ME-341A – Heat and Mass Transfer

EXPERIMENT-3A: HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

Figure: Thermal boundary layer development on an isothermal flat plate.

GROUP MEMBERS:

ANS KARTHIK KRISHNA (11001)

AASHISH GUPTA (11003)

ABHINAV GUPTA (11015)

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: 25 FEB 2014

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 4 MAR 2014
GROUP NO.: 1A

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Objective
To determine the natural convection heat transfer coefficient for the vertical cylindrical tube which is
exposed to the atmospheric air and losing heat by natural convection

Introduction
The convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms. In addition to energy transfer due
to random molecular motion (diffusion), energy is also transferred by the bulk, or macroscopic, motion
of the fluid. Such motion, in the presence of a temperature gradient, contributes to heat transfer.
Because the molecules in the aggregate retain their random motion, the total heat transfer is then due
to a superposition of energy transport by the random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion
of the fluid.

Convection occurs between a fluid in motion and a bounding surface when the two are at different
temperatures. The convection heat transfer mode is sustained both by random molecular motion and
by the bulk motion of the fluid within the boundary layer. The contribution due to random molecular
motion (diffusion) dominates near the surface where the fluid velocity is low. In fact, at the interface
between the surface and the fluid the fluid velocity is zero, and heat is transferred by this mechanism
only. The contribution due to bulk fluid motion originates from the fact that the boundary layer grows as
the flow progresses in the x-direction. In effect, the heat that is conducted into this layer is swept
downstream and is eventually transferred to the fluid outside the boundary layer.

Convection heat transfer may be classified according to the nature of the flow. Forced convection occurs
when the flow is caused by external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds. In contrast,
for free (or natural) convection, the flow is induced by buoyancy forces, which are due to density
differences caused by temperature variations in the fluid. (Refer Fig. 1)

Fig. 1: Convection heat transfer processes. (a) Forced

convection. (b) Natural convection.

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Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a stainless steel tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical fashion. The
control panel for the natural convection apparatus is shown in figure 2. The heat input to the heater is
measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter and is varied by a dimmerstat. The temperatures of the
vertical tube are measured by seven thermocouples (1 to 7) and are marked on the Temperature
Indicator Switch of the instrument panel as shown in Figure 2. One more thermocouple is used to
measure ambient temperature. The schematic of the natural convection apparatus is shown in figure 3.

Fig. 2: Control panel for natural convection

apparatus

Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of natural convection

apparatus
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The duct is open at the top and the bottom forms an enclosure which serves the purpose of undisturbed
surroundings. One side of the duct is made up of Perspex for visualization. An electric heating element is
kept in the vertical tube which internally heats the tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the
surrounding air by natural convection. The vertical cylinder with the thermocouple positions is shown in
Figure 4.

Fig. 4: Thermocouple positions in the

vertical cylinder

Theory
The heat transfer coefficient is given by: (used for calculating experimental value of h)

Here,

h = Average surface heat transfer coefficient

q = Heat transfer rate

As = Area of heat transferring surface

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Ts= Average surface temperature (°C) =

Ta = Ambient temperature in the duct (°C) = T8

The surface heat transfer coefficient of a system transferring heat by natural convection depends on the
shape, dimensions and orientation of the body, the temperature difference between the hot body and
the surrounding fluid and fluid propertie like κ, μ, ρ etc. he dependence of ‘h’ on ll the bove
mentioned parameters is generally expressed in terms of non-dimensional groups, as follows: (used for
calculating theoretical value of h)

[{ }{ }]

Here,

is called the Nusselt Number (Nu)

is called the Grashoff Number (Gr) and

{ } is called the Prandtl Number

A and n are constants depending on the shape and orientation of the heat transferring surface,

L is a characteristic dimension of the surface,

κ is the thermal conductivity of the fluid,

ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid,

μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,

Cp is the specific heat of the fluid,

β is the coefficient of volumetric expansion of the fluid,

g is the acceleration due to gravity at the place of experiment,

ΔT = Ts -Ta

For gases, where Tf = mean film temperature =

For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constants A and n of equation have been
determined and the following empirical correlations have been obtained:

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 ⁄

Here L is the length of cylinder and hth is theoretical heat transfer coefficient.

