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Subj: New Handbook to protect children and parents from CPS abuse and their
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This my HTM rendering of this excellent work of Written by:
Thomas and Aimee Dutkiewicz - Connecticut DCF Watch [email protected]
and New England Parent Advocacy Network [email protected]
and they graciously sent to me to make available for you to see. Please print
freely and use!

I have been in the tedious process of formatting this htm form to equal their word
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If you notice any mistakes, please notify me: [email protected] . Thanks.
- tlr 2/21/04 (edited more 2/26/04, 2/29/04)
CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES
AND THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
“Know your rights before you talk to anyone from CPS, they won’t tell you your
rights.

CPS can’t do anything without your consent”

A guide to protect the constitutional rights of both parents and children.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit said it best, “The
government’s interest in the welfare of children embraces not only protecting
children from physical abuse, but also protecting children’s interest in the
privacy and dignity of their homes and in the lawfully exercised authority of their
parents.”
Calabretta v. Floyd, 189 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 1999).

Written by:

Thomas Dutkiewicz
Connecticut DCF Watch
[email protected]

Aimee Dutkiewicz
New England Parent Advocacy Network
[email protected]

IT’S UNCONSTITUTIONAL FOR CPS TO CONDUCT AN INVESTIGATION AND INTERVIEW A CHILD ON

PRIVATE PROPERTY WITHOUT EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES OR PROBABLE CAUSE.
The decision in the case of Doe et al, v. Heck et al (No. 01-3648, 2003
US App. Lexis 7144) will affect the manner in which law enforcement and child
protective services investigations of alleged child abuse or neglect are
conducted. The decision of the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals found that this
practice, i.e. the “no prior consent” interview of a child, will ordinarily
constitute a “clear violation” of the constitutional rights of parents under the
4th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. According to the Court, the
investigative interview of a child constitutes a “search and seizure” and, when
conducted on private property without “consent, a warrant, probable cause, or
exigent circumstances,” such an interview is an unreasonable search and seizure in
violation of the rights of the parent, child, and, possibly the owner of the
private property.
 The mere possibility of danger does not constitute an emergency or
exigent circumstance that would justify a forced warrantless entry and a
warrantless seizure of a child. Hurlman v. Rice, (2nd Cir. 1991) A due-process
violation occurs when a state-required breakup of a natural family is founded
solely on a “best interests” analysis that is not supported by the requisite proof
of parental unfitness. Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 255, (1978)

PREFACE

This is only a guide to your constitutional protections in the context of

an investigation of alleged child abuse and neglect by Child Protective Services
(“CPS”). Every state has variances of CPS in one form or another. Some are called
DCF, DHS, DSS, DCYS, DCFS, HRS, CYS and FIA, collectively known as “CPS” for the
purposes of this handbook. The material in this handbook should be supplemented by
your own careful study of the 4th and 14th Amendment and other Constitutional
protections that are guaranteed even in the context dealing with CPS.

The intent of this handbook is to inform parents, caregivers and their

attorneys that they can stand up against CPS and Juvenile Judges when they infringe
upon the rights of both parents and children. As you read this handbook, you will
be amazed what your rights are and how CPS conspires with the Assistant Attorney
General (“AAG”) who then in turn has the Judge issue warrant/orders that are
unlawful and unconstitutional under the law. Contrary what any CPS officials, the
AAG, Juvenile Judge or any social workers may say, they are all subject to and must
yield to the 4th and 14th Amendment just like police officers according to the
Circuit and District Courts of the United States and the Supreme Court. CPS
workers can be sued for violations of your 4th and 14th Amendments, they lose their
“immunity” by those “Deprivation of Rights Under the Color of Law” and must be sued
in their “Official and Individual” capacity in order to succeed in a §§ 1983 and
1985 civil rights lawsuit. If the police assisted CPS in that deprivation of
rights, they also lose immunity and can be sued for assisting CPS in the violation
of both yours and your child’s rights when they illegally abduct your children or
enter your home without probable cause or exigent circumstances which are required
under the warrant clause of the 14th Amendment.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

The authors of this book are not attorneys and do not pretend to be
attorneys. The authors were victims of a false report and were falsely accused by
DCF in Connecticut without conducting a proper investigation. The authors fought
back for 8-months against this corrupt organization whose order of the day was to
deny them their 4th, 6th and 14th Amendment rights and to fabricate false charges
without evidence. DCF’s charges and petition to the court was nothing more than
baseless allegations, never evidence. DCF withdrew the fraudulent petition on
December 18, 2002 admitting they had no evidence. The fact of the matter is that
they never had any evidence but abused the authors and their children for an 8-
month period. As a direct result of the false charges and with manufacturing of
evidence and violating the authors 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th and 14th Amendment rights,
the authors filed a lawsuit in January 2003 in Federal Court in the District of
Connecticut (3:03-cv-109AVC). There are 28 Defendants in this civil action and the
authors are representing them selves Pro se. The authors have never been convicted
of any child abuse or neglect nor are there any investigations on going. The
authors have three children, a 16-year old and 11-year old twins.

The author’s goals are that not another child is illegally abducted from
their family and that CPS and juvenile judges start using common sense before
rushing to judgment and to conduct their investigations the same as do the police
in order to be constitutionally correct and legal and that CPS MUST by law comply
with the “Warrant Clause” as required by the Constitution and the Federal Courts
whereas they are “governmental officials” and are subject to the Constitution as
are the police. There are NO EXCEPTIONS to the Constitution for CPS.

INTRODUCTION

You as a parent or care giver MUST know your rights and be totally
informed what you have a legal right to have and to express, whether you are a
parent caught up in a very oppressive, abusive and many times unlawful actions of
CPS or if you have never been investigated by CPS. Many individuals come to the
wrong conclusion that the parents must have been abusive or neglectful in order for
CPS to investigate, this is just a myth. The fact of the matter is that over 80%
of the calls that are called in to CPS are false and bogus.

Another myth is that CPS can conduct an investigation in your home

without your consent and speak to your child without your consent. CPS employees
will lie to you and tell you they do not need your consent. The fact of the matter
is they absolutely need your consent to come in your home and speak with your
children. If there is no “exigent circumstances” (imminent danger) to your
children with “probable cause” (credible witness) to support a warrant, CPS
anywhere in the United States cannot lawfully enter your home and speak with you
and your children. In fact it is illegal and you can sue the social worker and the
police who assist them and they both lose immunity from being sued.

If CPS lies to the AAG and the Judge in order to get a warrant/order and
you can prove it, that also is a 4th and 14th Amendment rights violation which is a
civil rights violation under § 1983 and conspiracy against rights covered under §
1985. If a CPS official knocks on your door and has no legal warrant and you
refuse them entry and the worker then threatens you with calling the police, this
is also illegal and unlawful and both lose immunity. This is coercion, threatening
and intimidation tactics even if the police only got the door open so CPS official
can gain entry. Both can be sued.

Remember, CPS officials will not tell you your rights; in fact they are
going to do everything in their power including lying to you, threatening you with
police presence telling you that you have to let them in. The police may even
threaten you to let CPS in because you are obstructing an investigation. Many
police officers do not realize that CPS MUST comply with the warrant clause of the
14th Amendment or be sued for violating it.

CPS does not have a legal right to conduct an investigation of alleged

child abuse or neglect in a private home without your consent. In fact removing a
child from your home without your consent even for several hours is a “seizure”
under federal law. Speaking to your children without your consent is also a
“seizure” under the law. If CPS cannot support a warrant and show that the child
is in immanent danger along with probable cause, CPS cannot enter your home and
speak with your children. Remember, anonymous calls into CPS are NEVER probable
cause under the Warrant Clause. And even if they got a name and number from the
reporter on the end of the phone, that also does not support probable cause under
the law. CPS must by law, investigate the caller to determine to see if he or she
is the person who they say they are and that what they said is credible. The call
alone, standing by itself, is insufficient to support probable cause under the
law. Many bogus calls are made by disgruntle neighbors, ex spouses, someone
wanting to get revenge so CPS needs to show due diligence as do police to get sworn
statements. All CPS agencies all across the country have a much exaggerated view
of their power. And what you think is abuse or neglect is or is not, CPS has a
totally different definition. That definition is what ever they want it to be.
DCF will lie to you, mark my word, they will tell you they can do anything they
want and they have total immunity. Tell that to the half dozen social workers
sitting in jail in California, they lied to the judge. We will discuss this in
further detail on what CPS and the police can do and not do.

SECTION 1

NEVER EVER TRUST ANYONE FROM CPS

You have to under stand that CPS will not give you or your spouse a
Miranda warning nor do they have to. If CPS shows up at your door and tells you
they need to speak with you and your children, you have the legal right to deny
them entry. But before they leave, you should bring your children to the door but
never open it, instead show them the children are not in imminent danger and that
they are fine. If you do not at least show them your children, they could come
back with an unlawful and unconstitutional warrant even though your children are
not in imminent danger.

