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    Lab Exercise 6 - Digestive System & Respiratory Physiology

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    Lab Exercise 6 - Digestive System & Respiratory Physiology

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    F17_AP_BMII_Lab06_DigestiveRespiratory.pdf

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    Lab Exercise 6 - Digestive System & Respiratory Physiology

    Uploaded by

    ncastro1319

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    LAB EXERCISE 6 – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & RESPIRATORY

    PHYSIOLOGY
    REQUIRED:
    Reading required:
     Laboratory manual: Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual with Rat Dissections, 3rd
    Custom Edition for St. John's University, 2017. Read below for specific Exercises & Activities.

     Lab Guide - Laboratory Exercise # 6 printout

    Personal Protective Equipment and required materials:


     White Lab coat (full knee length & long sleeves)
     A dissecting Kit
     Nicely fitting gloves
     Goggles

    PRE LAB ASSIGNMENT:


    Read over the lab guide and memorize the names of the structures found in the digestive and
    respiratory system. Also, familiarize yourself with various digestive enzymes and what they
    break down.

    In today’s lab, you will be provided with:


    1. Your preserved white rat
    2. A dissecting tray, pins, a bench-top mat and a lamp.
    3. A spray bottle with preserved specimen conditioning fluid (shared).
    4. A human digestive system model.
    5. A human respiratory system model.
    6. A lung apparatus model
    7. A Biopac unit, laptop and accessories.

    Storage of your Dissected Rat:


    1. Discard animal tissue remains, in the biological waste container, NOT in regular garbage.
    2. Spray your rat with preserved the specimen conditioning fluid.
    3. Rinse the trays in the sink.
    4. Do not throw papers inside the biological waste container.
    5. Wrap the rat in a paper towel.
    6. Place it inside a plastic bag.

    I. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    Read Exercise 38, pages 577-598, See Figures 38.1-38.16

    The digestive system can be divided into two major parts, the alimentary canal and the accessory
    organs. The alimentary canal is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. The main organs of
    the alimentary canal are the esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum and anus. The esophagus enters the
    abdominal cavity through the esophageal hiatus, an opening in the diaphragm (see respiratory system).
    The alimentary canal is the system that comes directly in contact with food or the breakdown products
    of digestion.

    1
    The accessory organs are important because they secrete many important substances necessary for
    digestion, and yet these organs do not come into direct contact with food. Examples of accessory
    organs are the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

    TABLE 1:
    HUMAN – Review Exercise 38 and Identify the structures of the digestive system in the human model.
    RAT – Review page 18 of the end section to identify the structures of the digestive systems in your rat
    specimens.

    RAT HUMAN MODEL


    Identify the following in the:
    (Dissection of rat) (Exercise 38)
    Teeth in ¼ of the mouth – 2-1-2-3
    1 Teeth Rat teeth are not studied Fig. 38.11

    Salivary glands: Parotid gland,


    submaxillary or mandibular and
    2 sublingual. Fig. 13, pg. 18 Fig. 38.1
    3 Esophagus Fig. 13, pg. 18 Fig. 38.1

    Diaphragm is not part of the digestive


    system. It separates the thoracic cavity
    4 and the abdomen. Fig. 7, pg. 12 Not pictured

    Liver (4 lobes), Fig. 13, pg. 18


    6a Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.14, Fig. 38.15
    Common hepatic duct
    6b falciform ligament. Not pictured Fig. 38.14a, Fig. 38.15
    Gall bladder
    Cystic duct
    7 Bile duct None in the rat. Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.14, Fig. 38.15
    Stomach– different regions (cardia, Fig. 13, pg. 18
    8 fundus, body, and pyloric) and rugae Regions & rugae: Not pictured. Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.5, Fig. 38.7
    9 Pyloric valve or sphincter Not pictured. Fig. 38.5
    10 Lesser and Greater Omentum Not pictured. Fig. 38.7
    Fig. 13, pg. 18
    11 Pancreas, pancreatic duct Duct: Not pictured. Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.7(d), Fig. 38.15

    Fig. 13, pg. 18. Spleen: Fig. 38.1 & Fig. 38.7(a).
    Gastrosplenic ligament: Not Gastrosplenic ligament: Not
    12 Spleen & gastrosplenic ligament pictured. pictured.
    Small intestine (Three subdivisions:
    13 Duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Fig. 13, pg. 18 Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.7
    Large intestine (cecum or caecum,
    14 colon, rectum) Fig. 13, pg. 18 Fig. 38.1, Fig. 38.7, Fig. 38.10

