ARTIFICIAL

INTELLEGENCE
&
FUTURE WORKPLACE
SUBMITED BY - HITESH GAYAKWAD
B.B.A.LLB.(2019)
Roll No.-12

SUBMITED TO-Mrs. JOYTSNA

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Faculty of Law (SRM University)
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled 'Artificial Intelligence'

submitted to “ Faculty of Law , SRM University Haryana is a
bonafide record of work done by ' Hitesh Gayakwad ' under my
supervision from “ “ to “ “
 INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence is a software that helps machines to act and react like that they have a human mind.
The name behind the idea of AI is John McCarthy, he began his researchon artificial intelligence in 1955.
ArtificialIntelligence describes the work program in machines that would require intelligence if performed
by humans. The term ‘artificial intelligence’ thus means ‘investigating intelligent problem-solving behaviour
and creating intelligent computer systems.
 DEFINITION

The theory and development of computer systemable to perform task that normally requiring human
intelligence such as ,visual perception , speech recognition ,translation between languages and decision
making
In general use, the term "artificial intelligence" means a machine which mimics human cognition. At least
some of the things we associate with other minds, such as learning and problem solving can be done by
computers, though not in the same way as we do.

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence can have many definition but in simple words it can be said the capacity for logic ,
understanding , self awareness , learning , emotional knowledge , reasoning , creativity , planning , problem
solving and critical thinking.
In short it can be said as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be
applied towards adaptive within an environment.

When this type of intelligence is put inside or found inside a machine it is termed as “Artificial Intelligence”
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence can be divided into 4 types
1. Reactivate Machines
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of Mind
4. Self-awareness

REACTIVATE MACHINES
It is the most basic form of artificial intelligence that can be found in a machine. They have the ability
neither to form memory nor to use past experienceto inform currentdecision.
For example: Deep Blue, IBM's chess playing super computer, it can identify the pieces of chess board and
know how each moves . It can make predictions about what moves might be next for it and its opponent.
And it can choose the most optimal moves from among the possibilities.
LIMITED MEMORY
In this kind of artificial intelligence the machine is able to remember the past.
For example: self driving carobserve other cars’ speed and direction. That can’t be done in a just one moment,
but rather requires identifying specific objects and monitoring them over time.

THEORY OF MIND
This type of artificial intelligence is not related to todays machinery it is related to machinery that we will
build in future. In other words it refer to a technology that is not used in present but will be used in future
period of time.

SELF-AWARENESS
In this type of artificial intelligence it built a system that can form representation about them self . In this
type of AI machines are build to know what are the consciousness and to have it too. Conscious being are
aware of themselves , know about their internal states and are able to predict feelings of other
Article by – The conversation
 BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 24/7 Availability
Unlike human machines do not need frequent break or refreshment this means they are available
anytime we want them to work. They can be programed to work for long hours without getting tired .

 Day to day application

In our daily life our smartphones have become the fourth necessity for us other with cloths , food and
shelter. We have siri in ios and google assistant in android and cortanafor windows device to make
our daily life easy. AI is widely deployed and utilized by financial institution and banking sector to
organize and manage data.

 Digital assistance
Highly advanced organizations already implemented machines on behalf of humans to interact with their
customers by using ‘avatars’. It is the digital assistants or replicas which will help to reduce the need for
human resources.For AI Machines, emotions only can be identified in the way of rational thinking.

 Handling repetitive jobs

Repeated jobs are tedious in nature. That kind of jobs can be easily handled with the help of AI algorithms.
These kinds of job don’t require much intelligence in between the process.Machines can think much faster
than humans and can perform multi-tasking to obtain the best results.

 Medical Application
One of the great advantages of Artificial Intelligence is utilized in the field of medicine. We can identify the
numerous numbers of medical applications which rely on AI. Doctor/Physician assesses the patient’s health-
related data and intimates the risk factors to the customers via the health care devices with the help of
artificial machine intelligence .It helps the patient to know about the side effects of different medicines and
also behaves as personal digital care. Artificial surgery simulator is the great innovation part of the AI. The
efficiency of that always prefers to utilize that simulator by the Professionals for the treatment.

 Hazardous Exploration
Artificial Intelligence and the science of robotics are the fascinating advancements in technological
development. Using this, we can able to handle the huge volume of data for storing and processing but not
limited to as well as we can use that in the process of mining and other fuel exploration processes.These
complex machines can be utilized to overcome human limitations. We can utilize these machines as a
replacement for the humans wherever we felt the process done by the human is hazardous but can’t neglect
that because of the goodness or results received .They can perform difficult tasks and accurate work with
greater responsibility without any lag. Moreover, they do not wear out easily.

