​electomagnetic  

induction :- 

faraday’s law 

PROJECT REPORT 

​
Submitted By: 

​
SUSHANT SINGH 

CLASS: XII ‘A’ 

 YEAR-: 2014-15 

Certificate
​

This is to certify that ​SUSHANT SINGH, student of Class XII ‘A’, KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA BEG, has completed the project titled ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
during the academic year 2014-15, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision.

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_________________ 
Department of Physics
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BEG-06

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Mrs. Giri for her 
vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not 
have come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the 
Department of Physics at Kendriya Vidyalaya BEG for their support during the 
making of this project. 

 
 
  

   
 
 
 
 
 
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

INDEX

1. Magnetic Flux 

2. Faraday’s Experiments  

3.Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 

4.Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy 

5.Expression for Induced emf based on both laws 

6.Methods of producing induced emf  

a) By changing Magnetic Field 

b) By changing the Area of the Coil (Motional emf) 

 c) By changing the Relative Orientation of the coil with  

the Magnetic Field 

7. Eddy Currents 

8. Self Induction and Self Inductance 

9. Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance 

10.Additional Information 

Magnetic Flux (​Φ​):

-: Magnetic Flux through any surface is the number of magnetic lines of 

force passing normally through that surface. 

-:It can also be defined as the product of the area of the surface and the 

component of the magnetic field normal to that surface 

d​Φ​ = B d​Φ​ = B. 

d​Φ​ = B . ds cos ​θ  

. Direction of ds is along the normal to the surface and is unit normal 

vector 
Positive Flux: 

Magnetic Flux is positive for 0° ≤ θ

​ ​ < 90° & 270° < θ
​ ​ ≤ 360°   

Zero Flux:  

Magnetic Flux is zero for θ

​ ​ = 90° & ​θ​ = 270° 

Negative Flux:  

Magnetic Flux is negative for 90° < ​θ​ < 270 

Φ​ = B . A cos ​θ  

Magnetic Flux across a coil can be changed by changing : 

1) the strength of the magnetic field B 

2) the area of cross section of the coil A 

3) the orientation of the coil with magnetic field θ

​ ​ or 

4) any of the combination of the above 

* Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. 

* SI unit of magnetic flux is weber or tesla-metre​2 ​ or ( wb or Tm​2​). 

* cgs unit of magnetic flux is maxwell. 

* 1 maxwell = 10​-8​ weber  

* Magnetic flux (associated normally) per unit area is called Magnetic   

Flux Density or Strength of Magnetic Field or Magnetic Induction (B). 

Faraday’s Experiment - 1:   

Magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions of the 

coil and the magnet due to the magnetic lines of force cutting at 

different angles at the same cross sectional area of the coil. 

Observe:i) the relative motion between the coil and the magnet  

ii) the induced polarities of magnetism in the coil iii) 

the direction of current through the galvanometer and hence the 

deflection in the galvanometer 

iv) that the induced current (e.m.f) is available only as long as there is 

relative motion between the coil and the magnet Note: 

i) coil can be moved by fixing the magnet ii) both 

the coil and magnet can be moved ( towards each other or away from 

each other) i.e. there must be a relative velocity between them. 

iii) magnetic flux linked with the coil changes relative to the positions of 

the coil and the magnet 

iv) current and hence the deflection is large if the relative velocity 

between the coil and the magnet and hence the rate of change of flux 

across the coil is more  

Faraday’s Experiment - 2: 

When the primary circuit is closed current grows from zero to maximum 

value.   

During this period changing, current induces changing magnetic flux 

across the primary coil. 

This changing magnetic flux is linked across the secondary coil and 

induces e.m.f (current) in the secondary coil. 

Induced e.m.f (current) and hence deflection in galvanometer lasts only 

as long as the current in the primary coil and hence the magnetic flux in 

the secondary coil change. 

When the primary circuit is open current decreases from maximum 

value to zero.   

During this period changing current induces changing magnetic flux 

across the primary coil. 

This changing magnetic flux is linked across the secondary coil and 

induces current (e.m.f) in the secondary coil. 

However, note that the direction of current in the secondary coil is 

reversed and hence the deflection in the galvanometer is opposite to the 

previous case. 

(#) Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction: 

I Law: 
 Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit, 

an emf and hence a current is induced in the circuit. However, it lasts 

only so long as the magnetic flux is changing. 