Every thing CPS sees and hears is written down and eventually given to
the AAG for your possible prosecution. You also need to know if the focus of the
investigation is on your spouse or significant other you may think you may not be
charged with anything and that you are the non-offending spouse, wrong. If your
spouse gets charged with anything, you are probable going to get charged with
allowing it to happen. So if a spouse gets the bright idea and lies and makes
things up, he/she is also confessing that he allowed what ever he/she alleges.

What you say will more then likely not be written down the way you said
it or meant it. For example, the CPS worker asks the wife, “Does your husband yell
at the children?” your response could be once in a while. Then they ask, “Does he
yell at you and argue with you. Your response could be “yes we argue sometimes and
he may raise his voice.” The next question is, “Does your husband drink alcohol?”
Your response could be “yes he has several drinks a week.” Now let’s translate
those benign responses and see what CPS may right in her paperwork. “When the
father drinks, he yells at children and wife and wife is a victim of domestic
violence.” This is a far cry on what really took place in that conversation. CPS
routinely will take what you say out of context and actually lie in their reports
in order to have a successful prosecution of their case. They have an end game in
mine and they will misrepresent the facts and circumstances surrounding what may or
may not have happened.

Something similar happened to the authors where DCF employees lied in

front of the judge and said the husband was a victim of domestic violence even
though all 5 members of the family stated clearly that there was never any domestic
violence. The husband would like to know when this occurred because he wasn’t
there. They will also misrepresent the condition of your home, as did DCF with
us. Even if you were sick or injured and hadn’t had a chance to straighten
anything out. CPS will not put anything exculpatory in the record so any one that
reads her notes will read that the house was a mess and cluttered. Never give them
a chance to falsify the record or twist your words. The best advice we can offer
is before letting any CPS official in if you choose to do so is to tell them you
want your attorney there when they come and schedule a time for that.

Remember, CPS could care less about your rights or your children’s
constitutional rights. Removing a child from a safe home is more harmful then most
alleged allegation as stated by many judges. They will lie and say they have to
come in or you have to comply. Remember CPS has no statutory authority to enter
your home when no crime has been committed. They are trained to lie to you in
order to get in any way they can and this comes from interviewing employees at
DCF. Do not sign anything or agree to anything. Even if you’re not guilty and you
agree to go through some horse and pony show. That is used against you as if you
admitted to it.
SECTION 2

ARE ALL CPS WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES

SUBJECT TO THE 4TH AND 14TH AMENDMENT?

Yes they are, the 4th Amendment is applicable to DCF investigators in the
context of an investigation of alleged abuse or neglect as are all “government
officials.” This issue is brought out best in Walsh v. Erie County Dept. of Job
and Family Services, 3:01-cv-7588.

The social workers argued, “the Fourth Amendment was not applicable to
the activities of their social worker employees.” The social workers claimed,
“entries into private homes by child welfare workers involve neither searches nor
seizures under the Fourth Amendment, and thus can be conducted without either a
warrant or probable cause to believe that a child is at risk of imminent harm.”

The court disagreed and ruled: “Despite the defendant’s exaggerated view
of their powers, the Fourth Amendment applies to them, as it does to all other
officers and agents of the state whose request to enter, however benign or well-
intentioned, are met by a closed door.” The Court also stated “The Fourth
Amendment’s prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures applies whenever an
investigator, be it a police officer, a DCFS employee, or any other agent of the
state, responds to an alleged instance of child abuse, neglect, or dependency.”
(Emphasis added) The social worker’s first argument, shot down by the court. The
social workers then argued that there are exceptions to the Fourth Amendment, and
that the situation was an “emergency.” They state, the “Defendants argue their
entry into the home, even absent voluntary consent, was reasonable under the
circumstances. They point to: the anonymous complaint about clutter on the front
porch; and the plaintiff’s attempt to leave.

These circumstances, the defendants argue, created an ‘emergency

situation’ that led Darnold and Brown reasonably to believe the Walsh children were
in danger of imminent harm. (Thus is the old “emergency” excuse that has been used
for years by social workers.) The Court again disagreed and ruled: “There is
nothing inherently unusual or dangerous about cluttered premises, much less
anything about such vaguely described conditions that could manifest imminent or
even possible danger or harm to young children. If household ‘clutter’ justifies
warrant less entry and threats of removal of children and arrest or citation of
their parents, few families are secure and few homes are safe from unwelcome and
unjustified intrusion by state officials and officers.” The Court went on to rule,
“They have failed to show that any exigency that justifies warrantless entry was
necessary to protect the welfare of the plaintiff’s children. In this case a
rational jury could find that ‘not evidence points to the opposite conclusion’ and
a lack of ‘sufficient exigent circumstances to relieve the state actors here of the
burden of obtaining a warrant.” The social worker’s second argument, shot down by
the court.

The social workers then argued that they are obligated under law to
investigate any reported case of child abuse, and that supersedes the Fourth
Amendment. They argued, “Against these fundamental rights, the defendants contend
that Ohio’s statutory framework for learning about and investigation allegations of
child abuse and neglect supersede their obligations under the Fourth Amendment.
They point principally to § 2151.421 of the Ohio Revised code as authority for
their warrantless entry into and search of the plaintiff’s home. That statute
imposes a duty on certain designated professionals and persons who work with
children or provide child care to report instances of apparent child abuse or
neglect.” This is the old “mandatory reporter” excuse.

The Court disagreed and ruled: “The defendant’s argument that the duty to
investigate created by § 2151.421(F)(1) exempts them from the Fourth Amendment
misses the mark because, not having received a report described in § 2151.421(A)(1)
(b), they were not, and could not have been, conducting an investigation pursuant
to § 2151.421(F)(1).” The social worker’s third argument, shot down by the court.

The Court continues with their chastisement of the social workers: “There
can be no doubt that the state can and should protect the welfare of children who
are at risk from acts of abuse and neglect. There likewise can be no doubt that
occasions arise calling for immediate response, even without prior judicial
approval. But those instances are the exception. Other wise child welfare workers
would have a free pass into any home in which they have an anonymous report or poor
housekeeping, overcrowding, and insufficient medical care and, thus perception that
children may be at some risk.” The Court continues: “The anonymous phone call in
this case did not constitute a ‘report’ of child abuse or neglect.” The social
workers, Darnold and Brown, claimed that they were immune from liability, claiming
qualified immunity because “they had not had training in Fourth Amendment law.” In
other words, because they thought the Fourth Amendment did not bind them, they
couldn’t be sued for their “mistake.”

The police officers, Chandler and Kish, claimed that they couldn’t
be sued because they thought the social workers were not subject to the Fourth
Amendment, and they were just helping the social workers. The Court disagreed and
ruled: “That subjective basis for their ignorance about and actions in violation of
the fourth Amendment does not relieve them of the consequences of that ignorance
and those actions.” The Court then lowers the boom by stating: “The claims of
defendants Darnold, Brown, Chandler and Kish of qualified immunity are therefore
denied.”

THE 9TH CIRCUIT COURT SAID, PARENTS HAVE THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
TO BE LEFT ALONE BY CPS AND THE POLICE.

The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals case, Calabretta v. Floyd, 9th Cir.
(1999) “involves whether a social worker and a police officer were entitled to
qualified immunity, for a coerced entry into a home to investigate suspected child
abuse, interrogation of a child, and strip search of a child, conducted without a
search warrant and without a special exigency.”

The court did not agree that the social worker and the police officer had
“qualified immunity” and said, “the facts in this case are noteworthy for the
absence of emergency.” No one was in distress. “The police officer was there to
back up the social worker’s insistence on entry against the mother’s will, not
because he perceived any imminent danger of harm.” And he should have known
better. Furthermore, “had the information been more alarming, had the social
worker or police officer been alarmed, had there been reason to fear imminent harm
to a child, this would be a different case, one to which we have no occasion to
speak. A reasonable official would understand that they could not enter the home
without consent or a search warrant.”

And now the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals defines the law: “In our
circuit, a reasonable official would have known that the law barred this entry.
Any government official (CPS) can be held to know that their office does not give
them unrestricted right to enter people’s homes at will. We held in White v.
Pierce county (797 F. 2d 812 (9th Cir. 1986), a child welfare investigation case,
that ‘it was settled constitutional law that, absent exigent circumstances, police
could not enter a dwelling without a warrant even under statutory authority where
probable cause existed.’ The principle that government officials cannot coerce
entry into people’s houses without a search warrant or applicability of an
established exception to the requirement of a search warrant is so well established
that any reasonable officer would know it.”
 And there we have it: “Any government official can be held to know that
their office does not give them an unrestricted right to enter peoples’ homes at
will. … The fourth Amendment preserves the ‘right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses … ‘without limiting that right to one kind of government
official.”

In other words, the parents have the constitutional right to exercise

their children’s and their 4th and 5th Amendment protections and should just say no
to social workers especially when they attempt to coerce or threaten to call the
police so they can conduct their investigation. “A social worker is not entitled
to sacrifice a family’s privacy and dignity to her own personal views on how
parents ought to discipline their children.” (The Constitution and the Bill of
Rights were written to protect the people from the government, not to protect the
government from the people. And within those documents, the people have the
constitutional right to hold the government accountable when is does deny its
citizens their rights under the law even if it is CPS, the police, or government
agency, or local, state, or federal government.)