All the properties of the fluid are evaluated at the mean film temperature (Tf).

Specifications
1. Outer Diameter of the tube (d) = 38 mm
2. Length of the tube (L) = 500 mm
3. Duct size = 20cm × 20cm × 1m length
4. Number of the thermocouples = 8, J Type
5. Thermocouple number 8 reads the Ambient Temperature and is kept in the duct.
6. Temperature Indicator 0-300oC. Multi-channel type calibrated from iron constantan thermocouples
with compensation of ambient from 0-50oC.
7. Ammeter
8. Voltmeter
9. Dimmerstat
10. Mass = 5kg
11. Material: Stainless-steel Polished

Procedure
1. Switch on the supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input (40W, 60W,
70W).
2. Monitor the temperature T1 to T8 every fifteen minutes till steady state is reached.
3. Wait till the steady state is reached. This is confirmed from the temperature readings if they do
not register a temperature increase of more than 1oC in an hour.
4. Measure the surface temperature at various points and also the ambient temperature T8.
5. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs by varying the dimmerstat position.

Observations
Set#1

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V = 44v I = 0.96A q = 42.24W

Surface Temperature (°C) Ambient

Time(min) Temp(°C)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
0 min 29°C 37°C 39°C 42°C 52°C 48°C 36°C 27°C
5 min 30°C 38°C 40°C 42°C 53°C 47°C 38°C 27°C
10 min 30°C 38°C 41°C 43°C 54°C 48°C 38°C 28°C

Set#2

V = 54v I = 1.15A q = 62.1W

Surface Temperature (°C) Ambient

Time(min) Temp(°C)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
0 min 30°C 40°C 42°C 43°C 55°C 50°C 39°C 29°C
5 min 31°C 40°C 43°C 45°C 58°C 55°C 40°C 29°C
10 min 32°C 42°C 45°C 46°C 61°C 58°C 41°C 29°C
15 min 32°C 43°C 46°C 48°C 64°C 56°C 42°C 30°C
20 min 31°C 43°C 47°C 49°C 66°C 60°C 43°C 30°C
25 min 31°C 43°C 47°C 49°C 66°C 60°C 43°C 30°C

Set#3

V = 58v I = 1.23A q = 71.34 W

Surface Temperature (°C) Ambient

Time(min) Temp(°C)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
0 min 32°C 45°C 49°C 50°C 67°C 58°C 44°C 30°C
5 min 34°C 47°C 51°C 51°C 69°C 53°C 46°C 31°C
10 min 34°C 47°C 51°C 52°C 70°C 54°C 47°C 31°C

Sample Calculation
For Set#1,
Voltage input,
Current input,
Power input,
Surface Temperature,
Ambient Temperature,

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Emissivity,
Surface area,
Stefen-Boltzmann constant,

Average heat transfer coefficient,

Local heat transfer coefficients,

For thermocouple 1,

For thermocouple 2,

For thermocouple 3,

For thermocouple 4,

For thermocouple 5,

For thermocouple 6,

For thermocouple 7,

Graph 1: Plot of the variation of experimental heat transfer

coefficient along the height of the tube for Set#1

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 Theoretical average heat transfer coefficient,

L = 0.5m; k = 26.3 x 10-3 W/m.k ; ν = 15.89 x 10-6 m2/s ; μ = 184.6 x 10-7 N.s/m2 ; Cp = 1.007 KJ/Kg.K ;
g = 9.81 m/s2 ; ∆T = 13.71°C ; Tf = 34.855°C