II Law: 

The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of 

change of magnetic flux inked with a circuit 

E ​α​ d​Φ​ / dt E = k d​Φ​ /dt E = d​Φ​ / dt E = (​Φ​2 –​ ​Φ​1​) / t 

L
​ enz’s Law:  

The direction of the induced emf or induced current is such that it 

opposes the change that is producing it. 

i.e. If the current is induced due to motion of the magnet, then the 

induced current in the coil sets itself to stop the motion of the magnet. 

If the current is induced due to change in current in the primary coil, 

then induced current is such that it tends to stop the change. 

L​ enz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy:  

According to Lenz’s law, the induced emf opposes the change that 

produces it. It is this opposition against which we perform mechanical 

work in causing the change in magnetic flux. Therefore, mechanical 

energy is converted into electrical energy. Thus, Lenz’s law is in 

accordance with the law of conservation of energy. 

If, however, the reverse would happen (i.e. the induced emf does not 

oppose or aids the change), then a little change in magnetic flux would 

produce an induced current which would help the change of flux further 

thereby producing more current. The increased emf would then cause 

further change of flux and it would further increase the current and so 

on. This would create energy out of nothing which would violate the 

law of conservation of energy. 

 (#)Expression for Induced emf based on both the laws:  

E = - d​Φ​ / dt  

E = - (​Φ​2 – Φ
​ ​1) / t 

And for ‘N’ no. of turns of the coil, 

E = - N d​Φ​ / dt  

E = - N (​Φ​2 – ​Φ​1) / t 

  

Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents: 

The induced circulating (looping) currents produced in a solid metal due 

to change in magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the metal are called eddy 

currents. 

Applications of Eddy Currents: 

1. In induction furnace eddy currents are used for melting iron ore, 

etc. 

2. In speedometer eddy currents are used to measure the 

instantaneous speed of the vehicle. 

3. In dead beat galvanometer eddy currents are used to stop the 

damping of the coil in a shorter interval. 

4. In electric brakes of the train eddy currents are produced to stop 

the   

rotation of the axle of the wheel. 

5. In energy meters (watt – meter) eddy currents are used to 

measure the consumption of electric energy. 

 6. In diathermy eddy currents are used for localised heating of 

tissues in human bodies. 

Self Induction: 

Self Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the self coil due 

to change in current and hence the change in magnetic flux in the 

coil. 

The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil 

and hence delays the current to acquire the maximum value. 

Self induction is also called inertia of electricity as it opposes the 

growth or decay of current. 

Self Inductance: 

​ ​I
Φ​ α or ​ ​ = LI 
Φ

If I = 1, then L= Φ
​   

(where L is the constant of proportionality and is known as Self 

Inductance or co-efficient of self induction) 

Thus, self inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil 

when unit current flows through it. 

SI unit of self inductance is henry (H). 

Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in a coil links 

magnetic flux of 1 weber. (Or) 

Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current 

(1 A / s) induces emf of 1 volt in the coil 

Mutual Induction: 

Mutual Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the secondary 

coil due to change in current in the primary coil and hence the change in 

magnetic flux in the secondary coil. 

Mutual Inductance: 

Φ​21​ ​α​ I​1​ or ​Φ​21​ = MI​1 

If I​1​ = 1, then M = ​Φ  

Thus, mutual inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the 

secondary coil when unit current flows through the primary coil. 

SI unit of mututal inductance is henry (H). 

Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids: 

Magnetic Field due to primary solenoid is 

B​1​ = μ
​ ​0​n​1​I​1 

Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the secondary solenoid is Φ

​ ​21 

per turn = B​1​ A = ​μ​0​n​1​I​1​A = μ

​ ​0​N​1​I​1​A / l 

Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the secondary solenoid is ​Φ​21​ = 

μ​0​N​1​N​2​I​1​A / l But, 

Φ​21​ = M​21​I​1   

M​21​ = ​μ​0​N​1​N​2​A / l = ​μ​0​n​1​n​2​Al  

lll​ly M​12​ = μ
​ ​0​N​1​N​2​A / l = ​μ​0​n​1​n​2​Al  
​

​For two long co-axial solenoids of same length and cross-sectional area, 

the mutual inductance is same and leads to principle of reciprocity. 

 M = M​12​ = M​21