The Court’s reasoning for this ruling was simple and straight forward:
“The reasonable expectation of privacy of individuals in their homes includes the
interests of both parents and children in not having government officials coerce
entry in violation of the fourth Amendment and humiliate the parents in front of
the children. An essential aspect of the privacy of the home is the parent’s and
the child’s interest in the privacy of the relationship with each other.”

PARROTING OF THE PHRASE “BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD” WITHOUT SUPPORTING FACTS OR A
LEGAL BASIS IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT A WARRANT OR COURT ORDER TO ENTER A HOME.

In North Hudson DYFS v. Koehler Family, filed December 18, 2000, the
Appellate court granted the emergency application on February 6, 2001, to stay DYFS
illegal entry that was granted by the lower court because DYFS in their infinite
wisdom thought it was their right to go into the Koehler home because the children
were not wearing socks in the winter or sleep in beds. After reviewing the briefs
of all the parties, the appellate court ruled that the order to investigate the
Koehler home was in violation of the law and must be reversed. The Court
explained, “[a]bsent some tangible evidence of abuse or neglect, the Courts do not
authorize fishing expeditions into citizens’ houses.” The Court went on to say,
“[m]ere parroting of the phrase ‘best interest of the child’ without supporting
facts and a legal basis is insufficient to support a Court order based on
reasonableness or any other ground.” February 14, 2001.

In other words, a juvenile judges decision on whether or not to issue a

warrant is a legal one, it is not based on “best interest of the child” or personal
feeling. The United States Supreme Court has held that courts may not use a
different standard other than probable cause for the issuance of such orders.
Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868 (1987). If a court issues a warrant based on an
uncorroborated anonymous tip, the warrant will not survive a judicial challenge in
the higher courts. Anonymous tips are never probable cause. “[I]n context of a
seizure of a child by the State during an abuse investigation . . . a court order
is the equivalent of a warrant.” Tenenbaum v. Williams, 193 F.3d 581, 602 (2nd Cir.
1999). F.K. v. Iowa district Court for Polk County, Id.”

THE U.S COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 7TH CIRCUIT RECENTLY

RULED THAT CHILD ABUSE INVESTIGATIONS HELD ON PRIVATE PROPERTY UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

The decision in the case of Doe et al, v. Heck et al (No. 01-3648, 2003
US App. Lexis 7144) will affect the manner in which law enforcement and child
protective services investigations of alleged child abuse or neglect are conducted.
 The decision of the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals found that this
practice, i.e. the “no prior consent” interview of a child, will ordinarily
constitute a “clear violation” of the constitutional rights of parents under the
4th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. According to the Court, the
investigative interview of a child constitutes a “search and seizure” and, when
conducted on private property without “consent, a warrant, probable cause, or
exigent circumstances,” such an interview is an unreasonable search and seizure in
violation of the rights of the parent, child, and, possibly the owner of the
private property.

Considering that one critical purpose of the early stages of an

investigation is to determine whether or not the child is in danger, and if so,
from who seems to require a high threshold level of evidence to commence the
interview of a child, whether the child is on private or public property.

“In our circuit, a reasonable official would have known that the law
barred this entry. Any government official can be held to know that their office
does not give them an unrestricted right to enter peoples’ homes at will. We held
in White v. Pierce County a child welfare investigation case, that ‘it was settled
constitutional law that, absent exigent circumstances, police could not enter a
dwelling without a warrant even under statutory authority where probable cause
existed.’ The principle that government officials cannot coerce entry into
peoples’ houses without a search warrant or applicability of an established
exception to the requirement of a search warrant is so well established that any
reasonable officer would know it.” “we conclude that the Warrant clause must be
complied with. First, none of the exceptions to the Warrant Clause apply in this
situation, including ‘exigent circumstances coupled with probable cause,’ because
there is, by definition, time enough to apply to a magistrate for an ex parte
removal order. See State v. Hatter, 342N.W.2d 851, 855 (Iowa 1983) (holding the
exigent circumstances exception to the Warrant Clause only applies when ‘an
immediate major crisis in the performance of duty afforded neither time nor
opportunity to apply to a magistrate.’). Second, as noted by the Second Circuit,
‘[I]n context of a seizure of a child by the State during an abuse
investigation . . . a court order is the equivalent of a warrant.’ Tenenbaum v.
Williams, 193 F.3d 581, 602 (2nd Cir. 1999). F.K. v. Iowa district Court for Polk
County, Id.”

“Another recent 9th Circuit case also held that there is no exception to
the warrant requirement for social workers in the context of a child abuse
investigation. ‘The [California] regulations they cite require social workers to
respond to various contacts in various ways. But none of the regulations cited say
that the social worker may force her way into a home without a search warrant in
the absence of any emergency.’ Calabretta v. Floyd, 189 F.3d 808 (9th Cir. 1999)
Calabretta also cites various cases form other jurisdictions for its conclusion.
Good v. Dauphin County Social Servs., 891 F.2d 1087 (3rd Cir. 1989) held that a
social worker and police officer were not entitled to qualified immunity for
insisting on entering her house against the mother’s will to examine her child for
bruises. Good holds that a search warrant or exigent circumstances, such as a need
to protect a child against imminent danger of serious bodily injury, was necessary
for an entry without consent, and the anonymous tip claiming bruises was in the
case insufficient to establish special exigency.

The 9th Circuit further opined in Wallis v. Spencer, 202 F.3d 1126 (9th
Cir. 2000), that ‘[b]ecause the swing of every pendulum brings with it potential
adverse consequences, it is important to emphasize that in the area of child abuse,
as with the investigation and prosecution of all crimes, the state is constrained
by the substantive and procedural guarantees of the Constitution. The fact that
the suspected crime may be heinous – whether it involves children or adults – does
not provide cause for the state to ignore the rights of the accused or any other
parties. Otherwise, serious injustices may result. In cases of alleged child
abuse, governmental failure to abide by constitutional constraints may have
deleterious long-term consequences for the child and, indeed, for the entire
family. Ill-considered and improper governmental action may create significant
injury where no problem of any kind previously existed. .’ Id. at 1130-1131.”

This was the case involving DCF in Connecticut. Many of their policies
are unlawful and contradictory to the Constitution. DCF has unlawful polices
giving workers permission to coerce, intimidate and to threatened innocent families
with governmental intrusion and oppression with police presences to squelch and put
down any citizen who asserts their 4th Amendment rights by not allowing an unlawful
investigation to take place in their private home when no imminent danger is
present.

DCF is the “moving force” behind the on going violations of federal law
and violations of the Constitution. This idea of not complying to the 4th and 14th
Amendment is so impregnated in their statutes, policies, practices and customs, it
affects all and what they do and they take on the persona of the feeling of
exaggerated power over parents and that they are totally immune and can do
basically do anything they want including engaging in deception, misrepresentation
of the facts and lying to the judge. This happens thousands of times every day in
the United States where the end justifies the mean even if it is unlawful, illegal
and unconstitutional.

We can tell you stories for hours where CPS employees committed criminal
acts and were prosecuted and went to jail and/or was sued for civil rights
violations. CPS workers have lied in reports, court documents, asked others to
lie, kidnapped children without court order, crossed state lines impersonating
police and then kidnapping children and were prosecuted for that and including a
number of cases were the case worker killed the child.

It is sickening on how many children are subject to abuse, neglect and

even killed at the hands of Child Protective Services. These numbers include DCF
in Connecticut.

Perpetrators of Maltreatment

While In
Custody of: Physical
Abuse Sexual
Abuse Neglect Medical
Neglect Fatalities
CPS 160 112 410 14 6.4
Parents 59 13 241 12 1.5
Number of Cases per 100,000 children in the United States. These numbers
come from The National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) in Washington.

Imagine that, 6.4 children die at the hands of the agencies that are
supposed to protect, and only 1.5 at the hands of parents per 100,000 children.
CPS perpetrates more abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse and kills more children then
parents in the United States. If the citizens of this country hold CPS to the same
standards that they hold parents to, no judge should ever put another child in the
hands of ANY government agency because CPS nationwide is guilty for more harm and
death than any human being combined. CPS nation wide is guilty for more human
rights violations and death of children then the homes they took them out of. When
are the judges going to wake up to see that they are sending children to their
death and a life of abuse when children are removed from safe homes at the mere
opinion of a bunch of social workers.
SECTION 3

THE FOURTH AMENDMENT’S IMPACT ON CHILD ABUSE INVESTIGATIONS.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit said it best,
“The government’s interest in the welfare of children embraces not only protecting
children from physical abuse, but also protecting children’s interest in the
privacy and dignity of their homes and in the lawfully exercised authority of their
parents.” Calabretta v. Floyd, 189 F.3d 808 (1999).

This statement came in a case, which held that social workers who, in
pursuit of a child abuse investigation, invaded a family home without a warrant
violate the Fourth amendment rights of both children and parents. Upon remand for
the damages phase of the trial, the social workers, the police officers, and the
governments that employed them settled this civil rights case for $150,000.00.

