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PHYS 2210 Equation Sheet 3 Chapter 12: Static Equilibrium

This document provides a 3-page summary of key concepts and equations from Chapters 12-15 of PHYS 2210 on static equilibrium, oscillations, waves, and fluids. Some key points include: - Conditions for static equilibrium require the sum of all torques and forces to equal zero. Stable equilibrium in one dimension requires the potential energy to have a minimum and positive second derivative. - Simple harmonic oscillators have sinusoidal displacements and velocities as functions of time and frequency. Damped oscillators introduce an exponential decay term. - Harmonic waves have sinusoidal displacements as functions of position and time, with wave speed determined by frequency and wavelength. Standing waves occur at nodes and antinodes

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75 views1 page

PHYS 2210 Equation Sheet 3 Chapter 12: Static Equilibrium

This document provides a 3-page summary of key concepts and equations from Chapters 12-15 of PHYS 2210 on static equilibrium, oscillations, waves, and fluids. Some key points include: - Conditions for static equilibrium require the sum of all torques and forces to equal zero. Stable equilibrium in one dimension requires the potential energy to have a minimum and positive second derivative. - Simple harmonic oscillators have sinusoidal displacements and velocities as functions of time and frequency. Damped oscillators introduce an exponential decay term. - Harmonic waves have sinusoidal displacements as functions of position and time, with wave speed determined by frequency and wavelength. Standing waves occur at nodes and antinodes

Uploaded by

Nicholas Welch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYS 2210

Equation Sheet 3

Chapter 12: Static Equilibrium


~τ = ~r × F~ or |~τ | = |~r||F~ | sin θ plus right-hand-rule For uniform ~g , center of gravity = center of mass.
X X
Conditions for static equilibrium: ~τi = 0 and F~i = 0 Conditions for stable equilibrium in 1D:
Center of gravity of a system is the point where the force dU/dx = 0 and d2 U/dx2 > 0.
of gravity appears to act.

Chapter 13: Oscillations


Simple harmonic oscillation (SHO): x(t) = A cos (ωt + φ), Damped oscillator: x(t) = Ae−bt/2m cos (ωt + φ),
v(t) = −ωA sin (ωt + φ), and a(t) = −ω 2 A cos (ωt + φ) for damping coefficient b.
where T = 1/f and ω = 2π/T . Damped-driven oscillator:
q x(t) = A cos (ωd t + φ),
p
Frequencies for SHO: mass on spring ω = k/m,
p with A = F0 /(m (ωd − ω0 )2 + b2 ωd2 /m2 ),
2 2

mass on string ω = g/L,


p
p driving force F = F0 cos (ωd t), and ω0 = k/m.
physical pendulum ω = mgL/I, I =moment of intertia.

Chapter 14: Waves


Harmonic (sinusoidal) waves: y(x, t) = A cos (kx + ωt) Doppler Effect: moving source
with wave speed v = λ/T = λf = ω/k and k = 2π/λ. f 0 = f /(1 ± u/v) (+ source receding).
p
Waves on a string: v = Ftension /µ where µ = m/L. Doppler Effect: moving observer
Intensity for a point source: I = P/4πr . 2
f 0 = f (1 ± u/v) (- observer receding).
p
Decibels: β = 10 log (I/I0 ) with I0 = 1 × 10−12 W/m2 . Speed of surface waves in deep water: v = λg/2π.
p
Standing waves (string fixed at both ends, pipe open at Speed of sound in gases: v = γP/ρ,
both ends): λm = 2L/m, m = 1, 2, 3, .... γ = 7/5 for air and other diatomic gases,
Standing waves (string fixed at one end, pipe closed at one γ = 5/3 for monatomic gases like helium.
end): λm = 4L/m, m = 1, 3, 5, .... Medium Sound Speed (m/s)
Interference: beat frequency = |f1 − f2 |. Air (20◦ C) 343
◦
Destructive spatial interference when source spacing Helium (0 C) 970
comparable to λ: |d1 − d2 | = nλ/2, n = 1, 3, 5, .... Water 1480
Granite 6000

Chapter 15: Fluids


Definition of pressure: P = F/A=force/area.
SI unit of pressure is pascal or Pa = 1 N/m2 . Archimedes’ Principle: object in fluid supported by force
Mass density of water: ρ = 1000 kg/m3 equal to weight of displaced fluid: FB = ρf Vf g.
5
Atmospheric pressure p0 = 1atm = 1.013 × 10 Pa Mass conservation for fluid with constant ρ: v1 A1 = v2 A2 .
Pressure as function of depth in incompressible fluids: Mass conservation for fluid with varying ρ:
p = p0 + ρgh. ρ 1 v 1 A1 = ρ 2 v 2 A2 .
1 1
Bernoulli’s Equation: p1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = p2 + ρv22 + ρgh2 .
2 2

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