    2
    ENZYMES – 3 Main Types:
    1. Amylases: enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
    a. Salivary amylase: released after food is being chewed to break down carbohydrates
    b. Pancreatic amylase: released by the pancreas to produce glucose for absorption in the
    small intestines.
    2. Proteases: enzymes that break down proteins into the various amino acids
    a. Pepsin: found in the stomach and does the initial break down
    b. Chymotrypsin and Trypsin: found in the small intestines breaks down protein chains into
    peptide chains. This causes the formation of amino acid that is later by the small
    intestines.
    3. Lipases: enyzmes that break down fats into packaged lipoproteins and prepare them for
    absorption through the lymph system and the blood stream.

    QUESTIONS:
    What is the function the gallbladder?
     Predict what could happen if there was no gallbladder ?
    How does the greater omentum help in digestion?

    II. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


    Read Exercise 36, pages 541-552, See Figures 36.1-36.7

    HUMAN - Use the figures indicated in Table 2 to identify the structures of the respiratory system in
    the human cardiopulmonary model.
    TABLE 2:
    Fig. 36.1 Fig. 36.3 Fig. 36.5
    1. Esophagus 1. Main or primary bronchus 1. In the Right lung - superior, middle,
    and inferior lobes
    2. Trachea 2. Lobar or secondary bronchus 2. In Left lung - superior, inferior
    lobes and cardiac notch
    3. Epiglottis 3. Segmental or tertiary 3. Pleura – Parietal pleura, pleural
    bronchus cavity, visceral pleura

    QUESTION: Where is the bacterial infection in Pleurisy?

    Lung Apparatus Model: - The diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage affect the movement of air into
    and out of the lungs. Respiration occurs due to pressure changes within the rib cage. During inhalation,
    the diaphragm contracts downward, creating vacuum that pushes air in to the lungs. Exhalation is when
    the diaphragm moves upwards and causes the lungs to deflate.

    3
    RAT: - Review page 18 of the end section and use the figures indicated in Table 3 to identify the
    structures of the respiratory system in your rat. Identify the following:
    TABLE 3:
    1. Pleura Not labeled. 5. Larynx Fig. 13, pg. 18
    2. Diaphragm Fig. 13, pg. 18 6. Lungs (all lobes) Fig. 13, pg. 18
    3. Trachea Fig. 13, pg. 18 7. Pericardium Not labeled.
    4. Esophagus Fig. 13, pg. 18 8. Heart Not labeled.

    HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY


    Read Exercise 37, pages 553-575, See Figures 37.1-37.15
    The purpose of this laboratory Exercise, 37 is to become acquainted with some mechanical
    aspects of respiration and factors, which influence breathing activity.

    TABLE 4: Figures 37.2 & 37.7


    Volumes Definition Measurement
    Tidal Volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting 500ml
    conditions (average human lung intake for normal quiet
    breathing).
    Inspiratory Reserve Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal 3100ml
    Volume (IRV) volume inhalation.
    Inspiratory Capacity (IC) IC = TV + IRV 3600ml
    Expiratory Reserve Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal 1200mL
    Volume (ERV) volume exhalation (the amount remaining in the lungs of a
    healthy adult).
    Vital Capacity (VC) Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal 4800ml
    maximal inspiration. TV + IRV + ERV
    Residual Volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation. 1200mL
    Total Lung Capacity VC + RV 6000ml
    (TLC)

    Respiratory System Physiology


    Perform Activity 5: Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using BIOPAC© on page 563.
    Follow the instructions as carefully as possible and use the provided materials to obtain your volumes
    for the various parts of the spirograph.

    MIDTERM EXAM

     NEXT LAB IS MIDTERM EXAM


     You require a proper lab attire to take the exam
     You will not be permitted to take the exam if you are late
     You are not permitted to were smart watches during the exam.

    There are two parts to the Exam


    Part A: Identification and short answers ( similar to Lab Quiz) 30 points (1 point/question)
    Part B: Critical thinking Question. Concepts from 2 or more labs are required to answer the question.
    3 points

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