Contrary to the assumption of hundreds of social workers, the Ninth

Circuit held that the Fourth Amendment applies just as much to a child abuse
investigation as it does to any criminal or other governmental investigation.
Social workers are not exempt from the requirements of the Fourth Amendment when
they act alone. They are not exempt from its rules if they are accompanied by a
police officer. And police officers are not exempt from the requirement even if
all they do is get the front door open for the social worker; this would be
intimidation, coercion and threatening. The general rule is that unreasonable
searches and seizures are banned. But the second part of the rule is the most
important in this context. All warrantless searches are presumptively
unreasonable.

SECTION 4

WHEN IS CONSENT NOT CONSENT?

If a police officer says, “If you don’t let us in your home we will break
down your door” –a parent who then opens the door has not given free and voluntary
consent. If a social worker says, “if you don’t let me in the home I will take
your children away” –a parent who then opens the door has not given free and
voluntary consent. If a social worker says, “I will get a warrant from the judge
or I will call the police if you do not let me in” negate consent. ANY type of
communication, which conveys the idea to the parent that they have no realistic
alternative, but to allow entry negates any claim that the entry was lawfully
gained through the channel of consent. DCF’s policy clearly tells the social
worker that they can threaten parents even if the parents assert their 4th
Amendment rights.

Probable Cause & Exigent Circumstances

The Fourth Amendment does not put a barrier in the way of a social worker
who has reliable evidence that a child is in imminent danger. For example, if a
hot line call comes in and says, “My name is Mildred Smith, here is my address and
phone number. I was visiting my grandchildren this morning and I discovered that
one of my grandchildren, Johnny, age 5, is being locked in his bedroom without food
for days at a time, and he looked pale and weak to me” –the social worker certainly
has evidence of exigent circumstances and is only one step away from having
probable cause.

Since the report has been received over the telephone, it is possible
that the tipster is an imposter and not the child’s grandmother. A quick
verification of the relationship can be made in a variety of ways and once
verified, the informant, would satisfy the legal test of reliability, which is
necessary to establish probable cause. Anonymous phone calls fail the second part
of the two-prong requirement of “exigent circumstances” and “probable cause” for a
warrant or order. Anonymous phone calls cannot stand the test of probable cause as
defined within the 14th Amendments and would fail in court on appeal. The social
worker(s) would lose their qualified immunity for their deprivation of rights and
can be sued. Many social workers and Child Protection Services (“CPS”) lose their
cases in court because their entry into homes was in violation of the parents civil
rights because the evidence in their possession did not satisfy the standard of
probable cause.

It is not enough to have information that the children are in some form
of serious danger. The evidence must also pass a test of reliability that our
justice system calls probable cause. In H.R. v. State Department of Human
Resources, 612 So.2d 477 (Ala. Ct. App. 1992); the court held that an anonymous tip
standing alone never amounts to probable cause. The Calabretta court held the same
thing, as have numerous other decisions, which have faced the issue directly. The
Fourth Amendment itself spells out the evidence required for a warrant or entry
order. No warrant shall issue but on probable cause. The United States Supreme
Court has held that courts may not use a different standard other than probable
cause for the issuance of such orders. Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868 (1987).
If a court issues a warrant based on an uncorroborated anonymous tip, the warrant
will not survive a judicial challenge in the higher courts. Anonymous tips are
never probable cause.

Children are not well served if they are subjected to investigations base
on false allegations. Little children can be traumatized by investigations in ways
that are unintended by the social worker. However, to a small child all they know
is that a strange adult is taking off their clothing while their mother is sobbing
in the next room in the presence of an armed police officer. This does not seem to
a child to be a proper invasion of their person –quite different, for example, from
an examination by a doctor when their mother is present and cooperating. The
misuse of anonymous tips is well known. Personal vendettas, neighborhood
squabbles, disputes on the Little League field, child custody battles, revenge,
nosey individuals who are attempting to impose their views on others are turned
into maliciously false allegations breathed into a hotline.

“Decency, security and liberty alike demand that government officials

shall be subject to the rules of conduct that are commands to the citizen. In a
government of laws, existence of government will be imperiled if it fails to
observe the law scrupulously. Our government is the potent, omnipresent teacher.
For good or ill, it teaches the whole people by example. Crime is contagious. If
the government becomes a law-breaker, it breeds contempt for the law. It invites
every man to become a law unto himself. It invites anarchy. U.S. v. Olmstead, 277
U.S. 438 (1928), Justice Brandeis.

We the people of the United States are ruled by law, not by feelings. If
the courts allow states and their agencies rule by feelings and not law, we become
a nation without law that makes decisions based on subjectivity and objectivity.
CPS has been allowed to bastardize and emasculate the Constitution and the rights
of its citizens to be governed by the rule of men rather then the rule of law. It
is very dangerous when governmental officials are allowed to have unfettered access
to citizens home. It is also very dangerous to allow CPS to violate the
confrontation clause in the 6th Amendment were CPS hides, conceals and covers up
the accuser/witness who make report. It allows those individuals to have a safe
haven to file fraudulent reports and CPS aids and abets in this violation of
fundamental right. All citizens have the right to know their accuser/witness in
order to preserve the sanctity of the rule of law and that the Constitution is the
supreme law of the land.
SECTION 5

IS IT ILLEGAL AND AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL PRACTICE FOR CPS TO REMOVE CHILDREN SOLELY

BECAUSE THEY SAW A PARENT WAS A VICTIM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?

Yes it is illegal and an unconstitutional practice to remove children

which results in punishing the children and the non-offending parent. In a
landmark class action suit in the U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New
York, U.S. District Judge Jack Weinsein ruled on Nicholson v. Williams, Case No.:
00-cv-2229. This suit challenged the practice of New York’s City’s Administration
for Children’s Services of removing the children of battered mothers solely because
the children saw their mothers being beaten by husbands or boyfriends. Judge
Weistein ruled that the practice is unconstitutional and he ordered it stopped.

ARE PARENTS GUILTY OF MALTREATMENT OR EMOTIONAL NEGLECT IF THE CHILD WITNESSES

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?

“Not according to Judge Weistein’s ruling and to the leading national experts.”

During the trial several leading national experts testified on the impact
on children of witnessing domestic violence, and the impact on children of being
removed from the non-offending parent. Views of Experts on Effects of Domestic
Violence on Children, and defining witnessing domestic violence by children as
maltreatment or emotional neglect is a mistake. “great concern [regarding] how
increased awareness of children’s exposure [to domestic violence] and associated
problems is being used. Concerned about the risk adult domestic violence poses for
children, some child protection agencies in the United States appear to be defining
exposure to domestic violence as a form of child…Defining witnessing as
maltreatment is a mistake. Doing so ignores the fact that large numbers of
children in these studies showed no negative development problems and some showed
evidence of strong coping abilities. Automatically defining witnessing as
maltreatment may also ignore battered mother’s efforts to develop safe environments
for their children and themselves.” Ex. 163 at 866.

Effects of Removals of Children and on the Non-offending Parent.

Dr. Wolf testified that disruptions in the parent-child relationship

might provoke fear and anxiety in a child and diminish his or her sense of
stability and self. Tr. 565-67. He described the typical response of a child
separated from his parent: “When a young child is separated from a parent
unwillingly, he or she shows distress … At first, the child is very anxious and
protests vigorously and angrily. Then he falls into a sense of despair, though
still hyper vigilant, looking, waiting, and hoping for her return …” A child’s
sense of time factors into the extent to which a separation impacts his or her
emotional well-being. Thus, for younger children whose sense of time is less
keenly developed, short periods of parental absence may seem longer than for older
children. Tr 565-65. See also Ex. 141b.

For those children who are in homes where there is domestic violence,
disruption of that bond can be even more traumatic than situations where this is no
domestic violence. Dr. Stark (Yale New Haven Hospital researcher) asserted that if
a child is placed in foster care as a result of domestic violence in the home, then
he or she may view such removal as “a traumatic act of punishment … and [think]
that something that [he] or she has done or failed to do has caused this
separation.” Tr. 1562-63. Dr. Pelcovitz stated that “taking a child whose greatest
fear is separation from his or her mother and in the name of ‘protecting’ that
child [by] forcing on them, what is in effect, their worst nightmare, … is
tantamount to pouring salt on an open wound.” Ex. 139 at 5.
 Another serious implication of removal is that it introduces children to
the foster care system, which can be much more dangerous and debilitating than the
home situation. Dr. Stark testified that foster homes are rarely screened for the
presence of violence, and that the incidence of abuse and child fatality in foster
homes is double that in the general population. Tr 1596; Ex. 122 at 3-4. Children
in foster care often fail to receive adequate medical care. Ex. 122 at 6. Foster
care placements can disrupt the child’s contact with community, school and
siblings. Ex. 122 at 8.

Dr. Pelcovitz stated that “taking a child whose greatest fear is

separation from his or her mother and in the name of ‘protecting’ that child [by]
forcing on them, what is in effect, their worst nightmare, … is tantamount to
pouring salt on an open wound.” Ex. 139 at 5.

