CONTENTS

Introduction 06
The Project 07
Theory 08
Experiment 12
Procedure 13
Observations 15
Calculation 16
Conclusion 19
 INTRODUCTION

Elevation in boiling point and depression in

freezing point are two important properties of a solution. It is
a common experience that when some solute is added to a
solvent its boiling point increases and freezing point
decreases. This property has many applications in our
everyday life. For example-we can see that in cold countries
alcohol mixed with water in used in vehicle radiator. Since the
temperature in cold countries are below 0°C. Here alcohol is
the solute and water is the solvent.

Keeping in mind such type of application I

am trying to study the properties, elevation in boiling point and
depressing in freezing point using water as a solvent and
glucose and sucrose as solute
 THE PROJECT

In the following concepts are studied and verified

1. Elevation of boiling point of water when glucose and sucrose is

added to it.
2. Depression of freezing point of water when glucose and
sucrose is added to it.
3. The molecular mass of glucose and sucrose is calculated
experimentally using colligative property, elevation in boiling
point and depression in freezing point
 THEORY

MELTING POINT

The temperature of which the solid melts is called melting point

of the substance. For example melting point of ice is 0°C or
273K under normal atmospheric pressure.

The melting point is defined as the characteristic temperature

at which the solid and liquid states of substance are at
equilibrium. In other words it is temperature at which solids
and liquids co-exists.

Melting
Solid Liquids
Freezing

It is the temperature at which there is tendency of the solid to

melt or liquid to freeze
Melting and freezing are reversible process i.e. solidification
occurs at the same temperature at which the melting take
place.
Melting point of the solid and the freezing point range (0.5°to
1°.00 C ). Such a substance is said to have a sharp freezing
point.

Presence of impurities lowers the freezing point and widens the

range.
 BOILING POINT
The temperature at which liquid boils is
called boiling point of the substance. For example:- boiling
point of water is 100°C or 373K
The boiling point is defined as the
characteristic temperature at which the liquid and vapour
states of a substance are in equilibrium. In other words it is the
temperature at which liquid and vapour states co-exists.
A pure liquid will have a small
boiling range (0.5°to 1°.00 C ). Such a liquid is said to have
sharp boiling points. Presence of impurities in a solvent raises
the boiling point and widens the range.
The presence of impurities in a solvent
decreases the freezing point. The deviation in boiling point and
depression in freezing point are colligative properties i.e. they
depend only on the number of the particles present in the
solution not on their nature.
By finding the deviation in the
boiling point and depression in freezing point experimentally
we can determine the molecular mass of the solute present in
the solution using the formula
m = 1000Kw
WΔT
K = Kb or Kf , w = weight of solute , W = weight of the solvent
M = molecular mass of solute
ΔT = change in temperature
Calculation of molecular mass using elevation in

boiling point (ΔTb )

It is found that the boiling point of a solution is always greater
than the boiling point of the pure solvent.

If T1 is the boiling point of the pure solvent and T2 is the boiling

point of the solution, then
T2 - T1 = Δ Tb = elevation in the boiling point. Again, it is seen
that,
AT molality
Δ Tb = Kb x molarity
Where Kb is known as the molar elevation constant or the
ebullioscopic constant.
Consider a solution containing ‘w’ gram of solvent. Let the
molecular weight of the solute be ‘m’ then
Molality = 1000w/Wm
Substituting , Δ Tb = Kb x 1000w
Wm

m = Kb x 1000w
W ΔTb
Calculation of molecular mass using elevation in
boiling point (ΔTf)
It is found that the freezing point of a
solution is always less than that of a pure solvent.
If ‘T1’ is the freezing point of the solvent and
‘T2’ that solution then
T1 - T2 = ( Δ Tf = Depression in freezing point)
It is seen that, Δ T at molality is,
Δ Tf = Kf x Molality

Where Kf is known as the molar depression or the cryoscopic

constant. Consider a solution containing ‘g’ grams of solute in
‘W’ grams of the solvent. Let the molality of the solution will be
1000g/Wm. Substituting this value in the equation.

Δ Tf = Kf x molality
We get Δ Tf = Kf x 1000g
Wm

M = Kf x 1000g
W Δ Tf
 EXPERIMENTS

Determination of elevation in boiling point and depression in

freezing point.