Calculating Grashoff number,

Calculating Prandlt Number

Now,

Hence we would be using,

Repeating the same calculations for hth for each thermocouple,

Thermo Temperature ∆T(°C) Tf(°C) β(K-1) Gr Pr Gr x Pr Nu hth(W/m2

couple (°C) -°C)
No.
1 30 2 29 0.003311 32162832 0.7068 22732689 40.73941 2.142893
2 38 10 33 0.003268 1.59E+08 0.7068 1.12E+08 60.71956 3.193849
3 41 13 34.5 0.003252 2.05E+08 0.7068 1.45E+08 64.75652 3.406193
4 43 15 35.5 0.003241 2.36E+08 0.7068 1.67E+08 67.06068 3.527392
5 54 26 41 0.003185 4.02E+08 0.7068 2.84E+08 76.60725 4.029541
6 48 20 38 0.003215 3.12E+08 0.7068 2.21E+08 71.91614 3.782789
7 38 10 33 0.003268 1.59E+08 0.7068 1.12E+08 60.71956 3.193849

Now comparing experimental and theoretical predictions,

Thermocouple No. hexp(W/m2-°C) hth(W/m2-°C) %error (w.r.t. hexp)

1 353.83 2.142893 99.39437
2 70.76 3.193849 95.48636
3 54.435 3.406193 93.74264
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 4 47.18 3.527392 92.52354
5 27.22 4.029541 85.1964
6 35.38 3.782789 89.30811
7 70.76 3.193849 95.48636
Average 51.616 3.45 93.31603

For Set#2

Voltage input,
Current input,
Power input,
Surface Temperature,
Ambient Temperature,

Average heat transfer coefficient,

Local heat transfer coefficients,

For thermocouple 1,

For thermocouple 2,

For thermocouple 3,

For thermocouple 4,

For thermocouple 5,

For thermocouple 6,

For thermocouple 7,

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 Graph 2: Plot of the variation of experimental heat transfer
coefficient along the height of the tube for Set#2

Now calculating theoretical heat transfer coefficients,

Thermo Temperature ∆T(°C) Tf(°C) β(K-1) Gr Pr Gr x Pr Nu hth(W/m2

couple (°C) -°C)
No.
1 31 1 30.5 0.003295 16001936 0.7068 11310168 34.21522 1.79972
2 43 13 36.5 0.003231 2.04E+08 0.7068 1.44E+08 64.65165 3.400677
3 47 17 38.5 0.00321 2.65E+08 0.7068 1.87E+08 69.02504 3.630717
4 49 19 39.5 0.0032 2.95E+08 0.7068 2.09E+08 70.91447 3.730101
5 66 36 48 0.003115 5.45E+08 0.7068 3.85E+08 82.64343 4.347044
6 60 30 45 0.003145 4.58E+08 0.7068 3.24E+08 79.14664 4.163113
7 43 13 36.5 0.003231 2.04E+08 0.7068 1.44E+08 64.65165 3.400677
Average 48.3 18.3 39.15 0.003204 2.85E+08 0.7068 2.01E+08 70.27177 3.696295

Now comparing experimental and theoretical predictions,

Thermocouple No. hexp(W/m2-°C) hth(W/m2-°C) %error (w.r.t. hexp)

1 1040.37 1.79972 99.82701
2 70.76 3.400677 95.19407
3 61.12 3.630717 94.05969
4 54.76 3.730101 93.18827
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 5 28.9 4.347044 84.95833
6 34.68 4.163113 87.99564
7 80.03 3.400677 95.75075
Average 56.45 3.696295 93.45209

For Set#3

Voltage input,
Current input,
Power input,
Surface Temperature,
Ambient Temperature,

Average heat transfer coefficient,

Local heat transfer coefficients,

For thermocouple 1,

For thermocouple 2,

For thermocouple 3,

For thermocouple 4,

For thermocouple 5,

For thermocouple 6,

For thermocouple 7,

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 Graph 3: Plot of the variation of experimental heat transfer
coefficient along the height of the tube for Set#3