SECTION 6

DO CHILDREN HAVE LEGAL STANDING TO SUE CPS FOR THEIR ILLEGAL ABDUCTION FROM THEIR
HOME AND VIOLATING THEIR 4TH AND 14TH AMENDMENT RIGHTS?

Yes they do, children have standing to sue for their removal after they reach the
age of majority. Parents also have legal standing to sue if CPS violated their 4th
and 14th Amendment rights. Children have a Constitutional right to live with their
parents without government interference. Brokaw v. Mercer County, 7th Cir. (2000)
A child has a constitutionally protected interest in the companionship and society
of his or her parents. Ward v. San Jose, 9th Cir. (1992) State employees who
withhold a child from her family infringe on the family’s liberty of familial
association. K.H. through Murphy v. Morgan, 7th Cir. (1990)

The forced separation of parent from child, even for a short time,
represents a serious infringement upon the rights of both. J.B. v. Washington
county, 10th Cir. (1997) Parent’s interest is of “the highest order.” And the
court recognizes “the vital importance of curbing overzealous suspicion and
intervention on the part of health care professionals and government officials.”
Thomason v. Scan Volunteer Services, Inc., 8th Cir. (1996)

You must protect you and your child’s rights. CPS has no legal right to
enter your home or speak to you and your child when there in no imminent danger
present. Know your choices; you can refuse to speak any government official
whether it is the police or CPS as long as there is an open criminal
investigation. They will tell you that what they are involved with is a civil
matter not a criminal matter. Don’t you believe it. There is nothing civil about
allegations of child abuse or neglect. It is a criminal matter disguised as a
civil matter. Police do not get involved in civil matters if it truly was one.
You will regret letting them in your home and speaking with them like the thousands
of other parents who have gone through this. Ask a friend, family member or some
one at work. They will tell you if you agree to services, they will leave you
alone or you can get your kids back.

Refusing them entry is NOT hindering an investigation, it’s a Fourth

Amendment protection and CPS or the juvenile judge can’t abrogate that right as
long as your children are not in imminent danger. Tell them to go packing. DO NOT
sign anything, it will come back to be used against you in any possible kangaroo
trial. Your children’s records are protected by FERPA and HIPAA regarding your
children’s educational and medical records. They need a lawful warrant like the
police under the “warrant clause” in order to seize any records. If your child
school records contain medical records, then HIPAA also applies. When the school
or doctor sends records to CPS or allows them to view them with out your
permission, both the sender and receiver violated the law. You need to file a
HIPAA complaint on the sender and the receiver, a PDF version
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/howtofileprivacy.pdf and a Microsoft Word version
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/howtofileprivacy.doc. Remember, you only have 180-days from
the time you found out about it. Tell them they need a lawful warrant to make you
do anything. CPS has no power; do not agree to a drug screen or a psychological
evaluation.

SECTION 7

FAMILY RIGHTS (FAMILY ASSOCIATION)

The state may not interfere in child rearing decisions when a fit parent
is available. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000).

A child has a constitutionally protected interest in the companionship

and society of his or her parent. Ward v. San Jose (9th Cir. 1992)

Children have standing to sue for their removal after they reach the age
of majority. Children have a constitutional right to live with their parents
without government interference. Brokaw v. Mercer County (7th Cir. 2000)

The private, fundamental liberty interest involved in retaining custody

of one’s child and the integrity of one’s family is of the greatest importance.
Weller v. Dept. of Social Services for Baltimore (4th Cir. 1990)

State employee who withholds a child from her family may infringe on the
family’s liberty of familial association. Social workers could not deliberately
remove children from their parents and place them with foster caregivers when the
officials reasonably should have known such an action would cause harm to the
child’s mental or physical health. K.H. through Murphy v. Morgan (7th Cir. 1990)

The forced separation of parent from child, even for a short time (in
this case 18 hours); represent a serious infringement upon the rights of both. J.B.
v. Washington County (10th Cir. 1997)

Absent extraordinary circumstances, a parent has a liberty interest in

familial association and privacy that cannot be violated without adequate pre-
deprivation procedures. Malik v. Arapahoe Cty. Dept. of Social Services (10 Cir.
1999)

Parent interest is of “the highest order,” and the court recognizes “the
vital importance of curbing overzealous suspicion and intervention on the part of
health care professionals and government officials.” Thomason v. Scan Volunteer
Services, Inc. (8th Cir. 1996)

SECTION 8

WARRANTLESS ENTRY

Police officers and social workers are not immune for coercing or forcing
entry into a person’s home without a search warrant. Calabretta v. Floyd (9th Cir.
1999)

The mere possibility of danger does not constitute an emergency or

exigent circumstance that would justify a forced warrantless entry and a
warrantless seizure of a child. Hurlman v. Rice (2nd Cir. 1991)

Police officer and social worker may not conduct a warrantless search or
seizure in a suspected child abuse case absent exigent circumstances. Defendants
must have reason to believe that life or limb is in immediate jeopardy and that the
intrusion is reasonable necessary to alleviate the threat. Searches and seizures
in investigation of a child neglect or child abuse case at a home are governed by
the same principles as other searches and seizures at a home. Goodv. Dauphin County
Social Services (3rd Cir. 1989)

The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and

seizures extends beyond criminal investigations and includes conduct by social
workers in the context of a child neglect/abuse investigation. Lenz v. Winburn
(11th Cir. 1995)

The protection offered by the Fourth Amendment and by our laws does not
exhaust itself once a warrant is obtained. The concern for the privacy, the
safety, and the property of our citizens continues and is reflected in knock and
announce requirements. United States v. Becker, 929 F.2d 9th Cir.1991)

Making false statements made to obtain a warrant, when the false

statements were necessary to the finding of probable cause on which the warrant was
based, violates the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. The warrant clause
contemplates the warrant applicant be truthful: “no warrant shall issue, but on
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” Deliberate falsehood or
reckless disregard for the truth violates the warrant clause. An officer who
obtains a warrant through material false statements which result in an
unconstitutional seizure may be held liable personally for his actions under §
1983. When a warrant application is materially false or made in reckless disregard
for the Fourth Amendment’s warrant clause. A search must not exceed the scope of
the search authorized in a warrant. By limiting the authorization to search to the
specific areas and things for which there is probable cause to search, the Fourth
Amendment particularity requirement ensures that the search will be carefully
tailored to its justifications, and will not take on the character of the wide-
ranging exploratory searches the Framers of the Constitution intended to prohibit.
There is a requirement that the police identify themselves to the subject of a
search, absent exigent circumstances. Aponte Matos v. Toledo Davilla (1st Cir.
1998)

SECTION 9

DUE PROCESS

Child’s four-month separation from his parents could be challenged under

substantive due process. Sham procedures don’t constitute true procedural due
process. Brokaw v. Mercer County (7th Cir 2000)

Post-deprivation remedies do not provide due process if pre-deprivation

remedies are practicable. Bendiburg v. Dempsey (11th Cir. 1990)

Children placed in a private foster home have substantive due process

right to personal security and bodily integrity. Yvonne L. v. New Mexico Dept. of
Human Services (10th Cir. 1992)

When the state places a child into state-regulated foster care, the state
has duties and the failure to perform such duties may create liability under §
1983. Liability may attach when the state has taken custody of a child, regardless
of whether the child came to stay with a family on his own which was not an
officially approved foster family. Nicini v. Morra (3rd Cir. 2000)

Social worker who received a telephone accusation of abuse and threatened

to remove child from the home unless the father himself left and who did not have
grounds to believe the child was in imminent danger of being abused engaged in an
arbitrary abuse of governmental power in ordering the father to leave. Croft v.
Westmoreland Cty. Children and Youth Services (3rd Cir. 1997)

Plaintiff’s were arguable deprived of their right to procedural due

process because the intentional use of fraudulent evidence into the procedures used
by the state denied them the fight to fundamentally fair procedures before having
their child removed, a right included in Procedural Due Process. Morris v.
Dearborne (5th Cir. 1999)

When the state deprives parents and children of their right to familial
integrity, even in an emergency situation, the burden is on the State to initiate
prompt judicial proceedings for a post-deprivation hearing, and it is irrelevant
that a parent could have hired counsel to force a hearing. K.H. through Murphy v.
Morgan, (7th Cir. 1990)

When the State places a child in a foster home it has an obligation to

provide adequate medical care, protection, and supervision. Norfleet v. Arkansas
Dept. of Human Services, (8th Cir. 1993)

Children may not be removed from their home by police officers or social
workers without notice and a hearing unless the officials have a reasonable belief
that the children were in imminent danger. Ram v. Rubin, (9th Cir. 1997)

Absent extraordinary circumstances, a parent has a liberty interest in

familial association and privacy that cannot be violated without adequate pre-
deprivation procedures. An exparte hearing based on misrepresentation and omission
does not constitute notice and an opportunity to be heard. Procurement of an order
to seize a child through distortion, misrepresentation and/or omission is a
violation of the Forth Amendment. Parents may assert their children’s Fourth
Amendment claim on behalf of their children as well as asserting their own
Fourteenth Amendment claim. Malik v.Arapahoe Cty. Dept. of Social Services, (10th
Cir. 1999)

