systems

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 The second wave (1980~)
•Representatives •Main contributions
―David Rumelhart ― Learning of MLP
―Lotfi Zdeh ― Fuzzy logic
―John Holland ― Genetic algorithms
―Lawrence Forgel
― Evolutionary
―Ingo Rechenber programming
―John Koza
― Genetic programming

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 Soft computing Human like
computing and natural
computing
Lecture 01 Introduction to AI

The third wave (2000~)

•Representative technologies
―Internet
• Tim Berners-Lee, WWW inventor, 1989
―Internet of Things
• Kevin Ashton, MIT Auto-ID Center, 1999
―Cloud Computing

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 • Main frame (1950s), virtual machine (1970s), cloud
(1990s)
―Big Data
• John R. Masey, SGI, 1998
―Deep Learning
• Geoffrey Hinton, UoT, 2006

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 A brief summary
•Early Work
―Theoretic Foundations
• First Wave
―Reasoning with given knowledge
• Second Wave
―Learning-based knowledge acquisition
• Third Wave
―Learn in cyber-space
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 Current Status of AI
• In March 2016, Alpha-Go of DeepMind defeated Lee
Sedol, who was the strongest human GO player at
that time.
• This is a big news that may have profound meaning in
the human history.

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Do you think AI is good or evil?

https://gizmodo.com/when- https://www.industryweek.com/supply-
chain-technology/industry-40-
superintelligent-ai-arrives-
harnessingpower-erp-and-mes-integration
willreligions-try-t-1682837922
Super-intelligence should be a tool for unifying the human
beings, support them, and live together with them!

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 Lecture 01 Introduction to AI

After all, what is Intelligence?

• Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a
property of the mind that encompasses many related
abilities, such as the
capacities
―to reason,
―to plan,
―to solve problems,
―to think abstractly,

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―to comprehend ideas, ―to use language, and ―to
learn.

Lecture 01 Introduction to AI

Intelligence can be defined as the

ability for solving problems
• Problem solving is to find the “best” solution in the
problem space.
• Reasoning is to interpret or justify solutions or
subsolutions.
• Planning is to find ways for solving the problem.

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• Thinking abstractly is to simulate the problem solving
process inside the system (brain).
• Idea/language comprehension is a way (or means) for
data/problem/knowledge representation;
• Learning is the process to find better ways for solving a
problem (or a class of problems).

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What is AI
• Textbooks often define artificial intelligence as
“the study and design of computing systems that
perceives its environment and takes actions like
human beings”.
• The term was introduced by John McCarthy in
1956 in the well-known Dartmouth Conference.
• In my study, AI is defined as a system that
possesses at least one (not necessarily all) of the
abilities mentioned in the previous page.

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 As a research area, AI studies theories and technologies for
obtaining systems that are partially or fully intelligent.

A rough classification of AI
(from “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach”

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Related research fields
• Search and optimization
• Knowledge representation
• Reasoning and automatic proving
• Learning and understanding
• Pattern classification / recognition
• Planning
• Problem solving

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Scope of this course
• Search
―Problem formulation and basic search algorithms
• Expert system-based reasoning
―Production system, semantic network, and frame
• Logic based-reasoning
―Propositional logic and predicate logic
• Soft computing based reasoning
―Fuzzy logic and multilayer neural network

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Scope of this course
• Machine Learning
―Pattern Recognition
―Self-organization
―Neural networks
―Decision trees
• Intelligent search (if we have time)
―Genetic algorithm
―Ant colony optimization

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Purpose of this
course
• Learn how to use basic search
methods
• Understand basic methods for
problem formulation and
knowledge representation
• Understand the basic idea of automatic reasoning

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• Know some basic concepts related to pattern
recognition and machine learnin

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Homework for Lecture 01
• Write a report using about 500 words to describe one
of the key persons who made a great contribution to
the AI world.
• You may choose one from those introduced in this
lecture, or find someone in the internet.
• When you refer to any information taken from a paper,
a report, a web-site, or any published material, please
add a reference and cite it in the correct places in your
report.

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• Add your name, student ID, and date below the title of
your report, create a pdf-file, and put the file under the
specified directory.
Lecture 01 Introduction to AI
Lecture 01 Introduction to AI

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