Now calculating theoretical heat transfer coefficients,

Thermo Temperature ∆T(°C) Tf(°C) β(K-1) Gr Pr Gr x Pr Nu hth(W/m2

couple (°C) -°C)
No.
1 34 3 32.5 0.003273 47691531 0.7068 33708374 44.95588 2.364679
2 47 16 39 0.003205 2.49E+08 0.7068 1.76E+08 67.95952 3.574671
3 51 20 41 0.003185 3.09E+08 0.7068 2.19E+08 71.74374 3.773721
4 52 21 41.5 0.00318 3.24E+08 0.7068 2.29E+08 72.59532 3.818514
5 70 39 50.5 0.003091 5.85E+08 0.7068 4.14E+08 84.15047 4.426315
6 54 23 42.5 0.00317 3.54E+08 0.7068 2.5E+08 74.20635 3.903254
7 47 16 39 0.003205 2.49E+08 0.7068 1.76E+08 67.95952 3.574671
Average 50.71 19.71 40.85 0.003186 3.05E+08 0.7068 2.16E+08 71.4905 3.7604

Now comparing experimental and theoretical predictions,

Thermocouple No. hexp(W/m2-°C) hth(W/m2-°C) %error (w.r.t. hexp)

1 398.4 2.364679 99.40646
2 74.7 3.574671 95.21463
3 59.76 3.773721 93.68521

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 4 56.91 3.818514 93.29026
5 30.65 4.426315 85.55852
6 51.96 3.903254 92.48796
7 94.7 3.574671 96.22527
Average 60.64 3.7604 93.79881

Uncertainty and Error analysis

Calculating heat transfer coefficient after considering both convective and radiative heat transfer.

̅̅̅̅
̅
̅

For Set#1

m = 5Kg
Cp = 1.007 KJ/Kg.K ;
Emissivity, ε
Surface area,
Stefen-Boltzmann constant,
Ambient Temperature,
∆t = 5min = 300sec

Thermocouple Ti(°C) at 5min Ti+1(°C) at 10min

1 30 30
2 38 38
3 40 41
4 42 43
5 53 54
6 47 48
7 38 38
Average 41.14286 41.71429

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̅

For Set#2

Ambient Temperature,
∆t = 5min = 300sec

Thermocouple Ti(°C) at 5min Ti+1(°C) at 10min

1 32 31
2 43 43
3 46 47
4 48 49
5 64 66
6 56 60
7 42 43
Average 47.28571 48.42857

For Set#3

Ambient Temperature,
∆t = 5min = 300sec

Thermocouple Ti(°C) at 5min Ti+1(°C) at 10min

1 34 34
2 47 47
3 51 51
4 51 52
5 69 70
6 53 54
7 46 47
Average 50.14286 50.71429

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 ̅

Results and Discussion

Finally, average heat transfer coefficient with three different methods is as follows:

Set# hexp(W/m2-°C) hth(W/m2-°C) ̅

̅

1 51.616 3.45 47.124 93.31603 8.702728

2 56.45 3.69 39.74 93.45209 29.60142
3 60.64 3.76 52.74 93.79881 13.0277

 We observe that the heat transfer coefficient has a maximum value at the bottom of the
cylinder because of the starting of the building of the boundary layer and it decreases as we
move upward due to thickening of the boundary layer.

 There is little variation in the middle region due to the formation of transition and turbulent
boundary layers.

 he l t point how omewh t incre e in the v lue of ‘h’ which i ttributed to end-loss
causing a temperature drop.

 It is observed that the found theoretical value of ‘h’ is less than the experimentally calculated
values due to non-consideration of heat transfer by radiation when calculating heat transfer
coefficient, which does occur. This trend could also be observed by considering the values of hexp
and ̅ .

 The way we used to calculate ̅ , from the best of our knowledge and understanding is wrong.
The equation (7) is valid when we consider the specimen as lumped mass and it cools by
convection and radiation.

̅̅̅̅
̅ (7)
̅

But while performing the experiment, we kept on heating and stopped when the temperature
became steady and for calculating Ti and Ti+1 we considered the second-last and last readings
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 respectively. This is quite wrong because we are still heating the specimen, hence there is a heat
generation term. It can be easily verified that this equation would give ̅ negative as Ti+1>Ti.