APPARATUS USED

1. 110°C thermometer with 0.1°C calibration

2. 250ml beaker
3. Boiling tube
4. Test tube stand
5. Cork
6. Stirrer
7. Tripod stand
8. Burner

CHEMICALS USED

1. Glucose
2. Sucrose
3. NaCl
4. Ice
 PROCEDURE
1. For determining The effect of Glucose and Sucrose On the Freezing
Point of water
Take four boiling test tubes, clean, and dry and label them 1,2,3 &
4. Take 20 ml
Distilled water in each boiling tube. Add 1.0 gm of solute to boiling
tube No.1 and 2 gm of solute to boiling tube No.2 and 3 g solute
boiling tube No.3. Shake it well so that the solute is totally
disowned. Put a mixture of ice and NaCl in the 500 ml beaker and
arrange

Fix the tube No.4. Find the freezing point at the distilled water, using an
110° C thermometer with 0.1° C calibration. Then fix tube No. 1 and
stirring the water see the temperature in the thermometer. First the
temperature falls gradually and it becomes constant and the water
starts freezing. Note the temperature. This is the freezing point of
water. Repeat the experiment with tube 2 and 3. Do it for solutes of
glucose and sucrose
 2) For determination of effect of glucose & sucrose
on the boiling point of water
Take clean and dry boiling tubes. Fit them with two holed corks. Take
20 ml of water in it. Label them 1,2,3 & 4. Add 1 gm, 2 gm & 3 gm of
solute to the boiling tubes 1,2 & 3 respectively. Mix them well so that
the solute dissolves thoroughly. Arrange the apparatus as in figure.

Find the boiling point of the distilled water in the test tube using the
thermometer. Then fit the tube one with a thermometer, so that the
bulb is above the water and the other hole with a delivery tube. Heat
the boiling tube with a sand bath. The temperature rises and becomes
constant, solution starts boiling. Note the temperature. Repeat the
experiment with boiling tube 2 & 3. Note the temperature when
solution boils. Compare it with the boiling point of pure water. Do it for
solutes of glucose and sucrose
 OBSERVATIONS

Freezing point (in °C) of Boiling point (°C)

Obs.
Solution 5 % 10 % 15 % 5 % 10 % 15 %
No Water Water
Solu Solu Solu Solu Solu Solu
Glucose
1. 0 0.6 -1.1 -1.6 100 100.5 100.6 100.7
solution
2. Sucrose -0.4 -0.7 -1.0 -1.2 100 100.4 100.6 100.7
 CALCULATION OF MOLECULAR MASS

A) Using elevation in boiling point

Formula used m = 1000 Kbw

WTb
Kb - molar elevation constant
W - Weight of solute
M - molecular mass of solute
ΔTb - Elevation in boiling point
W - Weight of solvent

 Of Sucrose

1. When 5% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 0.52 x 1 = 260
20 x 0.1

2. When 10% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 0.52 x 2 = 173.3
20 x 0.3

3. When 15% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 0.52 x 3 = 195
20 x 0.4

 Of Glucose

1. When 5% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 0.52 x 1 = 140
20 x 0.3
 2. When 10% sucrose solution is used
m = 1000 x 0.52 x 2 = 130
20 x 0.4

3. When 15% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 0.52 x 3 = 156
20 x 0.5

b) Using depression in freezing point

Formula used : m = 1000Kfw
WΔTf

Kf - molar depression constant of water

m - molecular mass of solute
w - weight of solute in grams
ΔTf - depression in freezing point
W - weight of solvent

 Of Sucrose

1.When 5% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 1 = 310
20 x 0.3

2. When 10% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 2 = 310
20 x 0.6

3. When 15% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 3 = 348.75
20 x 0.8
 Of Glucose

1. When 5% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 1 = 155
20 x 0.6

2. When 10% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 2 = 169
20 x 1.1

3. When 15% sucrose solution is used

m = 1000 x 1.86 x 3 = 174.37
20 x 1.6
 CONCLUSION

Elevation of water and depression in F.P. is studied

experimentally. Then the molecular mass at the solute is
calculated. Within the experimental error the experimentally
calculated molecular mass is comparable with actual molecular
mass.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Quantitative Inorganic Analysis : Richard Stefenson

2. Soaps and Detergents : Davison and Slater
3. Surfactants & Surface Tension : Mathew Well
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank God the Almighty who showered his blessings
all through this project

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of

gratitude to our Chemistry teacher Miss Annamma Joseph for
valuable support, constant help and guidance at each and every
stage, without which it wouldn’t have been possible to complete
this project

I am also thankful to Miss Sujatha, our librarian for the guidance

in referring the required books

I also register my sense of gratitude to our principal Sr.Vimala for

her immense encouragement that has made this project
successful