Plaintiff’s clearly established right to meaningful access to the courts

would be violated by suppression of evidence and failure to report evidence.
Chrissy v. Mississippi Dept. of Public Welfare, (5th Cir. 1991)

Mother had a clearly established right to an adequate, prompt post-

deprivation hearing. A 17-day period prior to the hearing was not prompt hearing.
Whisman V. Rinehart, (8th Cir. 1997)

SECTION 10

SEIZURES (CHILD REMOVALS)

Police officers or social workers may not “pick up” a child without an
investigation or court order, absent an emergency. Parental consent is required to
take children for medical exams, or an overriding order from the court after
parents have been heard. Wallis v. Spencer, (9th Cir 1999)

Child removals are “seizures” under the Fourth Amendment. Seizure is

unconstitutional without court order or exigent circumstances. Court order
obtained based on knowingly false information violates Fourth Amendment. Brokaw v.
Mercer County, (7th Cir. 2000)

Defendant should’ve investigated further prior to ordering seizure of

children based on information he had overheard. Hurlman v. rice, (2nd Cir. 1991)

Police officer and social worker may not conduct a warrantless search or
seizure in a suspected abuse case absent exigent circumstances. Defendants must
have reason to believe that life or limb is in immediate jeopardy and that the
intrusion is reasonably necessary to alleviate the threat. Searches and seizures
in investigation of a child neglect or child abuse case at a home are governed by
the same principles as other searches and seizures at a home. Good v. Dauphin
County Social Services, (3rd Cir. 1989)

Defendants could not lawfully seize child without a warrant or the

existence of probable cause to believe child was in imminent danger of harm. Where
police were not informed of any abuse of the child prior to arriving at caretaker’s
home and found no evidence of abuse while there, seizure of the child was not
objectively reasonable and violated the clearly established Fourth Amendment rights
of the child. Wooley v. City of Baton Rouge, (5th Cir. 2000)

For purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a “seizure” of a person is a

situation in which a reasonable person would feel that he is not free to leave, and
also either actually yields to a show of authority from police or social workers or
is physically touched by police. Persons may not be “seized” without a court order
or being placed under arrest. California v. Hodari, 499 U.S. 621 (1991)

Where the standard for a seizure or search is probable cause, then thee
must be particularized information with respect to a specific person. This
requirement cannot be undercut or avoided simply by pointing to the fact that
coincidentally there exists probable cause to arrest or to search or to seize
another person or to search a place where the person may happen to be. Yabarra v.
Illinois, 44 U.S. 85 (1979)

An officer who obtains a warrant through material false statements which

result in an unconstitutional seizure may be held liable personally for his actions
under § 1983. Aponte Matos v. Toledo Davilla, 1st Cir. 1998)

SECTION 11

IMMUNITY

Social workers (and other government employees) may be sued for

deprivation of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if they are named in their
‘official and individual capacity’. Hafer v. Melo, (S.Ct. 1991)

State law cannot provide immunity from suit for Federal civil rights
violations. State law providing immunity from suit for child abuse investigators
has no application to suits under § 1983. Wallis v. Spencer, (9th Cir. 1999)

If the law was clearly established at the time the action occurred, a
police officer is not entitled to assert the defense of qualified immunity base on
good faith since a reasonably competent public official should know the law
governing his or her conduct. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)

Immunity is defeated if the official took the complained of action with

malicious intention to cause a deprivation of rights, or the official violated
clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known. McCord v. Maggio, (5th Cir. 1991)

A defendant in a civil rights case is not entitled to any immunity if he

or she gave false information either in support of an application for a search
warrant or in presenting evidence to a prosecutor on which the prosecutor based his
or her charge against the plaintiff. Young v. Biggers, (5th Cir. 1991)

Police officer was not entitled to absolute immunity for her role in
procurement of court order placing child in state custody where thee was evidence
officer spoke with the social worker prior to social worker’s conversation with the
magistrate and there was evidence that described the collaborative worker of the
two defendants in creating a “plan of action” to deal with the situation.
Officer’s acts were investigative and involved more that merely carrying out a
judicial order. Malik v. Arapahoe Cty. Dept. of Social Services, (10th Cir. 1999)

Individuals aren’t immune for the results of their official conduct

simply because they were enforcing policies or orders. Where a statute authorizes
official conduct which is patently violation of fundamental constitutional
principles, an officer who enforces that statute is not entitled to qualified
immunity. Grossman v. City of Portland, (9th Cir. (1994)

Social workers were not entitled to absolute immunity for pleadings filed
to obtain pick-up order for temporary custody prior to formal petition being
filed. Social workers were not entitled to absolute immunity where department
policy was for social workers to report findings of neglect or abuse to other
authorities for further investigation or initiation of court proceedings. Social
workers investigating claims of child abuse are entitled only to qualified
immunity. Assisting in the use of information known to be false in order to
further an investigation is not subject to absolute immunity. Social workers are
not entitled to qualified immunity on claims they deceived judicial officers in
obtaining a custody order or deliberately or recklessly incorporated known
falsehoods into their reports, criminal complaints and applications. Use of
information known to be false is not reasonable, and acts of deliberate falsity or
reckless disregard of the truth are not entitled to qualified immunity. No
qualified immunity is available for incorporating allegations into the report or
application where official had no reasonable basis to assume the allegations were
true at the time the document was prepared. Snell v. Tunnel, (10 Cir. 1990)

Police officer is not entitled to absolute immunity, only qualified

immunity, to claim that he caused plaintiff to be unlawfully arrested by presenting
judge with an affidavit that failed to establish probable cause. Malley v. Briggs,
S.Ct. 1986)

Defendants were not entitled to prosecutorial immunity where complaint

was base on failure to investigate, detaining minor child, and an inordinate delay
in filing court proceedings, because such actions did not aid in the presentation
of a case to the juvenile court. Whisman v. Rinehart, (8th Cir. 1997)

Case worker who intentionally or recklessly withheld potentially

exculpatory information from an adjudicated delinquent or from the court itself was
not entitled to qualified immunity. Germany v. Vance, (1st Cir. 1989)

Defendant was not entitled to qualified immunity or summary judgment

because he should’ve investigated further prior to ordering seizure of children
based on information he had overheard. Hurlman v. Rice, (2nd Cir. 1991)

Defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity for conducting

warrantless search of home during a child abuse investigation where exigent
circumstances were not present. Good v. Dauphin County Social Services, (3rd Cir
1989)

Social workers were not entitled to absolute immunity where no court

order commanded them to place plaintiff with particular foster caregivers. K.H
through Murphy v. Morgan, (7th Cir. 1991)

SECTION 12
Decisions of the United States Supreme Court Upholding
Parental Rights as “Fundamental”

Paris Adult Theater v. Slaton, 413 US 49, 65 (1973)

In this case, the Court includes the right of parents to rear children among rights
“deemed fundamental.”

Our prior decisions recognizing a right to privacy guaranteed by the 14th Amendment
included only personal rights that can be deemed fundamental or implicit in the
concept of ordered liberty . . . This privacy right encompasses and protects the
personal intimacies of the home, the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and
child rearing . . . cf . . . Pierce v. Society of Sisters; Meyer v. Nebraska . . .
nothing, however, in this Court’s decisions intimates that there is any fundamental
privacy right implicit in the concept of ordered liberty to watch obscene movies
and places of public accommodation. [emphasis supplied]

Carey v. Population Services International, 431 US 678, 684-686 (1977)

Once again, the Court includes the right of parents in the area of “child rearing
and education” to be a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment,
requiring an application of the “compelling interest test.” Although the
Constitution does not explicitly mention any right of privacy, the Court has
recognized that one aspect of the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause of
the 14th Amendment is a “right of personal privacy or a guarantee of certain areas
or zones of privacy . . . This right of personal privacy includes the interest and
independence in making certain kinds of important decisions . . . While the outer
limits of this aspect of privacy have not been marked by the Court, it is clear
that among the decisions that an individual may make without unjustified government
interference are personal decisions relating to marriage . . . family
relationships, Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 US 158 (1944); and child rearing and
education, Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 US 510 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262
US 390 (1923).’ [emphasis supplied]
The Court continued by explaining that these rights are not absolute and, certain
state interests . . . may at some point become sufficiently compelling to sustain
regulation of the factors that govern the abortion decision . . . Compelling is, of
course, the key word; where decisions as fundamental as whether to bear or beget a
child is involved, regulations imposing a burden on it may be justified only by a
compelling state interest, and must be narrowly drawn to express only those
interests. [emphasis supplied]

Maher v. Roe, 432 US 464, 476-479 (1977)