What we actually should do is as follows: After the specimen reaches the steady state, switch off
the heater and note the temperature variation after 5min and use those values as Ti and Ti+1,
and also equation (7) becomes valid.

If we still want to do what we did in the lab, then we should use the following equation:

̅̅̅̅
̅
̅

Which we had used while performing the calculations.

Precautions
1. Switch off the ceiling fan before giving supply to set-up. This is to ensure the natural convection heat
transfer environment.

2. Adjust the temperature indicator to ambient level by using compensation screw before starting the
experiment (if needed).

3. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt position and increase it slowly.

4. Use proper range of Ammeter and Voltmeter.

5. Operate the change over switch of temperature indicator gently from one position to other, i.e. from
position 1 to 8 position.

6. Never exceed 80 W power.

References
1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer, Incopera 7th ed.

2. Lab manual for the course ME341, by Prof. P. K. Panigrahi.

3. ORIGIN PRO 8.0, graph plotting software

4. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/emissivity-coefficients-d_447.html

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 ME-341A – Heat and Mass Transfer

EXPERIMENT-3B: UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER

Figure: HT10XC Service Unit

GROUP MEMBERS:

ANS KARTHIK KRISHNA (11001)

AASHISH GUPTA (11003)

ABHINAV GUPTA (11015)

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: 25 FEB 2014

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 4 MAR 2014
GROUP NO.: 1A
Objective of the Experiment
To observe unsteady state conduction of heat to the centre of various solid shapes such as cylinder,
sphere, small cylinder of stainless steel and brass when a step change is applied to the temperature
at the surface of the shape and using analytical transient-temperature/heat flow charts to determine
the conductivity of different shapes from the measurements taken on a cylinder of known
conductivity.

THEORY
Unsteady state, exists when a solid shape is immersed in the hot water and continues until the
whole of the shape reaches equilibrium with the temperature of the water. When the step change is
applied a temperature gradient exists between the surface of the shape at the water temperature and
the centre of the shape which is at ambient temperature. Heat flows by conduction through the
shape until the whole of the shape is at the same temperature as the water.
Analytical solutions are available for temperature distribution and heat flow as a function of time
and position for simple solid shapes which are suddenly subjected to convection with a fluid at a
constant temperature. Typical charts called Heisler charts are available which allow us to obtain
the convection coefficients provided the conductivity constants and vice-versa for solids immersed
in a fluid medium. Heisler chart as shown below is for infinite cylinder and it uses certain
dimensionless quantities as mentioned below
( )
Dimensionless Temperature,

Biot Number,

Fourier Number,
Where
2 -1
α = Thermal diffusivity of the cylinder (m s )
-2 o -1
h = Heat transfer coefficient (W m C )
-1 o -1
k = Thermal conductivity of the cylinder (W m C )
t = Time since step change (seconds)
o
T (0, t) = Temperature at centre of cylinder (=T3 at time t) ( C)
o
Ti = Initial temperature of cylinder (T3 at t=0) ( C)
o
T= Temperature of water bath (T1) ( C) ∞
b = Radius of cylinder (m)
r = Radial position within the cylinder (at axis r = 0) (m)

1
By locating any two dimensionless quantities we can obtain the third quantity from the graph.
Suppose if we know Biot number and Fourier no then we can obtain dimensionless temperature and
we can further use the relations of these dimensionless quantities to obtain useful parameters.
Also it is noteworthy in this case is that since the flow of water vertically upwards through the duct
is constant for all of the measurements; the heat transfer coefficient h will remain constant for each
shape. Moreover, this value of h will be the same for the stainless steel shapes also. Value of h
depends upon size, shape, surface finish and water velocity.

PROCEDURE
1. Locate the hot water bath of the HT17 Unsteady State Heat Transfer accessory alongside
the HT10X/HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable bench.
2. Ensure that the lid of the hot water bath is fitted and the inlet at the base of the flow duct is
connected to the outlet of the circulating pump using flexible tubing.