 Reduction of Error
It can be applied in various situations including the process called exploration of space .In that intelligent
robots are fed with information because of the velocity of the data creation. Such kind of information
forwarded to explore the space. Even though those are machines with metal bodies, those are the most
resistant in nature also it has a great character which can help us to abide by the space and unfriendly
atmosphere. Because of that, they used to create and acclimatize. It cannot be modified unknowingly or
can’t get disfigured or breakdown in a hostile environment. In this scenario, we can’t neglect anything, by
handling this we need to address this issue with the efficient solution like Artificial Intelligence.

(Resources – www.educba.com)
 DISADVANTAGES OF AI
 TOO EXPENCIVE
As artificial intelligence is a very advance software which require a huge cost in making as well as
purchasing . In addition it also cost a huge price when they are require repair or maintenance . it also
require constant repair.

 NO EMOTION
Human have qualities of being highly sensitive and emotional but machines don’t have this quality
They only work on the basis of their program and coding .

 No Continuous self-development
We humans learn a lot from their childhood to maturity. This is what, the self-development which we get from
our own experience. As we know, Artificial Intelligence is based on programming, that means nothing like
experience here. The machines can perform new tasks only if we update its programs.

 No Innovation by Self
Humans have always been creative, this is a great gift given to us by nature, And this creativity is also the
basis of the currently developing world. But can the machine do something new and creative with its own
thinking? For the moment, no. Artificial Intelligence is yet to be built for Exciting Tasks. It helps us in many
ways, but it’s not capable of innovations and creativity.

 Human replacement
Artificial Intelligence and the machine can help us a lot, and they can do things that are beyond the reach of
humans. But will AI ever be replacing humans? Yes, it can also happen. Many of the fields, such as
warehousing, an operation of heavy machinery, consultancy, etc. have already been replaced by the AI-
powered machines. Here instead of humans, robots are now taking place. Self-driving cars will also have an
example where no human will be required to run the car.

(Resource – https://trendinfocus.com)
 LOGICAL REASONING &PROBLEM SOLVING

The ability to reason logically is an important aspect of intelligence and has always been a major focus of AI
research. An important landmark in this area was a theorem-proving program written in 1955–56
by Allen and J. Clifford Shaw of RAND CORPORATIONand HERBERT of the CARNEGIE
UNIVERSITY. The Logic theorist , as the program became known, was designed to prove theorems
from Principia Mathematica (1910–13), a three-volume work by the British philosopher-
mathematicians north whitehead and russell. In one instance, a proof devised by the program was more
elegant than the proof given in the books.
Newell, Simon, and Shaw went on to write a more powerful program, the general problem solving, or GPS.
The first version of GPS ran in 1957, and work continued on the project for about a decade. GPS could solve
an impressive variety of puzzles using a trial and error approach. However, one criticism of GPS, and
similar programs that lack any learning capability, is that the program’s intelligence is entirely second hand,
coming from whatever information the programmer explicitly includes.
AI PROGRAMING LANGUAGES

In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, Newell, Simon, and Shaw developed
their Information Processing Language (IPL), a computer language tailored for AI programming. At the
heart of IPL was a highly flexible data structure that they called a list. A list is simply an ordered sequence
of items of data. Some or all of the items in a list may themselves be lists. This scheme leads to richly
branching structures.
In 1960 John McCarthy combined elements of IPL with the lambda calculus (a formal mathematical-logical
system) to produce the programming language LISP (List Processor), which remains the principal language
for AI work in the United States. (The lambda calculus itself was invented in 1936 by the Princeton
logician Alonzo Church while he was investigating the abstract Entscheidungsproblem, or “decision
problem,” for predicate logic—the same problem that Turing had been attacking when he invented the
universal Turing machine.)
The logic programming language PROLOG (ProgrammationenLogique) was conceived by Alain
Colmerauer at the University of Aix-Marseille, France, where the language was first implemented in 1973.
PROLOG was further developed by the logician Robert Kowalski, a member of the AI group at
the University of Edinburgh. This language makes use of a powerful theorem-proving technique known
as resolution, invented in 1963 at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Argonne National Laboratory in
Illinois by the British logician Alan Robinson. PROLOG can determine whether or not a given statement
follows logically from other given statements. For example, given the statements “All logicians are rational”
and “Robinson is a logician,” a PROLOG program responds in the affirmative to the query “Robinson is
rational?” PROLOG is widely used for AI work, especially in Europe and Japan.
Researchers at the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology in Tokyo have used PROLOG as the
basis for sophisticated logic programming languages. Known as fifth-generation languages, these are in use
on nonnumeric parallel computers developed at the Institute.
Other recent work includes the development of languages for reasoning about time-dependent data such as
“the account was paid yesterday.” These languages are based on tense logic, which permits statements to be
located in the flow of time. (Tense logic was invented in 1953 by the philosopher Arthur Prior at the
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.)