We conclude that the Connecticut regulation does not impinge on the fundamental
right recognized in Roe ... There is a basic difference between direct state
interference with a protected activity and state encouragement of an alternative
activity consonant with legislative policy ... This distinction is implicit in two
cases cited in Roe in support of the pregnant woman’s right under the 14th
Amendment. In Meyer v. Nebraska. . . the Court held that the teacher’s right thus
to teach and the right of parents to engage in so to instruct their children were
within the liberty of the 14th Amendment . . . In Pierce v. Society of
Sisters . . . the Court relied on Meyer . . . reasoning that the 14th Amendment’s
concept of liberty excludes any general power of the State to standardize its
children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The Court
held that the law unreasonably interfered with the liberty of parents and guardians
to direct the upbringing and education of the children under their control ...
Both cases invalidated substantial restrictions of constitutionally protected
liberty interests: in Meyer, the parent’s right to have his child taught a
particular foreign language; in Pierce, the parent’s right to choose private rather
than public school education. But neither case denied to a state the policy choice
of encouraging the preferred course of action ... Pierce casts no shadow over a
state’s power to favor public education by funding it — a policy choice pursued in
some States for more than a century ... Indeed in Norwood v. Harrison, 413 US 455,
462, (1973), we explicitly rejected the argument that Pierce established a “right
of private or parochial schools to share with the public schools in state
largesse,” noting that “It is one thing to say that a state may not prohibit the
maintenance of private schools and quite another to say that such schools must as a
matter of equal protection receive state aid” ... We think it abundantly clear that
a state is not required to show a compelling interest for its policy choice to
favor a normal childbirth anymore than a state must so justify its election to fund
public, but not private education. [emphasis supplied]

Although the Maher decision unquestionably recognizes parents’ rights as

fundamental rights, the Court has clearly indicated that private schools do not
have a fundamental right to state aid, nor must a state satisfy the compelling
interest test if it chooses not to give private schools state aid. The Parental
Rights and Responsibilities Act simply reaffirms the right of parents to choose
private education as fundamental, but it does not make the right to receive public
funds a fundamental right. The PRRA, therefore, does not in any way promote or
strengthen the concept of educational vouchers.

Parham v. J.R., 442 US 584, 602-606 (1979).

This case involves parent’s rights to make medical decisions regarding their
children’s mental health. The lower Court had ruled that Georgia’s statutory scheme
of allowing children to be subject to treatment in the state’s mental health
facilities violated the Constitution because it did not adequately protect
children’s due process rights. The Supreme Court reversed this decision upholding
the legal presumption that parents act in their children’s best interest. The Court
ruled:

Our jurisprudence historically has reflected Western civilization concepts of the

family as a unit with broad parental authority over minor children. Our cases have
consistently followed that course; our constitutional system long ago rejected any
notion that a child is “the mere creature of the State” and, on the contrary,
asserted that parents generally “have the right, coupled with the high duty, to
recognize and prepare [their children] for additional obligations.” Pierce v.
Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 535 (1925) ... [other citations omitted] . . .
The law’s concept of the family rests on a presumption that parents possess what a
child lacks in maturity, experience, and capacity for judgment required for making
life’s difficult decisions. More important, historically it has been recognized
that natural bonds of affection lead parents to act in the best interests of their
children. 1 W. Blackstone, Commentaries 447; 2 J. Kent, Commentaries on American
Law 190. As with so many other legal presumptions, experience and reality may
rebut what the law accepts as a starting point; the incidence of child neglect and
abuse cases attests to this. That some parents “may at times be acting against the
interests of their children” ... creates a basis for caution, but it is hardly a
reason to discard wholesale those pages of human experience that teach that parents
generally do act in the child’s best interest ... The statist notion that
governmental power should supersede parental authority in all cases because some
parents abuse and neglect children is repugnant to American tradition.” [emphasis
supplied]

Parental rights are clearly upheld in this decision recognizing the rights of
parents to make health decisions for their children. The Court continues by
explaining the balancing that must take place:

Nonetheless, we have recognized that a state is not without constitutional control

over parental discretion in dealing with children when their physical or mental
health is jeopardized (See Wisconsin v. Yoder; Prince v. Massachusetts). Moreover,
the Court recently declared unconstitutional a state statute that granted parents
an absolute veto over a minor child’s decisions to have an abortion, Planned
Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth, 428 US 52 (1976), Appellees urged that
these precedents limiting the traditional rights of parents, if viewed in the
context of a liberty interest of the child and the likelihood of parental abuse,
require us to hold that parent’s decision to have a child admitted to a mental
hospital must be subjected to an exacting constitutional scrutiny, including a
formal, adversary, pre-admission hearing.

Appellees’ argument, however, sweeps too broadly. Simply because the decision of a
parent is not agreeable to a child, or because it involves risks does not
automatically transfer power to make that decision from the parents to some agency
or officer of the state. The same characterizations can be made for a
tonsillectomy, appendectomy, or other medical procedure. Most children, even in
adolescence, simply are not able to make sound judgements concerning many
decisions, including their need for medical care or treatment. Parents can and
must make those judgements ... we cannot assume that the result in Meyer v.
Nebraska, supra, and Pierce v. Society of Sisters, supra, would have been different
if the children there had announced or preference to go to a public, rather that a
church school. The fact that a child may balk at hospitalization or complain about
a parental refusal to provide cosmetic surgery does not diminish the parent’s
authority to decide what is best for the child (See generally Goldstein, Medical
Case for the Child at Risk: on State Supervention of Parental Autonomy, 86 Yale LJ
645, 664-668 (1977); Bennett, Allocation of Child Medical Care Decision — Making
Authority: A Suggested Interest Analyses, 62 Va LR ev 285, 308 (1976). Neither
state officials nor federal Courts are equipped to review such parental decisions.
[emphasis supplied]

Therefore, it is clear that the Court is recognizing parents as having the right to
make judgments concerning their children who are not able to make sound decisions,
including their need for medical care. A parent’s authority to decide what is best
for the child in the areas of medical treatment cannot be diminished simply because
a child disagrees. A parent’s right must be protected and not simply transferred to
some state agency.

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health Inc., 462 US 416, 461 (1983)

This case includes, in a long list of protected liberties and fundamental rights,
the parental rights guaranteed under Pierce and Meyer. The Court indicated a
compelling interest test must be applied. Central among these protected liberties
is an individual’s freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family
life ... Roe ... Griswold ... Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... Meyer v.
Nebraska ... But restrictive state regulation of the right to choose abortion as
with other fundamental rights subject to searching judicial examination, must be
supported by a compelling state interest. [emphasis supplied]

Santosky v. Kramer, 455 US 745, 753 (1982)

This case involved the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court affirming
the application of the preponderance of the evidence standard as proper and
constitutional in ruling that the parent’s rights are permanently terminated. The
U.S. Supreme Court, however, vacated the lower Court decision, holding that due
process as required under the 14th Amendment in this case required proof by clear
and convincing evidence rather than merely a preponderance of the evidence.

The Court, in reaching their decision, made it clear that parents’ rights as
outlined in Pierce and Meyer are fundamental and specially protected under the
Fourteenth Amendment. The Court began by quoting another Supreme Court case:

In Lassiter [Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 US 18, 37 (1981)], it

was “not disputed that state intervention to terminate the relationship between a
parent and a child must be accomplished by procedures meeting the requisites of the
Due Process Clause”. . . The absence of dispute reflected this Court’s historical
recognition that freedom of personal choice in matters of family life is a
fundamental liberty interest protected by the 14th Amendment ... Pierce v. Society
of Sisters ... Meyer v. Nebraska.

The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and
management of their child does not evaporate simply because they have not been
model parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the state ... When
the state moves to destroy weakened familial bonds, it must provide the parents
with fundamentally fair procedures. [emphasis supplied]

Lehr v. Robertson, 463 US 248, 257-258 (1983)

In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a decision against a natural father’s
rights under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses since he did not have any
significant custodial, personal, or financial relationship with the child. The
natural father was challenging an adoption. The Supreme Court stated: In some
cases, however, this Court has held that the federal constitution supersedes state
law and provides even greater protection for certain formal family relationships.
In those cases ... the Court has emphasized the paramount interest in the welfare
of children and has noted that the rights of the parents are a counterpart of the
responsibilities they have assumed. Thus, the liberty of parents to control the
education of their children that was vindicated in Meyer v. Nebraska ... and Pierce
v. Society of Sisters ... was described as a “right coupled with the high duty to
recognize and prepare the child for additional obligations” ... The linkage between
parental duty and parental right was stressed again in Prince v. Massachusetts ...
The Court declared it a cardinal principle “that the custody, care and nurture of
the child reside first in the parents whose primary function and freedom include
preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder.” In these
cases, the Court has found that the relationship of love and duty in a recognized
family unit is an interest in liberty entitled to Constitutional protection ...
“State intervention to terminate such a relationship ... must be accomplished by
procedures meeting the requisites of the Due Process Clause” Santosky v. Kramer ...
[emphasis supplied]

It is clear by the above case that parental rights are to be treated as fundamental
and cannot be taken away without meeting the constitutional requirement of due
process.

Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte, 481 US 537

(1987)

In this case, a Californian civil rights statute was held not to violate the First
Amendment by requiring an all male non-profit club to admit women to membership.
The Court concluded that parents’ rights in child rearing and education are
included as fundamental elements of liberty protected by the Bill of Rights.