2
3. Ensure that the drain valve on the water bath is closed then fill the bath with clean water
until the level is coincident with the centre of the holes in the vertical flow duct as shown in
the diagram below.
4. Connect thermocouple T1 from the flow duct inside the water bath (lead exits via a
grommet in the lid of the water bath) to socket T1 on the front of the HT10X/HT10XC
service unit.
5. Connect thermocouple T2 on the shape holder to socket T2 on the front of the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
6. Connect thermocouple T3 inside the large brass shape to socket T3 on the front of the
HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
7. Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and the selector
switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the circulating pump alongside the
water heating tank to the socket marked Output 2 at the rear of the service unit.

Fig1: Water Bath with pump Fig 2: HT10XC Service Unit

8. Switch on the front Mains.

9. Check that the water heater is filled with water then switch on the electrical supply to the
water heater.
10. Ensure that the red light is illuminated on the water heater indicating that electrical power is
connected to the unit.
11. Adjust the thermostat on the water heater to setting '4' and check that the red light is
illuminated indicating that power is connected to the heating element.

3
 12. Set the voltage to the circulating pump to 12 Volts using the voltage control box on the
mimic diagram software display.
13. Allow the temperature of the water to stabilise (monitor the changing temperature T1).
o
14. The water must be in the range 80 - 90 C for satisfactory operation. If outside this range
adjust the thermostat and monitor T1 until the temperature is satisfactory.
15. Attach the large brass shape to the holder
16. Check that the temperature of the shape has stabilised (same as air temperature T2).
17. Switch off the electrical supply to the water bath (switch off the RCD on the connection
box) to minimise fluctuations in temperature if the thermostat switches on/off).
18. Start continuous data logging by selecting the icon on the software toolbar.
19. Allow the temperature of the shape to stabilise at the hot water temperature
20. When temperature T3 has stabilised, select the icon to end data logging.
21. Select the icon to create a new results sheet. Switch on the electrical supply to the water
bath to allow the thermostat to maintain the water temperature.
22. Remove the large brass cylinder from the shape holder then fit the stainless steel cylinder.
23. Repeat the Experiment for stainless cylinder , then brass slab , stainless steel slab , brass
small cylinder

Specifications of Shapes to be used

 Brass :
α = 3.7 x 10-5 m2s-1
K = 121 Wm-1oC-1
 Stainless Steel :
α = 0.6 X 10-5 m2s-1
K = 25 Wm-1oC-1

4
Results (Plots for Exercise A)

Centre Temp vs time for Brass Large Cylinder

80.0
Temperature (in celcius)

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time(in Seconds)

Center Temp Vs Time for Brass Rectangle

80.0
70.0
Temperature(in Celcius)

60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(in Seconds)

5
 Center Temperature vs Time for Brass Sphere
90.0
80.0
Temperature(in celsius)

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time(in seconds)

Center Temp vs time for brass small cylinder

90.0
80.0
Temperature(in celsius)

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(in Seconds)

Center Temp vs time for stainless Steel Sphere

80.0
70.0
Temperature(in celsius)

60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(in Seconds)

6
 Center temp vs time for stainless steel cylinder
90.0
80.0
Temperature(in celsius)

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time(in seconds)

Center Temp vs time for Stainless steel rectangle

90.0
80.0
Temperature(in celsius)

70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time(in Seconds)

7
Results (Plots for Exercise B)

Theta vs Fourier no for Brass Large Cylinder

1.2

0.8

0.6
Theta

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-0.2
Fourier No

Theta vs Fourier No for Brass Rectangle

1.2

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Fourier No

8
 Theta vs Fourier No for Brass Small Cylinder
1.2

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Fourier No

Theta vs Fourier No for Brass Sphere

1.2

1.0

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 5 10 15 20
Fourier No

Theta vs Fourier No for Stainless Steel Sphere

1.2

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Fourier No

9
 Theta vs Fourier No for Stainless Steel Cylinder
1.2

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Fourier No

Theta vs Fourier no for Stainless Steel Rectangle

1.2

0.8
Theta

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Fourier No

CALCULATIONS & ERROR ANALYSIS (For Exercise B)