(Resources- www.britannica.com)
EFFECT OF AI ON FUTURE WORK
AI is set to impact work in three major ways: human-to-machine interaction, smart process automation and
advanced analytics. Let’s look at each of those in turn.
 Human-to-Machine Interaction
it is becoming more and more advanced, and today the goal is to make machines interact in as
human-like ways as possible. Machines are just now starting to be able to detect emotion in our
voices and in our written words, and they can learn to change their responses accordingly. In
articular, chatbots demonstrate how technology is increasingly able to capture the human essence by
evoking and responding to human emotions and actions. For example, the next generation of Siri has
a much more human-like voice and better intonation. That all comes from machine learning and AI.
Many enterprise-grade chatbot platforms also support cognitive emotion detection.
 Smart Process Automation
AI will also affect work through smart process automation, the elimination of work and the labour
arbitrage associated with replacing people with bots. Today, machines are already responsible for
much of the basic work being done across many industries. From robotic process automation to
natural language document translation to fielding customer service requests, they are becoming
smarter and more capable. though machines powered by AI can complete some tasks, they can’t
totally replace humans — yet. The creativity and agility of the human brain is something that
machines have yet to master. Take journalism, for instance. AI-powered machines today can
independently write a fairly good basic news story. But although they can do a lot of it — likely
about 80 percent — some of the nuanced and stylistic elements of writing and editing are best left to
humans, at least for now.
 Advanced Analytics
The third way AI impacts businesses is through advanced analytics — using data to find patterns and
then using machine learning to discover insights. This really gets to the heart of the question “How
are AI-powered machines and chatbots changing the future of work?”Advanced analytics and AI-
based machine learning are about discovering patterns in data and using those identified patterns to
generate value. It helps companies better plan business operations and better understand customers.
This technology enables business leaders to gain insight into their organizations as they function,
allowing them to increase revenue, reduce costs and improve overall customer satisfaction. In
today’s digital age, companies must act quickly, and often in real time. That’s why advanced
analytics is becoming essential for organizations that want to be truly insight-driven.In fact,
companies today are becoming more customer-centric as digital technologies pervade day-to-day
experiences. As a result, it is critically important to truly know customers’ likes and dislikes,
demographic attributes and other factors associated with enhancing both revenue and engagement. In
large part, companies can achieve this through the application of advanced analytics, machine
learning and real-time personalization of content and interaction. Taken a step further, advanced AI
techniques can be used to predict the actions of customers and, with that information, offer different
products or services at the right time through the right digital channel.

(resources – article by Allan Frank )

 SUMMARY
Artificial intelligence – risk or opportunity for the future of employment?
The question arises as to how to assess AI in the form of autonomous operating systems, production and
auxiliary robots or self-driving cars from a labour law perspective.
1. Risks
For the staff of a company, AI will entail short-term disadvantages. In the low and medium qualification
sectors primarily, several million jobs worldwide are under threat, and it is not at all certain that they can be
regrouped to other areas. There may not be employment opportunities in other sectors for these employees
because they lack sufficient training. Owing to the introduction of ever more new machines and intelligent
IT systems, humans will become increasingly irrelevant for work processes. This may – like the feared shift
into unemployment and the gap between rich and poor – lead to social conflicts. Even the most sophisticated
system can make mistakes, whether these are inherent in the system itself or are caused by the performance
of humans.
Creative solutions from employee representatives, national lawmakers and companies are required in order
to manage the problems that will arise. For instance, the Italian Sharing Economy Act is a potential way to
solve the new labour market’s problems. A threshold of €10,000 per year will be fixed with a lower taxation
rate of ten per cent.460 On the other hand, such new legal frameworks will create new jurisprudential
questions, for example, concerning the distinction between a platform and real business or the definition of
certain criteria to distinguish between ‘on-demand workers’ and ‘traditional workers’ in the service
2. Opportunities
At the same time, AI opens new opportunities for companies and individuals. Humans are adaptable and will
create new jobs. The use of intelligent IT systems helps decrease the time required for the product or as well.
The time saved, especially for dangerous work, can be used by human beings for other work or for leisure.
AI should thus result in a growth of prosperity. This applies especially to high-wage countries where it is
possible to produce at lower cost owing to production robots