The Court has recognized that the freedom to enter into and carry on certain
intimate or private relationships is a fundamental element of liberty protected by
the Bill of Rights ... the intimate relationships to which we have accorded
Constitutional protection include marriage ... the begetting and bearing of
children, child rearing and education. Pierce v. Society of Sisters ... [emphasis
supplied]
Michael H. v. Gerald, 491 U.S. 110 (1989)

In a paternity suit, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled: It is an established part of our
constitution jurisprudence that the term liberty in the Due Process Clause extends
beyond freedom from physical restraint. See, e.g. Pierce v. Society of Sisters ...
Meyer v. Nebraska ... In an attempt to limit and guide interpretation of the
Clause, we have insisted not merely that the interest denominated as a “liberty” be
“fundamental” (a concept that, in isolation, is hard to objectify), but also that
it be an interest traditionally protected by our society. As we have put it, the
Due Process Clause affords only those protections “so rooted in the traditions and
conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental” Snyder v. Massachusetts,
291 US 97, 105 (1934). [emphasis supplied] The Court explicitly included the
parental rights under Pierce and Meyer as “fundamental” and interests
“traditionally protected by our society.”

Employment Division of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)

One of the more recent decisions which upholds the right of parents is Employment
Division of Oregon v. Smith, which involved two Indians who were fired from a
private drug rehabilitation organization because they ingested “peyote,” a
hallucinogenic drug as part of their religious beliefs. When they sought
unemployment compensation, they were denied because they were discharged for
“misconduct.”

The Indians appealed to the Oregon Court of Appeals who reversed on the grounds
that they had the right to freely exercise their religious beliefs by taking drugs.
Of course, as expected, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the case and found that the
First Amendment did not protect drug use. So what does the case have to do with
parental rights?

After the Court ruled against the Indians, it then analyzed the application of the
Free Exercise Clause generally. The Court wrongly decided to throw out the Free
Exercise Clause as a defense to any “neutral” law that might violate an
individual’s religious convictions. In the process of destroying religious freedom,
the Court went out of its way to say that the parents’ rights to control the
education of their children is still a fundamental right. The Court declared that
the “compelling interest test” is still applicable, not to the Free Exercise Clause
alone:

[B]ut the Free Exercise Clause in conjunction with other constitutional protections
such as ... the right of parents, acknowledged in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268
U.S. 510 (1925), to direct the education of their children, see Wisconsin v. Yoder,
406 U.S.205 (1972) invalidating compulsory-attendance laws as applied to Amish
parents who refused on religious grounds to send their children to school.19
[emphasis supplied]

In other words, under this precedent, parents’ rights to control the education of
their children is considered a “constitutionally protected right” which requires
the application of the compelling interest test. The Court in Smith quoted its
previous case of Wisconsin v. Yoder:

Yoder said that “The Court’s holding in Pierce stands as a charter for the rights
of parents to direct the religious upbringing of their children. And when the
interests of parenthood are combined with a free exercise claim ... more than
merely a reasonable relationship to some purpose within the competency of the State
is required to sustain the validity of the State’s requirement under the First
Amendment.” 406 U.S., at 233.20 [emphasis supplied]

Instead of merely showing that a regulation conflicting with parents’ rights is

reasonable, the state must, therefore, reach the higher standard of the “compelling
interest test,” which requires the state to prove its regulation to be the least
restrictive means.

Hodgson v. Minnesota, 497 U.S. 417 (1990)

In Hodgson the Court found that parental rights not only are protected under the
First and Fourteenth Amendments as fundamental and more important than property
rights, but that they are “deemed essential.”

The family has a privacy interest in the upbringing and education of children and
the intimacies of the marital relationship which is protected by the Constitution
against undue state interference. See Wisconsin v Yoder, 7 406 US 205 ... The
statist notion that governmental power should supersede parental authority in all
cases because some parents abuse and neglect children is repugnant to American
tradition.” In other words, under this precedent, parents’ rights to control the
education of their children is considered a “constitutionally protected right”
which requires the application of the compelling interest test. The Court in Smith
quoted its previous case of Wisconsin v. Yoder:

Yoder said that “The Court’s holding in Pierce stands as a charter for the rights
of parents to direct the religious upbringing of their children. And when the
interests of parenthood are combined with a free exercise claim ... more than
merely a reasonable relationship to some purpose within the competency of the State
is required to sustain the validity of the State’s requirement under the First
Amendment.” 406 U.S., at 233.20 [emphasis supplied]

Instead of merely showing that a regulation conflicting with parents’ rights is

reasonable, the state must, therefore, reach the higher standard of the “compelling
interest test,” which requires the state to prove its regulation to be the least
restrictive means.

???? duplicated ??? Hodgson v. Minnesota, 497 U.S. 417

(1990)

In Hodgson the Court found that parental rights not only are protected under the
First and Fourteenth Amendments as fundamental and more important than property
rights, but that they are “deemed essential.”

The family has a privacy interest in the upbringing and education of children and
the intimacies of the marital relationship which is protected by the Constitution
against undue state interference. See Wisconsin v Yoder, 7 406 US 205 ... The
statist notion that governmental power should supersede parental authority in all
cases because some parents abuse and neglect children is repugnant to American
tradition.”

Parham, 442 US, at 603, [other citations omitted]. We have long held that there
exists a “private realm of family life which the state cannot enter.” Prince v
Massachusetts ...

A natural parent who has demonstrated sufficient commitment to his or her children
is thereafter entitled to raise the children free from undue state interference. As
Justice White explained in his opinion of the Court in Stanley v Illinois, 405 US
645 (1972) [other cites omitted]:

“The court has frequently emphasized the importance of the family. The rights to
conceive and to raise one’s children have been deemed ‘essential,’ Meyer v
Nebraska, ... ‘basic civil rights of man,’ Skinner v Oklahoma, 316 US 535, 541
(1942), and ‘[r]ights far more precious ... than property rights,’ May v Anderson,
345 US 528, 533 (1953) ... The integrity of the family unit has found protection in
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Meyer v Nebraska, supra.”
[emphasis supplied]

The Court leaves no room for doubt as to the importance and protection of the
rights of parents.

H.L. v. Matheson, 450 US 398, 410 (1991)

In this case, the Supreme Court recognized the parents’ right to know about their
child seeking an abortion. The Court stated: In addition, constitutional
interpretation has consistently recognized that the parents’ claim to authority in
their own household to direct the rearing of their children is basic in the
structure of our society.

Ginsberg v. New York, 390 US 629 (1968) ... We have recognized on numerous
occasions that the relationship between the parent and the child is
Constitutionally protected (Wisconsin v. Yoder, Stanley v. Illinois, Meyer v.
Nebraska) ... “It is cardinal with us that the custody, care, and nurture of the
child reside first in the parents, whose primary function and freedom includes
preparation for obligations the state can neither supply, nor hinder.” [Quoting
Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 US 158, 166, (1944)]. See also Parham v. J.R.; Pierce
v. Society of Sisters ... We have recognized that parents have an important
“guiding role” to play in the upbringing of their children, Bellotti II, 443 US
633-639 ... which presumptively includes counseling them on important decisions.

This Court clearly upholds the parent’s right to know in the area of minor children
making medical decisions.

Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, 132 L.Ed.2d 564, 115 S.Ct. 2386 (1995)

In Vernonia the Court strengthened parental rights by approaching the issue from a
different point of view. They reasoned that children do not have many of the rights
accorded citizens, and in lack thereof, parents and guardians possess and exercise
those rights and authorities in the child’s best interest:

Traditionally at common law, and still today, unemancipated minors lack some of the
most fundamental rights of self-determination—including even the right of liberty
in its narrow sense, i.e., the right to come and go at will. They are subject, even
as to their physical freedom, to the control of their parents or guardians. See Am
Jur 2d, Parent and Child § 10 (1987).

Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)

In this case the United States Supreme Court issued a landmark opinion on parental
liberty. The case involved a Washington State statute which provided that a "court
may order visitation rights for any person when visitation may serve the best
interests of the child, whether or not there has been any change of circumstances."
Wash. Rev. Code § 26.10.160(3). The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Washington
statute "unconstitutionally interferes with the fundamental right of parents to
rear their children." The Court went on to examine its treatment of parental rights
in previous cases: In subsequent cases also, we have recognized the fundamental
right of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of
their children…Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 232, 32 L. Ed. 2d 15, 92 S. Ct.
1526 (1972) ("The history and culture of Western civilization reflect a strong
tradition of parental concern for the nurture and This case clearly upholds
parental rights. In essence, this decision means that the government may not
infringe parents' right to direct the education and upbringing of their children
unless it can show that it is using the least restrictive means to achieve a
compelling governmental interest.

Conclusion

The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently protected parental rights, including it
among those rights deemed fundamental. As a fundamental right, parental liberty is
to be protected by the highest standard of review: the compelling interest test.

As can be seen from the cases described above, parental rights have reached their
highest level of protection in over 75 years. The Court decisively confirmed these
rights in the recent case of Troxel v. Granville, which should serve to maintain
and protect parental rights for many years to come.

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