Note: Heisler Charts for Plane Wall and sphere are attached with Appendix for reference, Heisler chart for cylinder is attached in
theory

For brass big cylinder

At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.001362
Fourier no =9.86632
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 2.4
So, Biot no =hro/k = 1/2.4=0.4166

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We know k=121 Wm-1 0C-1
h=(0.41666*121)/(0.015)=3360.5733Wm-2 0C-1
For brass small cylinder
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.00183
Fourier no =28.5
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 7.8
So, Biot no =hro/k = 1/7.8=0.1282
We know k=121 Wm-1 0C-1
h=(0.1282*121)/(0.01)=1551.282Wm-2 0C-1
For Stainless Steel Small cylinder
We assume same h as for brass small cylinder since velocity of fluid, shape , size and surface
finish are same in both the cases
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.009351
Fourier no =4.02
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 1.4
So, Biot no =hro/k = 1/1.4=0.7142
We know h=1551.282 Wm-2 0C-1
k=(0.01*1551.282)/0.7142=21.742Wm-2 0C-1
For brass slab
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.049367
Fourier no =24.99
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 4.5
So, Biot no =hlo/k = 1/25=0.222
We know k=121 Wm-1 0C-1
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h=(0.22*121)/(0.0075)=3585.15Wm-2 0C
For stainless steel slab
We assume same h as for brass small cylinder since velocity of fluid, shape , size and surface
finish are same in both the cases
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.0100
Fourier no =8.32
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 1.2
So, Biot no =hlo/k = 1/1.2=0.833
We know h=3585.15 Wm-1 0C-1
k=(3585.15*0.0075)/(0.833)=32.27Wm-2 0C
For brass sphere
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.1
Fourier no =2.5
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 3.0
So, Biot no =hlo/k = 1/3=0.333
We know k=121 Wm-1 0C-1
h=(0.333*121)/(0.0225)=1790.8Wm-2 0C
For stainless steel sphere
We assume same h as for brass small cylinder since velocity of fluid, shape , size and surface
finish are same in both the cases
At a point close to final temperature
Theta= 0.023
Fourier no =1.007
From Heisler chart , we read 1/Biot no= 0.6
So, Biot no =hlo/k = 1/0.6=1.6666

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We know h=1790.8 Wm-1 0C-1
k=(1790.8*0.0225)/(1.6666)=24.176Wm-2 0C

SPECIMEN TYPE τ Bi h (Calculated) K (Given)

Big Cylinder 9.86332 0.4166 3360 121
Small Cylinder 28.5 0.1282 1551.282 121
Brass
Slab 25 0.222 3585.15 121
Sphere 2.5 0.333 1790.8 121
SPECIMENTYPE τ Bi h(Given) K(calculated)
Cylinder 4.02 0.7142 1551.282 21.742
Steel Slab 8.32 0.833 3585.15 32.27
Sphere 1.007 1.666 1790.8 24.176

We know value of K for stainless steel =25Wm-1 oC-1 (theoretical data from literature)
Error in calculated value of K for stainless steel cylinder= 13.03%
Error in calculated value of K for stainless steel slab= 30.08%
Error in calculated value of K for stainless steel sphere= 3.296%

DISCUSSIONS

 The graphs of Temperature v/s time for different shapes and materials obtained
suggest that the rate of heat transfer depends on the shape of the object as well as the
material. Since the theoretical value of thermal conductivity of steel is less than that
of brass, the graph stretch over a longer period of time to attain equilibrium state with
the fluid.
 Value of K calculated for Stainless while using h of similar object made of brass
yields the value close enough to the actual value of K that is within permissible
experimental error

REFERENCES
 Incopera,F.P. and Dewitt, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley
and Sons,Inc.
 Heisler Charts

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APPENDIX

Heisler Charts

Heisler Chart for Sphere

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Heisler Chart for Plane Wall

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